Puyi - Puyi

Ushbu maqola bo'lishi kerak bo'lishi mumkin qayta yozilgan Vikipediyaga mos kelish sifat standartlari. Siz yordam bera olasiz. The munozara sahifasi takliflar bo'lishi mumkin. (2019 yil may)

Puyi
Puyi, Manjukuo imperatori sifatida, Myongjuguo formasini kiyib olgan.
11-chi Tsin sulolasining imperatori
Birinchi hukmronlik	1908 yil 2-dekabr - 1912 yil 12-fevral
O'tmishdosh	Guangxu imperatori
Voris	Ofis bekor qilindi [a]
Regentslar	Zayfeng, shahzoda Chun (1908–11) Empress Dowager Longyu (1911–12)
Bosh vazirlar	Yikuang, shahzoda Qing Yuan Shikai
Ikkinchi hukmronlik	1917 yil 1-iyul - 1917 yil 12-iyul[b]
Bosh Vazir	Chjan Xun
Manchukuo imperatori
Hukmronlik	1 mart 1934 yil - 1945 yil 17-avgust
O'tmishdosh	O'zi kabi Bosh ijrochi
Voris	Ofis bekor qilindi
Bosh Vazir	Zheng Xiaoxu Chjan Jinghui
Manchukuoning bosh ijrochi direktori
Hukmronlik	1932 yil 18-fevral - 1934 yil 28-fevral
O'tmishdosh	Ofis tashkil etildi
Voris	O'zi kabi Imperator
Bosh Vazir	Zheng Xiaoxu
Aisin Gioro uyining rahbari
Davr	1912 yil 12-fevral - 17 oktyabr 1967 yil
O'tmishdosh	O'zi kabi Imperator
Voris	Pujie
Tug'ilgan	Aisin Gioro Puyi (愛新覺羅 溥儀) (1906-02-07)1906 yil 7-fevral (光緒 三 十二年 正月 十四 日) Shahzoda Chun uyi, Pekin, Tsing sulolasi
O'ldi	17 oktyabr 1967 yil(1967-10-17) (61 yosh) Pekin Ittifoqi Tibbiyot kolleji kasalxonasi, Pekin, Xitoy
Dafn	Hualong Imperial qabristoni, Yi okrugi, Xebey
Konsortsiyalar	Gobulo Vanrong ​ ​ (m. 1922; 1946 yilda vafot etgan)​ Li Shuxian ​ (m. 1962⁠–⁠1967)​
To'liq ism Aisin Gioro Puyi[c] (愛新覺羅 溥儀) Manchu: Aisin Gioro Pu I[d] Era xurmolari Tsin imperiyasi Syuantun (宣統; 1909 yil 22 yanvar - 1912 yil 12 fevral, 1917 yil 1 iyul - 1917 yil 12 iyul) Manchu: Gehungge Yoso[e] Mo'g'ul: Xevt ёс[f] Manchukuo Datong (大同; 1932 yil 1 mart - 1934 yil 28 fevral) Kangde (康德; 1934 yil 1 mart - 1945 yil 17 avgust)
Uy	Aisin Gioro
Ota	Zayfeng, Birinchi darajadagi shahzoda Chun
Ona	Gwalgiya Youlan

Ushbu maqolada mavjud Manchu matn. Tegishli bo'lmagan holda qo'llab-quvvatlash, ko'rishingiz mumkin savol belgilari, qutilar yoki boshqa belgilar o'rniga Manchu alifbosi.

Puyi (Xitoy : 溥儀; 1906 yil 7-fevral - 1967 yil 17-oktabr) oxirgi bo'ldi Xitoy imperatori o'n birinchi va final sifatida Tsin sulolasining imperatori, Xitoyning so'nggi imperatorlik sulolasi. Ikki yoshida u shunday bo'ldi Syuantun imperatori Xitoyda va Xevt Yos Xon yilda Mo'g'uliston 1908 yildan to 1912 yil 12 fevralda majburiy taxtdan voz kechguniga qadar 1911 inqilobi Garchi u taqiqlangan saroyda qoladi va dabdabali turmush tarzini davom ettiradi.

U qisqacha edi imperator sifatida taxtga tiklandi sodiq general tomonidan Chjan Xun 1917 yil 1 iyuldan 12 iyulgacha. U birinchi marta turmushga chiqdi Empress Vanrong 1922 yilda kelishilgan nikohda. 1924 yilda u saroydan quvib chiqarildi va Tyantszinda boshpana topdi, u erda Xitoy ustidan gegemonlik uchun kurashayotgan lashkarboshilarga va Xitoyni uzoq vaqtdan beri nazorat qilishni orzu qilgan yaponlarga sud qilishni boshladi. 1932 yilda, keyin Yaponlarning Manjuriyaga bosqini, qo'g'irchoq davlat ning Manchukuo tomonidan tashkil etilgan Yaponiya va u bo'lish uchun tanlangan "Imperator "ning davri nomidan foydalangan holda yangi davlatning Datong (Ta-tung).

1934 yilda u e'lon qilindi Kangde imperatori (yoki Kang-te imperatori) Manchukuoning va oxirigacha "hukmronlik qilgan" Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi 1945 yilda. Imperator uchinchi marotaba uni Yaponiyaning qo'g'irchog'i sifatida ko'rdi; u yaponlarning unga bergan ko'pgina farmonlariga imzo chekdi, shu jumladan qullikni qonuniylashtirgan. Bu davrda u asosan Tuz solig'i saroyi, u erda u doimiy ravishda xizmatkorlarini kaltaklashni buyurgan. Bu yillarda uning birinchi xotinining afyun giyohvandligi uni iste'mol qildi va ular umuman olganda uzoqlashishdi. U ko'plab kanizaklarni va erkak sevgililarni oldi. Yaponiya va shu tariqa Manchukuoning qulashi bilan 1945 yilda Puyi poytaxtdan qochib ketdi va oxir-oqibat SSSR tomonidan qo'lga kiritildi; u 1949 yilda tashkil topganidan keyin Xitoy Xalq Respublikasiga ekstraditsiya qilingan. Asirga olinganidan keyin u birinchi xotinini boshqa ko'rmaydi; u 1946 yilda Xitoy qamoqxonasida ochlikdan o'ladi.

Puyi sudlanuvchi edi Tokio sinovlari va kabi qamoqqa tashlandi harbiy jinoyatchi 10 yil davomida. U qatldan qutulib qoldi, chunki Mao Szedun Puyi o'ldirilgan imperatordan ko'ra islohot qilingan oddiy odam sifatida qadrliroq ekanligini tushundi. U qamoqdagi "tarbiyasidan" keyin o'z xotiralarini yozdi (arvoh yozuvchisi yordamida) va titul a'zosi bo'ldi Xitoy Xalq siyosiy maslahat kengashi va Butunxitoy xalq kongressi. Uning qamoqdagi vaqti uni juda o'zgartirdi va u ancha mehribon bo'lib, imperator paytida qilgan harakatlaridan qattiq pushaymonligini bildirdi. 1962 yilda u oddiy odamga uylandi, Li Shuxian, u kimni chuqur sevar edi. U 1967 yilda vafot etdi va oxir-oqibat dafn qilindi G'arbiy Qing qabrlari tijorat qabristonida.

Ismlar va sarlavhalar

Shuningdek, Puyi ingliz tilida o'qituvchisi Shotsman tomonidan berilgan ingliz shohlari ro'yxatidan tanlagan "Genri" ismini ishlatganligi ma'lum. Reginald Johnston, Puyi inglizcha ism so'raganidan keyin.^[1][2]

Sarlavhalar

Uslublari Syuantun imperatori
Yo'naltiruvchi uslub	Uning imperatorlik shohligi
Og'zaki uslub	Imperator shohligingiz
Muqobil uslub	Osmon O'g'li (天子)

U 1908-1912 yillarda Tsing sulolasi imperatori (va shuning uchun Xitoy imperatori) sifatida hukmronlik qilganida va 1917 yilda uning qisqa muddatli tiklanishi paytida Puyi davr nomi "Syuantun" bo'lgan, shuning uchun u "Syuantong imperatori" sifatida tanilgan (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 宣统 皇帝; an'anaviy xitoy : 宣統 皇帝; pinyin : Xuāntǒng Huángdì; Ueyd-Giles : Xsuan¹-tung³ Xuang²-ti⁴) o'sha ikki davrda.

Puyi ham oxirgi qaror bo'lgani kabi Xitoy imperatori (hisobga olinmasdan Yuan Shikai imperatorlik unvonini abort bilan tiklash), u "So'nggi imperator" nomi bilan mashhur (Xitoy : 末代 皇帝; pinyin : Mòdài Huángdi; Ueyd-Giles : Mo⁴-tai⁴ Xuang²-ti⁴) Xitoyda va butun dunyoda. Ba'zilar uni "Tsing sulolasining so'nggi imperatori" deb atashadi (Xitoy : 清末 帝; pinyin : Qīng Mò Dì; Ueyd-Giles : Ching¹ Mo⁴-ti⁴).

Taxtdan voz kechgani tufayli Puyi "Xun Di" nomi bilan ham tanilgan (Xitoy : 遜 帝; pinyin : Xùn Dì; yoqilgan "Imperator Imperator") yoki "Fei Di" (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 废帝; an'anaviy xitoy : 廢帝; pinyin : Fèi Dì; yoqilgan 'Bekor qilingan imperator'). Ba'zan "Qing" (Xitoy : 清; pinyin : Qīng) ikki sarlavha oldiga qo'shilib, uning Tsin sulolasiga aloqadorligini bildiradi.

Puyi hukmronlik qilganida qo'g'irchoq davlat ning Manchukuo va yangi davlatning Ijroiya Boshlig'i unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi, uning davrdagi nomi "Datong" (Ta-tung) edi. 1934 yildan 1945 yilgacha Manchukuo imperatori bo'lganligi sababli, uning nomi "Kangde" (Kang-te) bo'lgan, shuning uchun u "Kangde imperatori" (Xitoy : 康德 皇帝; pinyin : Kāngdé Huángdi, Yapon: Ktoku Ktei) shu vaqt ichida.

Biografiya

Xitoy imperatori (1908–1912)

Puyining rasm portreti, 1908 yil

Tanlagan Empressa Dowager Cixi,^[3] 1908 yil dekabrida Puyi 2 yil 10 oyligida imperator bo'ldi Guangxu imperatori, Puyining yarim amakisi, 14-noyabr kuni farzandsiz vafot etdi. Sarlavhali Syuantun imperatori (Ueyd-Gaylz: Xsuan-tung imperatori), Puyi imperator hayoti bilan tanishtirish saroy amaldorlari uni olib ketish uchun uning oilaviy qarorgohiga kelganlarida boshlangan. 1908 yil 13-noyabr kuni kechqurun, oldindan ogohlantirmasdan, saroy xonadoni boshchiligidagi evroniylar va soqchilar yurishi taqiqlangan shaharni tark etib, Shimoliy Mansionga shahzoda Chunga uning ikki yashar o'g'li Puyini olib ketayotganliklari to'g'risida xabar berishdi. yangi imperator bo'ling.^[4] Kichkintoy Puyi qichqirgan va rasmiylar buyurganidek qarshilik ko'rsatgan xizmatkor uni olib ketish uchun xizmatchilar.^[5] Puyining ota-onasi o'g'lidan judo bo'lishlarini bilganlarida hech narsa demadilar.^[6] Puyi ota-onasini tashlab ketishni istamayman deb baqirib yig'layotganida, uni taqiqlangan shaharga qaytarib olib borgan palankinga majbur qilishdi.^[6] Puyining ho'l hamshirasi Van Ven-Chao Shimoliy Mansiondan u bilan birga borishga ruxsat berilgan yagona odam edi.^[6] Taqiqlangan shaharga etib borgach, Puyi Tsixini ko'rish uchun olib borildi.^[7] Keyinchalik Puyi shunday deb yozgan edi:

Ushbu uchrashuv haqida hali ham xira esimda, bu zarba mening xotiramda chuqur taassurot qoldirdi. Esimda, to'satdan o'zimni notanish odamlar qurshovida topgan edim, oldimda esa parda osilgan edi, u orqali men charchagan va dahshatli jirkanch yuzni ko'rardim. Bu Cixi edi. Aytishlaricha, men bu voqeani ko'rib baland ovozda uvilladim va o'zimni tutolmay titray boshladim. Cixi kimgadir menga shirinlik bering, deb aytdi, lekin men uni erga uloqtirdim va "Men enaga istayman, enaga istayman" deb baqirdim, bu uning katta noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi. "Qanday yaramas bola", dedi u. "Uni o'ynash uchun olib boring."^[7]

Uning otasi, Shahzoda Chun, shahzoda Regentga aylandi (摄政 摄政). Puyining toj marosimida Oliy kelishuv zali 1908 yil 2-dekabrda yosh imperatorga olib borildi Ajdaho taxti otasi tomonidan.^[7] Puyi uning oldidagi manzara va marosimlar davullari va musiqa tinglovchilaridan qo'rqib, yig'lay boshladi. Otasi uni jimgina taskinlashdan boshqa hech narsa qila olmadi: "Yig'lama, bu tez orada tugaydi".^[8]

Puyi biologik onasini ko'rmadi, Chun malika konsortsiumi, keyingi etti yil uchun. U Vang bilan maxsus aloqalarni o'rnatdi va uni uni boshqarishi mumkin bo'lgan yagona odam deb hisobladi. U sakkiz yoshida yuborilgan. Puyi turmushga chiqqandan so'ng, uni vaqti-vaqti bilan taqiqlangan shaharga, keyinroq olib borardi Manchukuo, uni ziyorat qilish. 1959 yilda uning hukumat tomonidan kechirilgan maxsus avfidan so'ng, u asrab olgan o'g'lining oldiga bordi va shundan keyingina uning hamshirasi bo'lish uchun uning shaxsiy qurbonliklari haqida bilib oldi.^[9]

Puyi unga yoqmagan va unga hurmat ko'rsatilmagan vaqtni deyarli eslamagan holda o'sganligi sababli, Puyi tezda buzilib ketdi. Uning hayotidagi kattalar, Vangdan tashqari, begona odamlar edi, uzoq, uzoq va uni tarbiyalashga qodir emas edilar.^[10] U qaerga bormasin, ulg'aygan erkaklar marosimlarda tiz cho'ktirishardi kowtow, U o'tib ketguncha ularning ko'zlarini chetlab o'tish. Ko'p o'tmay u evroniklar ustidan boshqaradigan mutlaq kuchni kashf etdi va ularni kichik qonunbuzarliklar uchun tez-tez kaltakladi.^[5] Puyi imperator sifatida uning har bir injiqligi bilan shug'ullanar edi, ammo unga hech kim hech qachon "yo'q" demagan, uni evroniklarini qamchilashni yaxshi ko'radigan sadist bolaga aylantirgan.^[11] Angliya-frantsuz jurnalisti Edvard Ber Puyining Xitoy imperatori sifatida qudratli kuchi haqida yozgan, bu unga pulemyotni kimga yoqsa, o'q uzishiga imkon bergan.

Imperator Ilohiy edi. Uni eslatish yoki jazolash mumkin emas edi. Unga faqat gunohkor evnuchiklarga nisbatan yomon munosabatda bo'lmaslik haqida maslahat berish mumkin edi va agar u ularga pulemyot granulalarini otishni tanlasa, bu uning vakolati edi.

