Empressa Dowager Cixi - Empress Dowager Cixi

Cixi
Empress Xiao Tsin Sian 孝 欽 顯 皇后
Moyli rasm Hubert Vos (1905)[1]
Tsing sulolasi imperatori Dowager
Egalik	1861 yil 22-avgust - 1908 yil 15-noyabr
O'tmishdosh	Empress Dowager Kangci
Voris	Empress Dowager Longyu
Tug'ilgan	Yehe Nara Xingzhen (葉赫 那 拉 杏 貞) (1835-11-29)29 noyabr 1835 yil (道光 十五 年 十月 十 日) Pekin, Tsin imperiyasi
O'ldi	1908 yil 15-noyabr(1908-11-15) (72 yosh) (光緒 三十 四年 十月 二 十二 日) Yiluan Xoll, Zhongnanxay, Tsin imperiyasi
Dafn	Ding maqbarasi, Sharqiy Qing maqbaralari
Turmush o'rtog'i	Sianfeng imperatori ​ ​ (m. 1852; 1861 yilda vafot etgan)​
Nashr	Tongji imperatori
To'liq ism Yehe Nara Xingzhen (葉赫 那 拉 杏 貞) Vafotidan keyingi ism Empress Xiaoqin Cixi Duanyou Kangyi Zhaoyu Zhuangcheng Shougong Qinxian Chongxi Peitian Xingsheng Sian (孝 欽慈禧 端 佑康 頤 昭 莊 誠 壽 恭 欽 獻 獻 崇 熙 配 天 興 聖顯 皇后)
Uy	Yehe Nara (tug'ilish bo'yicha) Aisin Gioro (nikoh orqali)
Din	Manchu shamanizmi Tibet buddizmi[2]

Empressa Dowager Cixi
Xitoy imperatoridagi "Empress Dowager Cixi"
Xitoy	慈禧太后
Transkripsiyalar Standart mandarin Xanyu Pinyin Cíxī tàihòu Ueyd-Giles Tsu2-ssi1 t'ai4- sen4 IPA [tsʰɨ̌.ɕì tʰâi.xôu]

Empressa Dowager Cixi (Manchu : ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᡤᡳᠩᡤᡠᠵᡳ
ᡳᠯᡝᡨᡠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ; Mölendorff: hiyoošungga gingguji iletu hūwangheo,^[3] Xitoy : 慈禧太后; pinyin : Cíxī Tàihòu [tsʰɨ̌.ɕì tʰâi.xôu]; 29 Noyabr 1835 - 15 Noyabr 1908), ning Manchu Yehe Nara klan, xitoy edi imperator imperatori va regent kim edi amalda oxirida Xitoyning oliy hukmdori Tsing sulolasi 47 yil davomida, 1861 yildan to vafotigacha 1908 yilda. a sifatida tanlangan kanizak ning Sianfeng imperatori o'spirinligida u o'g'il tug'di, Zaychun, 1856 yilda. 1861 yilda Sianfeng imperatorining o'limidan so'ng, yosh bola Tongji imperatori va u bo'ldi Empress Dowager. Cixi marhum imperator tomonidan tayinlangan bir guruh regentslarni quvib chiqardi va u bilan baham ko'rgan regensiyani qabul qildi Empress Dowager Cian. Keyin Sixi jiyani singari sifatida o'rnatganida sulola ustidan nazoratni kuchaytirdi Guangxu imperatori an'anaviyga zid ravishda 1875 yilda Tongji imperatorining vafotida vorislik qoidalari 1644 yildan beri Xitoyni boshqargan Tsin sulolasidan.

Cixi nazorat qildi Tongji shahrini tiklash, 1911 yilgacha rejimning omon qolishiga yordam bergan bir qator mo''tadil islohotlar. Garchi Cixi G'arbning boshqaruv modellarini qabul qilishdan bosh tortgan bo'lsa-da, u texnologik va harbiy islohotlar va O'z-o'zini mustahkamlash harakati o'z kuchini va sulolasini saqlab qolish uchun cheklangan g'arbiylashtirish vositasi sifatida. Ga nisbatan Yuz kunlik islohotlar 1898 yildayoq u to'satdan amalga oshirilgan manjurlar hukmronligini buzishi va Yaponiya va boshqa xorijiy davlatlar kelayotgan zaiflikdan foydalanishlaridan qo'rqishgan. U nafaqat putchni ishlab chiqdi bu unga regentlik lavozimini egallashga imkon berdi, shuningdek Guangxu imperatorini ushbu islohotchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun virtual uy qamog'iga oldi va uni zaharlagan deb tan olindi. Bundan tashqari, u asosiy islohotchilarni ommaviy ravishda qatl etdi, Xitoyning zamonaviylashuvi uchun harakatni o'chirib tashlagan va jamoatchilikning noroziligini kuchaytirgan, oxir-oqibat uning sulolasi boshqaruviga barham beradigan harakat. Keyin Bokschining isyoni tomonidan bosib olinishiga olib keldi Ittifoqdosh qo'shinlar, Cixi Boxer guruhlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi va o'z kuchini va sulolasini saqlab qolish uchun bosqinchilarga qarshi urush e'lon qildi. Keyingi mag'lubiyat ajoyib xo'rlik edi. Tsixi imperatorni olib ketgan Sian shahridan Pekinga qaytib kelgach, u poytaxtdagi chet elliklar bilan do'stona munosabatda bo'ldi va amalga oshirishni boshladi moliyaviy va institutsional islohotlar Xitoyni konstitutsiyaviy monarxiyaga aylantirish va shu bilan birga korruptsiya amaliyotini bir vaqtning o'zida unvonlarini sotish va yangi imperiya flotini qurish uchun mo'ljallangan mablag'larni o'zlashtirish kabi yo'llar bilan davom ettirish va uni bekorchi loyihalarga aylantirishni maqsad qilgan. Marmar qayiq, Kunming ko'lida kinoya bilan "bog'langan" me'moriy ahmoqlik. 1908 yil noyabrda Tsixi va Guangxu imperatorining o'limi sudni manchu konservatorlari, bolasi, Puyi, taxtda va juda norozi, bo'lingan jamiyat.

Xitoyda ham, chet elda ham tarixchilar uning munozarali merosini muhokama qildilar. Umumiy kelishuvga ko'ra, u shafqatsiz despot edi, uning reaktsion, shaxsiy manfaatlari siyosati o'zining va kasallarning kuchini uzaytirishga urinish edi. Tsing sulolasi, lekin buning o'rniga oxir-oqibat uning kamsitilishiga va butunlay qulashiga olib keldi Vuchan qo'zg'oloni. Biroq, ba'zi revizionistlar, millatchi va kommunistik inqilobchilar uni qutqarishdan tashqari muammolarga nisbatan ko'proq harakat qilgani uchun aybdor deb topdilar, siyosiy tartibni saqlab qolishlarini maqtashdi va ba'zi bir samarali, agar kechiktirilgan islohotlar, masalan qadimiy imtihon tizimi yangi qurilgan kabi muassasalar tomonidan Pekin universiteti.^[4]

Hayot

Tug'ilish

Kelajakdagi Empress Dowager Cixi o'ninchi kuni o'ninchi kuni tug'ilgan oy hukmronligining 15-yilidagi oy Daoguang imperatori (1835 yil 29-noyabr). Uning otasi Huizheng edi (惠 徵) a'zosi Chegaralangan Moviy bayroq uchinchi sinf gersogi unvoniga ega bo'lgan (三等 公). Saroy arxivlari Huizheng Pekinda Lady Yehe Naraning tug'ilgan yilida ishlaganligini ko'rsatmoqda, bu uning Pekinda tug'ilganligidan dalolatdir. Faylda uning bolalik uyi joylashgan joy qayd etilgan: Pichai Xutong, Xisipailou, Pekin (西 四 牌樓 劈柴 衚衕) va Pewter Lane, Xila Xutong (锡 拉 胡同)^[5] Uning ismli singlisi bor edi Vanchjen va Gixiang ismli birodarimiz.

Sianfeng davri

Ning erta portreti Dowager Kangci konsortsiumi, Sianfeng imperatorining homiysi onasi. U Tsiani potentsial nomzod sifatida ishtirok etgan 1851 yilda Sianfeng imperatorining konsorts-tanlovini o'tkazdi.

1851 yilda Cixi xotinlar uchun tanlovda ishtirok etdi Sianfeng imperatori 60 boshqa nomzodlar qatorida. Cixi qolish uchun tanlangan kam sonli nomzodlardan biri edi. Boshqa tanlangan nomzodlar orasida Noble Lady Li Tatara urug‘idan (keyinchalik Consort Li) va Zhenning kanizagi Niohuru klanidan (keyinchalik Sianfeng imperatori imperatori xonadoni). 1852 yil 26-iyunda u taqiqlangan shaharga kirib, "Noble Lady Lan" uslubidagi oltinchi konsortsiumlar qatoriga joylashtirildi.

Cixi tug'dirgan go'zal manzaralar pavilyoni Tongji imperatori

1854 yil 28-fevralda Tsixi beshinchi darajadagi farovonlik darajasiga ko'tarilib, "kanizak Yi" unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi. 1855 yilda Cixi homilador bo'lib, 1856 yil 27 aprelda u valiahd shahzodani tug'di Zaychun, Sianfeng imperatorining omon qolgan birinchi va yagona o'g'li. Xuddi shu kuni u to'rtinchi darajadagi konsortsiumga ko'tarildi "Konsortsium Yi".^[6] 1857 yilda, uning o'g'li o'zining birinchi tug'ilgan kuniga kelganida, Tsixi "Nobel Consort Yi" nomi bilan uchinchi darajali darajaga ko'tarildi. Bu daraja Sianfeng imperatori tarkibidagi ayollar orasida uni Empress Niohuru-dan keyingi ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi haram.

