Selvin Lloyd - Selwyn Lloyd

To'g'ri hurmatli

Lord Selvin-Lloyd

CH CBE TD Kompyuter QC DL
SelwynLloyd1960.jpg
Lloyd tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lganida, Gaagada, 1960 yil
Umumiy palataning spikeri
Buyuk Britaniya
Ofisda
1971 yil 12 yanvar - 1976 yil 3 fevral
MonarxYelizaveta II
Bosh Vazir
OldingiHorace King
MuvaffaqiyatliJorj Tomas
Jamoalar palatasining soya rahbari
Ofisda
1964 yil 16 oktyabr - 1965 yil 4 avgust
RahbarSer Alek Duglas-Uy
OldingiHerbert Bowden
MuvaffaqiyatliFred Peart
Jamoalar palatasi rahbari
Maxfiy muhrni himoya qiluvchi Lord
Ofisda
1963 yil 18 oktyabr - 1964 yil 16 oktyabr
Bosh VazirSer Alek Duglas-Uy
OldingiIain Macleod
MuvaffaqiyatliHerbert Bowden
Bosh vazirning kansleri
Ofisda
1960 yil 27 iyul - 1962 yil 13 iyul
Bosh VazirGarold Makmillan
Bosh kotibGenri Bruk
OldingiDerick Heathcoat Amory
MuvaffaqiyatliReginald Modling
Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi
Ofisda
22[1] 1955 yil dekabr - 1960 yil 27 iyul
Bosh Vazir
OldingiGarold Makmillan
MuvaffaqiyatliUy grafi
Mudofaa vaziri
Ofisda
1955 yil 7 aprel - 1955 yil 20 dekabr
Bosh VazirEntoni Eden
OldingiGarold Makmillan
MuvaffaqiyatliSer Uolter Monkkton
Ta'minot vaziri
Ofisda
1954 yil 18 oktyabr - 1955 yil 7 aprel
Bosh VazirSer Uinston Cherchill
OldingiDunkan Sandis
MuvaffaqiyatliReginald Modling
Lordlar palatasi a'zosi
Lord Temporal
Ofisda
1976 yil 8 mart - 1978 yil 18 may
Hayot tengligi
Parlament a'zosi
uchun Wirral
Ofisda
1945 yil 5-iyul - 1976 yil 11-mart
OldingiAlan Krosland Grem
MuvaffaqiyatliDevid Xant
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Jon Selvin Bruk Lloyd

(1904-07-28)1904 yil 28-iyul
G'arbiy Kirbi, Cheshir, Angliya
O'ldi1978 yil 18-may(1978-05-18) (73 yosh)
Oksfordshir, Angliya
MillatiInglizlar
Siyosiy partiya
Turmush o'rtoqlar
Elizabeth Marshall
​
​
(m. 1951; div 1957)​
Olma mater
Harbiy martaba
Sadoqat Birlashgan Qirollik
Xizmat /filial Britaniya armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari1937–1955
RankPolkovnik
BirlikQirollik artilleriyasi
Janglar / urushlar
MukofotlarBritaniya imperiyasi ordeni qo'mondoni
Jo'natmalarda eslatib o'tilgan (2x)
Hududiy bezatish
Xizmat legioni (Qo'mondon)

Jon Selvin Bruk Lloyd, Baron Selvin-Lloyd, CH, CBE, TD, Kompyuter, QC, DL (1904 yil 28-iyul - 1978 yil 18-may), faoliyatining aksariyat qismida ma'lum bo'lgan Selvin Lloyd, Britaniyalik siyosatchi edi.

Lloyd Liverpul yaqinida katta bo'lgan. Faol bo'lgandan keyin Liberal 1920-yillarda yosh yigit sifatida, keyingi o'n yillikda u a advokat va xizmat qilgan Hoylake shahar okrugi Kengash, shu vaqtgacha u a Konservativ partiya hamdard. Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida u shtab boshlig'ining o'rinbosari lavozimiga ko'tarildi Ikkinchi armiya, dengiz transportini rejalashtirishda muhim rol o'ynaydi Normandiya qirg'og'i va aktyorlik darajasiga erishish brigadir.

Parlamentga saylangan 1945, u vazirlar idorasini egallagan 1951, oxir-oqibat bo'lish Tashqi ishlar vaziri Bosh vazir davrida Entoni Eden 1955 yil aprelidan boshlab. Uning vakolat muddati Suvaysh inqirozi, buning uchun u dastlab tinch harakatlarni yo'lga qo'yish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib borishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo Edenning harbiy harakatlarning boshlanishi sifatida Frantsiya va Isroil bilan til biriktirish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borish istagiga ko'ngilsiz ravishda yordam berdi. Bosh vazirligida tashqi ishlar vaziri sifatida davom etdi Garold Makmillan 1960 yil iyulgacha, u ish joyiga ko'chirilganda Bosh vazirning kansleri. Ushbu ishda u NEDC, ammo u shartli choralar ko'rgani sababli tobora ommalashib ketmaydigan raqamga aylandi, shu jumladan 1961 yil iyul oyida bo'lib o'tgan "To'lov pauzasi", shov-shuvli Liberal g'alabasi bilan yakunlandi. Orpingtonga qo'shimcha saylov 1962 yil martda. 1962 yil iyulda Makmillan uni "Vazirlar Mahkamasi tarkibidan bo'shatdi va bu" "deb nomlanuvchi kadrlar almashinuvidagi eng yuqori darajadagi qurbon bo'ldi.Uzoq pichoqlar kechasi ".

U Bosh vazir huzuridagi lavozimiga qaytdi Alec Duglas-Home kabi Jamoalar palatasi rahbari (1963–4), va shunday edi saylangan Umumiy palataning spikeri 1971 yildan 1976 yilda nafaqaga chiqqunga qadar.

Oila

Lloyd 1904 yil 28-iyulda Qizil bankda tug'ilgan G'arbiy Kirbi, Cheshir.[2] Uning otasi Jon Uesli Lloyd (1865-1954) uelslik kelib chiqadigan stomatologik jarroh va metodist va'zgo'y edi; uning onasi Meri Reychel Uorxurst (1872-1959) uzoqdan qarindosh bo'lgan Feldmarshal ser Jon Frantsiya. Uning uchta singlisi bor edi.[2]

Leas maktabida o'qigan. U, ayniqsa, bolaligida harbiy tarixga qiziqqan,[2] keyinchalik u muvaffaqiyatli harbiy martaba bilan bog'liq bo'lgan haqiqat.[3] U stipendiyani yutib oldi Fettes kolleji 1918 yilda.[4] Fettesda u gomoseksual mojarosiga yosh bola singari aralashgan. Unga laqab qo'yishdi "Izebel "uning bosh harflaridan keyin (JSBL), ammo aybsiz tomon deb topildi va uchta katta o'g'il chiqarib yuborilguncha jazodan qutuldi.[5][6]

Kembrij

1923 yil oktyabrda u olim sifatida ko'tarildi Magdalena kolleji, Kembrij, qayerda A. C. Benson edi Ustoz. U erda u kelajakdagi arxiyepiskopning do'sti edi Maykl Ramsey.[7] Lloyd shu payt "Piter" taxallusini oldi.[8] Lloyd regbi bilan shug'ullangan va a olishdan ko'ngli qolgan Moviy.[9]

1924 yil oktabrda singlisi Aile Hindistonga uylanib, shifokor bo'lib ishlash uchun suzib ketdi. U keyingi yanvar oyida 25 yoshida vafot etdi.[10]

Lloyd yoshligida faol liberal edi va 1925 yil mart oyida u ko'ngil ochdi H. H. Asquit Magdalenada Liberal partiyaning yig'ilishidan keyin Kembrij gildxoli.[11] U Prezident bo'ldi Kembrij universiteti liberal klubi.[12] Lloyd shuningdek, faol munozarachi edi Kembrij Ittifoqi Jamiyati, bu erda uning sparring-sheriklari kiritilgan Rab Butler, Patrik Devlin, Xyu Foot, Alan King-Xemilton va Jefri Lloyd.[13] Lloyd 1925 yil iyun oyida a Ikkinchi klassikada. Keyin u Tarixni o'rganishga o'tdi, u erda u ham soniyani qo'lga kiritdi.[14]

Davomida Umumiy ish tashlash 1926 yil may oyida Lloyd, o'sha yilning boshida kechki ovqatlarni yeyishni boshlagan Gray's Inn a sifatida saralash maqsadida advokat, maxsus konstable sifatida ko'ngilli. Keyinchalik u konservativ hukumatning kasaba uyushmalariga qarshi bosimini tanqid qildi, masalan. The Savdo bo'yicha nizolar to'g'risidagi qonun 1927 y.[15] Universitet ma'muriyati hukumatda imtihonlarga yaqin vaqt ichida ishlagan talabalarni o'qishni qo'shimcha yilga uzaytirishga da'vat etdi, bu esa Lloyd juda kam uchraydigan beshinchi yilni bakalavr sifatida o'tkazishga muvaffaq bo'lganligini anglatadi.[15] Lloyd Jorj Liberal etakchiga aylandi va Liberal partiyaga pul va g'oyalarni kiritdi va istiqbolli yosh nomzodlarni jalb qilmoqchi edi. Selvin Lloyd 1926 yildan boshlab Liberal partiyaning tez-tez ma'ruzachisi bo'lgan.[16] 1926 yilda u Leyboristlar partiyasiga qo'shilish g'oyasini jiddiy ravishda emas, balki o'ynadi.[17]

Michaelmas Term 1926 yilda Lloyd va Devlin (o'sha paytda Kembrij Ittifoqining prezidenti) ishontirdilar Valter sitrin Lloydga qo'shilib, "kasaba uyushmalarining kuchi oshdi, kuchaymoqda va kamayishi kerak" (aks-sadosi Dunning 1780 yilda toj kuchiga mashhur harakat). Ular konchilar rahbarini taklif qilishgan edi A.J. Kuk, shahar ma'muriyatining hayratiga, lekin u ishtirok eta olmagan taqdirda. Lloyd 238 ga qarshi 378 ovoz bilan bahsda g'alaba qozondi va 1927 yil Ro'za davri uchun kotib etib saylandi, uni 1927 yil Fisih (yoz) davrida vitse-prezident, keyin esa 1927 yildagi Michaelmasda prezident lavozimiga tayinladi.[18] U prezident lavozimiga 1927 yil iyunida kirishgan. 1927 yil noyabrda uning iste'fodagi bahsida Semyuel Xare va Rab Butler (keyinchalik Tory nomzodi sifatida tanlangan) Safran Valden ) gapirdi.[19]

Lloyd nihoyat Qonunning II qismida uchinchi sinfni tugatdi Tripos 1928 yil iyun oyida.[9][4]

Erta martaba

Advokatura va mahalliy boshqaruv

Lloyd da Liberal parlamentga nomzod edi Makklesfild ichida 1929 yilgi umumiy saylov, uchinchi o'rinda. Shundan so'ng u o'zining yuridik faoliyatiga e'tibor qaratdi. U 1930 yilda barga chaqirilgan.[20] Advokat sifatida u o'lim jazosiga qarshi bo'lgan va har doim ham zaxira o'rindig'ida bo'lmagan: sudya ertalab maxsus yig'ilish o'tkazishni taklif qilganida Xayrli juma u Lloyd oxirgi hakam bo'lganligini ko'rsatgandan keyin u o'z taklifini qaytarib oldi Pontiy Pilat.[4]

Ko'pgina yosh siyosatchilar singari, Lloyd ham ularga xayrixoh edi Osvald Mozli "s Yangi partiya 1930-1 yillarda va bu juda oz oldinga siljiganidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan.[4] U 1931 yilda tariflar bo'yicha yana Makklfildni liberal sifatida tan olishdan bosh tortdi,[17] - deb o'yladi Milliy liberal partiya qo'shilishga arzimaydi.[4] Lloyd birinchi marta konservatorga ovoz berdi 1931,[21] garchi o'sha yili u Konservativ partiyaning nomzodlar ro'yxatiga qo'shilish taklifini rad etgan bo'lsa ham.[22]