— Edvard Ber^[11]

Keyinchalik Puyi shunday dedi: "Evnuchlarni qamchilash mening kundalik ishim edi. Mening shafqatsizligim va kuch ishlatishga bo'lgan muhabbatim menga ta'sir qilish uchun ishontirish uchun allaqachon qat'iy belgilangan edi".^[10] Britaniyalik tarixchi Aleks fon Tunzelmann G'arbda aksariyat odamlar Puyining hikoyasini faqat 1987 yilgi filmdan bilishini yozgan Oxirgi imperator, bu Puyining shafqatsizligini sezilarli darajada pasaytiradi.^[12]

Vang Puyini boshqarishga qodir yagona odam edi; bir marta, Puyi yaxshi ishlangan qo'g'irchoq teatri uchun evsirga "unga ovqat yeyayotganida qanday ko'rinishini ko'rishni istayman" deb temir kukuni bilan pishirilgan pirojniyni "mukofotlashga" qaror qildi.^[10] Vang juda qiynalib, Puyi bilan bu rejadan chiqib gaplashdi.^[10]

Har kuni Puyi o'zining taraqqiyoti to'g'risida hisobot berish uchun o'zining "onalari" deb nomlangan beshta sobiq imperator kanizaklariga tashrif buyurishi kerak edi. U "onalaridan" nafratlanar edi, chunki ular 13 yoshigacha haqiqiy onasini ko'rishga to'sqinlik qilganlar.^[13] Ularning rahbari avtokratik edi Empress Dowager Longyu, Puyining sevimli ho'l hamshirasi Vangni 8 yoshida, Puyi emizish uchun juda yoshi borligi sababli, taqiqlangan shahardan chiqarib yuborish to'g'risida muvaffaqiyatli fitna uyushtirdi.^[14] Ayniqsa, Puyi Longyudan nafratlandi.^[14] Keyinchalik Puyi shunday yozgan: "Mening onam ko'p bo'lsa-da, men hech qachon onalik mehrini bilmaganman".^[14]

Puyi standart konfutsiylik ta'limiga ega edi, unga turli xil bilimlar berildi Konfutsiy klassiklari va boshqa hech narsa.^[15] Keyinchalik u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Men matematikadan hech narsa o'rganmadim, ilm-fan u yoqda tursin va uzoq vaqt davomida Pekin qaerda joylashganligi to'g'risida hech qanday tasavvurga ega bo'lmaganman".^[15] Puyi 13 yoshida, u ota-onasi va aka-ukalari bilan uchrashdi, ularning hammasi ajdarho taxtiga o'tirganida undan oldin kowtow qilishlari kerak edi.^[16] Bu vaqtga kelib, u onasining ko'rinishini unutgan edi.^[16] Imperator o'zining ukasi deb hayratga tushgan Pujie uning ota-onasi Puyini "sizning akangiz" deb ataganini hech qachon eshitmagan, faqat imperator deb atagan.^[16] Pujie Behrga Puyi bilan uchrashishdan oldin uning obro'sini "soqoli bor muhtaram chol. Bu sariq libosli bolani taxtda tantanali o'tirganini ko'rib, ishonmadim", deb aytgan.^[16]

Yahudiylar va uy xo'jaligi bo'limi

The xizmatkorlar taqiqlangan shaharda pishirish, bog'dorchilik, tozalash, mehmonlarni qabul qilish va ulkan imperiyani boshqarish uchun zarur bo'lgan byurokratik ish kabi barcha ishlarni bajaradigan qullar edi. Ular shuningdek, imperatorning maslahatchilari sifatida xizmat qilishgan.^[17] Evnuchlar o'ziga xos baland ovozda gapirishdi va o'zlarining chinakam evxunis ekanliklarini yana bir bor isbotlash uchun uzilgan jinsiy olatni va moyaklarni ish paytida bo'yinlariga taqib olgan sho'r suvli idishlar ichida saqlashlari kerak edi.^[18] Taqiqlangan shahar, evnuxlar doimo o'g'irlab, qora bozorda sotadigan xazinalarga to'la edi.^[18] Hukumat va imperatorni ta'minlash biznesi korruptsiya uchun qo'shimcha imkoniyatlar yaratdi, bu deyarli barcha evronlar bilan shug'ullangan.^[18]

Puyi hech qachon shaxsiy hayotga ega bo'lmagan va barcha ehtiyojlarini doimo qondirib turar edi, evandalar unga eshiklarini ochib, kiyintirar, yuvib tashlar va hatto sho'rvasiga havoni sovitib yuborar edilar.^[19] Ovqatlanish paytida Puyi har doim o'ylab topiladigan har qanday taomni o'z ichiga olgan ulkan bufet bilan ta'minlangan, aksariyat qismi u ovqat yemagan va har kuni u yangi kiyim kiygan, chunki Xitoy imperatorlari hech qachon kiyimlarini qayta ishlatmaganlar.^[20]

Uning to'yidan keyin Puyi saroyni nazorat qilishni boshladi. U "yuqoridan pastgacha hamma" ishtirok etgan "talonchilik orgiyasi" ni tasvirlab berdi. Puyining so'zlariga ko'ra, uning to'y marosimining oxiriga kelib, imperator xonim tojidagi marvarid va nefrit o'g'irlangan.^[21] Qulflar buzildi, maydonlar talon-taroj qilindi va 1923 yil 27-iyun kuni yong'in natijasida Baxt saroyi atroflari vayron bo'ldi. Puyi bu o'g'irlikni yashirish uchun o't qo'yilgan deb gumon qildi. Imperator evsonlar o'rtasidagi suhbatni eshitib, uni hayotidan qo'rqishga majbur qildi. Bunga javoban, u evroniklarni saroydan chiqarib yubordi.^[22] Uning ukasi, Pujie, qora bozorda boy kollektsionerlarga sotish uchun xazina va san'at kollektsiyalarini o'g'irlash haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi. Puyining keyingi harakatlar rejasi Uy xo'jaligi bo'limini isloh qilish edi. Bu davrda u hisobotni yaxshilash uchun an'anaviy aristokrat zobitlarni almashtirish uchun ko'proq begonalarni jalb qildi. U tayinladi Zheng Xiaoxu uy boshqarmasi vaziri sifatida va Chjen Syaoxu ishga qabul qilindi Tong Jixu, sobiq havo kuchlari ofitseri Beiyang armiyasi, islohotlarga yordam berish uchun uning shtabi rahbari sifatida. Islohot harakatlari Puyi tomonidan taqiqlangan shahar tashqarisiga chiqarilishidan ancha oldin davom etmadi Feng Yuxiang.^[23]

Abdikatsiya

1911 yil 10 oktyabrda Uxan shahridagi armiya garnizoni g'azablangan, Yangtsi daryosi vodiysida va undan tashqarida keng qo'zg'olonni qo'zg'atib, 1644 yildan beri Xitoyni boshqarib kelayotgan Qing sulolasini ag'darishni talab qildi.^[24] Kechki imperator Xitoyning kuchlisi, general Yuan Shikai, inqilobni bostirish uchun sud tomonidan yuborilgan, ammo bunga qodir emas edi, chunki 1911 yilga kelib jamoatchilik fikri Tsinga qarshi qat'iy ravishda yuz o'girgan va ko'pgina xitoyliklar Osmon mandatini yo'qotgan deb ko'rilgan sulola uchun kurashishni istashmagan.^[24] Puyining otasi, Shahzoda Chun, 1911 yil 6-dekabrgacha regent bo'lib xizmat qilgan Empress Dowager Longyu quyidagi amallarni o'z zimmasiga oldi Sinxay inqilobi.^[25]

Empress Dowager Longyu "ni qo'llab-quvvatladiTsin imperatorining hukmronligi to'g'risida imperator farmoni "(清帝 退位 詔書) 1912 yil 12-fevralda vositachilik qilgan shartnoma asosida Bosh Vazir Yuan Shikai imperator sudi bilan Pekin va janubiy Xitoyda respublikachilar.^[26]

"Buyuk Qing Imperatori iste'foga chiqqanidan keyin unga nisbatan munosib muomala maqolalari" (清帝 退位 優待 條件) ostida yangi bilan imzolangan. Xitoy Respublikasi, Puyi imperatorlik unvonini saqlab qolishi va respublika hukumati tomonidan protokol chet el monarxiga biriktirilgan. Puyi va imperator sudiga shimoliy yarmida qolishga ruxsat berildi Taqiqlangan shahar (xususiy kvartiralar), shuningdek Yozgi saroy. To'rt million kumushning katta yillik subsidiyasi poyabzal respublika tomonidan imperator xonadoniga berildi, garchi u hech qachon to'liq to'lanmagan va bir necha yil o'tgach bekor qilingan. Puyining o'zi 1912 yil fevralda uning hukmronligi tugaganligi va Xitoy endi respublika bo'lganligi va u hali ham bir muncha vaqt imperator ekaniga ishonishda davom etganligi to'g'risida xabardor qilinmagan.^[27] 1913 yilda, qachon Empress Dowager Longyu vafot etdi, Prezident Yuan Shikai Puyi murabbiylari unga katta o'zgarishlar yuz berayotganini anglatishini aytgan holda, uning hurmat-ehtiromini ko'rsatish uchun taqiqlangan shaharga kelishdi.^[28]

Tez orada Puyi "Qulay aholi punktlari" maqolalarining haqiqiy sabablari aynan shu Prezident ekanligini bilib oldi Yuan Shikai o'zi bilan yangi sulolaning imperatori sifatida monarxiyani tiklashni rejalashtirgan va u Puyi ko'chib o'tgunicha taqiqlangan shaharning qo'riqchisi sifatida olishni xohlagan.^[29] Puyi birinchi marta Yuanning imperator bo'lishni rejalashtirganligi to'g'risida, u ovqatlanayotganda uni serenad qilish uchun armiya qo'shinlarini olib kelganida va u qat'iy ravishda imperatorlik lavozimini egallashga kirishgan.^[28] Puyi bir necha soat davomida taqiqlangan shaharning qarshisidagi Prezident saroyiga tikilib turdi va Yuanni mashinasida kelib-ketishini ko'rganida uni la'natladi.^[28] Puyi Yuanga "xoin" sifatida nafratlanib, imperatorlik rejalarini imperatorlik muhrlarini yashirish orqali buzishga qaror qildi, faqat o'qituvchilari unga shunchaki yangilarini yasashlarini aytishdi.^[29] 1915 yilda Yuan o'zini imperator deb e'lon qildi, ammo xalqning qarshiliklariga qarshi taxtdan voz kechishga majbur bo'ldi.^[30]

Qisqa tiklash (1917)

1917 yilda lashkarboshi Chjan Xun 1 iyuldan 12 iyulgacha Puyini taxtga tikladi.^[31] Chjan Xun o'z qo'shinlariga ularning tarkibini saqlashni buyurdi navbat imperatorga sodiqligini namoyish etish. Biroq, o'sha paytdagi Xitoy Respublikasi Bosh vaziri Duan Kirui, buyurdi a Kudron turi D Pan Shizhong tomonidan boshqariladigan samolyot (潘世忠) bombardimonchi Du Yuyuan (杜裕源) dan Nanyuan aerodromi manba o'limiga sabab bo'lgan, ammo aks holda unchalik katta bo'lmagan zararni keltirib chiqargan Chjan Xunga qarshi kuch namoyishi sifatida taqiqlangan shahar ustiga uchta bomba tashlash.^[32][33][34] Bu tomonidan qayd etilgan birinchi havo bombardimi Xitoy havo kuchlari va butun Xitoy bo'ylab keng qarama-qarshilik tufayli tiklash muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.^[35]

Taqiqlangan shahardagi hayot

Janob Reginald Johnston, Shotlandiyalik, 1919 yil 3 martda Puyining o'qituvchisi sifatida taqiqlangan shaharga keldi.^[36] Prezident Xu Shichang monarxiya oxir-oqibat tiklanadi va zamonaviy dunyodagi muammolarga Puyi tayyorlash uchun Puyiga "siyosatshunoslik, konstitutsiyaviy tarix va ingliz tili" fanlarini o'qitish uchun Jonstonni yollagan.^[37] Johnstonga Puyiga o'qish uchun ingliz tilidagi atigi beshta matnga ruxsat berildi: Alice Wonderland-da va ingliz tiliga tarjimalar "To'rt buyuk kitob "ning Konfutsiylik; The Analektlar, Mencius, Ajoyib o'rganish va O'rtacha ta'limot.^[37] Ammo u qoidalarni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi va Puyiga Britaniya tarixiga alohida e'tibor qaratib, jahon tarixi to'g'risida dars berdi.^[38] Tarixdan tashqari, Jonston Puyi falsafasini va monarxiyalarning respublikalardan ustunligi deb bilgan narsalarini o'rgatdi.^[38] Puyi tarbiyachisining teshib yuborgan ko'k ko'zlari meni bezovta qilganini esladi ... Men uni juda qo'rqinchli deb bildim va u bilan ingliz tilini yaxshi bola singari o'rganardim, zerikkanimda boshqa narsalar haqida gapirishga jur'at etmay ... xuddi o'zim bilan bo'lganim kabi boshqa xitoylik repetitorlar ".^[39]

Puyini boshqarishga qodir yagona odam sifatida, Jonson ingliz tili o'qituvchisi unvonidan ko'ra ko'proq ta'sirga ega edi, chunki evandarlar Puyini uning injiq kayfiyatidan uzoqlashtirish uchun unga ishonishni boshladilar.^[40] Jonsonning ta'siri ostida Puyi evroniklari unga "Genri", keyinroq uning rafiqasi Vanrong Puyi gapira boshlaganda "Yelizaveta" deb murojaat qilishini talab qila boshladi "Chinglish "Mandarin va ingliz tillari aralashmasi bo'lib, u o'zining ma'qul nutq uslubiga aylandi.^[41] Puyi Jonsonni esladi: "Men u haqida hamma narsani birinchi darajali deb o'ylar edim. U menga G'arbliklar dunyodagi eng aqlli va madaniyatli odamlar ekanliklarini va u G'arbliklarning eng bilimdon kishisi ekanliklarini his qildim" va "Djonson eng asosiysi bo'ldi. qalbimning bir qismi ".^[42] 1919 yil may oyida Puyi Pekindagi noroziliklarni payqadi 4-may harakati chunki minglab xitoylik universitet talabalari buyuk davlatlarning qaroriga qarshi norozilik bildirishdi Parij tinchlik konferentsiyasi Germaniyaning Shandun provintsiyasidagi sobiq Germaniya mustamlakasi bilan birgalikda sobiq Germaniya imtiyozlarini berish Tsindao Yaponiyaga.^[43] Puyi uchun, u 4-may kuni Jonsondan so'ragan harakati, bu vahiy edi, chunki u hayotida birinchi marta taqiqlangan shahar tashqarisida odamlar u bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan tashvishlarga duch kelganini payqadi.^[43]

Puyi manjur tilida gapira olmadi; u tilda faqat bitta so'zni bilar edi, yili ("ko'tar"). Manchjur tilini bir necha yillar davomida o'rganganiga qaramay, u hamma o'rganganlari orasida o'zining "eng yomon" mavzusi ekanligini tan oldi.^{[44][45][46][47]} Jurnalistning so'zlariga ko'ra S. M. Ali, Puyi intervyu berganda Mandarin tilida gapirdi, ammo Ali ingliz tilini tushunishiga ishongan.^[48] Jonson shuningdek Puyini kinoning yangi texnologiyasi bilan tanishtirdi va Puyi filmlardan juda mamnun edi, ayniqsa Garold Lloyd filmlari, evboshilarning qarshiliklariga qaramay, taqiqlangan shaharda unga kinoproyektor o'rnatilgan edi.^[49] Jonson shuningdek, Puyining ko'zoynaklar kerakligini birinchi bo'lib ta'kidladi, chunki u nihoyatda yaqindan ko'rgan va shahzoda Chun bilan ko'p tortishuvlardan so'ng, uni imperator uchun nomusli deb o'ylagan va nihoyat g'alaba qozongan.^[50] Mandarin tilini yaxshi biladigan Jonston Xitoydagi intellektual sahnani diqqat bilan kuzatib bordi va Puyiga Xitoyning "yangi uslubdagi" kitoblari va jurnallari bilan tanishtirdi, bu Puyiga shunchalik ilhom berdiki, u "Yangi Xitoy" nashrlarida noma'lum ravishda nashr etilgan bir nechta she'rlarini yozdi.^[51] 1922 yilda Jonstonning do'sti yozuvchi bor edi Xu Shih, Puyiga Xitoy adabiyotidagi so'nggi o'zgarishlar haqida ma'lumot berish uchun Taqiqlangan shaharga tashrif buyuring.^[52] Jonsonning ta'siri ostida Puyi velosipedni mashq qilish usuli sifatida qabul qildi, uni kesib tashladi navbat Sochlari to'liq o'sgan va Oksfordda o'qishga borishni xohlagan, Jonsonnikida olma mater.^[53] Jonson shuningdek, Puyi bilan telefonni tanishtirdi, u Puyi tez orada unga odatlanib qoldi, Pekindagi odamlarga shunchaki ularning ovozini eshitish uchun tasodifiy telefon qildi.^[54] Jonson shuningdek Puyiga Taqiqlangan shaharda isrofgarchilik va isrofgarchilikni kamaytirishi uchun bosim o'tkazdi^[55] va uni o'zini ko'proq qondirishga undagan.^[56]