Boshqalaridan farqli o'laroq Manchu ayollari imperatorlik xonadonida Cixi xitoy tilida o'qish va yozish qobiliyati bilan mashhur edi. Ushbu mahorat unga kasal imperatorga har kuni Xitoy davlatini boshqarishda yordam berish uchun ko'plab imkoniyatlarni taqdim etdi. Sianfeng imperatori turli holatlarda Tsixi unga saroy yodgorliklarini o'qib bergan va uning vasiyatiga binoan yodgorliklarga ko'rsatmalar qoldirgan. Natijada, Tsixi kasal bo'lgan imperatordan davlat ishlari va boshqarish san'ati to'g'risida yaxshi ma'lumotga ega bo'ldi.^[7]

Tongji davri

1860 yil sentyabrda, yopilish bosqichida Ikkinchi afyun urushi, Buyuk Britaniyaning diplomatik vakili Garri Parkes boshqa garovga olinganlar bilan birga hibsga olingan, ular qiynoqqa solingan va qatl etilgan. Qasos sifatida Buyuk Britaniya va Frantsiya qo'shinlari qo'mondonligi ostida Lord Elgin Pekinga hujum qildi va keyingi oyga kelib ular yoqib yuborildi Eski yozgi saroy erga. Sianfeng imperatori va uning atrofidagilar, shu jumladan Tsixi, Pekinga qochib ketishdi Rex viloyati (bugungi kun atrofida Chengde, Xebey ).^[8] Qadimgi Yozgi saroyning vayron bo'lganligi haqidagi xabarni eshitib, allaqachon aqldan ozish alomatlarini ko'rsatayotgan Sianfeng imperatori tushkunlikka tushdi. U alkogol va giyohvand moddalarga juda moyil bo'lib, og'ir kasal bo'lib qoldi.^[9] U boshchiligidagi sakkizta eng obro'li vazirlarini chaqirdi Sushun, Zayiyuan va Duanxua va bo'lajak imperatorni boshqarish va qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ularni "Sakkizta Regent vazirlari" deb nomladilar. Sianfeng imperatori 1861 yil 22 avgustda vafot etdi Chengde tog 'kurorti Rex viloyatida.

Sianfeng imperatorining merosxo'ri, Nobel Konsortsiumning o'g'li (Empress Dowager Cixi) faqat besh yoshda edi. Odatda, Sianfeng imperatori o'lim to'shagida imperatori va zodagon konsortsiumi Yni chaqirib, ularning har biriga muhr bergan deb taxmin qilinadi. U o'g'li taxtga o'tirganda, Empress va Noble Consort Yi uyg'unlikda hamkorlik qiladi va yosh imperatorning birga o'sishi va etuk bo'lishiga yordam beradi deb umid qildi. Bu, shuningdek, sakkizta regentning kuchini tekshirish sifatida qilingan bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, bu voqea uchun hech qanday dalil yo'q va imperator hech qachon Nobel Konsortsiumi siyosiy hokimiyatga ega bo'lishini xohlamagan bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emas. Ehtimol, bola uchun ramz sifatida berilgan deb muhr haqiqatan ham Nobel Konsortsiumning o'zi uchun sovg'a bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin. Norasmiy muhrlar minglab edi va siyosiy qo'shiqlar deb hisoblanmadi, aksincha imperatorlar tomonidan rasmlar kabi narsalarga muhr bosish yoki kanizaklarga sovg'a sifatida topshirish uchun buyurtma qilingan san'at ob'ektlari.^[10] Sianfeng imperatori vafot etgach, uning imperatriça imperatriya dowager maqomiga ko'tarildi. Uning rasmiy unvoni "Empress Dowager Cian ", u sharqiy Zhongui saroyida yashaganligi sababli, u" Sharqiy Empress Dowager "nomi bilan tanilgan. Nobel Konsortsium Yi" Empress Dowager Cixi "ga ko'tarilgan. U xalq orasida" G'arbiy Empress Dowager "(西太后) chunki u g'arbiy Chuxiu saroyida yashagan.

Xinyou to'ntarishi: Sushunni quvib chiqarish

Portreti Empress Dowager Cian (Cixi bilan birgalikda regent), u bilan Cixi Xinyou to'ntarishini uyushtirdi.

Sianfeng imperatorining o'limi bilan Empress Dowager Cixi aqlli bo'lib qoldi siyosiy strateg. Yilda Rex viloyati, imperator tobutini Pekinga qaytarish uchun astrolojik jihatdan qulay vaqtni kutayotganda, Tsixi hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritish uchun sud amaldorlari va imperator qarindoshlari bilan til biriktirdi. O'sha paytda Cixi-ning quyi darajadagi imperatrija sovg'asi mavqei ichki siyosiy kuchga bog'liq emas edi. Bundan tashqari, uning o'g'li, yosh imperator, o'zi siyosiy kuch bo'lmagan. Natijada, unga boshqa qudratli shaxslar, jumladan, marhum imperatorning asosiy rafiqasi, imperatriça Dovagar Sian bilan ittifoq qilish zarur bo'ldi. Cixi, ular sakkizta regentdan oshib ketadigan imperatorlik qudratiga qo'shilishni taklif qildi; Cixi birinchi marta imperator xonadoniga kelganidan beri ikkalasi azaldan yaqin do'st edi.^[11]

Ikki imperatriya Dovagar va sakkizta regent o'rtasida ziddiyatlar kuchayib bordi Sushun. Regentslar Tsixining siyosiy ishlarga aralashishini qadrlamadilar va ularning Empresses Dowager bilan tez-tez to'qnashuvi Empress Dowager Sianni xafa qildi. Sian ko'pincha sud tinglovchilariga kelishdan bosh tortar, Cixi esa vazirlar bilan yolg'iz ishlashga imkon berar edi. Yashirincha, Tsixi shaxsiy yoki siyosiy sabablarga ko'ra sakkizta regent tomonidan ta'qib qilingan iste'dodli vazirlar, askarlar va boshqalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashni boshladi. Ular orasida edi Shahzoda Gong, hokimiyatdan chetlatilgan, ammo katta ambitsiyalarni o'zida mujassam etgan va Shahzoda Chun, Sianfeng imperatorining oltinchi va ettinchi birodarlari. Cixi ikki shahzoda bilan birlashganda, yodgorlik keldi Shandun undan "parda ortida siyosatni tinglashini", ya'ni hokimiyatni o'z zimmasiga olishini so'raydi amalda hukmdor. Xuddi shu yodgorlik shuningdek, shahzoda Gongdan "imperatorning yordamchisi" sifatida siyosiy maydonga chiqishni so'radi.

Sianfeng imperatorining dafn marosimi Pekinga jo'nab ketganda, Tsixi uning knyazlar Gong va Chun bilan ittifoqlaridan foydalangan. U va boshqa imperator yigitlar sakkizta regentdan ikkitasi Zayiyuan va Duanxua bilan birgalikda poytaxtga qaytib kelishdi, Sushun esa vafot etgan imperator kortejiga hamroh bo'lib qoldi. Tsixining Pekinga erta qaytishi uning shahzoda Gong bilan rejalashtirish va Sushun va uning ittifoqchilari Zayyuan va Duanxua o'rtasida sakkizta regentning kuch bazasini bo'lishini ta'minlash uchun ko'proq vaqt borligini anglatardi. Ularni hokimiyatdan olib tashlash uchun tarix qayta yozildi: regentslar boshqa ayblovlar qatorida "barbarlar" bilan Sianfeng imperatorining Rexe viloyatiga "juda katta irodasi bilan" qochishiga sabab bo'lgan malakasiz muzokaralarni olib borgani uchun ishdan bo'shatildi.^[11]

Cixi o'zining yuksak axloqiy me'yorlarini namoyish etish uchun sakkizta regentdan faqat uchtasini ijro etdi. Shahzoda Gong Sushun va boshqalarni eng og'riqli usul bilan, ya'ni nomi bilan tanilgan o'ldirishni taklif qilgan edi sekin tilim ("ming marta o'ldirish"), ammo Tsixi bu taklifni rad etdi va Sushunni boshini kesishni buyurdi, qolgan ikkitasi ham Zayiyuan va Duanxuaga o'zlariga osib qo'yishlari uchun oq ipak bo'laklarini berishdi. Bundan tashqari, Tsixi regentlarning oila a'zolarini qatl etish g'oyasidan qat'iyan voz kechdi, chunki bu gumon qilingan sudxo'rning imperatorlik an'analariga muvofiq amalga oshiriladi. Ajablanarlisi shundaki, Qing imperatorlik urf-odatlari, shuningdek, ayollar va shahzodalar hech qachon siyosat bilan shug'ullanmasliklarini buyurgan. An'anani buzgan holda, Tsixi "parda ortidan hukmronlik qilish" deb nomlangan amaliyotga amal qilgan holda, Tsent sulolasidagi regent rolini o'z zimmasiga olgan yagona imperatriça xanjar bo'ldi (垂簾聽政) xitoy tilida.

Ushbu to'ntarish tarixda Xinyou to'ntarishi chunki bu sodir bo'lgan xinyou yil, xitoy tilida 1861 yil nomi seksagenar tsikl.