U qo'shildi Xoylak shahar shahar kengashi 1932 yil 19-aprelda Grange Uord uchun. Uch yil davomida u Estates Moliya qo'mitasining raisi bo'lib, 250 000 funtdan ortiq byudjetni boshqargan (2016 yilgi narxlarda 15 million funtdan ortiq).[22][23] U 32 yoshida kengashning eng yosh raisi bo'ldi.[4] Kengash raisi sifatida u mahalliy hokimiyatni boshqargan Koronatsiya tantanalari 1937 yilda u bilan aloqalarini mustahkamlash uchun foydalanadigan voqea Hududiy armiya.[24] U 1940 yilgacha kengashda ishlashni davom ettirdi.[4] 1960-yillarning boshlarida u tez-tez "janob Hoylake UDC" deb istehzo qilar edi, chunki u o'zining qobiliyatidan yuqori darajadagi milliy sahnaga ko'tarilgan kichik shahar advokati va mahalliy kengash a'zosi bo'lishini nazarda tutgan edi.[24]

Lloyd 1930-yillarning o'rtalaridan boshlab o'zini konservator deb hisoblagan, ammo 1945 yilda parlamentga nomzod sifatida tanlanmaguncha Konservativ partiyaga rasmiy ravishda qo'shilmagan; keyinchalik u urush bo'lmaganida konservativ siyosatda faolroq rol o'ynagan bo'lar edi, deb yozgan edi.[4]

Armiya xizmati

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshidagi xizmat

Lloyd 1937 yilda zaxira ofitseriga aylandi.[25] 1939 yil yanvar oyida u ikkinchi qatorni ko'tarishga yordam berdi Qirol ot artilleriyasi shimoli-g'arbiy qismida.[4] U odatdagidek topshirildi ikkinchi leytenant 1939 yil 27-iyunda,[26] va avgustga kelib, urush ehtimoli ko'proq bo'lib tuyulishi bilan, u aktyor edi kapitan va aktyorlik brigada mayori Brigada Cherryga, CRA (Qirollik artilleriyasining qo'mondoni ) ning 55-chi (G'arbiy Lankashir) piyoda diviziyasi, birinchi qator Hududiy armiya shakllanish.[27] Uning obzori The Times keyinchalik urushni oddiy askar sifatida boshlaganini noto'g'ri aytgan.[25]

Urush boshlanganda Lloydning homiysi Brigadir Cherry unga homiylik qildi Xodimlar kolleji, Kamberli.[28] 1939 yilda Kadrlar kollejiga yuborilganlarning aksariyati advokatlar, ishbilarmonlar, maktab va universitet o'qituvchilari kadrlar ishiga moyil bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylaganlar;[29] Brian Horrocks uning ustozlaridan biri edi.[4] Ishga qabul qilingan 110 zobitdan, u zudlik bilan xizmat vazifasini bajarishga yaroqli bo'lgan 22 kishidan biri edi. U "qurol va boshqalar haqida hech narsa bilmasligiga" qaramay, brigada Cherryga BMRA (Brigada mayori, Qirollik artilleriyasi) etib tayinlandi.[28] 1940 yilning bahoriga kelib 55-diviziya Suffolk qirg'og'ini ehtimoliy bosqinlardan himoya qildi.[30]

1941 yil fevral oyida, hozirgi kunga qadar aktyorlik qilmoqda katta, u edi Bosh shtab ofitseri 2-sinf (GSO2) ning shtab-kvartirasida General-mayor Charlz Allfri "s 43-chi (Wessex) piyoda diviziyasi, yana bir birinchi TA shakllanishi. Bo'linish qismi edi XII korpus, buyrug'i bilan General-leytenant Endryu Torn, ammo uning o'rnini 1941 yil aprelida general-leytenant egalladi Bernard Montgomeri, tez orada Lloydni istiqbolli ofitser sifatida qayd etdi. Keyingi hayotda Lloyd ba'zan sobiq hamkasblariga jismoniy tayyorgarlikning og'ir rejimi ("100% Binge" va "Binge, More Binge & Great Binge") haqida nostaljik tarzda yozadi, Montgomery unvonidan qat'i nazar, uning qo'mondonligidagi barcha odamlardan kutgan edi. Montgomeri qo'mondonlikka ko'tarildi Janubi-sharqiy qo'mondonlik Reigate-da (u tez orada uni "Janubi-Sharqiy armiya" deb o'zgartirdi) va 1941 yil 18-dekabrda Lloyd unga qo'shilish uchun yuborilgan.[31] 1942 yilga kelib, Lloyd a podpolkovnik (GSO1) shtatda.[4] U jangni ko'rishni xohlardi va Misrga Montgomeri bilan birga joylashtirilgandan xafa edi Sakkizinchi armiya 1942 yil avgustda. Montgomeri unga vaqtinchalik ofitserlar jangovarga odatlanib qolish qobiliyatiga ega emasliklarini, ammo ko'pincha xodimlar ishida yaxshiroq bo'lishlarini aytdi.[31] 6-noyabrda Lloyd vaqtinchalik podpolkovnik (urush mazmunli mayor) unvoniga ega bo'ldi.[26]

Ikkinchi armiya

1943 yil bahorida Lloyd shaxsiy tarkibiga joylashtirildi Ikkinchi armiya, kimning Bosh ofitser qo'mondonligi (GOC) general-leytenant edi Ser Kennet Anderson, keyinchalik ishtirok etish uchun tuzilgan edi Overlord operatsiyasi.[4] U tayinlandi Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni xodimi (OBE) 1943 yil iyun oyida.[32] 1943 yil iyun va avgust oylari orasida Lloyd Germaniyaning plyajdagi mudofaasini o'rganish va yaqinda o'tkazilganlardan saboq olish uchun Jazoir, Malta va Sitsiliyaga faktlarni aniqlash uchun safarga jo'natildi. Mash'al operatsiyasi va Husky operatsiyasi qo'nish va qaytib kelganda yuqori lavozimli ofitserlarga taqdimotlar qilish kerak edi.[33] 1943 yil 14-dekabrda u vaqtincha polkovnik lavozimiga ko'tarildi,[26] va 1944 yil fevralga qadar general-leytenant tomonidan boshqariladigan Ikkinchi armiya shtabi boshlig'ining o'rinbosari edi Ser Mayls Dempsi. Keyinchalik u ushbu ishni tayyorlayotganini esladi Normandiya qo'nish hayotidagi har qanday davrga qaraganda ancha qizg'in edi.[34] 1944 yil martga kelib Montgomery, u sakkizinchi armiyani boshqargandan so'ng Shimoliy Afrika, Sitsiliya va Italiya, 1943 yil dekabr oyi oxirida Angliyaga qo'mondonlikni qabul qilish uchun qaytib kelgan 21-armiya guruhi, uni "Selvin" deb atash uchun yaxshi bilar edi. Lloyd Dempsey bilan juda yaqinlashdi, u bilan D-kuni Normandiyaga o'tib ketdi va u umr bo'yi shaxsiy do'st bo'lib qoldi.[35] U Dempsini juda chuqur hurmat qilgan.[4]

Lloydning o'ziga xos mas'uliyati "yuklash stollarini" tayyorlash, erkaklar, qurol-yarog ', asbob-uskunalar va boshqa mollarga bebaho yuk tashish joylarini ajratish edi.[36] Lloydning ishi natijasida plyaj maydoniga joylashish deyarli to'liq rejaga muvofiq amalga oshirildi, faqatgina D + 4 va D + 10 oralig'ida qurilishning taxminiy va haqiqiy stavkalari o'rtasidagi kichik farqlar mavjud edi. Yagona kutilmagan muammo - suv toshqini bo'lgan ariq atrofida chivinlar yuqishi natijasida bezgak paydo bo'lishi. Men korpus Lloyd Birmadan bezgakka qarshi vaksinalarni uzatishni tashkil qilishi kerak bo'lgan sektor.[36] Lloydning o'lik jasadni birinchi ko'rish paytida otib tashlangan nemis uchuvchisi bo'lgan Britaniya jangi, lekin u o'lgan odam va hayvonlarning qirg'inini ko'rdi Falaise cho'ntagi 1944 yil avgustda Normandiya jangi oxirida.[37]

1944 yil oktyabrda, hanuzgacha Konservativ partiyaning a'zosi bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, u o'tirgan deputat nafaqaga chiqqan Wirralga konservativ nomzodiga murojaat qilish uchun taklifni qabul qildi.[4] U a-ga ustunlik bilan tanlangan VC saylov okrugida yashash uchun va'da berishni rad etgan raqib; Lloyddan so'raganda, u "hech qachon boshqa joyda yashamaganman" deb javob bergan.[38] 1945 yil yanvar oyida u bir ovozdan ta'tilda bo'lgan paytda konservatorlarning nomzodi sifatida qabul qilindi.[4]

Lloyd lavozimiga ko'tarildi Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni qo'mondoni (CBE) 1945 yil fevralda[39] va aktyorlik darajasiga ko'tarildi brigadir 1945 yil 8 martda.[26] U ikki marotaba jo'natmalarda tilga olingan, ikkinchisi 1944-5 kampaniyasi uchun faxriy askarlar ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[4][40]

Lloyd ozod qilgan ittifoqchi kuchlar bilan birga edi Bergen-Belsen kontslageri.[4] U Belsen haqida kamdan-kam gapirgan, ammo keyinchalik mahbuslarni hayvonlar kabi yashayotgani, jamoat ko'z oldida axlatga tushganini ko'rganligi va ko'milmay yotgan 10 000 jasaddan (yana 17000 kishi ozod qilinganidan keyin vafot etgan) ular hech qanday chirimaydigan go'sht yo'qligi sababli hid yo'qligini esladi.[41] Lloydni aniqlash uchun Dempsi ham yuborgan Geynrix Ximmler o'z joniga qasd qilganidan keyin tanasi.[4] U Gepmlerning boshini etik bilan ko'targanini va keyin kapalel oyog'ini olib ketayotganda boshning zerikarli ovozi orqaga qaytganini esladi.[42] Lloyd faol armiya xizmatini faxriy polkovnik unvoni bilan yakunladi.[43] Uning CBE-dan tashqari, u AQSh bilan ham bezatilgan edi. Xizmat legioni qo'mondon darajasida.[44]

Urushdan keyingi urush

1947 yil 18-iyulda Lloyd 349-yilgi faxriy polkovnik etib tayinlandi 37-chi (Tayn elektrotexnika muhandislari), Yengil havoga qarshi polk, qirollik artilleriyasi.[45] U mukofotga sazovor bo'ldi Hududiy bezatish (TD) 1951 yil avgustda.[46] U 1955 yil 2 martda hududiy armiya rezervidan polkovnik faxriy unvoni bilan nafaqaga chiqqan.[47]

Dastlabki parlament faoliyati

Lloyd saylandi Jamiyat palatasi vakili qilmoq Wirral ichida 1945 yilgi umumiy saylov 16,625 ko'pchilik ovozi bilan.[4]

Uning 1946 yil 12-fevraldagi birinchi nutqi yangi deputatlar uchun odatdagidek anodin okrugi masalasida emas, aksincha Savdo nizolari va kasaba uyushmalari to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi, bu mavzuga bo'lgan qiziqishini talabalik davridan boshlab aks ettiradi.[48] U jamoatchilik yana bir umumiy ish tashlashga qarshi turishini aytdi va undan iqtibos keltirdi Shekspir "s "O'lchov uchun o'lchov ": "Ey, devning kuchiga ega bo'lish juda zo'r! Ammo uni devdek ishlatish zolimdir". Palata deyarli bo'sh edi, lekin unga tabrik maktubi keldi Garold Makmillan (noto'g'ri murojaat qilingan Toby Low, yana bir yangi saylangan deputat, u ham brigadir edi).[49]

Lloydning parlamentga kirishi unga Parlamentga kirmagan boshqa ko'tarilgan konservativ siyosatchilar ustidan boshliq bo'ldi 1950. Konservativ partiyaning "Yosh turklar" fraktsiyasiga a'zo bo'ldi. U 1945-50 yillardagi parlamentdagi konservativ deputatlarning kichik kontingenti orasida ajralib tura oldi va Entoni Eden bilan ham, Rab Butler bilan ham yaqindan hamkorlik qildi.[48]