Nikoh

Gobulo Vanrong, Puyining rafiqasi va Xitoy imperatori

Ikkinchi darajali konsortsium Vensu

Puyi va Vanrong

1922 yil mart oyida Dowager Consorts Puyi turmushga chiqishi kerak deb qaror qildi va unga aristokratik o'spirin qizlarning fotosuratlarini tanlash uchun berdi.^[57] Puyi tanladi Vensu uning xotini sifatida, lekin u faqat a sifatida qabul qilinishi mumkinligini aytdi kanizak, shuning uchun u yana tanlashi kerak edi.^[58] Keyin Puyi tanladi Gobulo Vanrong, Tyanjindagi amerikalik missionerlar tomonidan ingliz tilida ta'lim olgan, Manjuriyaning eng boy aristokratlaridan birining qizi, Dovagar konsortsiyasi tomonidan maqbul imperatriça deb hisoblangan.^[59] 1922 yil 15-martda Puyi va Vanrongning xayrlashuvi gazetalarda e'lon qilindi. 17 mart kuni Vanrong Pekinga yo'l oldi va 6 aprelda Puyi ajdodlariga shu yil oxirida unga uylanishini xabar berish uchun Qing oilasi ibodatxonasiga bordi.^[59] Puyi ularning to'yigacha Vanrong bilan uchrashmagan.^[59]

1986 yilda bergan intervyusida knyaz Puji Behrga shunday degan: "Puyi doimiy ravishda Angliyaga borish va Jonson singari Oksford talabasi bo'lish to'g'risida gaplashardi".^[60] 1922 yil 4-iyunda Puyi Taqiqlangan shahardan qochishga urindi va Oksfordga jo'nab ketishdan oldin "Xitoy xalqiga" imperator unvonidan voz kechish to'g'risida ochiq xat yuborishni rejalashtirdi.^[61] Qochishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi, chunki Jonson unga veto qo'yib, taksini chaqirishdan bosh tortdi va Puyi juda qo'rqib ketganki, Pekin ko'chalarida o'z-o'zidan yashashga qodir emas.^[62] Puji Puyining qochishga urinishi haqida shunday dedi: "Puyining qarori yaqinlashib kelayotgan nikohga hech qanday aloqasi yo'q edi. U o'zini birlashtirganini his qildi va tashqariga chiqmoqchi bo'ldi."^[61] Keyinchalik Jonson o'zining 1934 yilgi kitobida 1919-1924 yillarda Puyining tarbiyachisi bo'lgan vaqtini aytib berdi Taqiqlangan shaharda alacakaranlık, Puyining ushbu davrdagi hayoti haqidagi ma'lumotlarning asosiy manbalaridan biri, ammo Behr, Jonson Puyining shahvoniyligi, shunchaki o'rtacha akademik qobiliyati, notinch kayfiyat va evronik-qamchilash kabi barcha eslatmalardan qochib, Puyining idealizatsiyalangan rasmini chizishini ogohlantirgan.^[63] Puji Behrga Puyining kayfiyati haqida gapirib berdi: "U yaxshi kayfiyatda bo'lganida hammasi yaxshi edi va u maftunkor sherik edi. Agar biror narsa uni xafa qilsa, uning qorong'u tomoni paydo bo'ladi".^[64]

1922 yil 21-oktabrda Puyining malika Vanrongga to'yi 18 ta qo'y, 2 ta ot, 40 ta atlas va 80 ta ro'molning "betrothal sovg'alari" bilan boshlandi, taqiqlangan shahardan Vangrong uyiga saroy musiqachilari va otliqlar hamrohligida yurish qilindi. .^[65] To'ylar omad uchun oy nurlari ostida o'tkaziladigan manjurlik urf-odatlaridan kelib chiqib, saroy soqchilari, yahudiylar va musiqachilarning ulkan yurishi Malika Vanrongni "Feniks stullari" deb nomlangan qizil sedan stulda olib borishdi.^[66] Puyi ajdarho taxti va Vanranga o'tirgan taqiqlangan shahar ichidagi Yerdagi tinchlik saroyiga. kowtowed unga eriga bo'ysunishini ramziy qilish uchun olti marta.^[66]

Vanrong xitoylik urf-odatlarga muvofiq niqob kiygan va ayollardan hech narsani bilmaydigan Puyi shunday eslar edi: "Men deyarli turmush qurish va oila haqida o'ylamagan edim. Faqatgina imperatrija mening ko'rish sohamga ajdar bilan naqshlangan qirmizi atlas mato bilan kelganida edi. Men uning tashqi qiyofasiga umuman qiziqqanimni sezgan boshimdagi feniks. "^[67] To'y tugagandan so'ng, Puyi, Vanrong va uning ikkinchi darajali hamkori Wenxiu (o'sha kuni u turmushga chiqdi), hamma narsa qizil rangda bo'lgan Xitoyda sevgi va jinsiy aloqaning rangi bo'lgan va imperatorlar an'anaviy ravishda bo'lgan Yerdagi tinchlik saroyiga borishdi. ularning nikohlarini tugatdi.^[67] Jinsiy aloqada tajribasiz va uyatchan bo'lgan Puyi kelinlar xonasidan qochib, xotinlarini o'zlari ajdarho karavotida uxlab qolishdi.^[68] Puyi to'y kuni kechqurun o'z nikohini bajara olmaganligi to'g'risida Behr shunday deb yozgan edi:

Doimiy ravishda evroniklar bilan o'ralgan o'spirin odatdagi o'n etti yoshli bolaning jinsiy etukligini ko'rsatishini kutish, ehtimol, juda ko'p edi. Dowagerning hamkasblari ham, Jonsonning o'zi ham unga jinsiy masalalar bo'yicha hech qanday maslahat bermagan - bu narsa imperatorlar tashvishlanadigan joyda amalga oshirilmagan: bu dahshatli protokol buzilishi edi. Ammo haqiqat shuki, umuman tajribasiz, haddan ziyod boshpana topgan o'spirinni Van Jung [Wanrong] ning g'ayrioddiy, shahvoniy go'zalligi qo'zg'atishi mumkin emas edi. Xulosa, albatta, Pu Yi iktidarsız, jinsiy jihatdan favqulodda etuk bo'lmagan yoki gomoseksual tendentsiyalarini allaqachon bilgan.^[68]

Vanrongning ukasi Rong Tsi Puyi va Vanrongning ikkalasi ham taqiqlangan shahar bo'ylab velosipedlarini haydashni yaxshi ko'rishganini, evronlarni yo'ldan chiqishga majbur qilganini esladi va intervyusida Behrga shunday dedi: "U erda juda ko'p kulgi bo'lgan, u va Puyi yaxshi bo'lib ketganday tuyuldi, ular birgalikda bolalar kabi edi. "^[69] 1986 yilda Behr Puyining omon qolgan ikkita evroniyasidan biri, 85 yoshli keksa odam bilan suhbatlashdi, u unga berilgan savollarga javob berishni istamadi, lekin nihoyat Puyining Vanrong bilan munosabatlari haqida shunday dedi: "Imperator nikoh xonadonlariga bir marta kelib qoladi. har uch oyda bir u erda tunab turing ... Ertasi kuni u erta tongda jo'nab ketdi va o'sha kunning qolgan qismida u haqiqatan ham juda iflos edi ".^[70]

Puyi kamdan-kam hollarda taqiqlangan shaharni tark etdi, oddiy xitoyliklarning hayoti haqida hech narsa bilmas edi va xitoyliklarning aksariyati Tsinning tiklanishini istashini aytgan Jonson tomonidan biroz chalg'itildi.^[53] Sinofil olimi va monarxiyalarni instinktiv ravishda afzal ko'rgan romantik konservator Jonston, mamlakatni oldinga yo'naltirish uchun Xitoyga xayrixoh avtokrat kerak deb hisoblagan.^[53] U taqiqlangan shahardagi barcha yirik voqealarni sud munajjimlari tomonidan belgilab qo'yilganini hurmat qilish uchun u an'anaviy bo'lgan.^[71] Jonston yuzi g'arblashgan xitoylik respublika elitasini bosh kiyimda, paltoda va ishbilarmonlik kostyumlarida o'ziga xos bo'lmagan xitoylik sifatida kamsitdi va Puyiga Konfutsiy olimlarini an'anaviy liboslari bilan chinakam xitoyliklar sifatida maqtadi.^[53]

Jonsondan ilhomlangan evroniklar tomonidan korruptsiyaga qarshi kurashning bir qismi sifatida Puyi Taqiqlangan shahar xazinalarini ro'yxatga olishga buyruq berdi. The Oliy kelishuv zali 1923 yil 26-iyunda tunda yoqib yuborilgan edi, chunki evroniklar o'zlarining o'g'irliklarini yashirishga harakat qilishdi.^[72] Jonsonning xabar berishicha, ertasi kuni u "xafagarchilik bilan tomoshani o'ylab, imperator va imperatorni ko'milgan o'tin ustida turganini topdi".^[72] Yong'inda yo'qolgan xazinalarga Lord Buddaning 2685 ta oltin haykallari, 1675 ta oltin qurbongoh bezaklari, 435 ta chinni antiqa buyumlar va 31 quti samur mo'ynalari kiritilgan, ammo ehtimol ularning hammasi ham oldin qora bozorda sotilmagan. olov.^[73]

Nihoyat Puyi o'g'rilik muammosini tugatish uchun taqiqlangan shahardan barcha evroniylarni haydab chiqarishga qaror qildi, faqat Dowager Consorts ularsiz ishlay olmaymiz deb shikoyat qilganidan keyin 50ni saqlashga rozi bo'ldi.^[74] Puyi, Vangrong bilan o'ynashni yaxshi ko'rar ekan, bir paytlar Oliy Harmoniya Zali turgan maydonni tennis kortiga aylantirdi.^[75] Vanrongning ukasi Rong Tsi esladi: "Ammo evxunxlar ketganidan keyin, taqiqlangan shahar ichidagi ko'plab saroylar yopildi va bu joy xarob, tashlandiq havoga aylandi".^[75] Keyin Katta Kantu zilzilasi 1923 yil 1-sentabrda Tokio va Yokohama shaharlarini vayron qildi, Puyi tabiiy ofat oqibatlarini bartaraf etish uchun to'lash uchun qiymati 33000 funt sterling bo'lgan nefrit antiqa buyumlarni sovg'a qildi, bu yapon diplomatlaridan iborat delegatsiyani taqiqlangan shaharga tashrif buyurib, o'z minnatdorchiligini bildirdi.^[76] Diplomatlar tashrif haqida o'zlarining hisobotlarida Puyi nihoyatda befoyda va yumshoq ekanligi va uni Yaponiya ishlatishi mumkinligi, bu Yaponiyaning Puyiga bo'lgan qiziqishini boshlaganini ta'kidladilar.^[77]

Taqiqlangan shahardan haydash (1924)

1924 yil 23 oktyabrda a to'ntarish urush boshlig'i boshchiligida Feng Yuxiang Pekin ustidan nazoratni o'z qo'liga oldi. Pekinni qabul qilgan urush boshliqlaridan eng so'nggii Feng qonuniylikni qidirib topdi va ommabop bo'lmagan Qulay Qaror Maqolalarini bekor qilish olomonning roziligini olishning oson yo'li edi.^[78] Feng 1924 yil 5-noyabrda "Qulay muolajalar moddalari" ni bir tomonlama qayta ko'rib chiqdi va Puyining imperatorlik unvonini va imtiyozlarini bekor qildi va uni Xitoy Respublikasining shaxsiy fuqarosiga aylantirdi. Puyi Taqiqlangan shahar o'sha kuni.^[79] Unga ketishga uch soat vaqt berildi.^[78] U bir necha kunni o'tkazdi uyda otasining Shahzoda Chun, keyin esa Pekindagi Yaponiya elchixonasida vaqtincha yashagan.^[2] Puyi, shahzoda Chunning xizmatchilariga xabar bermasdan, Jonston va uning bosh xizmatkori Big Li bilan birga otasining uyidan chiqib ketib, izdoshlarini sirg'alib, Yaponiya legioniga bordi.^[80] Puyi dastlab Britaniya Legatsiyasiga borishni xohlagan edi, ammo yaponofil Jonston yaponlar bilan xavfsizroq bo'lishini talab qildi.^[81] Jonson uchun yapon xalqi o'z imperatoriga tirik xudo sifatida sig'inadigan tizim uning konstitutsiyasiga ingliz konstitutsiyaviy monarxiyasiga qaraganda ancha yaqin bo'lgan va u doimo Puyini yaponparast yo'nalishda boshqargan.^[81] Puyining maslahatchisi Lu Zongyu yashirincha yaponlar uchun ishlagan Puyi Tyanjinga ko'chib o'tishni taklif qildi, chunki u Pekindan ko'ra xavfsizroq edi, garchi uning asosiy sababi shundaki, yaponlar Puyi Tyanjinda uni yashashni xijolat qilmasdan boshqarish osonroq bo'ladi deb o'ylashadi. Xitoy bilan munosabatlarni keskinlashtirayotgan yapon legatsiyasi.^[82] 1925 yil 23-fevralda Puyi poyezdda o'g'irlanishdan qo'rqib, oddiy xitoylik xalat va bosh suyagi kiyib Pekindan Tianjinga yo'l oldi.^[83]

Tyantszinda istiqomat qilish joyi (1925-1931)

Tyantszin shahridagi tinchlik bog'i

1925 yil fevralda Puyi Yaponiya imtiyozi ning Tyantszin, birinchi bo'lib Chjan bog'iga (張 園),^[84] va 1927 yilda sobiq qarorgohiga Lu Zongyu tinchlik bog'i deb nomlangan (soddalashtirilgan xitoy : 静 园; an'anaviy xitoy : 靜 園; pinyin : jìng yuán).^[85] Britaniyalik jurnalist Genri Vudxed Puyi sudini "itlar jannat" deb atadi, chunki Puyi ham, Vanrong ham bir nechta buzilgan itlarga egalik qiladigan itni sevuvchilar edi, Puyi saroy ahli esa haddan tashqari ko'p vaqtni bir-biri bilan xushomadgo'ylikda o'tkazdilar.^[86] Vudxedning ta'kidlashicha, Puyi saroyida til topisha oladigan odamlar faqatgina "singil singari" Vanrong va Vensu edi.^[87] Tyanjin Shanxaydan keyin eng katta kosmopolit Xitoy shahri bo'lib, yirik ingliz, frantsuz, nemis, rus va yapon jamoalariga ega edi. Imperator sifatida Puyi odatda faqat oq tanlilarni qabul qiladigan bir nechta ijtimoiy klublarga qo'shilishga ruxsat berildi.^[88] Ushbu davrda Puyi va uning maslahatchilari Chen Baochen, Zheng Xiaoxu va Luo Zhenyu Puyini imperator sifatida tiklash rejalarini muhokama qildi. Chjen va Luo tashqi partiyalardan yordam so'rashni ma'qullashdi, Chen esa bu fikrga qarshi chiqdi. 1925 yil iyun oyida urush boshlig'i Chjan Zuolin Puyi bilan uchrashish uchun Tyantszinga tashrif buyurdi.^[89] "Keksa marshal" Chjan, savodsiz sobiq qaroqchi, Manchuriyani boshqargan, hajmi bo'yicha Germaniya va Frantsiyani tenglashtirgan mintaqasi, 30 million aholisi bo'lgan va Xitoyning eng rivojlangan mintaqasi bo'lgan. Chjan Puyiga ularning uchrashuvida kowtowed va agar Puyi o'z armiyasiga katta moliyaviy xayriya qilsa, Tsing uyini tiklashga va'da berdi.^[89] Chjan Puyini "aylanma yo'l" bilan yapon do'stlariga ishonmaslik haqida ogohlantirdi.^[90] Chjan yaponlarning maoshi uchun kurashgan, ammo bu vaqtga qadar u bilan bo'lgan munosabatlar Kvantun armiyasi taranglashmoqda. 1927 yil iyun oyida Chjan Pekinni qo'lga kiritdi va Behr Puyi ko'proq jasoratga ega bo'lib, Pekinga qaytib kelganida, u Dragon taxtiga tiklangan bo'lishi mumkinligini kuzatdi.^[90]