Pardaning orqasida hukmronlik qilish

Yangi davr

1861 yil noyabrda, bundan bir necha kun o'tgach Xinyou to'ntarishi, Cixi tezda mukofotladi Shahzoda Gong uning yordami uchun. U tayinlandi Shahzoda-Regent va uning to'ng'ich qizi birinchi darajali malika bo'lgan, bu unvon odatda faqat Empressaning to'ng'ich qiziga berilgan. Biroq, Tsixi shahzoda Gong kabi shahzodalar kabi mutlaq siyosiy hokimiyatni berishdan qochdi Do'rg'on davomida mashq qilingan Shunji imperatori hukmronligi. "Parda ortida hukmronlik qilish" ning birinchi harakatlaridan biri sifatida Tsixi, nomzod sifatida Sian bilan birga, bola imperator nomidan ikkita imperator farmonini chiqardi. Birinchisi, ikkita imperatriya Dagager "aralashuvisiz" yagona qaror qabul qiluvchi bo'lishi kerakligini aytgan, ikkinchisi esa imperatorni o'zgartirgan regnal unvon dan Qixiang (祺祥; "xayrli") ga Tongji (同治; "jamoaviy barqarorlik").

Yagona qaror qabul qiluvchi sifatida belgilanganiga qaramay, Sian va Cixi ikkalasiga ham ishonishga majbur bo'lishdi Katta kengash va davlat ishlari bilan shug'ullanish uchun murakkab tartib-qoidalar. Davlat hujjatlari kirib kelganida, ular avval Empresses Dowager-ga yuborilishi kerak edi, keyin yana knyaz Gong va Buyuk Kengashga yuboriladi. Bu masalani muhokama qilib, knyaz Gong va uning hamkasblari Empresses Dowager-ning ko'rsatmalarini tinglovchilarga murojaat qilishadi va imperator buyruqlari shunga ko'ra tuziladi, farmonlar chiqarilishidan oldin loyihalar Empresses Dowager tomonidan tasdiqlanishi kerak edi. Regressiya davrida Empresses Dowager-ning eng muhim roli o'zlarining muhrlarini farmonlarga qo'llash edi, bu murakkab byurokratiyada shunchaki mexanik rol edi.^[12]

Byurokratiyani tozalash

Cixi-ning yuksalishi ichki tartibsizlik va tashqi muammolar davrida yuz berdi. Ning zararli ta'siri Ikkinchi afyun urushi hali ham amalda bo'lgan va Taiping isyoni Xitoyning janubi orqali to'xtab bo'lmaydigan ko'rinishda davom etdi Tsin imperiyasi oz-ozdan. Ichki tomondan ham milliy byurokratiya, ham mintaqaviy hokimiyat korruptsiyaga chalingan edi. 1861 yil rasmiy imtihonlar yili bo'lib o'tdi, unda barcha darajadagi amaldorlar oldingi uch yillik siyosiy hisobotlarini taqdim etdilar. Cixi, byurokratik qayta qurish uchun vaqt yetgan deb qaror qildi va u shaxsan o'zi uchun hisobot berishi kerak bo'lgan viloyat hokimi darajasidan yuqori bo'lgan barcha amaldorlar bilan tinglovchilarni qidirdi. Cixi shu tariqa odatda uchun berilgan rolning bir qismini oldi Byurokratik ishlar bo'limi (吏部). Cixi boshqalar uchun o'rnak bo'lishi uchun ikkita taniqli amaldorni qatl etgan: harbiylar Qingying shilang O'z lavozimidan tushganidan keyin pora berishga uringan va Xe Gitsin Liangzyan noibi, kim qochib ketgan Chanchjou shaharni himoya qilishga urinish o'rniga kelgan Taypin armiyasining izidan. Bir qator islohotlar amalga oshirildi, masalan, Xalqaro masalalar bilan shug'ullanadigan rasmiy tashqi ishlar vazirligi bo'lgan Zongli Yamen, mintaqaviy armiyalar va mintaqaviy kuchlarni tiklash, temir yo'llarni, fabrikalarni va qurol-yarog'larni modernizatsiya qilish, sanoat va tijoratni ko'paytirish. hosildorlik va Xitoyni modernizatsiya qilishga vaqt ajratgan tinchlik davri instituti.

Cixi oldida turgan yana bir muhim muammo, manjur elitalarining tobora tanazzulga uchrashi edi. 1644 yilda Tsinning Xitoy ustidan hukmronligi boshlanganidan buyon sudda asosiy lavozimlarning aksariyati manjurlarga tegishli edi. Tsixi yana imperatorlik an'analarini o'zgartirib, mamlakatning Taypin qo'zg'olonchilariga qarshi eng qudratli harbiy qismini xan xitoylari qo'liga topshirdi, Zeng Guofan. Bundan tashqari, keyingi uch yil ichida Tsixi xan xitoylik amaldorlarni barcha janubiy Xitoy provinsiyalariga gubernator etib tayinladi va sudda qo'ng'iroqlarni ko'tarib, an'anaviy ravishda manjur hukmronligini himoya qildi.

Tongji shahrini tiklash islohotlari to'g'risida Meri C. Rayt "1860-yillarda g'ayrioddiy odamlarning g'ayrioddiy sa'y-harakatlari bilan nafaqat sulola, balki qulab tushganday tuyulgan tsivilizatsiya yana oltmish yil davom etdi" deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[13] John K. Fairbank "Qingning ichki va xalqaro hujumlardan omon qolishga qodirligi, asosan, Qingni tiklash" deb nomlanuvchi siyosat va rahbariyatning o'zgarishi bilan bog'liq.^[14]

Taiping g'alabasi va shahzoda Gong

Fotosurati Shahzoda Gong, Sinyuning to'ntarishi paytida Tsixining hal qiluvchi ittifoqchisi. U Cixi tomonidan eng qiyin paytlarida yordami uchun mukofotlangan, ammo oxir-oqibat, ambitsiyalari uchun Cixi tomonidan lavozimidan chetlatilgan.

Zeng Guofan qo'mondonligida g'olib Sian armiyasi mag'lub bo'ldi Tayping isyonchilar armiyasi Tyantszindagi og'ir jangda (hozirgi kunda) Nankin ) 1864 yil iyulda. Zeng "Markess Yiyong, birinchi toifadagi" unvoni bilan taqdirlangan, uning ukasi esa Zeng Guoquan, bilan birga Li Xonszang, Zuo Zongtang va boshqa Taypin isyonchilariga qarshi kurashgan xitoylik zobitlar xayrli bezaklar va unvonlar bilan mukofotlandilar. Taypin qo'zg'olonchilarining tahdidi orqaga chekinishi bilan Cixi o'z e'tiborini hokimiyat uchun yangi ichki tahdidlarga qaratdi. Imperator saroyida knyaz-Regent bo'lgan knyaz Gongning mavqei alohida tashvish uyg'otdi. Shahzoda Gong o'z qo'mondonligi ostida barcha taniqli xitoylik armiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Bundan tashqari, u sud boshlig'i sifatida har kuni sud ishlarini nazorat qilgan Katta kengash va Zongli Yamen (the amalda tashqi ishlar vazirligi). O'zining o'sib borishi bilan shahzoda Gong Tsixi va uning qudratiga tahdid deb qaraldi.

Garchi shahzoda Gong Taypin qo'zg'olonchilarining mag'lubiyatidan oldin o'zini tutishi va Zeng Guofanning tavsiyasi uchun mukofotlangan bo'lsa-da, Tsixi tezda harakat qildi Cai Shouqi voyaga etmagan kotib-amaldor, shahzoda Gongni korrupsiyada va imperatorga hurmatsizlikda ayblagan holda yodgorlik topshirdi. Sudda kuchli baza va ittifoqchilar tarmog'ini qurgan shahzoda Gong ayblovlarni ahamiyatsiz deb hisobladi. Ammo Tsixi yodgorlikni shahzoda Gongni olib tashlash uchun qadam sifatida qabul qildi. 1865 yil aprelda shahzoda Gong "ikki imperator oldida sudning noto'g'ri xatti-harakatlari" ni bahona qilib, qator boshqa ayblovlar qatorida shahzoda barcha lavozimlaridan va lavozimlaridan ozod qilindi, ammo zodagon maqomini saqlab qolishga ruxsat berildi.^[15] Ishdan bo'shatish dvoryanlar va sud amaldorlarini hayratda qoldirdi va uni qaytarish uchun ko'plab iltimosnomalar berdi. Shahzoda Gongning akalari, Shahzoda Dun va Shahzoda Chun, ikkalasi ham birodarining tiklanishiga intildi. Shahzoda Gongning o'zi, ikki imperator bilan birga bo'lgan auditoriyada, ko'z yoshlarini to'kdi.^[16] Xalq bosimiga bo'ysunib, Tsixi shahzoda Gongga Zongli Yamanning boshlig'i lavozimiga qaytishiga ruxsat berdi, ammo uni knyaz-Regent unvonidan xalos qildi. Shahzoda Gong boshqa hech qachon siyosiy obro'ga qaytmaydi va uning davridagi liberal va islohot tarafdorlari siyosati ham bo'lmaydi. Shahzoda Gongning lavozimidan tushirilishi Tsixining siyosatni temir yo'l bilan ushlaganligini va hech kimga - hatto Sinyo to'ntarishidagi eng muhim ittifoqchisi bo'lgan knyaz Gongga ham mutlaq hokimiyatdan voz kechishga tayyor emasligini aniqladi.

Chet el ta'siri

Fotosurati Malika Rongshou (markazda o'tirgan), shahzoda Gongning qizi. Shahzodaga minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun Cixi qizini asrab oldi va uni birinchi darajali malika (imperatorlik malikalari uchun eng yuqori daraja) darajasiga ko'tardi.