Lloyd yuridik faoliyatini davom ettirdi, ipak olish 1947 yilda.[50] U edi Yozuvchi ning Uigan 1948 yildan 1951 yilgacha.[48] 1946-7 yillarda uning yillik daromadi, shu jumladan deputatlik maoshi 4485 funtni tashkil etdi, shundan bar 3229 funt sterlingni tashkil etdi (2016 yil narxlari bo'yicha 150.000 funt sterling va 110.000 funt atrofida). 1947-8 yillarda uning daromadi 3140 funtga tushdi, shundan 1888 funt barda edi (2016 yil narxlari bo'yicha 100000 funt va 60000 funt atrofida). Shundan keyin uning daromadi pasayishda davom etdi, chunki u parlamentda va yozuvlar bilan band edi va u o'zi uchun yangi joyni Shimoliy-G'arbiy tuman yoki Londonda qirol maslahatchisi sifatida o'yib topishga ulgurmadi.[51][23]

Lloyd sud qarorini qabul qilish paytida o'lim jazosiga qarshi ekanligini bildirdi 1948 yil jinoiy adliya to'g'risidagi qonun va shu jumladan boshqa abolitsionist deputatlar bilan aloqalarni o'rnatdi Sidney Silverman. Lloyd Beveridj Teleradioeshittirish Qo'mitasida turlicha ovoz berdi va ba'zida 1949 yildagi ozchiliklar haqidagi hisobotidan so'ng "Tijorat televideniesining otasi" nomi bilan tanilgan. ITV 1955 yilda. Lloyd raqobat standartlarni oshirishga yordam beradi, deb ishongan edi, garchi keyingi hayotda televizor vaqtining ko'ngil ochishga qancha vaqt ajratilganidan ko'ngli qolgan edi.[48]

Vazirlik idoralari

Tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat vaziri

Konservatorlar ostida hokimiyatga qaytib kelganda Cherchill 1951 yilda Lloyd ostida xizmat qilgan Tashqi ishlar vaziri Entoni Eden 1951 yildan 1954 yilgacha tashqi ishlar bo'yicha davlat vaziri sifatida ishlagan. Keyinchalik Lloyd (uning tarjimai holi D.R. Torp hikoya qilishda voqea aniq o'sgan deb yozadi) o'z lavozimiga tayinlanganida u norozilik bildirganini aytdi: "Ammo, janob, biroz xato bo'lishi kerak. Men hech qanday chet tilida gaplashmayman. Urushdan tashqari, men hech qachon biron bir chet elga bormaganman. Men chet elliklarni yoqtirmayman. Men Palatada hech qachon tashqi ishlar bilan bog'liq munozaralarda gaplashmaganman. Men hech qachon tinglamaganman. - Yigitcha, bularning barchasi menga ijobiy ustunlik bo'lib tuyuladi, - javob qildi g'azablanib Cherchill.[52] Cherchill dastlab Selvin Lloydni buyrug'i noan'anaviy bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan qisqa vaqtini noto'g'ri tushunib, BMTda shartnoma imzolaganidan keyin "odamlarning eng xavfli, aqlli ahmoq" deb o'ylardi. Keyinchalik Cherchill o'z fikrini yuqoriga qarab qayta ko'rib chiqdi.[53]

1952 yil iyun oyida Lloyd va feldmarshal Lord Aleksandr (Mudofaa vaziri) Koreyaga tashrif buyurdi, avval Aleksandrning eski bo'ysunuvchi generalini chaqirdi Mark Klark, hozir BMT Oliy qo'mondoni Mintaqada, keyin Janubiy Koreya rahbari Singman Ri, keyin Koreya jang maydoni. Ular Ottava (Aleksandr yaqinda bo'lgan joyda) orqali qaytib kelishdi General-gubernator ) va Vashington, ular Prezidentga tashrif buyurgan Truman.[54]

1883 yildan beri Buyuk Britaniyaning mijoz davlati bo'lgan Misrda Britaniyaparast Shoh Faruk edi 1952 yil iyulda ag'darilgan. Lloyd shartnomani (1953 yil 12-fevralda) muzokaralarda yordam berib, Sudanga (mustaqil ravishda Buyuk Britaniya va Misr tomonidan birgalikda boshqariladigan) o'z-o'zini boshqarishni to'liq mustaqillik to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish uchun qadam sifatida berdi.[48][55] Lloyd 1953 yil mart oyida Qohiraga tashrif buyurdi va u erda Misrning yangi rahbari bilan uchrashdi General Neguib va uning o'ng qo'li Polkovnik Nosir.[56] 1954 yil fevralda Lloyd Xartumda Neguib bilan yana uchrashdi.[57] Sudanga tashrifi davomida Xartumda tartibsizliklar yuz berdi va u xuddi shunday taqdirga duch kelishidan xavotirda General Gordon 1885 yilda. U Sudan haqida shunday yozgan edi: "Birovni kutib olishga urinish va uni bekor qilish befoyda".[48] Keyinchalik 1954 yil fevral oyida Nosib Nosir tomonidan quvib chiqarildi. Buyuk Britaniya 1956 yilgacha Misrdan o'z qo'shinlarini olib chiqib ketishga rozilik bergan Sveyts bazasi to'g'risidagi bitim, 1954 yil 27-iyulda bo'lgan.[57] Lloyd pulni sekinroq olishni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi.[48][58]

Lloyd hukumatning yuzdan ortiq yig'ilishlarida qatnashdi, ularning ko'plari Edenni 1953 yilda og'ir kasalligi paytida qamrab olishdi.[48]

Ta'minot vaziri va mudofaa vaziri

Lloyd lavozimiga ko'tarildi Ta'minot vaziri, 1954 yil oktyabrda Qurolli Kuchlarni etkazib berish uchun mas'ul.[48]

Lloyd 1955 yil aprel oyida Edenning bosh vazirlikka qo'shilishi munosabati bilan Mudofaa vaziri sifatida Vazirlar Mahkamasiga kirdi.[48] Faqat keyin 1955 yilgi saylov, bilan birga Rab Butler, Lord Solsberi va Garold Makmillan, u Edenga urushdan keyingi birinchi sammit haqida maslahat berish uchun qo'mita tarkibiga kiritildi.[59]

U Mudofaa vaziri bo'lib, bir yildan kam vaqt davomida konservatorlar nazarida juda obro'li lavozim edi va uning ishlagan yillari har yili mudofaa bo'yicha oq qog'oz va mudofaa munozarasi paytida uning lavozimida bo'lmaganligini anglatadi; ammo, u uzoq muddatli xarajatlarni rejalashtirishda muhim yangiliklarni amalga oshirdi.[48] Uch xizmatning shtab boshliqlari hanuzgacha Bosh vazirga bevosita kirish huquqiga ega edilar. Lloyd Qurolli Kuchlar ustidan nazoratni bosqichma-bosqich birlashtirish jarayonini boshladi va bu o'n yilga yaqin vaqt o'tgach amalga oshadi, uchta xizmat vazirliklari yagona Mudofaa vazirligiga birlashtirildi va uchta xizmat boshliqlari kuchli shaxslarga hisobot berishdi. Mudofaa shtabi boshlig'i.[60]

Eden boshchiligidagi tashqi ishlar vaziri

Uchrashuv va dastlabki oylar

Lloyd lavozimiga ko'tarildi Tashqi ishlar vaziri o'rniga 1955 yil dekabrda Garold Makmillan u Eden didi uchun juda kuchli va mustaqil figura sifatida ko'rilgan.[61] Tashqi ishlar vazirligidagi dastlabki kunlarida Lloyd bo'ysunuvchilarini yomon so'zlar bilan g'azablantirishi ma'lum bo'lgan, masalan: "Yaxshi Yong'oqlash "va" Sen debsan, ser Gladvin Jebb ".[62] Tashqi ishlar vazirligi mandarin janob Evelyn Shuckburgh kundaligida (1955 yil 9-dekabr) ularni "o'sha qonli Selvin Lloyd bilan birga bo'lishimiz kerak" deb shikoyat qilgan.[63]

Eden va Lloyd amerikalik hamkasbi bilan muzokaralar uchun Vashingtonga tashrif buyurishdi, Davlat kotibi Jon Foster Dulles, 1956 yil 30-yanvarda va Angliya bilan qancha vaqtgacha hamkorlikni davom ettirishi mumkinligi haqida hayron bo'ldi Polkovnik Nosir. Dulles Britaniyaga Nosirga qarshi "ma'naviy" yordam berishga tayyor edi.[64] 31 yanvar kuni Lloyd va Dulles haqida shaxsiy uchrashuv bo'lib o'tdi SEATO. Dulles yakka tartibda etakchilikni o'z zimmasiga oldi, ammo Britaniyani jamoatchilik oldida etakchilik qilmadi yoki qo'llab-quvvatlamadi, garchi Dulles Lloydni qoqib bo'lmasligini anglagach, ikki kishi yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishdi.[65]

21 mart kuni Lloyd Buyuk Britaniyaning Yaqin Sharqdagi manfaatlariga tahdid sifatida ko'rilgan Nosirga qarshi dushmanlik siyosati va Iordaniya va Iroq bilan inglizlarning yangi ittifoqlarini qurish uchun Vazirlar Mahkamasining roziligini oldi. Ushbu siyosatning bir qismi Amerika va Buyuk Britaniyaning moliyaviy yordamini qaytarib olish edi Asvan baland to'g'oni bu Nasserning Kanalni milliylashtirishiga turtki beradi.[66]

Suvaysh: inqiroz boshlanadi

Dulles bino qurish uchun AQShning moliyaviy yordamidan voz kechdi Asvan baland to'g'oni uchun qasos sifatida 19-iyul kuni Polkovnik Nosir tan olinishi Mao Xitoydagi rejim. Da'vatiga qaramay o'sha paytda Britaniya shikoyat qilmadi Rojer Makins (Buyuk Britaniyaning AQShdagi elchisi ). Buyuk Britaniya uni Suvaysh bazasidan olib chiqishni tugatdi (1954 yilgi kelishuvga binoan) 1956 yil 20 iyulda.[67] The Suvaysh inqirozi keyin 1956 yil 26-iyulda Nosir Suvaysh kanalini milliylashtirgandan so'ng jiddiy ravishda boshlandi.[61] Vazirlar Mahkamasi 27 iyul kuni soat 11.20 da Edenning jamoalar uyidagi xonasida yig'ildi.[68] Kanal xalqaro ishonch (u huquqiga ega edi) degan asosda Noserning harakatiga qarshi turish kerakligi to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi milliylashtirmoq aktsiyadorlarga kompensatsiya to'lash sharti bilan Kanal kompaniyasi) va agar kerak bo'lsa, yolg'iz harakat qiladigan Britaniya so'nggi chora sifatida kuch ishlatishi kerak.[66]

Eden to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Lloydni Misr qo'mitasida, Solsberi bilan birga, Makmillan (mablag 'kansleri), Uy (Hamdo'stlik kotibi ) va Uolter Monkkton inqiroz boshida Mudofaa vaziri bo'lgan. Kilmuir (Lord kantsler) keyinchalik qo'shildi; Butler dastlab kasal bo'lib, keyinchalik Misr qo'mitasi majlislarida qatnashishni va hatto ba'zan raislikni o'z zimmasiga oldi. Misr qo'mitasi birinchi marta 27 iyul soat 19.00 da yig'ilgan va o'sha kundan 9 noyabrgacha 42 marta yig'ilgan.[68][69] Lloyd muzokaralarni majburlashni afzal ko'rdi va harbiy logistika tajribasi bilan muvaffaqiyatli bosqinni amalga oshirish mumkinligiga shubha bilan qaradi.[61]

Dulles 31 iyul kuni Londonga tashrif buyurdi va "Noserni o'z nomidan ketkazish uchun yo'l topish kerak" deb izohladi.[70] Britaniyalik zaxirachilar 2-avgustda chaqirilgan edi va o'sha kuni Makmillan Misr qo'mitasi bilan Isroilning Misrga hujum qilish istiqbollarini ko'targan edi.[71] 10 avgustda Lloyd Suvaysh kanali kompaniyasining direktorlari bilan qiyin uchrashuv o'tkazdi.[72]

14 avgustda Eden va Lloyd BMTning ruxsatisiz kuch ishlatishga qarshi bo'lgan Leyboristlar rahbarlari bilan uchrashdilar; Bu haqda soat 11.30 da kabinetga xabar berildi. Avstraliya bosh vaziri Robert Menzies 11.30 da Vazirlar Mahkamasida ishtirok etdi, ammo jamoatchilik fikrini o'rgatish zarurligini ta'kidladi.[72] 14 avgustda Lloyd inqiroz haqida jamoatchilikka translyatsiya qildi va uning nutqi nashr etildi Tinglovchi.[71]