Puyi sudi fraktsionizmga moyil edi va uning maslahatchilari uni turli xil sarkardalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga undaydilar, bu esa unga turli xil sarkardalar bilan muzokaralar olib borish paytida dublyaj uchun obro 'keltirdi va bu uning marshal Chjan bilan munosabatlarini yomonlashtirdi.^[91] Turli vaqtlarda Puyi general bilan uchrashgan Chjan Zongchang, "Dogmeat General" va ruscha muhojirat Umumiy Grigoriy Semyonov uning Tyantszin uyida; ikkalasi ham agar ularga etarli pul bersa, uni Ajdaho taxtiga qaytarishga va'da berishdi va ikkalasi ham bergan pullarini o'zlari uchun saqlab qolishdi.^[92] Puyi Jangni yuzi shishgan va "afyun chekishidan kelib chiqqan jigarrang rang bilan xiralashgan" "hamma uchun jirkanch hayvon" deb esladi.^[93] Ayniqsa, Semyonov o'zini iste'dodli odam sifatida ko'rsatdi ataman uning qo'mondonligida bir nechta kazak xostlari bo'lishi, bankda 300 million rubl bo'lishi va Xitoyda Tsin uyini va Rossiyada Romanovlar uyini tiklash rejalarida Amerika, Britaniya va Yaponiya banklari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi.^[92] Puyi Semyonovga 5000 ingliz funt sterling miqdorida kredit berdi, uni Semyonov hech qachon to'lamadi.^[92] Osoyishtalik bog'iga tashrif buyurgan yana bir kishi general edi Kenji Doyxara, a Japanese Army officer who was fluent in Mandarin and a man of great charm who manipulated Puyi via flattery, telling him that a great man such as himself should go conquer Manchuria and then, just as his Qing ancestors did in the 17th century, use Manchuria as a base for conquering China.^[94]

1928 yilda, davomida Buyuk Shimoliy ekspeditsiya to reunify China, troops sacked the Qing tombs outside of Beijing after the Gomintang and its allies took Beijing from Zhang's army who retreated back to Manchuria.^[95] The news that the Qing tombs had been plundered and the corpse of the Dowager Empress Cixi had been desecrated greatly offended Puyi, who never forgave the Kuomintang and held Chiang Qay-shek personally responsible; the sacking also showed his powerlessness.^[95] During his time in Tianjin, Puyi was besieged with visitors asking him for money, including various members of the vast Qing family, old Manchu bannermen, journalists prepared to write articles calling for a Qing restoration for the right price, and eunuchs who had once lived in the Forbidden City and were now living in poverty.^[96] Puyi himself was often bored with his life, and engaged in maniacal shopping to compensate, recalling that he was addicted to "buying pianos, watches, clocks, radios, Western clothes, leather shoes, and spectacles".^[97]

Puyi's first wife Wanrong began to smoke opium during this period, which Puyi encouraged as he found her more "manageable".^[98] Their marriage began to fall apart as they spent more and more time apart, meeting only at mealtimes.^[98] Wanrong complained that her life as an "empress" was extremely dull as the rules for an empress forbade her from going out dancing as she wanted, instead forcing her to spend her days in traditional rituals that she found to be meaningless, all the more so as China was a republic and her title of empress was symbolic only.^[98] The westernized Wanrong loved to go out dancing, play tennis, wear western clothes and make-up, listen to jazz music, and to socialize with her friends, which the more conservative courtiers all objected to.^[98] She resented having to play the traditional role of a Chinese empress, but was unwilling to break with Puyi.^[98] Puyi's butler was secretly a Japanese spy, and in a report to his masters described Puyi and Wanrong one day spending hours screaming at one another in the gardens with Wanrong repeatedly calling Puyi a "eunuch"; whether she meant that as a reference to sexual inadequacy is unclear.^[99] In 1928, Puyi's concubine Vensu declared that she had had enough of him and his court and simply walked out, filing for divorce.^[100] After Wenxiu left, a regular visitor to the court was Puyi's cousin Eastern Jewel, described by Tunzelmann as "... an urbane leather-clad cross-dressing spy princess".^[12]

Captive in Manchuria (1931–1932)

In September 1931 Puyi sent a letter to Jiru Minami, the Japanese Minister of War, expressing his desire to be restored to the throne.^[101] On the night of 18 September 1931, the Mukden hodisasi began when the Japanese Kvantun armiyasi blew up a section of railroad belonging to the Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railroad company and blamed the warlord Marshal Chjan Xueliang.^[102] On this pretext the Kwantung Army began a general offensive with the aim of conquering all of Manchuria.^[103] Puyi was visited by Kenji Doyxara, head of the espionage office of the Japanese Kwantung Army, who proposed establishing Puyi as head of a Manchurian state.

The Empress Wanrong was firmly against Puyi's plans to go to Manchuria, which she called treason, and for a moment Puyi hesitated, leading Doihara to send for Puyi's cousin, the very pro-Japanese Eastern Jewel, to visit him to change his mind.^[104] Eastern Jewel, a strong-willed, flamboyant, openly bisexual woman noted for her habit of wearing male clothing and uniforms, had much influence on Puyi.^[104] In Tientsin hodisasi during November 1931, Puyi and Zheng Xiaoxu traveled to Manchuria to complete plans for the puppet state of Manchukuo. Puyi left his house in Tianjin by hiding in the trunk of a car.^[105] The Chinese government ordered his arrest for treason, but was unable to breach the Japanese protection.^[2] Puyi boarded a Japanese ship that took him across the East China Sea, and when he landed in Port Arthur (modern Lüshun), he was greeted by the man who was to become his minder, General Masaxiko Amakasu, who took them to a resort owned by the South Manchurian Railroad company.^[106] Amakasu was a fearsome man who told Puyi how in the Amakasu hodisasi of 1923 he had the feminist Noe Itō, her lover the anarchist Sakae ugsugi, and a six-year-old boy strangled to death as they were "enemies of the Emperor", and he likewise would kill Puyi if he should prove to be an "enemy of the Emperor".^[106] Chen Baochen returned to Pekin, where he died in 1935.^[107]

Once he arrived in Manchuria, Puyi discovered that he was a prisoner and was not allowed outside the Yamato Hotel, ostensibly to protect him from assassination.^[108] Wanrong had stayed in Tianjin, and remained opposed to Puyi's decision to work with the Japanese, requiring her friend Eastern Jewel to visit numerous times to convince her to go to Manchuria.^[109] Behr commented that if Wanrong had been a stronger woman, she might have remained in Tianjin and filed for divorce, but ultimately she accepted Eastern Jewel's argument that it was her duty as a wife to follow her husband, and six weeks after the Tientsin incident, she too crossed the East China Sea to Port Arthur with Eastern Jewel to keep her company.^[110]

In early 1932, General Seishirō Itagaki informed Puyi that the new state was to be a republic with him as Chief Executive; the capital was to be Changchun; his form of address was to be "Your Excellency", not "Your Imperial Majesty"; and there were to be no references to Puyi ruling with the "Osmon mandati ", all of which displeased Puyi.^[111] The suggestion that Manchukuo was to be based on popular sovereignty with the 34 million people of Manchuria "asking" that Puyi rule over them was completely contrary to Puyi's ideas about his right to rule by the Osmon mandati.^[111]

Itagaki suggested to Puyi that in a few years Manchukuo might become a monarchy and that Manchuria was just the beginning, as Japan had ambitions to take all of China; the obvious implication was that Puyi would become the Great Qing Emperor again.^[111] When Puyi objected to Itagaki's plans, he was told that he was in no position to negotiate as Itagaki had no interest in his opinions on these issues.^[112] Unlike Doihara, who was always very polite and constantly stroked Puyi's ego, Itagaki was brutally rude and brusque, barking out orders as if to a particularly dim-witted common soldier.^[112] Itagaki had promised Puyi's chief adviser Zheng Xiaoxu that he would be the Manchukuo prime minister, an offer that appealed to his vanity enough that he persuaded Puyi to accept the Japanese terms, telling him that Manchukuo would soon become a monarchy and history would repeat itself, as Puyi would conquer the rest of China from his Manchurian base just as the Qing did in 1644.^[112] In Japanese propaganda, Puyi was always celebrated both in traditionalist terms as a Confucian "Sage King" out to restore virtue and as a revolutionary who would end the oppression of the common people by a program of wholesale modernization.^[113]

Puppet ruler of Manchukuo (1932–1945)

Puyi wearing Manchukuo uniform

Puyi accepted the Japanese offer and on 1 March 1932 was installed as the Manchukuoning bosh ijrochi direktori, a qo'g'irchoq davlat ning Yaponiya imperiyasi, ostida reign title Datong (Ueyd-Gaylz: Ta-tung;大同). One contemporary commentator, Wen Yuan-ning, quipped that Puyi had now achieved the dubious distinction of having been "made emperor three times without knowing why and apparently without relishing it."^[114]

Puyi believed Manchukuo was just the beginning, and that within a few years he would again reign as Emperor of China, having the yellow imperial dragon robes used for coronation of Qing emperors brought from Beijing to Changchun.^[115] Vaqtida, Yaponiya propagandasi depicted the birth of Manchukuo as a triumph of Pan-Osiyoizm, bilan "five races " of Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols coming together, which marked nothing less than the birth of a new civilization and a turning point in world history.^[116] A press statement issued on 1 March 1932 stated: "The glorious advent of Manchukuo with the eyes of the world turned on it was an epochal event of far-reaching consequence in world history, marking the birth of a new era in government, racial relations, and other affairs of general interest. Never in the chronicles of the human race was any State born with such high ideals, and never has any State accomplished so much in such a brief space of its existence as Manchukuo".^[117]

On 8 March 1932, Puyi made his ceremonial entry into Changchun, sharing his car with Zheng, who was beaming with joy, Amakasu, whose expression was stern as usual, and Wanrong, who looked miserable.^[118] Puyi also noted he was "too preoccupied with my hopes and hates" to realize the "cold comfort that the Changchun citizens, silent from terror and hatred, were giving me".^[119] Puyi's friend, the British journalist Woodhead wrote, "outside official circles, I met no Chinese who felt any enthusiasm for the new regime", and that the city of Harbin was being terrorized by Chinese and Russian gangsters working for the Japanese, making Harbin "lawless ... even its main street unsafe after dark".^[120] In an interview with Woodhead, Puyi said he planned to govern Manchukuo "in the Confucian spirit" and that he was "perfectly happy" with his new position.^[121]

On 20 April 1932, the Lytton Commission arrived in Manchuria to begin its investigation of whether Japan had committed aggression.^[122] Puyi was interviewed by Lord Lytton, and recalled thinking that he desperately wanted to ask him for political asylum in Britain, but as General Itagaki was sitting right next to him at the meeting, he told Lytton that "the masses of the people had begged me to come, that my stay here was absolutely voluntary and free".^[123] After the interview, Itagaki told Puyi: "Your Excellency's manner was perfect; you spoke beautifully".^[124] Diplomat Vellington Koo, who was attached to the Commission as its Chinese assessor, received a secret message saying "... a representative of the imperial household in Changchun wanted to see me and had a confidential message for me".^[125] The representative, posing as an antique dealer, "... told me he was sent by the Empress: She wanted me to help her escape from Changchun. He said she found life miserable there because she was surrounded in her house by Japanese maids. Every movement of hers was watched and reported".^[126] Koo said he was "touched" but could do nothing to help Wanrong escape, which her brother Rong Qi said was the "final blow" to her, leading her into a downward spiral.^[126] Right from the start, the Japanese occupation had sparked much resistance by guerrillas, whom the Kwantung Army called "bandits". General Doihara was able in exchange for a multi-million bribe to get one of the more prominent guerrilla leaders, the Hui Muslim general Ma Zhanshan, to accept Japanese rule, and had Puyi appoint him Defense Minister.^[127] Much to the intense chagrin of Puyi and his Japanese masters, Ma's defection turned to be a ruse, and only months after Puyi appointed him Defense Minister, Ma took his troops over the border to the Soviet Union to continue the struggle against the Japanese.^[127]

Pu Yi's edict of ascending the throne

The Imperator Shova wanted to see if Puyi was reliable before giving him an imperial title, and it was not until October 1933 that General Doihara told him he was to be an emperor again, causing Puyi to go, in his own words, "wild with joy", though he was disappointed that he was not given back his old title of "Great Qing Emperor".^[128] At the same time, Doihara informed Puyi that "the Emperor [of Japan] is your father and is represented in Manchukuo as the Kwantung army which must be obeyed like a father".^[129] Right from the start, Manchukuo was infamous for its high crime rate, as Japanese-sponsored gangs of Chinese, Korean, and Russian gangsters fought one another for the control of opium houses, brothels, and gambling dens.^[130] There were nine different Japanese or Japanese-sponsored police/intelligence agencies operating in Manchukuo, who were all told by Tokyo that Japan was a poor country and that they were to pay for their own operations by engaging in organized crime.^[131] The Italian adventurer Amleto Vespa remembered that General Kenji Doyxara told him Manchuria was going to have to pay for its own exploitation.^[132] 1933 yilda, Simon Kaspe, a French Jewish pianist visiting his father in Manchukuo, who owned a hotel in Harbin, was kidnapped, tortured, and murdered by an anti-Semitic gang from the Rossiya fashistik partiyasi. The Kaspé case became an international sabab célèbre, attracting much media attention around the world, ultimately leading to two trials in Harbin in 1935 and 1936, as the evidence that the Russian fascist gang who had killed Kaspé was working for the Kenpeitai, the military police of the Yapon imperatori armiyasi, had become too strong for even Tokyo to ignore.^[133] Puyi was portrayed as having (with a little help from the Kwantung Army) saved the people from the chaos of rule by the Zhang family.^[134] Manchukuo's high crime rate, and the much publicized Kaspé case, made a mockery of the claim that Puyi had saved the people of Manchuria from a lawless and violent regime.^[134]

Manchukuo Enthronement Commemorative Medal

On 1 March 1934 he was crowned Manchukuo imperatori, under the reign title Kangde (Ueyd-Giles: Kang-te;康德) in Changchun. A sign of the true rulers of Manchukuo was the presence of General Masaxiko Amakasu during the coronation; ostensibly there as the film director to record the coronation, Amakasu served as Puyi's minder, keeping a careful watch on him to prevent him from going off script.^[135] Wanrong was excluded from the coronation: her addiction to opium, anti-Japanese feelings, dislike of Puyi, and growing reputation for being "difficult" and unpredictable led Amakasu to the conclusion that she could not be trusted to stay on script.^[136] Though submissive in public to the Japanese, Puyi was constantly at odds with them in private. He resented being "Head of State" and then "Emperor of Manchukuo" rather than being fully restored as a Qing Emperor. At his enthronement, he clashed with Japan over dress; they wanted him to wear a Manchukuo-style uniform whereas he considered it an insult to wear anything but traditional Manchu robes. In a typical compromise, he wore a Western military uniform to his enthronement^[137] (the only Chinese emperor ever to do so) and a dragon robe to the announcement of his accession at the Osmon ibodatxonasi.^[138] Puyi was driven to his coronation in a Lincoln limousine with bulletproof windows followed by nine Packards, and during his coronation scrolls were read out while sacred wine bottles were opened for the guests to celebrate the beginning of a "Reign of Tranquility and Virtue".^[139] The invitations for the coronation were issued by the Kwantung Army and 70% of those who attended Puyi's coronation were Japanese.^[140]