Xitoyning mag'lubiyati Ikkinchi afyun urushi 1856–60 yillarda Tsing sulolasi uchun ogohlantirish bo'ldi. Dengiz va quruqlikdagi harbiy strategiyalar quruqlikda ham, dengizda ham, qurol jihatidan ham eskirgan. U Xitoyning qishloq xo'jaligiga asoslangan iqtisodiyoti G'arbning sanoat qudrati bilan raqobatlashishga umid qila olmasligini tan olishga majbur bo'lganida, Tsixi Xitoy G'arb davlatlaridan o'rganish va ularning bilimlari va texnologiyalarini import qilishga qaror qildi. O'sha paytda uchta taniqli xitoylik amaldorlar, Zeng Guofan, Li Xonszang va Zuo Zongtang, mamlakatning janubiy mintaqalarida sanoat dasturlari boshlangan edi; Cixi nafaqat ularning harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, balki ochilish to'g'risida ham qaror chiqardi Qo'shma ta'lim maktabi 1862 yilda Pekindagi chet tillari uchun maktab. Kombinatsiyalashgan ta'lim maktabi astronomiya va matematikadan tashqari ingliz, frantsuz va rus tillari bo'yicha so'nggi g'arb bilimlarini taqdim etdi. Yosh o'g'il bolalar guruhlari AQShga o'qish uchun xorijga jo'natildi.

Cixi islohotlari tezda to'siqlarga duch keldi. Xitoy harbiy muassasalari islohotlarga juda muhtoj edi. Tsixining echimi, suddagi rasmiylarning maslahati bilan, Britaniyaning etti harbiy kemasini sotib olish edi. Ammo imperatorlik qudratiga tahdidlardan ehtiyot bo'lib, u oxir-oqibat ingliz dengizchilari bilan birga kelganida, yangi ingliz harbiy kemalarini rad etdi. Olimlar ba'zida Kixining islohotlarga bo'lgan urinishlarining barbod bo'lishini uning konservativ munosabati va eski fikrlash uslubi bilan bog'lashadi va Sixi o'z kuchiga tajovuz qilmasa, chet elliklardan shunchaki ko'p narsani o'rganadi, deb ta'kidlaydilar. Tsixi temir yo'l juda baland bo'lganligi va "imperatorlarning qabrlarini bezovta qilishi" ni bahona qilib, uning qurilishini taqiqladi. 1877 yilda Li Xongzangning tavsiyasi bilan qurilish baribir davom etganda, Tsixi ularni ot aravalari bilan tortib olishni iltimos qildi.^[17] Cixi, ayniqsa, chet elda tahsil olgan odamlarning liberal fikrlashidan xavotirda edi va bu uning hokimiyatiga yangi tahdid solayotganini ta'kidladi. 1881 yilda Tsixi bolalarni chet elga o'qishga yuborish siyosatini to'xtatdi va chet elliklarga nisbatan ilgari ochiq munosabatini tortib oldi.

Tongji imperatorining nikohi

Tantanali bosh kiyimi, ehtimol Cixi tomonidan taqilgan. Kichik fenikslar yuzadan paydo bo'lgan imperatorni anglatadi.^[18] Uolters san'at muzeyi

1872 yilda Tongji imperatori 17 yoshga to'ldi Empress Dowager Cian, u bilan turmush qurgan Jiashun Empress. Empressning bobosi, Shahzoda Zheng, hokimiyatdan chetlatilgan sakkiz regentdan biri edi Xinyou to'ntarishi 1861 yil. U to'ntarish paytida Cixi-ning raqibi bo'lgan va Cixi g'alaba qozonganidan keyin o'z joniga qasd qilishga buyurilgan. Natijada, Tsixi va imperatorlik o'rtasida ziddiyatlar bo'lgan va bu ko'pincha Tsixi uchun g'azablanish manbai bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, imperatorning yo'lbarsning zodiak ramzi xayoliy Cixi tomonidan hayotga xavf tug'diradigan narsa sifatida qabul qilingan, chunki uning burji ramzi echki edi. Cixi e'tiqodiga ko'ra, bu xudolarning ogohlantirishi bo'lib, u oxir-oqibat imperatorning qurboniga aylanadi.

Jiashun Empress va "Xonim Arute" nomi bilan ham tanilgan Empress Xiaozheyi portreti, Empress Dowager Sian tomonidan ma'qullangan, ammo hech qachon Tsixinikiga o'xshamagan. Empressaning Tongji imperatorining bolasidan homilador bo'lganligi va imperatorning o'limini Cixi uyushtirganligi haqida keng tarqalgan.

Tszatsun imperatori Tongji imperatorining asosiy hamkori sifatida ham imperator, ham imperatriça Dovager Sian tomonidan yaxshi kutib olindi. Shaxsiy maslahatchilari bir vaqtlar uni Tsixi bilan ko'proq ma'qul va xushmuomala bo'lishlari kerakligini ogohlantirdilar, chunki Cixi haqiqatan ham hokimiyatda bo'lgan. Empress: "Men ota-bobolarim buyurganidek, dabdabali va dabdabali eshik bilan oldimdan o'tib ketgan asosiy sherikman. Empress Dowager Cixi kanizak edi va uyimizga yon darvoza orqali kirdi", deb javob berdi.

Tongzhi imperatori turmushining boshidanoq ko'p vaqtlarini to'rt xonim, shu jumladan Imperial Noble Consort Shushen Tsixi Tongji imperatori imperatori xonadoni uchun maqbul nomzod edi. Cixi va Jiashun Empress o'rtasida dushmanlik kuchayganida, Cixi er-xotinga ko'proq vaqt sarflashga va saroyga buyurtma berishga maslahat berdi. xizmatkorlar Tongji imperatoriga josuslik qilish. Uning ogohlantirishiga e'tibor berilmagandan so'ng, Tsixi er-xotinni ajratishni buyurdi va Tongji imperatori go'yo Cixi buyrug'ini bir necha oy davomida izolyatsiya qilingan holda o'tkazdi. Qianqing saroyi.

Tongji imperatorining hukmronlikdagi kamchiliklari

Tongji imperatori Tsixi tanlagan to'rtta taniqli o'qituvchidan qat'iy ta'lim oldi: Li Xongzao, Tsi Junzao, Veng Xincun va Yomon. Keyinchalik bu guruhga Ven Sinzunning o'g'li qo'shildi, Veng Tonghe; Tsixi tomonidan tanlangan imperatorning hokimi Mianyu edi. Imperiya o'qituvchilari imperatorga klassiklar va turli xil eski matnlarda ko'rsatma berishgan, ular uchun imperator unchalik qiziqish bildirmagan yoki umuman qiziqmagan.

Yosh imperatorga qilingan bosim va stressga qaramay, yoki, ehtimol, u hayotining aksariyat qismini o'rganishdan nafratlandi. Ven Tongxening kundaligiga ko'ra, imperator 16 yoshga qadar memorandumni to'liq jumlalar bilan o'qiy olmadi, o'g'lining o'rganishga qodir emasligidan xavotirlanib, Tsixi unga ko'proq bosim o'tkazdi. 1873 yil noyabrida 18 yoshida (odatdagi odatdan to'rt yil orqada) unga shaxsiy hukmronlik berilganda, Tongji imperatori o'zini qobiliyatsiz hukmdor sifatida ko'rsatdi.

Tongji imperatorining kurs ishlarini bajarayotgani portreti. Cixi-ning unga bo'lgan katta talablari uning bilim olishga bo'lgan nafratini kuchayishiga sabab bo'lishi mumkin.

Tongji imperatori 1873 yildan 1875 yilgacha bo'lgan qisqa hukmronlik davrida ikkita muhim siyosiy qaror qabul qildi. Birinchidan, u Yozgi saroy, Ikkinchi afyun urushida inglizlar va frantsuzlar tomonidan vayron qilingan, Tsixi va Sianga sovg'a bo'lgan degan bahona bilan butunlay qayta tiklangan bo'lar edi. Tarixchilar, shuningdek, Tsikni siyosatga yoki uning shaxsiy ishlariga aralashmasdan hukmronlik qilishi uchun uni taqiqlangan shahardan haydashga urinish bo'lgan deb taxmin qilishadi.

O'sha paytda imperiya xazinasi ichki nizolar va chet el urushlaridan deyarli tükenmiş va natijada Tongji imperatori moliya kengashidan zarur mablag 'uchun ozuqa so'ragan. Bundan tashqari, u dvoryanlar a'zolari va yuqori mansabdor shaxslarni shaxsiy resurslaridan mablag 'ajratishga undagan. Qurilish boshlangandan so'ng, imperator har oy o'z taraqqiyotini tekshirib turardi va ko'pincha taqiqlangan shahar tashqarisida zavq-shavqqa berilib, suddan uzoq kunlarni o'tkazar edi.

Tongji imperatorining milliy ishlarni, imperator amakilarini e'tiborsiz qoldirganidan bezovta Shahzoda Gong va Shahzoda Chun, sudning boshqa yuqori lavozimli mulozimlari bilan birgalikda, boshqa tavsiyalar qatorida imperatordan Yozgi saroy qurilishini to'xtatishni so'rab qo'shma memorandum taqdim etdi. Tongji imperatori tanqidga bo'ysunishni istamay, 1874 yil avgustda shahzoda Gongni knyazlik unvonidan mahrum qilish va uni oddiy odam maqomiga tushirish to'g'risida imperatorlik farmonini chiqardi. Ikki kundan keyin, Shahzoda Dun, Shahzoda Chun, Shahzoda Fu, Jingshou, Shahzoda Qing, Venszyan, Baojun va Katta maslahatchilar Shen Gifen va Li Xongzaolarning hammasi tegishli unvonlari va ishlaridan mahrum etilishi kerak edi.