Suvaysh: Birinchi London konferentsiyasi

Kanaldan foydalanishni istagan birinchi London xalqlari konferentsiyasi 16-23 avgust kunlari bo'lib o'tdi. Dulles bu borada juda ko'p stresslarni boshdan kechirdi 1888 yilgi Konventsiya, lekin Jeneva kabi neytral joyda, Sovet tashqi ishlar vaziri ishtirokida uchrashishni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi.[73] Konferentsiya 16 avgust kuni soat 11 da ochildi va Lloyd rais etib saylandi. 22 millatdan 18tasi bunga rozi bo'lishi mumkin edi.[72] Lloyd Misr kanallardan ko'p daromad oladigan va yangi operatsion kompaniyaning boshqaruv kengashidan joy oladigan yangi konventsiya formulasini muhokama qilishga yordam berdi.[61] Dullesning ta'kidlashicha, "janob Lloyd aniq hissiy tanglikni namoyish qilmoqda" (21 avgust); Ushbu bosqichda Makmillan Dallesga tez orada Tashqi ishlar vazirligiga tiklanishiga umid qilishini aytayotgan edi.[74]

Lloyd muzokaralar olib borar ekan, Britaniya matbuotining bir qismi Noserning ishlari bilan o'xshashliklarni keltirib chiqardi Chanak inqirozi 1922 yil va Anschluss 1938 yil fevralda Avstriyadan va talab qilinadigan choralarni ko'rishni, Eden va boshqa ko'plab yuqori martabali vazirlarning fikri. 24 avgustda Monkktonning Misr qo'mitasida g'azablanishi (u voqealar rivojining bunday davom etishidan noroziligini bildirdi, shundan keyin u Mudofaa vazirligidan ko'chirildi) bayonnomada qayd qilinmadi, lekin vazirlar o'rtasida juda ko'p yozishmalar paydo bo'ldi. Sentyabr oyining boshlarida Buyuk Britaniya harbiylari Iskandariyani egallab olish uchun yashirincha tuzgan "Musketyor" rejasi o'rniga Port-Saidni Kanal og'zida egallab olish uchun "Musketyor reviziyasi" bilan almashtirildi.[75]

Lloyd Menziesning Qohiradagi missiyasining muvaffaqiyatsizligidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan.[61] Prezident Eyzenxauerning 4 sentyabr kuni bo'lib o'tgan matbuot anjumani, kuch ishlatishga qarshi bo'lganligi sababli buzilgan edi.[76] 5 sentyabr kuni Lloyd bilan suhbatlashish uchun Parijga uchib ketdi Spaak haqida NATO yaqinlashib kelayotgan uchrashuv.[75][77] 7 sentyabr kuni Lloyd tomonidan ogohlantirildi uning kanadalik hamkasbi Lester Pirson na AQSh, na Kanada BMTni urush uchun qopqoq sifatida ishlatilishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi. 9 sentyabrda Noser 18 konferentsiya tomonidan London konferentsiyasida taklif qilingan takliflarni rad etdi. 10 sentabrda Vazirlar Mahkamasi AQSh kelishgan taqdirda, Nosirni Suvaysh kanali daromadlaridan mahrum etish bo'yicha Misr qo'mitasining rejasini qabul qildi. 1956 yil 11 sentyabrda Vazirlar Mahkamasida (Lloyd Menzies Missiyasi muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganligi to'g'risida xabar bergan) Eden keyinchalik Lloyd "kuch ishlatish niyatining eng aniq ko'rsatkichi" deb atagan narsani berdi.[78]

Suvaysh: Ikkinchi London konferentsiyasi

Lloyd Ikkinchi London konferentsiyasiga rahbarlik qildi (19-21 sentyabr), Dullesning SCUA (Suvaysh kanalidan foydalanuvchilar uyushmasi) taklifi ustida ish olib bordi va u hamkorlik qilishga tayyor edi. U zudlik bilan o'tish huquqini ta'minlash uchun BMTga murojaat qilishni xohladi.[79][61] Dulles SCUAni BMTga murojaat qilishdan oldin ishga tushirishni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi va Nosirga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsiz hujum shunchaki o'z pozitsiyasini kuchaytiradi deb xavotirda edi. Keyinchalik Lloyd Dulles haqida yozgan edi, chunki uning yuridik yuristlik tajribasi tufayli har doim "qochish sharti" bo'lgan. "U hiyla-nayrang qilardi. U bir narsani aytib, boshqasini qilar edi. Ammo ishonamanmi yoki yo'qmi, menga yoqdi. Biz juda yaxshi munosabatda bo'ldik."[80]

Dulz va Lloyd o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan shaxsiy muhokamadan so'ng, 23 sentyabr kuni Xavfsizlik Kengashi Prezidentiga navigatsiya huquqlari to'g'risida murojaat qilindi. 24 sentyabr kuni Lloyd intervyu oldi Panorama, va kuch faqat oxirgi chora sifatida ishlatilishini bildirdi. 26 sentyabrda Lloyd Vazirlar Mahkamasiga Ikkinchi London konferentsiyasining muvaffaqiyatsiz tugashi to'g'risida xabar berdi. Eden va Lloyd suhbatlashish uchun Parijga uchib ketishdi Gay Mollet (Frantsiya Bosh vaziri) va Xristian Pineu (Frantsiya tashqi ishlar vaziri), tarjimonsiz (Eden frantsuz tilida ravon gaplashar edi) va unga Buyuk Britaniyaning Parijdagi elchisi ser Gladvin Jebb taklif qilinmadi. Harold Makmillan kechki ovqatda Nyu-Yorkdagi XVJ yig'ilishidan qo'ng'iroq qildi. 27 sentyabr kuni ertalab Eden va Lloyd Londonga qaytishidan oldin Angliya-Frantsiya muzokaralari bo'lib o'tdi. Uchinchi London konferentsiyasi 1 oktyabr soat 11 da ochildi, ammo Lloyd o'sha kuni soat 20.30 da Nyu-Yorkka uchib ketdi va 16 oktyabrgacha mamlakatdan tashqarida bo'ladi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining muzokaralarida Angliya va Frantsiya Dalles shunday deb o'ylashdi emas so'nggi chora sifatida kuch ishlatishni istisno qilish.[81]

Suvaysh: Lloyd Nyu-Yorkda kelishuv bo'yicha muzokaralar olib boradi

Nyu-Yorkda Lloyd ishtirok etdi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi uchrashuv, u erda u Christian Pineau bilan uchrashgan va Doktor Favzi, Frantsiya va Misr tashqi ishlar vazirlari.[61] 10 va 11 oktyabr kunlari Lloyd Favzi bilan turli xil muzokaralar o'tkazdi. 13 oktyabrga qadar "Olti tamoyil" ga aylanadigan ettita nuqta kelishib olindi.[82] BMT Bosh kotibi Dag Hammarskyld Oltita printsip bo'yicha muzokaralarda ham ishtirok etgan.[83] Lloyd yo'q bo'lganida, Konservativ partiyaning konferentsiyasi Llandudnoda (11-13 oktyabr) bo'lib o'tdi va Nasserga qarshi choralar ko'rishni talab qildi.[84]

Pineau unchalik kooperativ bo'lmagan va Nyu-Yorkni 13 oktyabrda tark etgan. Keyinchalik Lloyd oltita printsip bo'yicha kelishuvga erishilgani haqida yozgan, ammo bunda emas Qanaqasiga ularni amalga oshirish uchun, garchi u Nosir hech qachon biron bir davlatning nazorati ostida bo'lolmaydi degan tamoyilni hech qachon qabul qilmaganligini tan oldi. 13 oktyabr kuni ser Gladvin Jebb ogohlantirdi Ivone Kirkpatrick (Tashqi ishlar vazirligida doimiy kotib o'rinbosari ) Frantsiya Isroil bilan Misrga qarshi hamkorlik qilgan ko'rinadi va uning to'qson beshtasini yubordi Mystère samolyotlari, ehtimol frantsuz uchuvchilari bilan.[85]

Favzi Lloydning oltita printsipiga xayrixoh bo'lgan, ammo Sovet Ittifoqining rag'batlantirishi bilan Misr tez orada Kanalni biron bir davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinmasligi haqidagi fikrga qarshi chiqdi. Vazirlar Mahkamasining bir qismi, shu jumladan Lord Xom Lloydning "Olti printsipi" qurolli to'qnashuvlardan qochgan bo'lishi mumkin deb o'ylardi, Lloydning o'zi esa "yo'qolgan shartnomaning xushmuomalali preambulasi" bilan muzokaralar olib borgan deb o'ylardi.[61][86]

Lloyd hali ham Nyu-Yorkda, Albert Gazier (Pineu Nyu-Yorkda bo'lganida Frantsiya tashqi ishlar vaziri vazifasini bajaruvchi) va Umumiy Challe (Frantsiya havo shtabi boshlig'ining o'rinbosari) Edenga maxfiy uchrashuvga tashrif buyurdi Shashka 14 oktyabrda. Uchrashuv oldidan taklif qilinmagan Gladvin Jebb Edenga o'z fikrini rad etish uchun shaxsiy telegramma yubordi, ammo uchrashuv Edenga shunchaki frantsuz qat'iyati bilan ta'sir qildi. Agar Yaqin Sharqda urush boshlanadigan bo'lsa, Angliya Frantsiyaning ittifoqchisi Isroilga qarshi ittifoqdoshi Iordaniya tomonini olishi kerakligidan xavotirga tushib, Frantsiya rahbarlari Eden va Nuttingga "Isroil Misr, Buyuk Britaniya va Frantsiyaga hujum qilgan taqdirda" "Reja" ni bayon qildilar. Angliya 1954 yilgi shartnomaga binoan bunga haqli bo'lganligi sababli kanalni himoya qilish uchun birgalikda aralashadi va xalqaro huquqni bajaradi. Eden Lutni Nyu-Yorkdan Nutsning tashqi ishlar vazirisiz hech qanday qaror qabul qilinmasligini aytganidan keyin esladi.[61][86]

Lloyd 15 oktyabr kuni soat 10 da Dag Hammarskjoldni ko'rdi Krishna Menon 12.30 da. U Nyu-York vaqti bilan soat 17.00da Londonga uchib, Xitrouga 16 oktyabr kuni soat 11.15 da (London vaqti bilan) qo'ndi.[87]

Suvaysh: Eden va Lloyd Parijga borishadi

Lloyd 16 oktyabrda Londonda bo'lib o'tgan Misr qo'mitasining majlisiga kech keldi va jetda qoldi; Entoni Nutting Tashqi ishlar vazirining kichik vaziri uchrashuvning birinchi qismida uning yonida turibdi. Keyinchalik Nuttsning ta'kidlashicha, kelganda Lloyd unga "buni qo'lga kiritganimni" aytdi, ya'ni Kanal milliylashtirilishi to'g'risida kelishuvga erishdi, shu bilan Noser unga Jahon bankining ssudalaridan ko'ra yaxshiroq daromad keltiradigan daromad oldi va Nutting uni frantsuz rejasi to'g'risida gapirib berganida, "biz bu bilan hech qanday aloqamiz yo'q" deb javob bergan.[88] Uchrashuv qayta boshlanganda, Eden Lloydning Nyu-Yorkdagi muzokaralari haqida gapirmadi, aksincha keyinchalik Lloyd "men uchun ahamiyatsiz bo'lgan reja" deb yozgan frantsuz rejasini maqtadi.[83] Aniq bo'lmagan munozaradan so'ng Eden Lloyd bilan tushlik qildi va Nyu-Yorkdagi Favzi bilan tuzgan shartnomasi hech qachon to'xtamasligiga ishontirdi va uni frantsuzlar bilan uchrashish uchun Parijga kelishga ishontirdi. Tush soat 16 da Eden va Lloyd Parijga uchib ketishdi.[88] Parijda Eden va Lloyd frantsuz hamkasblari Bosh vazir Gi Mollet va tashqi ishlar vaziri Kristian Pino bilan muzokaralar o'tkazdilar.[89]