The Japanese chose as the capital of Manchukuo the industrial city of Changchun, which was renamed Hsinking. Puyi had wanted the capital to be Mukden (modern Shenyang ), which had been the Qing capital before the Qing conquered China in 1644, but was overruled by his Japanese masters.^[141] Puyi hated Hsinking, which he regarded as an undistinguished industrial city that lacked the historical connections with the Qing that Mukden had.^[141] As there was no palace in Changchun, Puyi moved into what had once been the office of the Salt Tax Administration during the Russian period, and as result, the building was known as Salt Tax Palace, which is now the Manchu davlati imperator saroyining muzeyi.^[141] Puyi lived there as a virtual prisoner and could not leave without permission.^[142] Shortly after Puyi's coronation, his father arrived at the Hsinking railroad station for a visit,^[136] Prince Chun told his son that he was an idiot if he really believed that the Japanese were going to restore him to the Dragon Throne, and warned him that he was just being used.^[143] The Japanese embassy issued a note of diplomatic protest at the welcome extended to Prince Chun, stating that the Hsinking railroad station was under the Kwantung Army's control, that only Japanese soldiers were allowed there, and that they would not tolerate the Manchukuo imperial guard being used to welcome visitors at the Hsinking railroad station again.^[143]

In this period, Puyi frequently visited the provinces of Manchukuo to open factories and mines, took part in the birthday celebrations for the Showa Emperor at Kwantung Army headquarters and, on the Japanese holiday of Memorial Day, formally paid his respects with Japanese rituals to the souls of the Japanese soldiers killed fighting the "bandits" (as the Japanese called all the guerrillas fighting against their rule of Manchuria).^[143] Following the example in Japan, schoolchildren in Manchukuo at the beginning of every school day kowtowed first in the direction of Tokyo and then to a portrait of Puyi in the classroom.^[143] Puyi found this "intoxicating".^[143] He visited a coal mine and in his rudimentary Japanese thanked the Japanese foreman for his good work, who burst into tears as he thanked the emperor; Puyi later wrote that "The treatment I received really went to my head."^[144]

Whenever the Japanese wanted a law passed, the relevant decree was dropped off at Salt Tax Palace for Puyi to sign, which he always did.^[145] Puyi signed decrees expropriating vast tracts of farmland to Japanese colonists and a law declaring certain thoughts to be "thought crimes", leading Behr to note: "In theory, as 'Supreme Commander', he thus bore full responsibility for Japanese atrocities committed in his name on anti-Japanese 'bandits' and patriotic Chinese citizens."^[145] Behr further noted the "Empire of Manchukuo", billed as an idealistic state where the "five races" of the Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Manchus, and Mongols had come together in Pan-Asian brotherhood, was in fact "one of the most brutally run countries in the world – a textbook example of colonialism, albeit of the Oriental kind".^[146] Manchukuo was a sham, and was a Japanese colony run entirely for Japan's benefit.^[147] Amerika tarixchisi Karter J. Ekkert wrote that the differences in power could be seen in that the Kwantung Army had a "massive" headquarters in downtown Hsinking while Puyi had to live in the "small and shabby" Salt Tax Palace close to the main railroad station in a part of Hsinking with numerous small factories, warehouses, and slaughterhouses, the chief prison, and the red-light district.^[148]

Behr commented that Puyi knew from his talks in Tianjin with General Kenji Doyxara va umumiy Seishirō Itagaki that he was dealing with "ruthless men and that this might be the regime to expect".^[149] Puyi later recalled that: "I had put my head in the tiger's mouth" by going to Manchuria in 1931.^[149]

Puyi (right) as Emperor of Manchukuo. Chap tomonda Chū Kudō.

From 1935 to 1945, Kwantung Army senior staff officer Yoshioka Yasunori (吉岡安則)^[150] was assigned to Puyi as Attaché to the Imperial Household in Manchukuo. He acted as a spy for the Japanese government, controlling Puyi through fear, intimidation, and direct orders.^[151] There were many attempts on Puyi's life during this period, including a 1937 stabbing by a palace servant.^[2]

In 1935, Puyi visited Japan.^[152] The Second Secretary of the Japanese Embassy in Hsinking, Kenjiro Hayashide, served as Puyi's interpreter during this trip, and later wrote what Behr called a very absurd book, The Epochal Journey to Japan, chronicling this visit, where he managed to present every banal statement made by Puyi as profound wisdom, and claimed that he wrote an average of two poems per day on his trip to Japan, despite being busy with attending all sorts of official functions.^[153] Hayashide had also written a booklet promoting the trip in Japan, which claimed that Puyi was a great reader who was "hardly ever seen without a book in his hand", a skilled calligrapher, a talented painter, and an excellent horseman and archer, able to shoot arrows while riding, just like his Qing ancestors.^[154] The Shōwa Emperor took this claim that Puyi was a hippophile too seriously and presented him with a gift of a horse for him to review the Imperial Japanese Army with; in fact, Puyi was a hippophobe who adamantly refused to get on the horse, forcing the Japanese to hurriedly bring out a carriage for the two emperors to review the troops.^[155]

After his return to Hsinking, Puyi hired an American public relations executive, George Bronson Rea, to lobby the U.S. government to recognize Manchukuo.^[156] In late 1935, Rea published a book, The Case for Manchukuo, in which Rea castigated China under the Kuomintang as hopelessly corrupt, and praised Puyi's wise leadership of Manchukuo, writing Manchukuo was "... the one step that the people of the East have taken towards escape from the misery and misgovernment that have become theirs. Japan's protection is its only chance of happiness".^[157] Rea continued to work for Puyi until the bombing of Pearl Harbor, but he failed signally in lobbying Washington to recognize Hsinking. At the second trial relating to the long-running Kaspé case in Harbin in March–June 1936, the Japanese prosecutor argued in favor of the six defendants, calling them "Russian patriots who raised the flag against a world danger – communism".^[133] Much to everyone's surprise, the Chinese judges convicted and sentenced the six Russian fascists who had tortured and killed Kaspé to death, which led to a storm as the Rossiya fashistik partiyasi called the six men "martyrs for Holy Russia", and presented to Puyi a petition with thousands of signatures asking him to pardon the six men.^[133] Puyi refused to pardon the Russian fascists, but the verdict was appealed to the Hsinking Supreme Court, where the Japanese judges quashed the verdict, ordering the six men to be freed, a decision that Puyi accepted without complaint.^[158] The flagrant miscarriage of justice of the Kaspé case, which attracted much attention in the Western media, did much to tarnish the image of Manchukuo and further weakened Puyi's already weak hand as he sought to have the rest of the world recognize Manchukuo.^[133]

In 1936, Ling Sheng, an aristocrat who was serving as governor of one of Manchukuo's provinces and whose son was engaged to marry one of Puyi's younger sisters, was arrested after complaining about "intolerable" Japanese interference in his work, which led Puyi to ask Yoshioka if something could be done to help him out.^[155] The Kwantung Army's commander General Kenkichi Ueda visited Puyi to tell him the matter was resolved as Ling had already been convicted by a Japanese court-martial of "plotting rebellion" and had been executed by beheading, which led Puyi to cancel the marriage between his sister and Ling's son.^[159] During these years, Puyi began taking a greater interest in an'anaviy xitoy qonunchiligi va din^[160] (kabi Konfutsiylik va Buddizm ), but this was disallowed by the Japanese. Gradually his old supporters were eliminated and pro-Japanese ministers put in their place.^[161] During this period Puyi's life consisted mostly of signing laws prepared by Japan, reciting prayers, consulting oracles, and making formal visits throughout his state.^[2]

Puyi was extremely unhappy with his life as a virtual prisoner in the Salt Tax Palace, and his moods became erratic, swinging from hours of passivity staring into space to indulging his sadism by having his servants beaten.^[162] The fact that the vast majority of Puyi's "loving subjects" hated him obsessed Puyi, and as Behr observed it was "... the knowledge that he was an object of hatred and derision that drove Puyi to the brink of madness".^[163] Puyi always had a strong cruel streak, and he imposed harsh "house rules" on his staff; servants were flogged in the basement for such offenses as "irresponsible conversations".^[164] The phrase "Take him downstairs" was much feared by Puyi's servants as he had at least one flogging performed a day, and everyone in the Salt Tax Palace was caned at one point or another except the Empress and Puyi's siblings and their spouses.^[163] Puyi's experience of widespread theft during his time in the Forbidden City led him to distrust his servants and he obsessively went over the account books for signs of fraud.^[165] To further torment his staff of about 100, Puyi drastically cut back on the food allocated for his staff, who suffered from hunger; Big Li told Behr that Puyi was attempting to make everyone as miserable as he was.^[166] Besides tormenting his staff, Puyi's life as Emperor was one of lethargy and passivity, which his ghostwriter Li Wenda called "a kind of living death" for him.^[167]

Puyi became a devoted Buddhist, a mystic and a vegetarian, having statues of the Buddha put up all over the Salt Tax Palace for him to pray to while banning his staff from eating meat.^[165] His Buddhism led him to ban his staff from killing insects or mice, but if he found any insects or mice droppings in his food, the cooks were flogged.^[165] One day, when out for a stroll in the gardens, Puyi found that a servant had written in chalk on one of the rocks: "Haven't the Japanese humiliated you enough?"^[168] When Puyi received guests at the Salt Tax Palace, he gave them long lectures on the "glorious" history of the Qing as a form of masochism, comparing the great Qing Emperors with himself, a miserable man living as a prisoner in his own palace.^[169] Wanrong, who detested her husband, liked to mock him behind his back by performing skits before the servants by putting on dark glasses and imitating Puyi's jerky movements.^[170] During his time in Tianjin, Puyi had started wearing dark glasses at all times, as during the interwar period wearing dark glasses in Tianjin was a way of signifying one was a homosexual or bisexual.^[170]

Tan Yuling, Puyi's concubine

On 3 April 1937, Puyi's younger full brother Prince Pujie was proclaimed heir apparent after marrying Lady Xiro Saga, a distant cousin of the Japanese Emperor Xirohito. The Kwantung Army general Shigeru Honjō had politically arranged the marriage. Puyi thereafter would not speak candidly in front of his brother and refused to eat any food Lady Saga provided, believing she was out to poison him.^[171] Puyi was forced to sign an agreement that if he himself had a male heir, the child would be sent to Japan to be raised by the Japanese.^[172] Puyi initially thought Lady Saga was a Japanese spy, but came to trust her after the Sinophile Saga discarded her kimonos uchun cheongsams and repeatedly assured him that she came to the Salt Tax Palace because she was Pujie's wife, not as a spy.^[173] Behr described Lady Saga as "intelligent" and "level-headed", and noted the irony of Puyi snubbing the one Japanese who really wanted to be his friend.^[173] Later in April 1937, the 16-year-old Manchu aristocrat Tan Yuling moved into the Salt Tax Palace to become Puyi's concubine, but though Puyi seems to have liked her, it remains unclear whether he had sex with her.^[174] Lady Saga tried to improve relations between Puyi and Wanrong by having them eat dinner together, which was the first time they had shared a meal in three years.^[173]

Based on his interviews with Puyi's family and staff at the Salt Tax Palace, Behr wrote that it appeared Puyi had an "attraction towards very young girls" that "bordered on pedophilia" and "that Pu Yi was bisexual, and – by his own admission – something of a sadist in his relationships with women".^[175] Puyi was very fond of having handsome teenage boys serve as his pageboys and Lady Saga noted he was also very fond of sodomizing them.^[176] Lady Saga wrote in her 1957 autobiography Memoirs of A Wandering Princess:

Of course I had heard rumours concerning such great men in our history, but I never knew such things existed in the living world. Now, however, I learnt that the Emperor had an unnatural love for a pageboy. He was referred to as "the male concubine". Could these perverted habits, I wondered, have driven his wife to opium smoking?

— Xonim Xiro Saga^[177]

When Behr questioned him about Puyi's sexuality, Prince Pujie said he was "biologically incapable of reproduction", a polite way of saying someone is gay in China.^[178] When one of Puyi's pageboys fled the Salt Tax Palace to escape his homosexual advances, Puyi ordered that he be given an especially harsh flogging, which caused the boy's death and led Puyi to have the floggers flogged in turn as punishment.^[166]

In July 1937, when the Ikkinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi began, Puyi issued a declaration of support for Japan.^[179] In August 1937, Kishi wrote up a decree for Puyi to sign calling for the use of slave labour to be conscripted both in Manchukuo and in northern China, stating that in these "times of emergency" (i.e. war with China), industry needed to grow at all costs, and slavery was necessary to save money.^[180] Driscoll wrote that just as African slaves were taken to the New World on the "O'rta o'tish ", it would be right to speak of the "Manchurian Passage" as vast numbers of Chinese peasants were rounded up to be slaves in Manchukuo's factories and mines.^[181] From 1938 until the end of the war, every year about a million Chinese were taken from the Manchukuo countryside and northern China to be slaves in Manchukuo's factories and mines.^[182]

All that Puyi knew of the outside world was what General Yoshioka told him in daily briefings.^[179] When Behr asked Prince Pujie how the news of the Nankingni zo'rlash in December 1937 affected Puyi, his brother replied: "We didn't hear about it until much later. At the time, it made no real impact."^[183] On 4 February 1938, the strongly pro-Japanese and anti-Chinese Yoaxim fon Ribbentrop became the German foreign minister, and under his influence German foreign policy swung in an anti-Chinese and pro-Japanese direction.^[184] On 20 February 1938, Adolf Hitler announced that Germany was recognizing Manchukuo.^[184] In one of his last acts, the outgoing German ambassador to Japan Gerbert fon Dirksen visited Puyi in the Salt Tax Palace to tell him that a German embassy would be established in Hsinking later that year to join the embassies of Japan, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Italy and Nationalist Spain, the only other countries that had recognized Manchukuo. In 1934, Puyi had been excited when he learned that El Salvador had become the first nation other than Japan to recognize Manchukuo, but by 1938 he did not care much about Germany's recognition of Manchukuo.

In May 1938, Puyi was declared a god by the Religions Law, and a cult of emperor-worship very similar to Japan's began with schoolchildren starting their classes by praying to a portrait of the god-emperor while imperial rescripts and the imperial regalia became sacred relics imbued with magical powers by being associated with the god-emperor.^[185] Puyi's elevation to a god was due to the Sino-Japanese war, which caused the Japanese state to begin a program of totalitarian mobilization of society for total war in Japan and places ruled by Japan.^[185] His Japanese handlers felt that ordinary people in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan were more willing to bear the sacrifices for total war because of their devotion to their god-emperor, and it was decided that making Puyi a god-emperor would have the same effect in Manchukuo.^[185] After 1938, Puyi was hardly ever allowed to leave the Salt Tax Palace, while the creation of the puppet regime of President Vang Tszinvey in November 1938 crushed Puyi's spirits, as it ended his hope of one day being restored as the Great Qing Emperor.^[167] Puyi became a hypochondriac, taking all sorts of pills for various imagined ailments and hormones to improve his sex drive and allow him to father a boy, as Puyi was convinced that the Japanese were poisoning his food to make him sterile.^[186] He believed the Japanese wanted one of the children Pujie had fathered with Lady Saga to be the next emperor, and it was a great relief to him that their children were both girls (Manchukuo law forbade female succession to the throne).^[173]

In 1940 Wanrong engaged in an affair with Puyi's chauffeur Li Tiyu that left her pregnant.^[187] To punish her, as Wanrong gave birth to her daughter, she had to watch much to her horror as the Japanese doctors poisoned her newly born child right in front of her.^[188] Wanrong was totally broken by what she had seen and lost her will to live, spending as much of her time possible in an opium daze to numb the pain.^[188] Puyi Vanrongning chaqalog'iga nima rejalashtirilayotganini va Behr o'z navbatida "qo'rqoqlik" deb atagan narsada "hech narsa qilmaganini" bilar edi.^[188] Puyi-ning ruhiy muallifi Fuqaroga imperator, Li Wenda, Behrga kitob uchun Puyi bilan suhbatlashayotganda, Puyi Vanrongning bolasini o'ldirish haqida gapira olmasligini aytdi, chunki u o'zining qo'rqoqligi haqida gapirishga uyaldi.^[188]

1941 yil dekabrda Puyi Yaponiyaga Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Buyuk Britaniyaga qarshi urush e'lon qilishda ergashdi, ammo hech bir xalq Manchukuoni tan olmaganligi sababli, buning evaziga o'zaro urush e'lonlari bo'lmagan.^[189] Urush paytida Puyi Osiyoda hech bo'lmaganda yaponlarga ishonganlar uchun o'rnak va namuna bo'ldi Pan-Osiyo tashviqot. U ko'rdi, Birma Bosh vaziri yaponiyaliklar bilan yashirincha aloqada bo'lib, osiyolik sifatida uning hamdardligi G'arbga qarshi Yaponiya bilan to'la bo'lganligini e'lon qildi.^[190] U Saw bundan tashqari, Yaponiya urushda g'alaba qozonganida, Birmada Puyi Manchukuoda bir xil maqomga ega bo'lgan bir xil maqomga ega bo'lishiga umid qilishini aytdi. Buyuk Sharqiy Osiyo hamjihatlik sohasi.^[190] Urush paytida Puyi o'zining otasi singari otasidan ajralib qoldi Pu Ren intervyusida aytilgan:

... 1941 yildan keyin Puyining otasi uni yozib qo'ygan. 1934 yildan keyin u Puyiga hech qachon tashrif buyurmagan. Ular kamdan-kam hollarda yozishib turishadi. U olgan barcha yangiliklar vositachilar orqali yoki vaqti-vaqti bilan Puyining singillaridan kelgan xabarlardan iborat bo'lib, ba'zilariga uni ko'rishga ruxsat berilgan.