Mayxe ortidan sodir bo'lgan voqeani ko'rgach, Tsixi va Sian imperatorni o'zining noqonuniy xatti-harakatlari uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri tanqid qilib, sudda misli ko'rilmagan chiqish qildilar va undan farmonni qaytarib olishni iltimos qildilar; Tsixi "shahzoda Gongsiz bugungi vaziyat siz va men uchun mavjud bo'lmaydi" dedi.^[19]

Tongji imperatori sudda katta yo'qotish tuyg'usini his qilib, o'z vakolatlarini tasdiqlay olmadi, jismonan zaiflashdi. Shifokorlar imperatorda bo'lgan deb da'vo qilishdi chechak va shunga muvofiq tibbiy yordam ko'rsatishga kirishdi. Bir necha hafta ichida imperator 1875 yil 14-yanvarda vafot etdi; Jiashun Empress mart oyida unga ergashdi. 1875 yilga kelib Cixi yana imperatorlik hokimiyati tepasiga qaytdi.

Guangxu davri

Yangi muammolar va kasalliklar

Empress Dowager Cixi (oldingi o'rtada) sud xizmatchilari va Guangxu imperatori imperatori (chapdan ikkinchi), u ham uning jiyani edi

Empress Dowager Cixi to'rtinchi qizi bilan qo'l ushlaydi Shahzoda Qing (uning chap tomonida) va bosh saroy xizmatkori Li Lianing (uning o'ng tomonida). Orqa fonda turgan xonim Jin boshliq (keyinchalik Dowager Consort Duankang).

Tongji imperatori erkak merosxo'risiz vafot etdi, bu holat sulolalar qatorida misli ko'rilmagan vorislik inqirozini keltirib chiqardi. Yuqoridagi avlod a'zolari yaroqsiz deb hisoblanar edi, chunki ular ta'rifi bo'yicha jiyanining vorisi bo'lishi mumkin emas edi. Shuning uchun yangi imperator quyi avloddan yoki Tongji imperatori bilan bir avloddan bo'lishi kerak edi. Ikki imperatriya Dovager o'rtasidagi jiddiy kelishmovchiliklardan so'ng, Zaitian, to'rt yoshli to'ng'ich o'g'li Shahzoda Chun va Tsixi singlisi yangi imperator bo'lishi kerak edi. 1875 yil birinchi yil deb e'lon qilindi Guangxu davr; Guangxu yangi imperatorniki edi regnal nomi va bu "ulug'vor vorislik" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Zaitianni uyidan olib ketishdi va umrining oxirigacha oilasidan butunlay uzilib qolishgan. Sianga an'anaviy ravishda murojaat qilish paytida huang e'niang ("Empress Ona"), Zaitian Cixi-ga murojaat qilishga majbur bo'ldi qin baba ("Aziz Ota"), u uydagi otalik figurasi bo'lgan tasvirni amalga oshirish uchun.^[20] Guangxu imperatori besh yoshida imperatorlik o'qituvchisi tomonidan o'qitilib, o'qishni boshladi Veng Tonghe, kim bilan u doimiy aloqani rivojlantirar edi.

Guangxu imperatori qabul qilinganidan ko'p o'tmay, Tsixi og'ir kasal bo'lib qoldi.^[21] Bu uning yosh jiyani uchun deyarli imkonsiz bo'lib qoldi va Sianni davlat ishlarining aksariyat qismida qatnashish uchun tark etdi.^[22]

Sianning 1881 yil aprel oyida to'satdan vafot etishi Tsixiga yangi muammo tug'dirdi. Sian davlat ishlarini yuritishga unchalik qiziqmagan, ammo aksariyat oilaviy ishlarda qaror qabul qiluvchi bo'lgan. Sianfeng imperatorining hamkori sifatida u o'zidan ikki yosh kichik bo'lishiga qaramay, Tsixi ustidan katta lavozimni egalladi. Sudda Cixi Tsianni zaharlagan degan mish-mishlar, ehtimol Tsixi va Sian o'rtasidagi evronikning qatl etilishi bilan bog'liq ziddiyat natijasida yuzaga kelgan. Dexay 1869 yilda yoki Sianfeng imperatorining faqat Sianga berilgan mumkin bo'lgan irodasi.^[23] Dalillarning etishmasligi sababli, tarixchilar Sianni Tsixi tomonidan zaharlangan deb o'ylashni istamaydilar, aksincha o'lim sababi to'satdan sodir bo'lgan deb o'ylashni afzal ko'rishdi qon tomir tomonidan tasdiqlangan an'anaviy xitoy tibbiyoti.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1881-1883 yillar oralig'ida Tsixi faqat vazirlari bilan yozma aloqaga kirishdi.^[24] Xabarlarga ko'ra, yosh Guangxu imperatori ba'zi tinglovchilarni Cixi yordam bermasdan yolg'iz o'zi o'tkazishga majbur bo'lgan.^[25]

Bir marta shiddatli va qat'iyatli Shahzoda Gong Cixi-ning hokimiyat ustidan temir ushlaganidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan, davlat ishlariga oid Tsixiga hech qanday shubha tug'dirmagan va manjurlarning bu ishlarga qo'shilishini qo'llab-quvvatlagan Xitoy-Frantsiya urushi 1884-1885 yillar. Tsixi Xitoyning urushdagi yutqazishini shahzoda Gong va boshqa muhim qaror qabul qiluvchilardan xalos bo'lish uchun bahona sifatida ishlatdi. Katta kengash 1885 yilda. U shahzoda Gongni "maslahatchi" darajasiga tushirdi va osonroq ta'sirlanadigan odamlarni ko'tarib chiqdi Shahzoda Chun.

U birinchi marta Empress Dowager Cixi tomonidan ishlab chiqilganida Beiyang floti Sharqiy Osiyodagi eng kuchli dengiz floti bo'lganligi aytilgan. Asrab olingan o'g'lidan oldin, Imperator Guangxu, 1889 yilda taxtni egallagan Cixi, dengiz floti asta-sekin rivojlanishi va kengayishi kerakligi to'g'risida aniq buyruqlar yozdi.^[26] Biroq, Cixi nafaqaga chiqqanidan so'ng, barcha dengiz va harbiy rivojlanish keskin to'xtadi. Yaponiyaning Xitoy ustidan qozongan g'alabalari ko'pincha Tsixining aybi bilan yolg'on mish-mishlarga aylandi.^[27] Ko'pchilik Cixi dengiz flotini qurish uchun dengiz flotining mablag'larini o'zlashtirish orqali mag'lub bo'lishiga sabab bo'lgan deb hisoblar edi. Yozgi saroy yilda Pekin. Biroq, xitoylik tarixchilar tomonidan olib borilgan keng ko'lamli tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Xitoy harbiy flotining pasayishiga Tsixi sababchi emas. Aslida, Xitoyning mag'lubiyatiga imperator Guansu armiyani rivojlantirish va qo'llab-quvvatlashga unchalik qiziqmaslik sabab bo'lgan.^[26] Uning yaqin maslahatchisi, katta o'qituvchi Veng Tonghe, Guangxuga dengiz va armiyaga barcha moliyalashtirishni qisqartirishni maslahat berdi, chunki u Yaponiyani haqiqiy tahdid deb bilmagan va 1890-yillarning boshlarida imperator mablag 'sarflash uchun ko'proq talab qilinadigan bir necha tabiiy ofatlar bo'lgan.^[26]

Guangxu imperatorining qo'shilishi

Guangxu imperatorining eng sevimli hamkori bo'lgan Consort Zhen dastlab yoqdi, ammo oxir-oqibat Tsixi uni yomon ko'rdi.

Guangxu imperatori texnik jihatdan 16 yoshida hukmronlik qilish huquqiga 1887 yilda Tsixi qo'shilganligini nishonlash marosimini o'tkazish to'g'risida farmon chiqarganidan keyin ega bo'ldi. Uning obro'si va qudrati tufayli sud amaldorlari Guangxu imperatorining shaxsiy boshqaruviga qarshi bo'lib, bunga imperatorning yoshligini asosiy sabab sifatida ko'rsatdilar. Shahzoda Chun va Veng Tonghe, har biri boshqacha sabab bilan Guangxu imperatorining qo'shilishi keyingi sanaga qoldirilishini iltimos qildi. Cixi, with her reputed reluctance, accepted the "advice" by legitimizing her continued rule through a new legal document that allowed her to "aid" the Guangxu Emperor in his rule indefinitely.

The Guangxu Emperor slowly began to take on more responsibilities in spite of Cixi's prolonged regency. In 1886, he attended his first field plowing ceremony and began commenting on imperial state documents. By 1887, he began to rule under Cixi's supervision.^[25]

The Guangxu Emperor married and took up the reins of power in 1889. By that year, the emperor was already 18, older than the conventional marriage age for emperors. Prior to his wedding, a large fire engulfed the Oliy uyg'unlik darvozasi at the Forbidden City. This event followed a trend of recent natural disasters that were considered alarming by many observers. According to traditional Chinese political theory, such incidents were taken as a warning of the imminent loss of the "Osmon mandati " by current rulers.