Keyinchalik Natting muallif Xyu Tomasga Lloydni Eden "miyasini yuvgan" deb aytdi; Tomas buni 1967 yilgi kitobida "supurish" uchun qisqartirgan. 16 oktyabr kuni Ser Gladvin Jebb Parij aeroportida Eden va Lloydni kutib oldi. Mashinada u Edendan frantsuzlarning Mystere samolyotlarini Isroilga jo'natayotgani to'g'risida telegrammasini olganmisiz, deb so'radi. Jebbning noroziligi tufayli elchilar Angliya-Frantsiya muzokaralariga taklif qilinmadi.[90]

Lloyd shubhalarini davom ettirishda davom etdi, ammo natijasi yo'q edi. U soliqlar oshishi ustidan xalqaro nazoratni, nizolarni esa mustaqil tashkilotga murojaat qilishni talab qildi. Frantsuzlar Dalles inglizlarni ikki marta kesib o'tayotganini va SCUA shunchaki inglizlar Xavfsizlik Kengashiga rasman murojaat qilmasligi uchun shunchaki vaqt o'ynamoqchi ekanligini ta'kidladilar. Mollet shuningdek, misrliklar Isroilni yo'q qilish uchun shunchalik ko'p tahdidlar qilganki, Isroil qonuniy ravishda Misrga hujum qilishi va o'zini himoya qilishni iltimos qilishi mumkin. Eden Yaqin Sharq urushi yuz berganda Buyuk Britaniya Iordaniya mudofaasiga kelishi kerakligidan xavotirda edi (Falastin partizanlari dan Isroilga qarshi operatsiya qilishgan G'arbiy Sohil, ostida bo'lar edi Iordaniya nazorati 1967 yilgacha).[91]

Suez: Lloyd shubhalarini yutib yuboradi

Lloyd va Eden 17 oktyabrda Londonga qaytib kelishdi. Lloyd Xavfsizlik Kengashining Nyu-Yorkdagi yig'ilishi to'g'risida Misr qo'mitasiga hisobot berdi. Favzi Hammarskjold bilan keyingi muzokaralar uchun Nyu-Yorkda qoldi.[91]

Keyinchalik Lloyd 18 oktyabrni "muhim kun" deb ta'rifladi. Jebb Ivone Kirkpatrikka elchilarni Angliya-Frantsiya muzokaralaridan chetlatganiga norozilik bildirgan va Lloydga qo'l bilan yozilgan iste'foga yo'llagan. O'sha kuni ertalab Dauning-strit 10-da bo'lib o'tgan Vazirlar Mahkamasi yig'ilishidan oldin Lloyd Rab Butlerni kabinet xonasi tashqarisida tugmachali tugmachali tugmachani bosdi.[91] Butler later recorded (and Lloyd's account is similar) that Lloyd had gripped him by the arm, telling him that he had been "wafted" to Paris and warning him confidentially that there might be a preemptive strike by Israel against Jordan, Egypt and Syria.[92] Butler's biographer Michael Jago thinks that Lloyd's behaviour was evidence that he was out of his depth.[93] This Cabinet was thinly-attended.[94] Lloyd reported to the Cabinet on the Security Council vote to keep the Canal insulated from the politics of any one country, despite Soviet veto of the second part of the resolution. There was to be another meeting in Geneva, with Egyptian participation. The Cabinet approved, but then moved on to Eden's disingenuous warnings that negotiations might be overtaken by hostilities between Israel and Egypt.[95] Eden informed ministers that a plan (Operation "Musketeer Revise") was being drawn up to retake the Canal by force.[92] "Musketeer Revise" was practicable only until the end of October, although in the event a slightly amended version was used for military operations in November.[75] Afterwards Eden circulated a minute that he'd told the French that every effort must be made to stop Israel attacking Jordan, but that he had told Israel that Britain would emas come to Egypt's aid in the event of an Israeli attack.[94]

Lloyd lunched on 18 October with Monckton, who was also a doubter but had not opposed the decision to use force. Monckton had just been moved from the Ministry of Defence to the position of Paymaster-General (24 September, effective 11 October). That afternoon Sir Humphrey Trevelyan, British Ambassador to Egypt, telegraphed to warn that Nasser was not willing to compromise on Egyptian control of the Canal. This marked the apparent failure of Lloyd's attempt to negotiate a peaceful settlement and was, in the view of his biographer, the moment which he should perhaps have used an excuse to resign.[96]

On Friday 19 October Lloyd had a meeting with Butler at 9.30am and informed him fully about the trip to Paris. A day of talks at 10 Downing Street then followed; topics included the impending Jordanian elections and a speech which Lloyd was due to make to Conservative activists at Liverpool the next day.[96]

Lloyd went to Chequers on Sunday 21 October (having been summoned by Eden on the phone the previous day). The press were told that Lloyd had a cold so that he could go to Paris in secret to meet the Israelis.[97]

Suez: Lloyd's secret trip to Sevres

Lloyd, accompanied by his Private Secretary Donald Logan, keyin ketdi Sevres, just outside Paris, on 22 October. Eden insisted that British action emas be in response to Israeli demands.[98][89] Logan drove Lloyd to the airport in his own car to maintain secrecy, although he was not told the destination until they were underway. David Carlton argued that this tied Lloyd into the conspiracy by getting him to meet Ben Gurion.[99]He nearly had a serious car accident between Paris airport and Sevres.[100]

The discussion at Sevres was in English. He commented, in a joke which fell flat, that he ought to have turned up wearing a false moustache, a comment which Moris Burj-Maunuri (Frantsuzcha Mudofaa vaziri ) misremembered and claimed that Lloyd actually bor edi turned up wearing a false moustache.[101] Lloyd met Pineau, who said that the Israelis would attack Egypt but only with Anglo-French air support.[100]

Lloyd then, at 7pm, met the Israeli Prime Minister Devid Ben-Gurion, who like Pineau was disappointed by his obvious lack of enthusiasm for military action. Umumiy Moshe Dayan (Israeli Chief of Staff), Shimon Peres va Mordechai Bar-On were also part of the Israeli delegation. Lloyd warned that the UN, the Commonwealth and Scandinavian countries were opposed to the use of force. Israel demanded that British Canberra bombers bomb Egypt from their bases in Cyprus; Lloyd merely promised to seek the Cabinet's opinion on the matter. Lloyd demanded that British airstrikes be delayed for 48 hours after the outbreak of hostilities, so that collusion would not be too obvious, but in the end compromised on 36 hours. Lloyd was still worried about an Israeli attack on Jordan. Dayan later recalled ("Story of My Life" p218) that "[Lloyd]'s manner could not have been more antagonistic. His whole demeanour expressed distaste – for the place, the company, and the topic … His opening remarks suggested the tactics of a customer bargaining with extortionate merchants." Lloyd left towards midnight.[102][98][89]

Suez: Protocol of Sevres

The next morning, 23 October, the newspapers were full of stories about the Hungarian uprising. At 10am Lloyd reported to a group of senior ministers (not the whole Egypt Committee), then to the Cabinet at 11am.[103] Eden told the Cabinet that there had been secret talks with Israel in Paris.[94] Lloyd told the Cabinet that he was still hoping for a peaceful settlement, but that the French were not interested in a peaceful settlement and that Nasser would retain his interest in the Middle East. Eden told that Cabinet that, based on what Lloyd said, and contrary to Eden's comments of 18 October, an Israeli attack on Egypt now seemed less likely. Pineau arrived in London that evening. He dined with Eden and Lloyd joined them after dinner (he was no more than "a spectator" in his biographer's words as Pineau and Eden reaffirmed their enthusiasm for the plan). Pineau outlined Dayan's plan (for Israel to attack Egypt) to Eden.[104]

Lloyd was in the House of Commons on 24 October, so was not present when the secret Protocol of Sevres imzolangan.[89] He refused to return to Sevres as he could hardly pretend to be ill again after having just appeared in public. In his instructions to Patrick Dean, who went in his place, Lloyd stressed that Britain had not deb so'radi Israel to intervene. Later that morning Eden informed the Cabinet about the consultation with Pineau the previous evening. The objective of any Anglo-French action would be to control the Canal and secondly to topple Nasser.[105]

The Cabinet further considered the use of force on 24 October.[106] After Cabinet, Lloyd recorded his UN Day Broadcast for the BBC, for transmission that evening. He then had a tense meeting with Ivone Kirkpatrick and Gladwyn Jebb, who was still angry at being kept in the dark. At 11pm Lloyd went to 10 Downing Street to hear Dean's report on the second Sevres meeting. Mountbatten (Birinchi dengiz lord ) also attended. The French had produced three copies of a typed document, the Protocol of Sevres. Eden later tried in vain to retrieve the French and Israeli copies to destroy the evidence of collusion.[107]

On the morning of 25 October Eden told the Cabinet that Israel would attack Egypt after all, but did not tell them about the secret Sevres Protocol.[106] The Plan for an Anglo-French invasion was revealed to the Cabinet. Lord Salisbury was away ill. Butler did not object although Macleod would have backed him had he done so. Heathcoat Amory, Minister of Agriculture, warned of the effect on Anglo-American relations.[108] The Egypt Committee met four times on 25 and 26 October.[109] The Chiefs of Staff knew that the USA had broken French codes and knew of all military preparations.[110]

Suez: ultimatum

Israel attacked Egypt in the Sinai on 29 October; Eden was informed that night and informed the Cabinet the next day. Aldrich, US Ambassador, was unable to get a meeting with Lloyd and he and Dulles found out from the press.[111] At Cabinet on the morning of 30 October Lloyd reported that the USA was ready to move a motion at the UN condemning Israel as an aggressor, and proposed a delay in order to bring the Americans on board. This suggestion was not adopted.[106] At 4.30pm on 30 October Eden announced the Anglo-French ultimatum to the House of Commons. The House became so rowdy that it had to be suspended for the first time since 1924.[111]

Britain and France began bombing Egypt on 31 October,[112] despite hostility from the Opposition, the USA and most of the Commonwealth. The US Sixth Fleet harassed the Anglo-French taskforce as it made its way to the Eastern Mediterranean.[113]

On 31 October Uilyam Yeyts, a Conservative MP, commented in the House of Commons that he had heard talk of a secret conspiracy;[114] on 31 October Lloyd stated in the Commons that "It is quite wrong to state that Israel was incited to this action by Her Majesty's Government. There was no prior agreement between us about it." This passage is underlined in Lloyd's personal copy of Hansard (now in the library at Fettes School). He regarded it as a lawyerishly careful statement[115] although it has been portrayed by some writers as an outright lie to the House of Commons.[112]

Nasser proclaimed martial law and mobilisation in Egypt. In an emergency session of the UN, Dulles' motion for a ceasefire was vetoed by Britain. On 1 November Eden sent a message to Mollet urging that the French air force and navy desist from openly assisting the Israelis, as they had been doing since 31 October.[116] Nutting resigned (2 November, but made public on 5 November) because of the breach of the 1954 Treaty, the Tripartite Treaty and the UN Charter.[117] Lloyd resisted the temptation to join him and continued to ask questions about military logistics at Cabinet.[89]

Suez: decision to invade

There were two Cabinets on Friday 2 November.[118] The USA sidestepped the Anglo-French veto on the UN Security Council by obtaining an overwhelming vote for a ceasefire in the General Assembly. The Cabinet agreed that even in the event of a ceasefire between Egypt and Israel, Anglo-French forces should still seize the Canal in a policing role until UN forces were able to take up the baton (Macleod and Heathcoat Amory were doubtful).[113] At the 4.30pm Cabinet, records for which were closed until 2007, Lloyd was concerned about the effect on Britain's Arab client states of being seen to be too closely linked to Israel. Eden spoke about the conditions which would be necessary for the UN to take over the peacekeeping job at the canal. At the 9.30pm Cabinet Lloyd reported on the problem of arms exports to Israel, and reported that he had been asked by BP whether or not to divert a cargo of aviation fuel currently intended for Israel.[118] At Cabinet on Friday 2 November Lloyd suggested that in the event of oil sanctions Britain might have to occupy Kuwait and Qatar.[119]

On Saturday 3 November Lloyd was shouted down in the House of Commons, in a debate so rowdy that the Speaker had to suspend the session.[120] By the weekend of 3–4 November, fighting between Israel and Egypt had largely ceased.[113]