— Pu Ren^[191]

Puyi o'zi urush paytida Yaponiyani qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan juda ko'p "qullik" bayonotlarini berganidan shikoyat qildi, agar u Manchukuodan qochib qutulgan bo'lsa, uni ittifoqchilar tomonidan hech kim qabul qilmas edi.^[192] 1942 yil iyun oyida Puyi Tuz Soliq saroyi tashqarisida kamdan-kam tashrif buyurganida, u Manchukuo harbiy akademiyasini bitiruvchi sinf bilan uchrashganda va yulduz talaba Takagi Masaoga ajoyib ishlashi uchun oltin soatni topshirdi; uning yaponcha ismiga qaramay, yulduz talaba aslida koreys va asl koreyscha nomi ostida bo'lgan Park Chung Xi 1961 yilda Janubiy Koreyaning diktatoriga aylandi.^[193] 1942 yil avgustda Puyining kanizagi Tan Yuling kasal bo'lib, Vanrongning chaqalog'ini o'ldirgan yapon shifokorlari davolagandan so'ng vafot etdi.^[188] Puyi guvohlik berdi Tokio harbiy jinoyatlar bo'yicha sud jarayoni uning o'ldirilganligiga ishonishi.^[188] Puyi tanning sochlari va uning tirnoqlarini qirqishlarini umrining oxirigacha saqlab turdi, chunki u yo'qolganidan juda qayg'uli edi.^[194] U Tan o'rnini egallash uchun Yaponiya kanizagini olishdan bosh tortdi va 1943 yilda Xitoy kanizagini oldi, Li Yuqin, ofitsiantning 16 yoshli qizi.^[195] Puyiga Li yoqdi, lekin uning asosiy qiziqishi uning sahifachilari bo'lib qolaverdi, chunki keyinchalik u shunday yozgan edi: "Mening bu harakatlarim men qanchalik shafqatsiz, aqldan ozgan, zo'ravon va beqaror bo'lganimni ko'rsatib beradi."^[195]

Ikkinchi Jahon urushining aksariyat qismida Tuzli soliqlar saroyi bilan cheklangan Puyi, urushda Yaponiya g'alaba qozonmoqda deb hisoblar edi va 1944 yildagina Yaponiya matbuoti Birmada va "qahramonlik qurbonliklari" haqida xabar berishni boshlaganidan keyin u bunga shubha qila boshladi. Tinch okeanidagi orollarda Manchukuoda havo hujumi boshpanalari qurila boshlandi.^[196] Puyining jiyani Juy Lon Behrga aytdi: "U urushda Amerikaning g'alaba qozonishini juda xohladi".^[142] Big Li shunday dedi: "Agar u xavfsiz deb o'ylaganida, u pianino oldida o'tirar va bitta barmog'idagi versiyasini bajarar edi Yulduzlar va chiziqlar."^[142] 1944 yil o'rtalarida Puyi nihoyat o'z jur'atiga ega bo'lib, vaqti-vaqti bilan o'z radiosida xitoycha eshittirishlarni va xitoy tilidagi eshittirishlarni amerikaliklar bilan tinglashni boshladi, u erda Yaponiya 1942 yildan beri juda ko'p mag'lubiyatga uchraganini eshitib hayratga tushdi.^[197]

Puyi Shou imperatori uchun o'lish uchun tanasida portlovchi moddalarni bog'lashni va o'z joniga qasd qilish xurujlarini uyushtirishni va'da qilib, "inson o'qi" bo'lishga ixtiyoriy ravishda qatnashgan bir guruh yapon piyoda askarlari oldida nutq so'zlashi kerak edi.^[196] Puyi imperator uchun o'lish ulug'vorligini madh etuvchi nutqini o'qiyotganda quyidagicha izoh berdi: "Shundagina men ularning yuzlarida kulrang kulrang va yonoqlaridan oqayotgan yoshlarni ko'rdim va ularning yig'laganlarini eshitdim".^[196] Puyi, o'sha paytda o'zini o'lim kulti fanatizmidan butunlay "qo'rqib ketgan" deb his qildi Bushido ("jangchi yo'li") inson hayotining qadr-qimmatini hech narsaga tushirmagan, chunki imperator uchun o'lish muhim bo'lgan yagona narsa edi.^[198]

1945 yil 9-avgustda Kvantung armiyasining qo'mondoni general Otozō Yamada Puyiga Sovet Ittifoqi Yaponiyaga urush e'lon qilganini va Qizil Armiya Manchukuoga kirib kelganini aytdi.^[198] Yamada Puyiga Kvantung armiyasi Qizil Armiyani osongina mag'lub etishiga havo reydlari sirenalari yangraganida va Qizil Havo Kuchlari bombardimon uyushtirishni boshlaganida, barchani podvalda yashirinishga majbur qilgan edi.^[199] Puyi Budda uchun ibodat qilayotgan paytda, Yamada Tuz Soliq saroyi yonidagi yapon kazarmasini vayron qilgan bombalar tushganda jim qoldi.^[199] In Manjuriyalik strategik hujum operatsiyasi, 1,577,725 sovet va mo'g'ul qo'shinlari birlashgan qurolli hujumda tanklar, artilleriya, otliq askarlar, samolyotlar va piyoda qo'shinlar bilan birgalikda harakat qilib, 1946 yilgacha Sovet hujumini kutmagan va ikkala tankga ham, anti-tankga ham ega bo'lmagan Kvantun armiyasini bosib olgan. - tank qurollari.^[200]

Mo'g'uliston xalqi armiyasi "Avgust bo'roni" operatsiyasiga qo'shilganini eshitgan Puyi dahshatga tushdi, chunki mo'g'ullar uni qo'lga olishsa qiynoqqa soladilar.^[201] Ertasi kuni Yamada Puyiga sovetlar Manchukuoning shimolidagi mudofaa chizig'ini allaqachon buzib o'tganligini aytdi, ammo Kvantung armiyasi janubiy Manchukuoda "chiziqni ushlab turadi" va Puyi darhol chiqib ketishi kerak.^[199] Puyi o'zining barcha xazinalarini qutilarga jo'natib yuborishni buyurganida, Tuzli soliq saroyi xodimlari vahima qo'zg'ashdi; bu orada Puyi o'zining derazasidan Manchukuo imperatorlik armiyasi formalarini echib, qochib ketishayotgan edi.^[199] Yaponiyalik ustalarining reaktsiyasini sinab ko'rish uchun Puyi Manchukuo armiyasining bosh qo'mondoni formasini kiyib, "Biz ota-ona mamlakatimizning muqaddas urushini bor kuchimiz bilan qo'llab-quvvatlashimiz va sovet qo'shinlariga qarshi turishimiz kerak. oxirigacha, oxirigacha ".^[199] Shu bilan Yoshioka xonadan qochib ketdi, bu Puyiga urush yo'qolganligini ko'rsatdi.^[199] Bir payt Tuz Soliq saroyiga bir guruh yapon askarlari etib kelishdi va Puyi uni o'ldirish uchun kelganiga ishonishdi, lekin ular uni zinapoyaning tepasida turganini ko'rgandan keyin shunchaki ketishdi.^[202] Tuzli soliq saroyidagi xodimlarning aksariyati allaqachon qochib ketgan,^[203] va Puyi uning Kvantun armiyasi shtab-kvartirasiga qilgan telefon qo'ng'iroqlari javobsiz qolganini, chunki ofitserlarning aksariyati Koreyaga jo'nab ketgani, uning amiri Amakasu siyanid tabletkasini yutib o'zini o'ldirgani va Changchun aholisi uning mashinasi imperatorlik standartlarini uchib yurganida, uni ko'targanini aytdi. , uni temir yo'l stantsiyasiga olib bordi.^[203]

1945 yil 11-avgustga o'tar kechasi Puyi, uning sudi, vazirlari va Tsin xazinalarini olib ketayotgan poezd Changchunni tark etdi.^[204] Puyi vahima qo'zg'atgan minglab yapon ko'chmanchilarining qishloq yo'llari bo'ylab keng ustunlarda janubga qochib ketayotganini ko'rdi.^[204] Har bir temir yo'l stantsiyasida yuzlab yapon mustamlakachilari uning poezdiga chiqishga harakat qilishdi; Puyi ularning yig'lab, yapon jandarmalaridan o'tib ketishini iltimos qilganini esladi,^[204] va bir nechta stantsiyalarda yapon askarlari va jandarmalari bir-biri bilan jang qilishdi.^[204] General Yamada poezdga o'tirdi, chunki u janubda yurib, Puyiga "... Yaponiya armiyasi g'alaba qozondi va ko'plab tanklar va samolyotlarni yo'q qildi", deb aytdi, poezd bunga hech kim ishonmadi.^[204] 1945 yil 15-avgustda Puyi radiodan eshitdi Shou imperatorining manzili Yaponiya taslim bo'lganligini e'lon qildi.^[205] Shou imperatori o'z murojaatida amerikaliklarni Xirosima va Nagasaki shaharlarini endigina vayron qilgan "eng g'ayrioddiy va shafqatsiz bomba" dan foydalangan deb ta'riflagan; bu Puyi haqida birinchi marta eshitgan edi Xirosima va Nagasakining atom bombalari, shu vaqtgacha yaponlar unga aytib berishni munosib ko'rmagan edilar.^[205]

Ertasi kuni Puyi Manchukuo imperatori lavozimidan voz kechdi va o'zining so'nggi farmonida Manchukuo yana Xitoyning bir qismi ekanligini e'lon qildi.^[205] Sovetlar barcha temir yo'l stantsiyalarini bombardimon qilgani va Puyining poyezdi ko'mir bilan tugaganligi sababli, poezd Changchunga qaytib keldi.^[206] U erga kelganida, Puyi o'zi bilan birga ukasi Pujie, xizmatkori Big Li, Yoshioka va Vanrongni tashlab ketayotgan vrachni, uning kanizagi Li Yuqin, Ledi Xiro Saga va Ledi Saganing ikki bolasini olib ketishni rejalashtirgan.^[206] Ayollar va bolalarni ortda qoldirish haqidagi qaror misogynist Yoshioka tomonidan qabul qilindi, u ayollar va bolalar hayotini erkaklar hayotiga nisbatan befoyda deb bildi va Puyining ularni Yaponiyaga samolyotda olib ketishga urinishlariga veto qo'ydi.^[206] Puyi the uchun ketganida aeroport, U Vanrongni hayotida so'nggi marta ko'rdi, keyinchalik u ham, Li ham "muborak" qilayotganini aytdi.^[207]

Puyi, uchta ayolning eng etuk va mas'uliyatli Lady Saga'dan Vanrongga g'amxo'rlik qilishini so'radi va u Lady Saga-ga janubiy Koreyaga borishi uchun qimmatbaho antiqa buyumlar va naqd pul berdi.^[208] 16-avgustda Puyi kichik samolyotga yo'l oldi Mukden, ularni Yaponiyaga olib borish uchun yana bir katta samolyot kelishi kerak edi, ammo buning o'rniga a Sovet havo kuchlari tushdi.^[207] Puyi va uning partiyasi tezda Puyi kimligini bilmagan Qizil Armiya tomonidan asirga olindi.^[207][209] Afyun qo'shilgan Vanrong Ledi Saga va Li bilan birga Koreyaga ketayotganida Xitoy kommunistik partizanlari tomonidan qo'lga olindi, Puyining qayinlaridan biri kommunistlarga ayollar kimligini ma'lum qilgandan keyin.^[210] Sobiq imperatriça Vanrong mahalliy qamoqxonada namoyish etildi va odamlar uni tomosha qilish uchun uzoq kilometrlardan kelishdi.^[211] Achinarli ruhiy holatida u ko'proq afyun talab qildi, xayoliy xizmatkorlardan kiyim-kechak, ovqat va hammomni olib kelishini taqiqlangan shaharga yoki shaharga qaytib kelganini gallyutsiya qilib so'radi. Tuz solig'i saroyi Va eng achinarlisi, u qayta-qayta baqirib yubordi, u o'ldirilgan qizini sog'indi.^[212] Puyiga bo'lgan umumiy nafrat shuni anglatadiki, boshqa bir yapon hamkori sifatida ko'rilgan Vanrongga hech kimning xayrixohligi yo'q edi va qo'riqchi Ledi Saga "bu davom etmaydi" deb aytdi, bu uni ovqatlantirish uchun vaqtni behuda sarflashga olib keldi.^[213] 1946 yil iyun oyida Vanrong qamoqxonasida ochlikdan o'ldi.^[213] Uning 1964 yilgi kitobida Imperatordan Fuqaroga, Puyi shunchaki 1951 yilda Vanrong qanday qilib vafot etgani haqida gapirmasdan "uzoq vaqt vafot etganini" bilib olganligini aytdi.^[214]

Keyinchalik hayot (1945-1967)

Puyi (o'ngda) va Sovet harbiy ofitseri

Sovetlar Puyini olib ketishdi Sibir shaharcha Chita. U a sanatoriy, keyinroq Xabarovsk yaqinida Xitoy chegarasi, u erda unga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishdi va ba'zi xizmatchilarini saqlashga ruxsat berishdi.^[215] Mahbus sifatida Puyi kunlarini ibodat bilan o'tkazgan va mahbuslar unga imperator sifatida munosabatda bo'lishlarini kutgan va xizmatkorlari undan norozi bo'lganda yuzlariga urishgan.^[216] U bu haqda bilar edi Xitoyda fuqarolar urushi dan Sovet radiosida xitoy tilida eshittirishlar lekin bunga ahamiyat bermasdi.^[217] The Sovet hukumati rad etdi Xitoy Respublikasi Puyini ekstraditsiya qilish to'g'risida takroriy so'rovlar; The Gomintang hukumat uni davlatga xiyonat qilishda ayblagan va Sovet Ittifoqining uni ekstraditsiya qilishdan bosh tortishi deyarli uning hayotini saqlab qoldi. Chiang Qay-shek tez-tez Puyini otib tashlash istagi haqida gapirgan edi.^[218] Gomintang Puyining amakivachchasini qo'lga oldi Sharqiy marvarid va uni xiyonat qilganlikda ayblanib, 1948 yilda Pekinda ommaviy ravishda qatl etdi.^[219] Xitoyga qaytishni istamay, Puyi yozgan Jozef Stalin bir necha marta Sovet Ittifoqidan boshpana so'ragan va unga kunlarini yashashi uchun sobiq podshoh saroylaridan biriga berilishini so'ragan.^[220]