For his empress, Empress Dowager Cixi chose the Guangxu Emperor's cousin Jingfen, who would become Empress Longyu. Besides her close relation to the emperor himself, she was also Cixi's niece. Cixi in addition selected two concubines for the Guangxu Emperor who were sisters, Consorts Jin va Zhen. The Guangxu Emperor eventually would prefer to spend more time with Consort Zhen, neglecting his Empress, much to Cixi's dismay. In 1894, Cixi degraded Consort Zhen, citing intervention in political affairs as the main reason. According to some reports, she even had her flogged.^[28] Consort Jin had also been implicated in Consort Zhen's reported influence peddling and also apparently suffered a similar punishment.^[28] A cousin of theirs, Zhirui, was banished from the capital to a military outpost.^[29]

"Iste'fo"

On 5 March 1889, Cixi retired from her second regency, but nonetheless served as the effective head of the imperial family.^[30] Many officials felt and showed more loyalty to the empress dowager than they did to the emperor,^[31] owing in part to her seniority and in part to her personalized cultivation of court sevimlilar, many of whom would be given gifts of her artwork and invitations to join her at the theater for opera and acrobatics.^[32]

In spite of her residence for a period of time at the Yozgi saroy, which had been constructed with the official intention of providing her a suitable place to live after retiring from political affairs, Cixi continued to influence the decisions and actions of the Guangxu Emperor even after he began his formal rule at age 19. Along with an entourage of court officials, the Guangxu Emperor would pay visits to her every second or third day at which major political decisions would be made. Veng Tonghe observed that while the emperor dealt with day-to-day administration, the Grand Councilors would give their advice in more complex cases, and in the most complex cases of all, the advice of Cixi was sought.^[33]

1894 yilda Birinchi Xitoy-Yaponiya urushi broke out at the instigation of Japan which used the war as a pretext to annex Tayvan dan Qing Xitoy. Of note, the Japanese annexation of Taiwan followed Japanese annexation of the RyuKyu island Kingdom in 1874 and was followed by Japanese annexation of Korea in 1910. During this period, Cixi was continuously called upon to arbitrate policy-making, and the emperor was sometimes even bypassed in decision-making processes.^[34] Cixi eventually was given copies of the secret palace memorials as well, a practice that was carried on until 1898, when it became unnecessary.^[35]

In November 1894, Cixi celebrated her 60th birthday. Borrowing from the plans used for the celebrations of the 70th and 80th birthdays of Empress Xiaoshengxian (the Qianlong imperatori 's mother), plans included a triumphal progress along the decorated road between the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, decorations for the Beijing city gates and monumental archways, free theatrical performances, remission of punishments and the restoration of degraded officials.^[36] However, the war between China and Japan forced the empress dowager to cancel the lavish celebrations she had planned and settle for a much smaller commemoration that was held in the Forbidden City.

Yuz kunlik islohot

Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor holding court, drawing by Katarin Karl

After coming to the throne, the Guangxu Emperor became more reform-minded. After a humiliating defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894, during which the Chinese Beiyang floti was virtually destroyed by the Yaponiya imperatorlik floti, the Qing government faced unprecedented challenges internally and abroad, with its very existence at stake. Under the influence of reformist-officials Kang Youwei va Liang Qichao, the Guangxu Emperor believed that by learning from konstitutsiyaviy monarxiyalar kabi Yaponiya va Germaniya, China would become politically and economically powerful. In June 1898, the Guangxu Emperor launched the Yuz kunlik islohot aimed at sweeping political, legal and social changes and issued edicts for China's modernization.

These abrupt reforms, however, came without building support either at court or in the bureaucracy. Cixi, concerned that they would diminish her power as an absolute monarch, stepped in to prevent them from going further. Some government and military officials warned Cixi that the ming-shi (reformation bureau) had been geared toward conspiracy. Allegations of treason against the emperor, as well as suspected Japanese influence within the reform movement, led Cixi to resume the role of regent and resume control at the court. The Manchu general Ronglu on 21 September 1898, took the Emperor to Ocean Terrace, a small palace on an island in the middle of Zhongnanxay linked to the rest of the Forbidden City only by a controlled causeway. Cixi followed this action with an edict that proclaimed the Guangxu Emperor's total disgrace and unfitness to be emperor. The Guangxu Emperor's reign effectively nihoyasiga etdi.

According to research by Professor Lei Chia-sheng (雷家聖),^[37] davomida Yuz kunlik islohot, former Japanese Prime Minister Itō Xirobumi arrived in China on 11 September 1898. Almost at the same time, British missionary Timoti Richard was invited to Beijing by the reformist Kang Youwei. Richard suggested that China should hand over some political power to Itō in order to help push the reforms further.^[38] On 18 September, Richard convinced Kang to adopt a plan by which China would join a federation composed of China, Japan, the United States, and England. This suggestion did not reflect the policies of the countries concerned. It was Richard's (and perhaps Itō's) trick to convince China to hand over national rights. Kang nonetheless asked fellow reformers Yang Shenxiu (楊深秀) and Song Bolu (宋伯魯) to report this plan to the Guangxu imperatori.^[39] On 20 September, Yang sent a memorial to this effect to the emperor.^[40] In another memorial written the next day, Song Bolu also advocated the formation of a federation and the sharing of the diplomatic, fiscal, and military powers of the four countries under a hundred-man committee.^[41]

Still according to Lei's findings, on 13 October, British ambassador Klod Makdonald reported to his government about the Chinese situation, saying that Chinese reforms had been damaged by Kang Youwei and his friends' actions.^[42] Britaniya diplomati Frederik Born claimed in his own report that Kang was a dreamer who had been seduced by Timothy Richard's sweet words. Bourne thought Richard was a plotter.^[43] The British and U.S. governments were unaware of the "federation" plot, which seems to have been Richard's personal idea. Because Richard's partner Itō Hirobumi had been Prime Minister of Japan, the Japanese government might have known about Richard's plan, but there is no evidence to this effect.

A crisis over the issue of abdication emerged. Bowing to increasing pressure from the West and general civil discontent, Cixi did not forcibly remove the Guangxu Emperor from the throne, although she attempted to have Pujun, a boy of 14 who was from a close branch of the imperial family, installed as valiahd shahzoda. The Guangxu era nominally continued until his death in 1908, but the emperor lost all respect, power, and privileges, including his freedom of movement. Most of his supporters, including his political mentor Kang Youwei, fled into exile, and the six prominent reformers shu jumladan Tan sitong and Kang's younger brother, were publicly beheaded. Kang continued to work for a constitutional monarchy while in exile, remaining loyal to the Guangxu Emperor and hoping eventually to restore him to power. His efforts would prove to be in vain.

Bokschining isyoni

Empress Dowager Cixi and women of the American legation. Holding her hand is Sarah Conger, the wife of U.S. Ambassador Edvin H. Konger.

1900 yilda Bokschining isyoni broke out in northern China. To preserve her own power and the dynasty, Cixi threw her support to these anti-foreign bands by making an official announcement of her support for the movement and a formal declaration of war on the Western powers. Umumiy Ronglu deliberately sabotaged the performance of the imperial army during the rebellion. Dong Fuxiang 's Muslim troops (the "Kansu Braves ") were able and eager to destroy the foreign military forces in the legations, but Ronglu stopped them from doing so.^[44] Manchu shahzodasi Zaiyi was xenophobic and friendly with Dong Fuxiang. Zaiyi wanted artillery for Dong's troops to destroy the legations. Ronglu blocked the transfer of artillery to Zaiyi and Dong, preventing them from destroying the legations.^[45] When artillery was finally supplied to the imperial army and Boxers, it was only done so in limited amounts; Ronglu deliberately held back the rest of them.^[46] The Chinese forces defeated the small 2,000-man Western relief force at the Langfang jangi, but lost several decisive battles, including the Beicang jangi, and the entire imperial court was forced to retreat as the forces of the Sakkiz millat ittifoqi Pekinga bostirib kirdi. Due to the fact that moderates at the Qing imperial court tried to appease the foreigners by moving the Muslim Kansu Braves out of their way, the allied army was able to march into Beijing and seize the capital.^[47]

During the war, Cixi displayed concern about China's situation and foreign aggression, saying, "Perhaps their magic is not to be relied upon; but can we not rely on the hearts and minds of the people? Today China is extremely weak. We have only the people's hearts and minds to depend upon. If we cast them aside and lose the people's hearts, what can we use to sustain the country?" The Chinese people were almost unanimous in their support for the Boxers due to the Western Allied invasion.^[48][49]

When Cixi received an ultimatum demanding that China surrender total control over all its military and financial affairs to foreigners,^[50] she defiantly stated before the Katta kengash, "Now they [the Powers] have started the aggression, and the extinction of our nation is imminent. If we just fold our arms and yield to them, I would have no face to see our ancestors after death. If we must perish, why not fight to the death?"^[51][52] It was at this point that Cixi began to blockade the legations with the armies of the Beijing Field Force, which began the siege.^[53]

Cixi stated that "I have always been of the opinion, that the allied armies had been permitted to escape too easily in 1860. Only a united effort was then necessary to have given China the victory. Today, at last, the opportunity for revenge has come", and said that millions of Chinese would join the cause of fighting the foreigners since the Manchus had provided "great benefits" to China.^[54]