Lloyd called Sunday 4 November "one of the most dramatic days in the whole of the Suez Crisis". He spent the whole day at 10 Downing Street, first in private talks with Eden, during which he advised that to call off the operation at this late stage would lead to "dreadful consequences". Afterwards Lloyd rang Gladwyn Jebb in Paris and asked him to arrange a further meeting with Pineau, Bourges-Manoury and Jebb himself. There was then a meeting of the Egypt Committee at 12.30pm. Lloyd reported that the USA had not pushed for a vote on her UN General Assembly resolution, but that resolutions calling for a UN peacekeeping force had been proposed by Canada and by a group of African and Asian countries. Lloyd advised that Britain should respond to the Canadian but not to the Afro-Asian ultimatum, but warned of the threat of oil sanctions. There was a second meeting of the Egypt Committee at 3.30pm, at which Lloyd passed on the warning of the British Ambassador to Iraq that Britain had to condemn Israeli aggression in order to preserve her status in Arab eyes. He also raised the question of what would happen if both Israel and Egypt agreed to a ceasefire before British and French troops had gone in. There was then a meeting of the full Cabinet at 6.30pm, at which the decision to invade Egypt was taken. Butler, Kilmuir and Heathcoat Amory wanted to postpone the paratroop landings for 48 hours, while Salisbury, Buchan-Hepburn and Monckton (the latter of whom hinted that he might resign) wanted to postpone indefinitely. Lloyd was among the majority of the 18 present who wanted to push ahead with the invasion. Throughout the meetings that day the Trafalgar maydoni demonstration had been audible outside.[121]

Suez: invasion and ceasefire

British and French paratroops landed at dawn on 5 November. Lloyd was given a rough ride in the House of Commons when he announced the Soviet crushing of the Hungarian uprising. The news of Nutting's resignation came through at 6.30pm while Lloyd was attending a sherry party at 10 Downing Street ahead of the Parlamentning davlat tomonidan ochilishi. However, Gladwyn Jebb sent a message that Douglas Dillon, US Ambassador in Paris, had no issue with the landings and thought Dulles' policy "lamentable".[122]

On the morning of 6 November Macmillan, who had been told by Humphrey (US Treasury Secretary) that there would be no more financial assistance until there was a ceasefire, saw Lloyd before Cabinet and told him that Britain had to stop in view of the drain of foreign exchange reserves. Macmillan had also been lobbying other ministers. Cabinet met at 9.45am at Eden's room at the House of Commons, with Marshal of the RAF Janob Uilyam Dikson, Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, in attendance. Pierson Dixon (British Ambassador to the UN) had warned that the UN were contemplating oil sanctions. In the event, Lloyd was one of three ministers (along with Entoni Xed va Jeyms Styuart ) to support Eden in his wish to carry on fighting. The Cabinet agreed that there was no choice but to agree a ceasefire. Royal Marines had been landing by sea and helicopter on 6 November, and British and French forces had Port Said and had advanced 23 miles to El Cap by the time a ceasefire was announced at 5pm.[122][123]

Suez: withdrawal

On 7 November the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution calling for withdrawal of British, French and Israeli forces. Lloyd's initial position was that Britain was not prepared to withdraw her forces until they had been replaced by a peacekeeping force acceptable to Britain. The Americans met this idea with extreme hostility, insisting on total British withdrawal.[89][124]

Lloyd flew to New York on Sunday 11 November and stayed until the evening of Monday 27 November. To Lloyd's displeasure Hammarskjold was visiting Nasser in Cairo at this time.[124] Whilst Lloyd was away, on 13 November Macmillan, who was busily ingratiating himself with the Americans, told Aldrich (US Ambassador to London) that Selwyn Lloyd was "too young and inexperienced" for his position.[125] Lloyd visited Dulles (who had been ill for the climax of the Suez Crisis) in hospital on 18 November. He recorded that Dulles asked "Why didn't you go on [i.e. to occupy the whole canal, having begun military action]?" When Lloyd replied: "Well, Foster, if you'd so much as winked we might have," Lloyd recorded that Dulles murmured that the Americans could not possibly have done that, and turned away.[126] On 20 November 1956 the question of collusion was raised in Cabinet, with Eden and Lloyd both absent; it was agreed to stick to Lloyd's formula that Britain had not qo'zg'atilgan the Israeli attack.[127] In Washington Lloyd managed to speak to Eisenhower's adviser Valter Bedell Smit, and addressed the UN General Assembly on Friday 23 November, the day Eden left for Jamaica. In a speech which was essentially an acceptance of an Argentinian motion, Lloyd offered to hand over to a UN peacekeeping force and claimed that Britain had prevented a small war growing into a larger one. Despite a hostile attack by Krishna Menon, the resolution was carried.[124]

Lloyd addressed a Cabinet meeting (chaired by Butler, with Eden away in Jamaica) at 4.30pm on Wednesday 28 November. He said that the UN would continue to debate the matter and that although Britain could hold on for another three or four weeks there was nothing to be gained in antagonising world opinion any further. He offered his resignation (not mentioned in the minutes) but his colleagues refused to accept it, and was later deeply hurt when Lord Hinchingbrooke, a member of the Suez group (a group of Conservative backbenchers who had opposed Britain's original agreement to withdraw from Egypt in 1954), said that he should have resigned.[128] Lloyd's impending divorce was given as the ostensible reason for his offer of resignation.[129]

Throughout November and into early December Lloyd, like Butler who was acting Prime Minister from 22 November (with Eden away in Jamaica), was strongly attacked in the House of Commons both by Labour as a scapegoat for the original invasion and by Conservative backbenchers for the enforced withdrawal.[89] On 3 December Lloyd made a statement announcing British withdrawal to a very hostile House, followed by an angry scene, then Butler made a similar announcement, leading many Conservative MPs feeling that Butler should have made the statement himself.[128][130]

The House of Commons held a No Confidence debate on Suez on 5 December. Aneurin Bevan commented that Lloyd gave the impression of never having warned Israel emas to attack Egypt.[131] Bevan congratulated Lloyd on "having survived so far". The government won the confidence vote on 6 December by 327 votes to 260.[132] In early December Lloyd again offered his resignation to the Cabinet, citing his impending divorce as the excuse.[131]

Foreign Secretary under Macmillan

Reappointment

When Eden resigned in January 1957, Lord Solsberi interviewed the Cabinet one by one, asking each whether he preferred Butler (believed to be the favourite by most outsiders) or Macmillan (the overwhelming choice of the Cabinet) for the succession. Salisbury listed Lloyd as the only minister to abstain, shocking Lord Kantsler Kilmuir, who acted as official witness to the "soundings".[133][134] Lloyd later confirmed to Butler in September 1962 that he had expressed no preference.[135]

Macmillan retained Lloyd as Foreign Secretary, declaring that "one head on a zaryadlovchi is enough" (i.e. that Eden's resignation was enough of a sacrifice to appease the government's critics).[89] Another reason was Macmillan's wish to keep Butler out of the Foreign Office.[136] Lloyd was paradoxically a beneficiary of Suez, as Eden might well have reshuffled him away from the Foreign Office.[137] Macmillan delegated a lot more than Eden, and allowed Lloyd to come into his own.[138] Lloyd was allowed to use Shashka, normally the Prime Minister's country residence, although Macmillan did not formally renounce the use of the place as by law he would not have been allowed to claim it back in the space of that Parliament (Macmillan had a country home of his own, Birch Grove, and so had no need of the place).[139] Although Lloyd was not particularly interested in the job, Macmillan tried to encourage him to think of himself as a potential Prime Minister, as a rival to Butler.[89] Lloyd's reappointment was met, in the words of a contemporary observer, with a "long, cold arch of raised eyebrows", whilst Aneurin Bevan likened Lloyd to a monkey to Macmillan's organgrinder.[140]

1957

As Foreign Secretary, Lloyd had to accompany qirolicha va Edinburg gersogi on their State Visit to Portugal in February 1957.[141]

Lloyd accompanied Macmillan to Bermuda (21-4 March), where Anglo-American relations were repaired, although private discussions were more frank than the press releases might have suggested. Over dinner Lloyd launched a strong attack on Nasser; Dulles replied that the USA would not defend Nasser's regime but were not actively going to try to overthrow him.[142] Whilst in Bermuda Macmillan, after consultation with Lloyd, agreed to release Arxiepiskop Makarios, who had been exiled to the Seyshel orollari in March 1956, after being advised that this might calm EOKA pastga. This prompted the resignation of Lord Salisbury from the Cabinet.[141]

Lloyd's divorce was in progress between March and June 1957. He tried to resign in May 1957, citing as the reason the unfavourable publicity which his divorce might attract.[143] In May 1957 Randolf Cherchill speculated that he might be about to be removed from office.[143] At one point that year Beaverbruk "s "Daily Express " ran a picture of Lloyd with a lady on holiday in Spain, asking "Who is the senorita?" In fact the lady and her husband – who was doctored out of the photograph – were long-standing friends of Lloyd and were sharing a holiday with him.[144]

In October 1957 he likened himself to a "human Sputnik " because of the amount of flying he was doing.[145]

1958

Lloyd again offered his resignation after a poor performance in the two-day Foreign Affairs debate in February 1958, but Macmillan refused to accept it as he had recently had his entire Treasury team (Piter Tornekroft, Nigel Birch va Enox Pauell ) resign.[145]

In May 1958 Lebanese President Camille Chamoun appealed for help against the Birlashgan Arab Respublikasi (Egypt and Syria, both ruled by Nasser). Lloyd coordinated with Dulles and US troops were sent to Lebanon in accordance with the "Eyzenxauer doktrinasi ". Two British paratroop battalions were sent to Jordan after a request by Shoh Xuseyn.[146][147]

Lloyd wanted to go to the Anglo-American Washington talks in June 1958 but Dulles vetoed this, claiming that if he went it would be necessary to invite the French as well.[148] On Monday 14 July 1958 Macmillan was at Birch Grove, and recorded that Lloyd "almost shouted down the line" about the revolution in Iraq, warning that Jordan and Syria might also fall to Nasser. Macmillan sent him to Washington to sound out Dulles.[146] By August 1958 Lloyd publicly supported the US over Formosa whilst privately urging restraint. He also had private talks with Churchill that summer to seek his advice.[149][89]

Lloyd had been very sceptical that Macmillan would be able to negotiate a Greek-Turkish agreement over Cyprus.[150] In December 1958 at a NATO Ministerial Council Lloyd negotiated the concept of "sovereign bases" in Cyprus, where the Governor was his old Cambridge contemporary Hugh Foot, with the Greek and Turkish foreign ministers.[151][89]

Macmillan wrote of Lloyd in his diary (31 December 1958) that "he really is an extraordinary (sic) capable and efficient man – as well as a wonderfully agreeable man to work with. He feels a great sense of gratitude and loyalty to me personally, for I have been able (by moral support both in private and in public) to help him through a bad time" [i.e. his divorce].[152] D.R. Thorpe describes Lloyd as "Sancho Panza to Macmillan's mercurial Kixot ".[89]

1959

In November 1958 Khrushchev had demanded that the western powers pull out of G'arbiy Berlin within six months. This was a prime reason for Macmillan and Lloyd's trip to Moscow early in 1959, besides the desire to grandstand ahead of the impending general election.[153] Lloyd accompanied Macmillan to Moscow in February–March 1959. Much of the planning for the summit had had to take place at the Midlseks kasalxonasi, where Lloyd was having his tonsils out.[154] Lloyd also attended planning meetings at Chequers in late February.[153]

At Moscow Elchi Janob Patrik Reyli wrote that he was "quite first class and they make an admirable team" and "the ideal second", keeping his boss supplied with facts and figures and willingly undertaking tedious detailed negotiations.[89][153] Macmillan thanked Lloyd for having come up with the idea of a diplomatic cold in response to Khrushchev's diplomatic toothache. Afterwards Lloyd reported on the summit to Sharl de Goll va Konrad Adenauer.[153] Lloyd also accompanied Macmillan to Ottawa, where they met Jon Diefenbaker and Washington, DC in March 1959, where they met Eisenhower and visited the dying Dulles.[155][153]