1946 yilda Puyi Uzoq Sharq uchun xalqaro harbiy tribunal Tokioda,^[221] unga yaponlar tomonidan qanday munosabatda bo'lganidan noroziligini batafsil bayon qilgan. Tokio sudida u himoyachi mayor bilan uzoq vaqt o'zaro fikr almashdi Ben Bryus Blakeni u 1931 yilda o'g'irlab ketilganmi yoki yo'qmi, unda Puyi Jonsonning 1934 yilgi kitobidagi bayonotlar Taqiqlangan shaharda alacakaranlık u qanday qilib o'z xohishi bilan Manchukuo imperatoriga aylangani haqida hamma yolg'on edi.^[222] Blakeney ushbu kitobning kirish qismida Puyi qanday qilib 1931 yilda Manchuriyaga borganini aytganligi haqida hikoya qilganini eslatib o'tganida, Puyi 1931 yilda Jonston bilan aloqada bo'lganligini inkor etgan va Jonston hamma narsani "tijorat afzalligi" uchun tuzgan.^[223] Avstraliyalik hakam ser Uilyam Uebb, Tribunal prezidenti, Puyining ko'rsatmalaridan tez-tez xafa bo'lib, uni ko'p marta chayqab yubordi.^[224] Behr Puyini stendda "doimiy, o'ziga ishongan yolg'onchi, terini qutqarish uchun har qanday yo'l bilan borishga tayyor" va jangovar guvoh sifatida o'zini himoyachilarga qarshi himoya qilishga qodir emas deb ta'rifladi.^[225] Sud jarayonida Blakenidan boshqa hech kim o'qimagani uchun Taqiqlangan shaharda alacakaranlık yoki Vudxed u bilan 1932 yilda o'tkazgan intervyularida, Puyida u haqida yozilgan yoki u aytgan narsalarni buzib ko'rsatishga joy bor edi.^[226] Puyi, uning o'rnini bosuvchi ota bo'lgan Jonsonni juda hurmat qilgan va uni vijdonsiz odam sifatida ko'rsatishda o'zini aybdor his qilgan.^[227]

Puyining Iosif Stalinga yozgan xatlari

Sovet Ittifoqiga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, Puyi 45-sonli qamoqxonada saqlanayotgan edi, u erda xizmatkorlari to'shagini yotqizishni, kiyintirishni va u uchun boshqa ishlarni qilishni davom ettirdilar.^[228] Puyi rus tilini bilmas edi va tarjimon sifatida bir necha manchukolik mahbuslardan foydalangan holda Sovet soqchilari bilan cheklangan aloqada bo'lgan.^[229] Bir mahbus Puyiga sovetlar uni Sibirda abadiy saqlab qolishlarini aytdi, chunki "bu sen kelgan dunyo".^[229] Sovetlar xitoylik kommunistlarga KPP fuqarolar urushida g'alaba qozongan paytda yuqori bahodagi mahbuslarni topshirib berishni va'da qilgan va Puyini tirik qoldirmoqchi edi.^[230] Puyining qaynonasi Rong Tsi va uning ba'zi xizmatkorlari yuqori qiymatga ega deb hisoblanmagan va shafqatsiz Sibir mehnat lagerida qul sifatida ishlashga yuborilgan.^[231]

Qachon Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasi ostida Mao Szedun 1949 yilda hokimiyat tepasiga keldi, Sovet Ittifoqi va Xitoy o'rtasidagi muzokaralardan so'ng Puyi Xitoyga qaytarildi.^[232][233] Bei ta'kidlaganidek, Puyi Mao uchun juda katta ahamiyatga ega edi: "Mao va boshqa Xitoy kommunistik rahbarlari nazarida, so'nggi imperator Pu Yi eski Xitoy jamiyatida yovuzlik bo'lgan barcha narsalarning timsoli edi. Agar uni ko'rsatish mumkin bo'lsa samimiy va doimiy o'zgarishlarni boshdan kechirish uchun, eng dahshatli aksilinqilobchiga qanday umid bor edi? Ayb qanchalik katta bo'lsa, shunchalik ajoyib qutqarilish va Xitoy Kommunistik partiyasining ulug'vorligi ".^[234] Bundan tashqari, Mao buni tez-tez ta'kidlagan Lenin bor edi Nikolay II, oxirgi rus imperatori, rus imperatorining qolgan oilasi bilan birga otib tashlandi, chunki Lenin oxirgi podshoni kommunistik qila olmadi; so'nggi Xitoy imperatorini kommunistga aylantirish xitoy kommunizmining sovet kommunizmidan ustunligini ko'rsatishga qaratilgan edi.^[234] Puyi uni kommunistik qilish uchun "qayta qurish" ga duch kelishi kerak edi.^[235]

Fushun harbiy jinoyatchilarni boshqarish markazi

1950 yilda Sovetlar Puyi va qolgan manchukuolik va yaponiyalik mahbuslarni Puyi bilan birga Xitoyga olib borgan poyezdga yukladilar, u u kelganda qatl qilinishiga ishonch hosil qildi.^[236] Puyi bu uning uchun yangi hayotning boshlanishi ekanligini aytgan xitoylik soqchilarining mehribonligidan hayratda qoldi.^[237] O'zini g'azablantirmoqchi bo'lgan Puyi hayotida birinchi marta oddiy odamlarga murojaat qildi ni (你), the "siz" uchun norasmiy so'z o'rniga to'qqiz (您), "siz" uchun rasmiy so'z.^[237] Koreya urushi paytida, u ko'chib o'tgan davrdan tashqari Harbin, Puyi o'n yilini Fushun harbiy jinoyatchilarni boshqarish markazi yilda Liaoning u islohot e'lon qilinganiga qadar viloyat. Fushundagi mahbuslar katta yapon, manchukuo va gomintang amaldorlari va ofitserlari edi.^[238] Puyi mahbuslarning eng ojizasi va baxtsizi edi va ko'pincha imperatorni kamsitishni yoqtiradigan boshqalar tomonidan bezorilar edi; qo'riqchi Jin Yuan uni himoya qilish uchun yo'lidan ketmaganida, u qamoqdan omon qolmasligi mumkin edi.^[239] 1951 yilda Puyi birinchi marta Vanrong 1946 yilda vafot etganini bilib oldi.^[214]

Puyi umrida bir marta ham tishlarini tishlamagan va o'z poyabzallarining bog'ichlarini bog'lamagan va boshqa asosiy mahbuslarning mazaxiga duchor bo'lib, bu asosiy vazifalarni qamoqxonada bajarishi kerak edi.^[240] Puyining "qayta qurilishi" ning aksariyat qismi qamoqqa olinishdan oldin mahbuslar o'z hayotlarini muhokama qiladigan "marksistik-leninizm-maoistlar muhokama guruhlarida" qatnashishdan iborat edi.^[241] Puyi Djinga Yaponiyaga qarshilik ko'rsatish mumkin emasligi va u qila oladigan hech narsa yo'q deb e'tiroz bildirganida, Jin unga qarshilik ko'rsatgan va qiynoqqa solingan odamlar bilan duch kelib, nega Manchukuodagi oddiy odamlar imperator paytida qarshilik ko'rsatganligini so'radi. hech narsa qilmadi.^[242] Puyi Yaponiyaning sobiq davlat xizmatchisi Manchukuoning ekspluatatsiyasi to'g'risida gapirgan ma'ruzalarda qatnashishi kerak edi. Kenpeitai u odamlarni qul mehnati uchun qanday yig'gani va ommaviy qatl qilishni buyurgani haqida gapirdi.^[243] Bir payt Puyi olib ketildi Harbin va Pingfang sharmandali qaerda ekanligini ko'rish uchun 731-birlik, Yaponiya armiyasidagi kimyoviy va biologik urush bo'limi odamlarga dahshatli tajribalar o'tkazgan. Puyi uyat va dahshat bilan qayd etdi: "Barcha vahshiyliklar mening nomimdan qilingan".^[243] 50-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib Puyi o'zini aybdor his qilar edi va tez-tez Djinga o'zini o'ldirish deb biladigan darajada qadrsizligini aytgan.^[244] Jin Puyiga aybini yozma ravishda bayon etishni buyurdi. Keyinchalik Puyi "men hamma narsani bilib olguncha tinchimaydigan chidamsiz kuchga qarshi ekanligimni" his qilganini esladi.^[245] Ba'zan Puyi Manjuriya qishloqlariga sayohatlar uchun olib ketilgan. U birida, dehqonning rafiqasi bilan uchrashdi, uning oilasi yapon ko'chmanchilariga yo'l ochish uchun haydab chiqarilgan va Manchukuoning fabrikalaridan birida qul bo'lib ishlayotganda deyarli ochlikdan o'lgan edi.^[246] Puyi uning kechirimini so'raganda, u unga "Hammasi endi tugadi, bu haqda gapirmaylik" deb aytdi va uning ko'z yoshlarini to'kishiga sabab bo'ldi.^[247] Boshqa bir uchrashuvda bir ayol o'z qishlog'idan odamlarni Yaponiya armiyasi tomonidan ommaviy ravishda qatl etilishini tasvirlab berdi va keyin yaponiyaliklarni va ularga xizmat qilganlarni nafratlanmasligini e'lon qildi, chunki u insoniyatga bo'lgan ishonchini saqlab qoldi, bu Puyini juda qo'zg'atdi.^[248] Boshqa safar Jin o'z ofisidagi uchrashuvlarda Puyi bilan sobiq kanizasi Li bilan to'qnashdi, u erda u uni faqat jinsiy aloqa ob'ekti sifatida ko'rgani uchun unga hujum qildi va endi uni sevgan erkakdan homilador ekanligini aytdi.^[248]

1956 yil oxirida Puyi spektaklda rol o'ynadi, Agressorlarning mag'lubiyati, haqida Suvaysh inqirozi, Tashqi ishlar vaziri rolini o'ynagan sobiq Manchukuo vaziri, jamoalar palatasida da'vogar bo'lgan chap qanot ishchi deputati rolini o'ynamoqda. Selvin Lloyd.^[249] Puyi bu roldan zavq oldi^[250] va uning hayoti va Manchukuo haqidagi spektakllarda aktyorlikni davom ettirdi; birida u Manchukuo funksionerini o'ynagan va Manchukuo imperatori sifatida o'zining portretiga qo'shilgan.^[250] Davomida Oldinga sakrash, Xitoyda millionlab odamlar ochlikdan o'lganida, Jin Puyining ochlik manzaralari uning kommunizmga bo'lgan ortib borayotgan ishonchini bekor qilmaslik uchun qishloqqa tashriflarini bekor qilishni tanladi.^[251] Behr yozishicha, ko'pchilik Puyining "qayta qurish" ishlaganidan, deyarli xudo sifatida tarbiyalangan imperator oddiy odam bo'lishiga muyassar bo'lganidan hayratda, ammo u "... Puyi yolg'iz emasligini yodda tutish kerak. KMTning qattiq generallari va hatto yapon generallari ham samuraylar urf-odatlarida tarbiyalangan. Bushido jangda o'limni va jangovar Yaponiyaga qurbon bo'lishni ulug'laydigan sig'inish, Fushunda, xuddi Puyi singari kommunistik ideallarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga sodiq bo'lgan ".^[252]

Puyi 1959 yil 9-dekabrda Maoning maxsus ruxsati bilan Pekinga kelgan va keyingi olti oy davomida Pekindagi oddiy qarorgohda singlisi bilan yashab, hukumat homiyligidagi mehmonxonaga ko'chirilgan.^[253] U ko'cha supurish bilan shug'ullangan va birinchi ish kunida adashib qolgan, bu esa uni hayratda qoldirgan o'tmishdoshlarga aytishga undagan: "Men Puyi, Tsin sulolasining so'nggi imperatori. Men qarindoshlarimnikida va uyimga yo'l topolmayapman ".^[254] Puyining Pekinga qaytib kelgandan keyingi birinchi harakatlaridan biri bu taqiqlangan shaharga sayyoh sifatida tashrif buyurish edi; u boshqa sayyohlarga ko'plab eksponatlar uning yoshligida ishlatilgan narsalar ekanligini ko'rsatdi.^[255] U kommunistlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi va bog'bon sifatida ishladi Pekin botanika bog'lari. Bu roli Puyiga u hech qachon imperator sifatida tanimagan baxt darajasini keltirdi, garchi u juda beozor edi.^[256] Behrning ta'kidlashicha, Evropada Puyi Manchukuoda o'ynagan rolga o'xshash rollarni o'ynagan odamlar odatda qatl etilgan; masalan, inglizlar osilgan Uilyam Joys ("Lord Xav-xav ") ning ingliz tilidagi eshittirishlarida diktor bo'lganligi uchun Berlin radiosi, italiyaliklar otishdi Benito Mussolini va frantsuzlar qatl etildi Per Laval, shuncha G'arbliklar Puyi yangi hayot boshlash uchun atigi to'qqiz yildan so'ng qamoqdan ozod qilinganiga hayron qolishmoqda.^[257] Behr kommunistik mafkura bu farqni quyidagicha izohlagan deb yozgan edi: "Barcha mulkdorlar va" kapitalist-yo'lchilar "yovuz mujassam bo'lgan jamiyatda, Puyining ham o'z mamlakatiga xoin bo'lishi juda muhim emas edi: u, Agar barcha kapitalistlar va mulkdorlar o'zlarining tabiatiga ko'ra xoin bo'lishgan bo'lsa, unda eng katta uy egasi Puyi ham eng katta xoin bo'lishi mantiqan to'g'ri edi. , Puyi o'likdan ko'ra tirikroq qimmatroq edi ".^[257] 1960 yil boshida Puyi Premer bilan uchrashdi Chjou Enlai unga aytgan: "Siz uch yoshingizda imperator bo'lish uchun javobgar emas edingiz yoki 1917 yilgi davlat to'ntarishini amalga oshirishga uringan edingiz. Ammo keyinchalik sodir bo'lgan voqeada siz to'liq aybdorsiz. Siz boshpana topganingizda nima qilayotganingizni yaxshi bilardingiz. Legion chorak, Yapon himoyasi ostida Tyantszinga sayohat qilganingizda va Manchukuoning Ijroiya boshlig'i bo'lishga rozi bo'lganingizda. "^[258] Puyi shunchaki u imperator bo'lishni tanlamagan bo'lsa-da, o'zini o'g'il-imperator sifatida vahshiyona shafqatsizlik bilan tutganini va yoshligida qamchi urgan barcha xonimlardan kechirim so'rashini istaganini aytdi.^[258]

56 yoshida u turmushga chiqdi Li Shuxian, 1962 yil 30 aprelda Konsultativ konferentsiya ziyofat zalida bo'lib o'tgan marosimda kasalxona hamshirasi. 1964 yildan vafotigacha u adabiy bo'limda muharrir bo'lib ishlagan Xitoy Xalq siyosiy maslahat kengashi, bu erda uning oylik maoshi 100 atrofida edi yuan.^[259] Li 1995 yilgi intervyusida shunday esladi: "Men Pu Yi halol odamni topdim, u mening muhabbatimga juda muhtoj edi va menga imkon qadar ko'proq muhabbat berishga tayyor edi. Men ozgina bo'lsa ham gripp bilan kasallanganimda, u Men o'lishimdan juda xavotirdaman, u tunda uxlashni rad etdi va mening ehtiyojlarimni qondirishi uchun tong otguncha yonboshim yonida o'tirdi ".^[260] Li ham uni bilgan hamma singari Puyining nihoyatda jirkanch odam ekanligini ta'kidlab, uni shunday dedi: "Bir marta uning jirkanchligidan qaynab turgan g'azabda, men u bilan ajrashaman deb qo'rqitdim. Buni eshitib, u tiz cho'kdi va" u ko'zlarida yosh bilan meni kechirishni iltimos qildi, menga aytgan so'zlarini hech qachon unutmayman: "bu dunyoda sendan boshqa hech narsa yo'q, sen esa mening hayotimsan. Agar ketsang, o'laman". undan, dunyoda menda nima bo'lgan? ".^[260]

1961 yilda Puyi, uning yonida qo'mondon Xiong Bingkun tomonidan yonma-yon joylashgan Vuchan qo'zg'oloni, va 1924 yilda Puyining taqiqlangan shahardan chiqarib yuborilishida qatnashgan Lu Zhonlin.