Davomida Pekin jangi, the entire imperial court, including Empress Dowager Cixi and the Guangxu Emperor, fled Beijing and evacuated to Sian as the allied forces invaded the city. After the fall of Beijing, the Sakkiz millat ittifoqi negotiated a treaty with the Qing government, sending messengers to the empress dowager in Xi'an. Included in the terms of the agreement was a guarantee that China would not have to give up any further territories to foreign powers. Many of Cixi's advisers in the imperial court insisted that the war against the foreigners be continued. They recommended that Dong Fuxiang be given responsibility to continue the war effort. Cixi, however, had no intentions of relinquishing power, and decided that the terms were generous enough for her to acquiesce and stop the war, at least after she was assured of her continued reign when the war was concluded.^[55] The Western powers needed a government strong enough to suppress further anti-foreign movements, but too weak to act on its own; they supported the continuation of the Qing dynasty, rather than allowing it to be overthrown. Cixi turned once more to Li Xonszang muzokara qilmoq. Li agreed to sign the Bokschi protokoli, which stipulated the presence of an international military force in Beijing and the payment of £67 million (almost $333 million) in urushni qoplash. The United States used its share of the war indemnity to fund the creation of China's prestigious Tsinghua universiteti. The Guangxu Emperor and Cixi did not return to Beijing from Xi'an until roughly 18 months after their flight.^[56]

Return to Beijing and reforms

Empress Dowager Cixi, by Katharine Carl, 1904, commissioned by the Empress Dowager Cixi for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World's Fair) and later given to U.S. President Teodor Ruzvelt, ga o'tkazildi Smitsonian Amerika san'ati muzeyi collections and later the Artur M. Sakler galereyasi ning Smitson instituti.^[57]

In January 1902, Cixi, the Guangxu Emperor, the empress and the rest of the court made a ceremonious return to Beijing. At the railhead at Chengtingfu, Cixi and the court boarded a 21-car train to convey them the rest of the way to the capital. In Beijing, many of the legation women turned out to watch the procession from the Pekin temir yo'l stantsiyasi to the Forbidden City, and for the first time, commoners were permitted to watch as well.^[58]

Once back in the palace, Cixi implemented sweeping political reforms. High officials were dispatched to Japan and Europe to gather facts and draw up plans for sweeping administrative reforms in law, education, government structure, and ijtimoiy siyosat, many of which were modeled on the reforms of the Meiji-ni tiklash. The abolition of the examination system in 1905 was only the most visible of these sweeping reforms. Ironically, Cixi sponsored the implementation of the Yangi siyosat, a reform program some view as more radical than the one proposed by the reformers she had beheaded in 1898.^[59]

In an attempt to woo foreigners, Cixi also invited the wives of the diplomatic corps to a tea in the Forbidden City soon after her return, and in time, would hold summer garden parties for the foreign community at the Yozgi saroy. In 1903, she acquiesced to the request of Sarah Conger, wife of Edvin H. Konger, AQShning Xitoydagi elchisi, to have her portrait painted by American artist Katarin Karl uchun Sent-Luis xalqaro ko'rgazmasi. Between 1903 and 1905, Cixi had a Western-educated lady-in-waiting by the name of Yu Deling, along with her sister and mother, serve at her court. Yu Deling, fluent in English and French, as well as Chinese, often served as translator at meetings with the wives of the diplomatic corps.

In 1903, Cixi allowed a young aristocratic photographer named Xunling, akasi Yu Deling, to take elaborately staged shots of her and her court. They were designed to convey imperial authority, aesthetic refinement, and religious piety. As the only photographic series taken of Cixi – the supreme leader of China for more than 45 years – it represents a unique convergence of Qing court pictorial traditions, modern photographic techniques, and Western standards of artistic portraiture. The rare glass plates have been blown up into full-size images, included in the exhibition "The Empress Dowager" at the Artur M. Sakler galereyasi, Smitson instituti, Vashington, Kolumbiya^[60]

Syuantun davri

Entrance to the burial chamber in Cixi's tomb

Empress Dowager Cixi died in the Hall of Graceful Bird at the Middle Sea (中海儀鸞殿) ning Zhongnanxay, Pekin, on 15 November 1908, after having installed Puyi as the new emperor on 14 November 1908. Her death came only a day after the death of the Guangxu imperatori. Radicals greeted the news with scorn. The anarxist Vu Tszxuy, who had leveled some of the most vitriol at Cixi in life, wrote from exile in Paris of the "vixen empress and vermin emperor" that "their lingering stench makes me vomit."^[61]

On 4 November 2008, forensic tests concluded that the Guangxu Emperor died from acute arsenic poisoning. China Daily quoted an historian, Dai Yi, who speculated that Cixi may have known of her imminent death and may have worried that the Guangxu Emperor would continue his reforms after her death. It was reported in November 2008 that the level of arsenic in his remains was 2,000 times higher than that of ordinary people.^[62]

Memorial tower of the tomb of Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress Dowager Cixi was interred in the Sharqiy Qing maqbaralari, 125 km (78 mi) east of Beijing, in the Eastern Ding Mausoleum (東定陵), bilan birga Empress Dowager Cian. Empress Dowager Ci'an lies in the Puxiangyu Eastern Ding Mausoleum (普 祥 峪 定 東陵; yoqilgan "Tomb East of the Ding Mausoleum in the Broad Valley of Good Omen"), while Empress Dowager Cixi built herself the much larger Putuoyu Eastern Ding Mausoleum (菩 陀 峪 定 東陵; yoqilgan "Tomb East of the Ding Mausoleum in the Putuo Valley"). The Ding Mausoleum (lit. "Tomb of Quietude"), where the Xianfeng Emperor is buried, is located west of the Dingdongling. The Putuo Valley owes its name to Putuo tog'i, lardan biri Xitoyning to'rtta muqaddas buddist tog'i.

Empress Dowager Cixi, unsatisfied with her tomb, ordered its destruction and reconstruction in 1895. The new tomb was a complex of temples, gates, and pavilions, covered with gold leaf, and with gold and gilded-bronze ornaments hanging from the beams and the eaves. In July 1928, Cixi's tomb was plundered by the warlord Quyosh Dianing and his army as part of the Sharqiy maqbarani talon-taroj qilish. They methodically stripped the complex of its precious ornaments, then dynamited the entrance to the burial chamber, opened Cixi's coffin, threw her corpse (said to have been found intact) on the ground, and stole the jewels contained in the coffin. They also took the massive pearl that had been placed in the empress dowager's mouth to protect her corpse from decomposing (in accordance with Chinese tradition).

After 1949, the complex of Empress Dowager Cixi's tomb was restored by the Chinese government.

Baholash

Photograph of Cixi

The mainstream view of Empress Dowager Cixi as a devious despot who contributed in no small part to China's slide into corruption, anarchy, and revolution is subject to nuance. Cixi used her power to accumulate vast quantities of money, bullion, antiques and jewelry, using the revenues of the state as her own.^[63] The long-time China journalist Jasper Beker recalled that "every visitor to the Summer Palace is shown the beautiful lakeside pavilion in the shape of an elegant marble pleasure boat and told how Cixi spent funds destined for the imperial navy on such extravagant fripperies—which ultimately led to Japan's victory over China in 1895 and the loss of Taiwan".^[64]

Yet even after the violent anti-foreign Boxer movement and equally violent foreign reprisal, the initial foreign accounts of Cixi emphasized her warmth and friendliness.

Katharine Carl oil portrait painted for exhibit at Sent-Luis xalqaro ko'rgazmasi 1904 yil^[1]

This was perhaps because Cixi took the initiative and invited several women to spend time with her in the Forbidden City. Katarin Karl, an American painter, was called to China in 1903 to paint Cixi's portrait for the Sent-Luis ko'rgazmasi. Unda With the Empress Dowager. Carl portrays Cixi as a kind and considerate woman for her station. Cixi, though shrewd, had great presence, charm, and graceful movements resulting in "an unusually attractive personality". Carl wrote of the empress dowager's love of dogs and of flowers, as well as boating, Xitoy operasi and her Chinese water pipes and European cigarettes.^[65] Cixi also commissioned the well-known portraitist, Hubert Vos to produce a series of oil portraits.^[66]

Ning nashr etilishi China Under The Empress Dowager (1910) by J. O. P. Bland and Edmund uyi contributed to Cixi's reputation with the inclusion of some gossip, much of which came from palace eunuchs.^[67] Their portrait included contradictory elements, writes one recent study, "on the one hand... imperious, manipulative, and lascivious" and on the other "ingenuous, politically shrewd, and conscientious..."^[68] Backhouse and Bland told their readers that "to summarize her essence simply, she a woman and an Oriental".^[69] Backhouse was later found to have forged some of the source materials used in this work.^[70] The vivid writing and lascivious details of their account provided material for many of the books over the following decades, including Chinese fiction and histories that drew on a 1914 translation.^[68]

In the People's Republic after 1949, the image of the Manchu Empress was contentious. She was sometimes praised for her anti-imperialist role in the Boxer Uprising yet was reviled as a member of the "feudalist regime". When Mao Zedong's wife, Tszyan Tsin was arrested in 1976 for abuse of power, an exhibit at the Saroy muzeyi put Cixi's luxurious goods on display to tru to frame Jiang as a continuation of Cixi.^[71]

By the mid-1970s, views among some scholars changed in her favor. Sue Fawn Chung's doctoral dissertation at University of California, Berkeley was the first study in English to use court documents rather than popular histories and hearsay.^[72] Her seminal 1979 article titled "The Much Maligned Empress Dowager" opened with the sentence "Clio, the Muse of History, has not been kind" to Cixi. Traditional historians in China, Chung claimed, "always have been prejudiced against feminine influence in court", and historians have long taken the word of Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, and other Chinese, who opposed the Empress Dowager.^[73] Luke Kwong, in his analysis of the Yuz kunlik islohot, claimed that many of the allegations of Empress Dowager Cixi being power-hungry and immoral could not be verified,^[30] instead portraying her as a relatively insecure woman, concerned about her legitimacy and haunted by her relatively humble origins in the palace.^[74] Chinese historians have traditionally held a negative prejudice of female members of court. The Empress Dowager was also a more conservative leader, which was not common for a female leader of those times.^[75] She went on to claim that this resulted in Empress Dowager Cixi being portrayed in a one-sided, negative and narrow view where she was called names such as "she dragon" or the "usurper of a throne" and viewed as either a tyrant or incompetent. Despite this, writers such as Jung Chang have criticized this narrative and have written works such as Chang's Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China in order to offer an opposing view.^[76]

In recent decades, claims Pamela Kayl Krossli, a historian of the dynasty, some historians in the West have developed "truisms" in the representation of Cixi: "that she has been obscured by misogyny and orientalist stereotyping, as well as the anti-Manchu sentiment running through Chinese nationalist narratives". Crossley felt that Cixi appealed to feminists as a powerful leader and to Chinese patriots as a defender of China, claiming that in the 1960s and 1970s, Cixi was one of "a small collection of 'powerful' women newly discovered" and now "she appears in the vanguard of stubborn Chinese opposition to foreign arrogance and encroachment".^[77]

Several popular, Western-authored biographies have since appeared. Sterling Seagrave "s Ajdaho xonim: Xitoyning so'nggi imperatori hayoti va afsonasi claims Cixi was a woman stuck between the xenophobic faction of Manchu nobility and more moderate influences. The empress dowager, Seagrave claims, did not crave power but simply acted to balance these influences and protect the Qing dynasty as best she could.