Lloyd was the leader at the Foreign Ministers' conference in Geneva in June 1959 (with Xristian Herter, Maurice Couve de Murville va Andrey Gromyko ) and kept it going, allowing Eisenhower to issue his invitation to Khrushchev to visit Washington in August. Whilst the conference had been in progress a false story had appeared in "The Times ", fanned by Randolph Churchill and to Macmillan's apparent annoyance, that Lloyd was to be moved from the Foreign Office. The conference ended on 11 August.[156]

During the victorious 1959 election campaign Lloyd made a national broadcast on 19 September.[157]

1959-60

Lloyd kept a detailed diary between 1 November 1959 and his sacking from the Exchequer in July 1962.[158] Many of the press still saw Lloyd as an insignificant Foreign Secretary, although this was no longer the opinion of many of those who knew him.[159] Lloyd also accompanied Macmillan to a meeting in Paris in December 1959.[160] He approved of Macmillan's "Winds of Change" speech in February 1960, which predicted the end of rule by Europeans in Africa.[161]In February 1960 Lloyd urged Macmillan, having rebuilt bridges with the Americans, to build bridges with France by accepting de Goll 's invitation to visit him for a longer stay, a turn of events which Macmillan would use to try to persuade de Gaulle to support British membership of the EEC.[162]

In March 1960 Lloyd noted that his one unfulfilled ambition was to be Lord Kantsler, but he did not consider himself a distinguished enough lawyer for the post – he was later to change his mind when Lord Dilhorne tayinlandi.[163] In mid-May 1960 he accompanied Macmillan to the Four Power Summit in Paris , which broke up in disarray after the U2 had been shot down whilst flying over the USSR. Some see the failure of this summit as the moment when Macmillan's premiership went into decline.[164][165]

Agreement was finally reached over Cyprus on 1 July 1960, just before the end of Lloyd's time at the Foreign Office.[151]

Bosh vazirning kansleri

Appointment and economic backdrop

In July 1960 Macmillan moved Lloyd to the job of Bosh vazirning kansleri.[166] He was Macmillan's third chancellor and asked for, and was given, an assurance that he would remain in place until the next General Election. Lloyd was permitted to remain at Shashka and was also allowed to keep 1, Karlton bog'lari, normally the Foreign Secretary's London residence (the chancellor's usual London residence of Dauning ko'chasi, 11-uy was not available, as Downing Street was being reconstructed at the time, requiring Macmillan to live at Admiralty House for most of his premiership).[167]

Macmillan, with bitter memories of his time as MP for Stockton in the 1930s, wanted to be free of what he saw as the economic orthodoxy of the Treasury and Bank of England, and to generate economic growth, a view which he shared with many economic thinkers at the time.[168] He also wanted growth to increase exports, so as to improve the balance of payments without deflation or devaluing the currency.[169] He declined to appoint Devid Ekklz, Iain Macleod yoki Reginald Modling, any of whom might have been better qualified to be chancellor, as he wanted a loyal "staff officer".[168] Lloyd, however, warned Macmillan that he wanted to be an orthodox chancellor.[89]

The economy had been booming as a result of the expansionary measures taken in the run-up to the 1959 General Election, with consequent risk to inflation. Furthermore, the balance of payments was moving into deficit, with Britain's share of world manufacturing falling dramatically as continental Europe, now grouped into the EEC, recovered from the effects of the war. In 1960 Britain suffered the worst balance of payments crisis since 1950, masked a little by the inflow of foreign money into London. The Treasury was already somewhat discredited. Bank Rate had already been raised to 6% by Lloyd's predecessor Heathcote Amory in June.[170] Soon after his appointment, Lloyd asked Treasury economic advisor Robert Xoll (29 July 1960) "how soon we were going bust". On 16 March 1961 Lloyd wrote to Macmillan complaining that No 10 was briefing the press than Macmillan was in real charge of economic policy, and indeed policy in other areas.[171] Also the German Deutschmark was revalued by 5% in March 1961, leading to worries that the pound sterling might crash in the summer of 1961.[170]

1961: Budget and July measures

Lloyd arranged government funding for the National Theatre on the South Bank.[89] His first Budget (17 April 1961) began by saying that during the 1960-1 fiscal year there had been a deficit of £394m, £76m more than Amory had forecast in the 1960 budget.[170] Lloyd was concerned at rising inflation and public spending. The Budget was intended to be deflationary, and to reduce the government borrowing requirement to £69m for 1961-2 (in the event it was £211m), but increased taxes by less than the Treasury wanted. The budget introduced "the Regulator", which allowed the Chancellor of the day to vary the rate of most indirect taxes by up to 10% of the existing rate (emas ten percentage points) without the need for prior Parliamentary approval, although Parliament had to approve within three weeks. Another measure, effectively a second Regulator (brought in over the objections of John Boyd-Carpenter, Minister of Pensions and National Insurance) allowed the Chancellor to increase Employers' NICs by up to 4 shillings per week.[172][173] Lloyd also raised the threshold for surtax on earned income, which had been unchanged since Lloyd Jorj had introduced it in 1909, from £2,000 per annum to £5,000. This measure had actually been Macmillan's idea.[174]

By the summer a run on the pound was threatened. Continental banks, who had been buying pounds, now announced that they had enough of a stockpile (£300m) and the Treasury demanded cuts of £300m in demand and a cancellation of the raising of the surtax threshold – the latter was a politically impossible demand. Some ministers suggested floating the pound, an option which Macmillan discussed in his diary on 23 July, although he rejected it as it would have irritated the Americans and would have had to be accompanied by deflation. In fact the balance of payments was already moving back into surplus, but based on out-of-date Treasury figures ("last year's Bradshaw" as Macmillan once famously quipped) Lloyd announced a package of measures on 25 July: bank rate was raised to 7%, public spending was cut, and $1.5bn was borrowed from the IMF, along with conditions, although not as strict as the IMF would have liked. Macmillan wrote to ministers on 28 July ordering public spending restraint.[175] Lloyd refused to use his power to increase Employers' NICs in the July measures, saying it was "a dead rat". Cairncross, who had succeeded Robert Hall as the government's economic advisor, believed that Lloyd might have given some kind of private promise not to actually use it.[173]

Lloyd also announced a Pay Pause on 25 July, until 31 March 1962. Labour moved into a 5 point lead in the opinion polls.[175] The Pay Pause (effectively an incomes policy) made Lloyd a focus of public unpopularity. It mainly affected public sector employees such as nurses and teachers as many private companies had contractual arrangements for automatic pay rises or arbitration.[176][89][177]

1961: NEDC

Lloyd had announced that there would be a new economic planning body as part of his 25 July measures.[178] On 8 August Lloyd suggested inviting Industry and Trade Union leaders. There was a stormy meeting of the Cabinet on 21 September, at which only John Hare and Lord Hailsham supported him, but covert support for the proposal from Macmillan swung other ministers behind the scheme. On 23 September, after a period of consultation, formal invitations were issued to the TUC, the Federation of British Industry, the British Employers' Confederation, the National Union of Manufacturers and the Association of British Chambers of Commerce.[179] He told them of his plans to set up the National Economic Development Council (NEDC) in imitation of the French Commissariat du Plan, chaired by the Chancellor, and containing a few other ministers, as well as other appointed members who would include leading trade unionists and business leaders, as well perhaps as other economic thinkers. He also proposed setting up a National Economic Development Organisation (NEDO), whose chair would be drawn from outside the civil service, to advise NEDC. Lloyd did not get on with trade unionists. The TUC, which disliked the Pay Pause, agreed to cooperate only on condition that they were not expected to preach wage restraint.[180] Thorpe writes that Lloyd had Macmillan's backing against a sceptical Cabinet,[89] but Williams writes that Lloyd was lukewarm about the NEDC, which was Macmillan's project.[181]

Genri Bruk was appointed to the new position of G'aznachilikning bosh kotibi in October 1961 so Lloyd did not have to spend all his time arguing with Cabinet colleagues about their planned level of expenditure.[182] The NEDC was unlikely to reap any benefits by the time of the next general election, nor to help in reining pay in. 1961 yil noyabr oyida kasaba uyushmalarining kuchliligi va vazirning zaifligi sababli elektr sanoatida ish haqi katta o'sish bo'ldi Richard Vud.[183] To'lovni to'xtatib turish qisqa muddatli foyda keltirdi, ammo anomaliyalar uni ommalashtirmadi, bu esa keyinchalik daromad siyosati bilan bo'lishdi. Hatto kriket to'plarini yasagan 120 ishchi ham ish tashlash bilan tahdid qilgan.[184]

1962 yil: ikkinchi byudjet va Orpington

1962 yil 29 yanvarda Jon Xare, Mehnat vaziri, Pay pauzasi 31 martda tugashini tasdiqladi. Lloyd Daromadlar siyosati to'g'risida Oq kitobni taqdim etdi va rasmiy "Yo'llanma nuri" ni 2,5% ga undaydi, hukumat bu stavkani kompaniyalar va sudlar tomonidan oshirilishini kutgan. Oq kitob shuningdek, ish haqining oshishi va har xil ish turlari o'rtasidagi taqqoslash tufayli ish haqining avtomatik ko'tarilishini qoraladi.[184] O'zining daromadlari to'g'risidagi oq hujjatini taqdim etishda Lloyd "o'jar" "yog'och" "noaniqlik" va "tasavvurga ega bo'lmagan" (Garold Evans) Downing Street Diary).[181] U televideniye orqali hukumat siyosatini namoyish etishda ham yomon ish qildi.[89]

14-fevral 1962 yil, Dauning-strit 10-dagi viski orqali Makmillan temir yo'l kasaba uyushma rahbarlarini rejalashtirilgan ish tashlashlarini to'xtatishga ishontirdi, bu yutuq matbuot tomonidan "Makning zafari" deb nomlandi.[184] NEDC birinchi marta 1962 yil 7 martda uchrashdi.[178] Liberallar konservatorlar tomonidan o'tkazilgan qo'shimcha saylovda juda yaxshi natijalarga erishdilar "Blekpul" Shimoliy 1962 yil 13 martda,[181] va Orpingtonni boshqa qo'shimcha saylovda konservatorlardan olib tashladi 14 mart kuni, Makmillanning o'z o'rindig'i yonidagi o'rindiqda shov-shuvli g'alaba Bromli.[177] Partiya raisi Iain Macleod Hisobotda "Orpington" dagi mag'lubiyat uchun "Pay pauza" aybdor.[181]

1962 yil aprel oyida, Lloydning ikkinchi va yakuniy byudjeti arafasida u Vazirlar Mahkamasining A jadvali solig'i (uyning nazariy ijara qiymatiga soliq, uy egasi tomonidan to'lanadigan soliq) bo'yicha isyoniga duch keldi.[89] 1960 yil oktyabr oyida Skarboroda bo'lib o'tgan konferentsiya partiya konferentsiyasi A jadvalini bekor qilish uchun ovoz bergan edi va Vazirlar Mahkamasi bunga qat'iy rioya qildi.[185] Lloyd kelgusi yilda A jadvalini tugatishga va'da berdi, bu mablag 'uchun 50 mln.[186] 1962 yil 9-aprelda byudjet Lloyd yillik 4% miqdorida o'sish bo'yicha kelishilgan maqsadni e'lon qildi (u 5% ni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi). Bu Evropaning kontinental o'sish sur'atlariga mos edi, ammo G'aznachilik Buyuk Britaniyaning bunga erishishi mumkinligiga shubha bilan qaradi. Davlat xarajatlarining o'sishi masalasi hal qilinmagan.[187] 1962 yilgi byudjetda Lloyd foyda solig'ini 2,5 foizga oshirdi va spekulyativ daromad solig'ini keltirdi, garchi u kapitaldan olinadigan daromad solig'ini joriy etishda to'xtab qoldi, chunki u tejash va korxonalarni ishdan bo'shatadi.[188] Byudjet 1962 yil 9 aprelda avtoulovlar, televizorlar va kir yuvish mashinalari uchun soliqni kamaytirdi, lekin uni shirinliklar, alkogolsiz ichimliklar va muzqaymoq uchun oshirdi, natijada Lloyd "bolalarning cho'ntagiga soliq solmoqda".[181][189] Qandolatchilik mahsulotlariga soliq o'sha yili 30 million funt sterlingni va to'liq bir yilda 50 million funtni oshirishi kutilgandi.[186] Lloydning ish kunlari tugaganligi haqida mish-mishlar allaqachon tarqalgandi: jurnalist Uilyam Ris-Mogg bu "janob Lloydning so'nggi byudjeti" deb yozgan.[190]