1960 yillarda Raisning rag'batlantirishi bilan Mao Szedun va Premer Chjou Enlai va Xitoy hukumatining jamoatchilik tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi, Puyi o'zining tarjimai holini yozgan Wode Qian Bansheng (Xitoy : 我 的 前 半生; pinyin : Wǒdè Qián Bànshēng; Ueyd-Giles : Vo Te Ch'ien Pan-Sheng; yoqilgan 'Hayotimning birinchi yarmi'; sifatida ingliz tiliga tarjima qilingan Imperatordan Fuqaroga) Xalq nashriyoti byurosi muharriri Li Venda bilan birgalikda. Ghostwriter Li dastlab Pushining Fushunda yozgan "avtokritikasi" ni kitobning asosi sifatida ishlatishni rejalashtirgan edi, bu ish bir necha oyga cho'zilishini kutgan edi, ammo Puyi beparvo qo'rqoqlik karerasini tan olgani kabi Li yog'och so'zlarni ishlatgan yangidan boshlashga majbur bo'ldi. Kitobni yozish uchun to'rt yil vaqt ketdi.^[261] Puyi Tokio harbiy jinoyatlar tribunalidagi ko'rsatuvlari haqida shunday dedi:^[262]

Endi o'zimning guvohligimdan juda uyalaman, chunki o'zimning mamlakatim jazosidan o'zimni himoya qilish uchun bilgan narsamning bir qismini yashirganman. Men Yaponiya imperialistlari bilan uzoq vaqt davomida yashirin hamkorligim haqida hech narsa demagan edim, bu 1931 yil 18 sentyabrdan keyin mening ochiq kapitulyatsiyaim bo'lgan birlashma edi. Buning o'rniga, men faqat yaponlarning menga bosim o'tkazgani va o'z xohish-irodasini bajarishga majbur qilgani haqida gapirdim, men o'z vatanimga xiyonat qilmaganimni, balki o'g'irlanganimni tasdiqladim; yaponlar bilan mening barcha hamkorligimni rad etdi; va hatto Jiru Minamiga yozgan xatim soxta ekanligini da'vo qildi.^[101] O'zimni himoya qilish uchun jinoyatlarimni yashirdim.

Da'volarining aksariyati Imperatordan Fuqaroga1945–46 yillarda Manjuriyani sovetlarga emas, balki sanoat uskunalarini yalang'ochlashtirgan Gomintang bo'lganligi haqidagi bayonotga o'xshab, "qamoqxona hayotining bejirim gulchambar rasmlari" bilan birgalikda, yolg'on ekani tanilgan, ammo kitob tarjima qilingan chet tillari va yaxshi sotilgan. Behr shunday deb yozgan edi: "Qanchalik shafqatsiz, klişe bilan yozilgan boblar Imperatordan Fuqaroga, Puyining qamoqdagi tajribalari bilan shug'ullangan va Mao shaxsiyatiga sig'inish avjiga chiqqan paytda yozilgan, yaxshi o'rganilgan, qayta tiklangan darslar haqida taassurot qoldiradi. "^[263]

1963 yildan boshlab Puyi muntazam ravishda Xitoy Xalq Respublikasidagi hayotni madh etuvchi matbuot anjumanlarida qatnashdi va chet el diplomatlari uni tez-tez qidirib topdilar, Xitoyning mashhur "So'nggi imperatori" bilan uchrashishga qiziqdilar.^[264] Li Venda Behrga bergan intervyusida, unga Puyi juda qo'pol odam bo'lganini, "u doimo eshiklarini yopishni unutgan, hojatxonani yuvishni unutgan, qo'llarini yuvgandan keyin kranni o'chirishni unutgan, yaratuvchilik dahosi bo'lganligini aytdi. uning atrofidagi bir zumda, tartibsizliklar ".^[265] Puyi o'z ehtiyojlarini qondirishga shunchalik odatlanganki, u hech qachon o'z-o'zidan qanday ishlashni o'rganmagan.^[265] U kamtarin va kamtar bo'lishga juda ko'p harakat qildi, har doim avtobusga o'tirgan oxirgi odam bo'lib, u tez-tez yurishni sog'inishini va restoranlarda ofitsiantlarga: "Siz menga xizmat qilmasligingiz kerak, men sizga xizmat qilishim kerak edi. "^[265] Bu davrda Puyi o'zining mehribonligi bilan ajralib turardi va bir marta tasodifan keksa ayolni velosiped bilan yiqitgandan so'ng, u kasalxonada har kuni unga tashrif buyurib, ozodlikka chiqqunga qadar uning gullarini olib kelish uchun gullarini olib keldi.^[266]

Puyi Pujining Yaponiyaga qaytib kelgan Ledi Saga bilan birlashishga urinishlariga e'tiroz bildirdi Chjou undan Lady Saga-ning Xitoyga qaytib kelishiga to'sqinlik qilishni so'rab, Chjou shunday javob berdi: "Urush tugadi, bilasizmi. Siz o'zingizning oilangizda ushbu milliy nafratni ko'tarishingiz shart emas".^[267] Behr shunday xulosaga keldi: "Puyi o'zini" qayta tuzilgan odam "sifatida isbotlash maqsadida, Manchukuoda yaponlarga nisbatan ko'rsatgan yangi Xitoy kuch-qudrat egalariga nisbatan xuddi shunday ehtirosli munosabatni namoyon qilganligi haqidagi taassurotdan qochish qiyin».^[267]

O'lim va dafn qilish

Mao Szedun boshladi Madaniy inqilob 1966 yilda va Maoist deb nomlangan yoshlar militsiyasi Qizil gvardiya ramziy ma'noga ega bo'lgan Puyini ko'rdi Imperial Xitoy, oson nishon sifatida. Puyi mahalliy aholi tomonidan himoya ostiga olingan jamoat xavfsizligi byurosi va, uning ovqatlanish ratsioni, maoshi va turli xil hashamatlari, shu jumladan divan va stoli olib tashlangan bo'lsa-da, u o'sha paytlarda odatdagidek omma oldida kamsitilmadi. Qizil gvardiya Puyiga kitobi uchun hujum qildi Imperatordan Fuqaroga chunki u ingliz va frantsuz tillariga tarjima qilingan, bu qizil gvardiyani norozi qilgan va kitob nusxalarini ko'chalarda yoqib yuborishiga olib kelgan.^[268] Qing oilasining turli a'zolari, shu jumladan Pujie, uylarini bosib olib, yoqib yuborgan Qizil gvardiya, lekin Chjou Enlai uning ta'siridan Puyi va Qingning qolgan qismlarini Qizil Gvardiya tomonidan qilingan eng og'ir qonunbuzarliklardan himoya qilish uchun foydalangan.^[269] Jin Yuan, 1950-yillarda Puyi-ni "qayta qurgan", qizil gvardiya qurboniga aylanib, Fushunda bir necha yil asirga aylangan, arvoh yozgan Li Venda esa. Imperatordan Fuqaroga, etti yil qamoqxonada o'tkazdi.^[270] Ammo Puyi qarib qolgan edi va uning sog'lig'i yomonlasha boshladi. U Pekindagi asoratlar tufayli vafot etdi buyrak saratoni va yurak kasalligi 1967 yil 17 oktyabrda 61 yoshida.^[271]

O'sha paytda Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi qonunlariga muvofiq, Puyining jasadi yoqib yuborilgan. Uning kullari birinchi bo'lib joylashtirilgan Babaoshan inqilobiy qabristoni, boshqa partiya va davlat arboblari bilan bir qatorda. (Bu yer tuzilgunga qadar imperator kanizaklari va xizmatkorlari qabristoni bo'lgan Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi.) 1995 yilda, savdo kelishuvining bir qismi sifatida, Puyining kulini uning bevasi o'tkazdi Li Shuxian Hualong Imperial Cemetery nomli yangi tijorat qabristoniga (华龙皇 家 陵园)^[272] pul yordami evaziga. Qabriston yaqin G'arbiy Qing maqbaralari, Pekindan janubi-g'arbdan 120 km (75 milya) uzoqlikda, bu erda undan oldingi to'qqizta Tsing imperatoridan to'rttasi, uchta imperator va 69 shahzodalar, malikalar va imperator kanizaklari bilan birga bo'lgan.^[273]

Mukofotlar va bezaklar

Tsin sulolasi

Ikki ajdaho buyrug'i

Manchukuo

	Orkide gulining buyuk ordeni
	Illustrious Dragon buyrug'i
	Xayrli bulutlar tartibi

Chet el

	Eng muqaddas e'lonning oliy ordeni (Italiya )
	Mouris va Lazarus avliyolari ordeni, 1-sinf (Italiya)
	Buyuk xochning ritsari Italiya toji ordeni (Italiya)
	Buyuk Kordon Xrizantema buyrug'i (Yaponiya )
	Paulownia gullari ordeni (Yaponiya)
	Kerol I ordeni (Ruminiya )

Oila

Ajdodlar

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida tasvirlash

Film

• Oxirgi imperator, 1986 yilgi Gonkong filmi (xitoycha nomi 火龍, so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi) Yong'in ajdaho) rejissor Li Xansian. Toni Leung Ka-fai Puyi o'ynadi.
• Oxirgi imperator, 1987 yil rejissyor tomonidan suratga olingan film Bernardo Bertoluchchi. Jon Lone kattalar Puyi o'ynadi.
• Aisin-Gioro Puyi (愛新覺羅 · 溥儀), 2005 yilda Puyi hayotiga bag'ishlangan Xitoy hujjatli filmi. Tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Videokamera, bu o'nta tarixiy shaxs haqidagi o'nta hujjatli filmlar seriyasining bir qismi edi.
• Partiyaning tashkil etilishi, 2011 yilda Xitoy tomonidan suratga olingan film Xuan Tszyanzin va Xan Sanping. Puyining rolini bolalar aktyori Yan Ruxan ijro etdi.
• 1911, rejissyor tomonidan 2011 yilgi tarixiy film Jeki Chan va Chjan Li. Filmda asos solinganligi haqida hikoya qilinadi Xitoy Respublikasi qachon Sun Yatsen olib keldi Sinxay inqilobi ag'darish Tsing sulolasi. Besh yoshli Puyi rolini bolalar aktyori Su Xanye ijro etadi. Puyining ekrandagi vaqti oz bo'lsa-da, imperator olti yoshida taxtdan bo'shatilishidan oldin sudda unga qanday munosabatda bo'lganligini ko'rsatadigan muhim sahnalar mavjud.^[274]

Televizor

• Hayvonot bog'ining noto'g'riligi, 1981 yilda ishlab chiqarilgan Gonkong teleseriali TVB. Adam Cheng kattalar Puyi rolini o'ynagan.
• Modai Xuangdi (末代 皇帝; so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi Oxirgi imperator), 1988 yilda Puyining avtobiografiyasiga asoslangan Xitoy teleseriali Imperatordan Fuqaroga, Puyining akasi bilan Pujie serial uchun maslahatchi sifatida. Chen Daoming Puyi rolini ijro etgan.
• Feichang Gongmin (非常 公民; so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi G'ayrioddiy fuqaro), 2002 yil Cheng Xao tomonidan boshqarilgan Xitoy teleseriali. Dayo Vong Puyi rolini ijro etgan.
• Ruten no Ōhi - Saigo no Kōtei (流 転 の 王妃 王妃 ​​· 最後 の 皇弟; xitoycha nom title 的 王妃), 2003 yildagi Yaponiya teleseriali Pujie va Xiro Saga. Vang Bojao Puyi rolini o'ynagan.
• Modai Xuangfey (末代 皇妃; so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi Oxirgi imperator konsortsiumi), 2003 yil Xitoy teleseriali. Li Yapeng Puyi o'ynadi.
• Modai Huangdi Chuanqi (末代 皇帝 传奇 传奇; so'zma-so'z ma'nosini anglatadi Oxirgi imperator haqidagi afsona), 2015 yil Gonkong / Xitoy televideniesi hamkorligi (59 qism, har biri 45 daqiqadan), bosh rollarda Uinston Chao

Video O'yinlar

• Puyi 2016 yilda "Aisin Gioro Puyi" sifatida namoyon bo'ladi Ikkinchi jahon urushi katta strategiya o'yin Hearts of Iron IV, tomonidan Paradoks Interaktiv, va sifatida tasvirlangan mutlaq monarx Manchukuo.

Bibliografiya

Puyi tomonidan

• Puyining tarjimai holi - arvoh tomonidan yozilgan Li Wenda tomonidan. Xitoy kitobining nomi odatda ingliz tilida shunday beriladi Imperatordan Fuqaroga. Kitob 2007 yilda Xitoyda yangi tuzatilgan va qayta ishlangan versiyada qayta nashr etildi. Nashr qilinishidan oldin 1964 yilgi versiyadan o'chirilgan ko'plab jumlalar hozirda kiritilgan.
  • Ayzin-Gioro, Puyi (2002) [1964]. 我 的 前 半生 [Hayotimning birinchi yarmi; Imperatordan Fuqaroga: Ayzin-Jioro Puyining avtobiografiyasi] (xitoy tilida). Chet tillar matbuoti. ISBN  978-7-119-00772-4. - asl
  • Pu Yi, Genri (2010) [1967]. Oxirgi manjur: Xitoyning oxirgi imperatori Genri Pu Yining tarjimai holi. Skyhorse nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-60239-732-3. - tarjima

Boshqalar tomonidan

• Xedlend, Isaak Teylor (1909). Xitoyda sud hayoti. F.X. Revell. ISBN  978-0-585-15029-1.
• Fenbi, Jonathan (2004). Chiang Kay-Sheki Xitoyning Generalissimo va U yo'qotgan millat. Nyu-York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN  978-0786713189.
• Driscoll, Mark (2010). Absolyut erotik, mutloq Grotesk: Yaponiya imperatorligidagi tiriklar, o'liklar va o'liklar, 1895-1945. Durnham: Dyuk universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0822347613.
• Jonston, Reginald Fleming (1934, 2008). Taqiqlangan shaharda alacakaranlık. Soul Care nashriyoti. ISBN  978-0-9680459-5-4
• Li Shuxian (2006) [1984]. Mening erim Puyi: Puyi yu wo / [Li Shuxian kou shu; Vang Qingxiang zheng li; Changchun shi zheng xie wen shi zi liao yan jiu wei yuan hui bian]. Chuan guo xin hua shu dian jing xiao. ISBN  978-7-208-00167-1.

Puyining beshinchi xotini Li Shuxian. Ularning birgalikdagi hayotlari haqidagi xotiralar Vang Tsinzian tomonidan yozilgan sharpa edi. Ingliz tilidagi Ni Na tarjimasi China Travel and Tourism Press tomonidan nashr etilgan.

• Behr, Edvard (1987). Oxirgi imperator. Toronto: Futura. ISBN  978-0-7088-3439-8.

Bernardo Bertoluchchining shu nomli filmining hamrohi.

• Yosh, Luiza (1998). Yaponiyaning Total Empire: Manchuria va urush davri imperiyasi. Los-Anjeles: Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0520219342.
• Vaynberg, Gerxard (2005). Qurolli dunyo Ikkinchi jahon urushining global tarixi. Kembrij: Kembrij universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-521-61826-7.

Shuningdek qarang

• Xitoy imperatorlari shajarasi (kech)
• Xitoy tarixidagi sulolalar
• Keyinchalik qamoqqa tashlangan rejimlar rahbarlari ro'yxati
• 20-asrda o'z taxtlarini yo'qotgan monarxlar ro'yxati

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

Manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

• "Five Wives of The Last Emperor Puyi". Madaniy Xitoy. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 15 dekabrda. Olingan 9 avgust 2010.
• Royalty.nu: Extended Bio
• TIME: Last Emperor's Humble Occupation
• Li Xin, Pu Yi's Widow Reveals Last Emperor's Soft Side
• Pu Ru (溥儒), Pu Yi's cousin, accomplished Chinese brush painter and calligrapher
• Newspaper clippings about Puyi ichida 20-asr matbuot arxivi ning ZBW
• The Last Emperor, Film 1987