In 2013, Jung Chang's biography, Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China, claims Cixi was the most capable ruler and administrator that China could have had at the time. However, Pamela Kyle Crossley criticized Chang's claims, writing in the London Kitoblar sharhi that Chang's claims "seem to be minted from her own musings, and have little to do with what we know was actually going in China". Although Crossley was sympathetic to restoring women's place in Chinese history, she found "rewriting Cixi as Catherine the Great or Margaret Thatcher is a poor bargain: the gain of an illusory icon at the expense of historical sense".^[78]

Sarlavhalar va sharaflar

The plaque hanging above Cixi is inscribed with her title in full

The Empress Dowager was a devoted Buddhist and seized every opportunity to dress up as Avalokiteśvara (Guanyin ), the goddess of mercy. This photograph shows her sitting on a barge on Zhonghai. The white smoke forms the character for longevity, and on top of the smoke was her Buddhist name "Guangrenzi" (literally Universal Benevolence).

Sarlavhalar

• Hukmronligi davrida Daoguang imperatori (r. 1820–1850):
  • Lady Yehe Nara (from 29 November 1835)
• Hukmronligi davrida Sianfeng imperatori (1850-1861 yillar):
  • Noble Lady Lan (蘭貴人; from 26 June 1852^[79]), oltinchi darajadagi konsortsium
  • Concubine Yi (懿嬪; from 28 February 1854^[80]), beshinchi darajadagi konsortsium
  • Consort Yi (懿妃; from 27 April 1856^[81]), to'rtinchi darajadagi konsortsium
  • Noble Consort Yi (懿貴妃; from January/February 1857^[82]), uchinchi darajali konsortsium
• Hukmronligi davrida Tongji imperatori (1861-1875 yillarda):
  • Empress Dowager Cixi (慈禧皇太后; from 22 August 1861^[83])
• Hukmronligi davrida Syuantun imperatori (r. 1908–1912):
  • Grand Empress Dowager Cixi (慈禧太皇太后; from 14 November 1908^[84])
  • Empress Xiaoqinxian (孝欽顯皇后; from 16 November 1909^[85])

Hurmat

Uslublari Empressa Dowager Cixi
Yo'naltiruvchi uslub	Uning imperatorlik shohligi
Og'zaki uslub	Imperator shohligingiz
Muqobil uslub	Empress Dowager

Dame Grand Cordon Qimmatbaho toj ordeni (Empire of Japan).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Oila

• Father: Yehenara Huizheng (惠徵; 1805–1853)
  • Paternal grandfather: Jingrui (景瑞)
  • Paternal grandmother: Lady Gwalgiya
• Mother: Lady Fuka
  • Maternal grandfather: Huixian (惠顯)
• Three younger brothers
  • Second younger brother: Guixiang (桂祥; 1849–1913), served as first rank military official (都統), and held the title of a third class duke (三等公), otasi Empress Xiao Ding Jing (1868–1913)
• One younger sister
  • Second younger sister: Wanzhen (1841–1896), the mother of the Guangxu imperatori (1871–1908)

Nashr

• As Concubine Yi:
  • Zaichun (載淳; 27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), the Xianfeng Emperor's first son, enthroned on 11 November 1861 as the Tongji imperatori

Badiiy adabiyotda va ommaviy madaniyatda

• Flora Robson portrays the empress 'Tzu Hsi' in the 1963 Nikolas Rey 's American epic historical film Pekindagi 55 kun; this film (based on a book by Noel Gerson ) dramatizes the siege of the foreign legations' compounds in Peking during the Boxer Rebellion.
• Der Ling hikoya The True Story of the Empress Dowager (dastlab nashr etilgan Old Buddha) gives a portrayal of the history behind the character of the Empress-Dowager Cixi—not as the monster of depravity depicted in the popular press, but an aging woman who loved beautiful things and had many regrets about the past. (Soul Care Publishing, 2015)
• Pearl S. Buck roman Imperator ayol chronicles the life of the Empress Dowager from the time of her selection as a concubine until near to her death.
• Bette Bao Lord roman Bahor oyi starts in the days of Cixi, and includes the involvement of the Imperial Court in the Bokschining isyoni.
• Romanlar Empress Orchid (2004) va Oxirgi imperatriça (2007), tomonidan Anchee Min portray the life of Empress Dowager Cixi from a first-person perspective.
• The Noble Consort Yi is featured in George McDonald Fraser roman, Flashman va Dragon (1985).
• The 1968 novel Wij Tz'e Hsi Keizerin Van China ("We, Tz'e Hsi, Empress of China") by Dutch author Yoxan Fabricius is a fictional diary of the Empress.
• In the 1970s, she was portrayed by Liza Lu in two Hong Kong-made films, Empressa sovg'asi (set during the Sino-Japanese War), and its sequel, Oxirgi tempest (set during the "Hundred Days of Reform").
• Lu reprised her role as Cixi in the 1987 film Oxirgi imperator, depicting the dowager on her deathbed.
• In the 1980s, she was portrayed by Lyu Syaoqing, yilda Burning of Imperial Palace (depicting her rise to power in the 1850s, and the burning of the Old Summer Palace by French and British troops in 1860), in Pardaning orqasida hukmronlik qiling (depicting the Xinyou Coup of 1861), in Empressa sovg'asi (set during the latter part of the reign of Tongzhi), and in Li Lianying, the Imperial Eunuch.
• In Oxirgi imperatorning sevgilisi, u tomonidan tasvirlangan Chingmy Yau.
• The Xitoy markaziy televideniesi ishlab chiqarish Respublika tomon portrayed Empress Dowager Cixi as a capable ruler, the first time that Mainland Chinese television had shown her in this light. The portrayal was not entirely positive, as it also clearly depicted her political views as very conservative.
• She is portrayed in the novel Zanjabil daraxti, by Oswald Wynd (1977).
• Roman Pleadlar, by Japanese author Asada Jiro, focuses on Empress Cixi's relationship with a court eunuch named Chun'er, and depicted Cixi as a ruthless and calculating leader. It was adapted into a 2010 Japanese television series, that was also broadcast in China, and starred Japanese actress Yūko Tanaka as Empress Cixi.
• Cixi is a major character in the novel mandarin, amerikalik muallif tomonidan Robert Elegant. The novel is set in the 1850s through the 1870s.
• Earth Queen Hou-Ting, in Avatar: Korra haqidagi afsona, is clearly based upon Cixi and the state of the Earth Kingdom during her reign mirrors the decline of Imperial China in the late 19th century.
• Tomonidan tasvirlangan Mishel Yim yilda Tsin sulolasining ko'tarilishi va qulashi (1990) va Ishonchli (2012)
• Tomonidan tasvirlangan Susanna Au-yeung yilda Tsin sulolasining ko'tarilishi va qulashi (1992)
• Tomonidan tasvirlangan Qonun Lan yilda Taqiqlangan shahardagi so'nggi davolovchi (2016)
• Tomonidan tasvirlangan Si Mayzuan yilda Hech narsa Oltin qolmaydi (2017)
• Empress Cixi is the primary antagonist and recurring character, though only ever named as "the Empress Dowager" in the 1991 animated show Taqdir egizaklari by French writer/producer Jan Chalopin.
• Portrayed as the primary antagonist of the WEBTOON Phantom Paradise.

Shuningdek qarang

• Xitoyda imperatorlik konsortsiyalarining darajalari # Qing
• Tsing sulolasi zodagonlari
• Chet el kuchlariga qarshi urush e'lon qilish to'g'risida imperator farmoni
• Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol

Izohlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Tsixi, 1835–1908 yy, Freer Art Gallery and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC.
• Cixi (belgi) IMDb U xarakterga ega bo'lgan filmlar ro'yxati.
• Jone Jonson Lyuis,Empress Cixi About.com ayollar tarixi.
• Cixi - Dowager imperatori Xitoyning Tsixi yoki Tsyu-Xsi tarjimai holi womenshistory.about.com saytida
• Isaak Teylor Xaydlend, Xitoyda sud hayoti: poytaxt, uning rasmiylari va odamlari, (Nyu-York, F.H. Revell, c1909).
• Amanda Bensen, "Cixi: Taxt ortidagi ayol", Smithsonian.com (2008 yil 1 mart). Cixi-ni qayta ko'rib chiqishni va boshqa havolalar bilan tavsiflaydi.