Makmillan 1962 yilgi byudjet ommabop byudjet bo'lishi mumkin emas degan fikrga kelishganga o'xshaydi, ammo Lloydga qarshi gapirish qobiliyati kam bo'lgan Vazirlar Mahkamasi qo'zg'oloni Makmillan uchun ham xijolat bo'ldi, bu esa Makmillanning Lloydga bo'lgan g'azabini kuchaytirdi. Lloyd, shuningdek, ishonch qayta tiklanganini ta'kidladi - funtning yugurishining oldi olindi, o'tgan yili qarzga olingan 1,5 milliard funt sterlingdan (535 million funt) 225 million funt XVFga qaytarildi va to'lov balansi yaxshilanmoqda.[186]

Ko'plab sanoatshunoslar, shuningdek, Buyuk Britaniyaning iqtisodiy muammolari, ayniqsa uning to'lov balansi defitsiti qisqarish bilan emas, balki kengayish yo'li bilan hal qilinishi kerak, deb hisoblaydilar. Xyu Gaytskell va tomonidan Roy Jenkins, byudjet muhokamasida kimning so'zlarini keltirdi "Financial Times " byudjet eksport uchun yoki investitsiya uchun hech narsa qilmaganligi haqida.[191]

1962 yil: Makmillanning daromad siyosatiga bo'lgan istagi

Makmillan, uni ishdan bo'shatishga qaror qilgani sababli, 11 aprel kuni Lloydga maktub yozib, uni tabrikladi va konservatorlarga qayta saylovlarda g'alaba qozonishiga yordam berish uchun 1963 yil uchun kengaytirilgan byudjetni tayyorlashni boshlashini so'radi.[189] 1962 yil davomida Lloydning va G'aznachilikning ishonchliligi G'aznachilik iqtisodiyotning kuchini haddan tashqari oshirib yuborganligi, ya'ni 1961 yil iyul oyi choralari haddan tashqari qattiq bo'lganligi aniqlangandan keyin yanada yomonlashdi. 26 aprelda bank stavkasi 4,5% gacha pasaytirildi va 31 mayda 70 million funtlik maxsus depozitlar chiqarildi.[192]

Makmillan o'zining o'sish siyosati inflyatsiyaga olib kelmaydi degan umidda NEDC boshchiligidagi to'liq daromad siyosatini olib borishni talab qilmoqda. U 1962 yil 28 mayda vazirlar mahkamasida iqtisodiy siyosat to'g'risida so'zlab, Britaniyaning past ishsizlik, past inflyatsiya, yuqori o'sish va kuchli funtga erishishini istashini va bunga eng yaxshi ish samaradorligini oshirish uchun daromad siyosati bilan erishish mumkinligini ta'kidladi. Lloyd shubha bilan qaradi.[193][191] Liberallar yana bir qo'shimcha saylovda juda yaxshi natijalarga erishdilar G'arbiy Derbishir 6 iyun kuni.[194]

19 iyun kuni Makmillan daromadlar siyosati bo'yicha o'z g'oyalarini Checkers-dagi uch-to'rt hamkasblariga taqdim etdi. Makmillan "rahbarlik nuri" ni (yil boshida kelishilganidek ish haqini oshirish maqsadi), doimiy ish haqi bo'yicha komissiyani (lekin ish haqi bo'yicha hisob-kitoblarni majburlash uchun emas, balki faqat maslahat berish huquqiga ega), qayta sotish narxini bekor qilishni talab qildi. Ta'minot (oxir-oqibat buni Edvard Xit 1964 yilda amalga oshirgan) va Iste'molchilar Kengashini yaratish; Lloyd shubha bilan qaradi, ammo boshqa vazirlar buni ma'qullashdi.[195]

Makmillan 21 iyun kuni Butler bilan tushlik qildi va yaqinlashib kelayotgan o'zgarishlarni muhokama qildi. Macleod, Lord Home, Martin Redmayne (Bosh qamchi ) va Ser Norman Bruk (Vazirlar Mahkamasining kotibi va G'aznachilikning doimiy doimiy kotibi) hammasi Makmillanni siyosatni emas, balki davlat xizmatini boshqarish sabablarini hisobga olgan holda Brukning ishida o'z kanslerini almashtirishga undamoqda. Makmillan, shuningdek, Lloyd, Butler va / yoki Ekkllar unga qarshi fitna uyushtirishi mumkin deb gumon qildi. 22 iyun kuni vazirlar tomonidan Makmillanning daromadlari to'g'risidagi qog'oz muhokama qilindi; 6 iyul kuni vazirlarning navbatdagi muhokamasi bo'lib o'tdi.[196]

Ishdan bo'shatish

Makmillan Lloydni tayinlashni xohlar edi Uy kotibi, u harakatlanayotganda Rab Butler bu lavozimdan, ammo Lloyd 1957 yil yanvar oyida Makmillan Bosh vazir bo'lganida aniq aytgan edi, o'lim jazosiga qarshi chiqish uchun uning bu pozitsiyani qabul qilishi to'g'ri bo'lmaydi (chunki osib qo'yishga hukm qilingan shaxs Monarxga murojaat qilish huquqiga ega edi) amalda bu vazifa topshirilgan ichki ishlar kotibi har qanday ijro etilishi kerakligi to'g'risida yakuniy so'zni aytishini anglatadigan shafqat).[197]

Makmillan Lloydga yaqinlashib kelayotgan ishdan bo'shatish to'g'risidagi xabarni tarqatishni rejalashtirgan edi, lekin Butler bu haqda avval matbuotga ma'lum qildi - bu xabar paydo bo'ldi "Daily Mail" 12 iyul kuni ertalab.[193] 12 iyul ham kun bo'ldi Lester Shimoliy-Sharqda qo'shimcha saylovlar Va Vazirlar Mahkamasi daromad siyosatini muhokama qilishi kerak edi.[193] Saylovda konservatorlarning ulushi 48,1% dan kamaydi 1959 24,2% gacha.[198] O'sha kuni kechqurun Lloyd hukumatdan haydaldi va 45 daqiqalik uchrashuvdan so'ng Makmillan "juda qiyin va hissiyotli sahna" deb ta'riflaganidan so'ng orqa o'rindiqlarga qaytdi. Ertasi kuni, 13 iyul kuni, Makmillan Lloydni olish uchun behuda urinib ko'rganini, Lord Xomdan eshitgandan so'ng, qolgan o'zgarishlarini amalga oshirdi. Jon Xare, Mehnat vaziri, norozilik sifatida iste'foga chiqishga. U kabinetining uchdan bir qismini "" nomi bilan tanilgan shafqatsiz almashtirishda ishdan bo'shatdi.Uzoq pichoqlar kechasi ".[193] Keyinchalik Makmillan o'zining to'liq o'zgarishini kuzgacha qoldirishni niyat qilganini aytdi.[199]

1955 yil dekabrda Butlerni lavozimidan chetlatilishini hisobga olmasa, Lloyd urushdan keyingi davrda ishdan bo'shatilgan yagona kantsler edi Norman Lamont 1993 yil may oyida.[199] Uning o'rnini egalladi Reginald Modling Keyinchalik, Konservativ partiyaning kelajakdagi potentsial etakchisi sifatida ko'rilgan va 1964 yil oxiriga kelib navbatdagi umumiy saylovlarda qatnashadigan iqtisodiyotni qayta tiklashga majbur bo'lgan. Lloyd xususiy ravishda Makmillanni ishsizlik bilan ovora deb o'yladi va yuqori inflyatsiya xavfini tug'dirdi.[200] Lloydga yomon munosabatda bo'lishgan. Ishdan bo'shatilgandan keyin u jamoatchilik palatasiga kirganida, u aks sadoga muyassar bo'lgan edi, Makmillan esa o'z partiyasidan jimgina kirib keldi va muxolifat tomonidan xitob qildi va jamoatchilik tanqidiga uchradi (o'shanda deyarli misli ko'rilmagan) avvalgisidan. Lord Avon.[200] Nayjel qayin, kansler bilan birga iste'foga chiqqan Torneykroft 1958 yilda gazetalarga 1962 yil 14-iyulda shunday deb yozgan edi: "Bosh vazir ikkinchi marta xarajatlarni nazorat ostiga olishga urinib ko'rgan kantslerdan xalos bo'ldi. Bir marta bu etarli emas".[201]

Makmillanning tengdoshi taklifini rad etib, 1962 yil 20-iyulda Lloyd tayinlandi Hurmat hamrohi.[20][202] Uning ismi so'nggi daqiqada ro'yxatga kiritilgan edi; u san'at bitiruvchilariga ko'proq mos keladigan sharaf deb o'ylab, rad etishni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi, lekin do'stlar uni qabul qilishga ishontirishdi.[89] Keyinchalik nashr etilmagan xotiralarida u o'zining xotirjamligi uchun "Makmillanga qarshi qattiq g'azab" dan qochishga harakat qilganini yozadi.[89]

Lloyd qora rangini qoldirdi Labrador, "Sambo "U uchun Londonning kvartirasida, ajrashganidan beri yashagan Dashkning orqasida joy yo'q edi. O'sha yozning oxirida yangi vazirlar mahkamasining yig'ilishida Sambo o'z xo'jayinini qidirib topgan vazirlar orasidan hidlanib keldi. Makmillan bunga ahamiyat bermadi. bitta kuzatuvchi tomonidan taqqoslangan hayvon Banquo arvoh.[203]

Ishdan tashqari

Lloyd o'zining siyosiy faoliyatini tugatgan deb hisoblamadi va raislikni rad etdi Martins banki va boshqa shahar postlari.[89] Makmillan, uning harakatlariga nisbatan dushmanona munosabatidan larzaga kelib, 1 avgust kuni Lloyd bilan uchrashuv tashkil qildi. U unga ishdan bo'shatish xato bo'lganligini va uni qaytarib berish yo'lini izlayotganini aytdi. Lloyd buni Makmillanning shafqatsizligi va omon qolish instinkti bilan bog'ladi.[204]

Lloyd mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilganidan keyin Konservativ partiyaning a'zolari orasida mashhur shaxsga aylandi 1962-3 yil qahraton qish (shundan beri eng yomoni 1946-7 ) partiya tashkiloti to'g'risida o'z hisobotini yozish.[205] Ferdinand Tog'ning yozishicha, shimolliklar Selvinni "o'zlaridan biri, Londonga ketgan, ammo hech kimga aylanmagan odam" deb tan olishgan. yopishib qoldi va hech qachon o'zini o'zi bo'lmagan odam sifatida ko'rsatadigan ".[206] Keyinchalik Makmillan Lloydni taqqosladi Avgustin Birrell Shimoliy G'arbiy Angliyaning nokonformistik ovozi bilan aloqalari uchun.[207] "Xaddersfild" da u majburiy bo'lmagan javobni qachon berishi kerak edi Endryu Aleksandr, keyin shahar muharriri Yorkshire Post, Makmillanning shafqatsiz iqtisodiy siyosatiga hujum qildi.[208] Uning hisoboti, marginal o'rinlarda pullik agentlarni to'g'ri ta'minlashni talab qilib, 1963 yil iyun oyida e'lon qilindi, shuning uchun uning soyasida qoldi Profumo bilan bog'liq janjal.[89] - deb so'radi Lloyd Jon Profumo u bilan ishqiy munosabatda bo'lganmi yoki yo'qmi Kristin Kiler, va Makmillanga rad javobini berib, o'zining "Jek" qanday qilib vaqt topishi mumkinligini ko'rmaganligi haqida o'z fikrini qo'shdi.[209][210]

1963 yil oktyabr oyida Makmillanning kutilayotgan iste'fosi e'lon qilingandan so'ng, Lloyd bosim o'tkazganlardan biri edi Alec Duglas-Home partiya rahbariyati tarafdori bo'lish.[89] U Blekpul konferentsiyasida potentsial merosxo'r sifatida Home-ni qo'llab-quvvatlashda muhim rol o'ynadi. U shuningdek ta'sirchan shaxs edi Bosh qamchi Martin Redmayne.[205] Blekpuldagi dengiz bo'yida sayr qilishda (11 oktyabr) Lloyd va Redmayne sotsialistik keksa yoshdagi nafaqaxo'r tomonidan uyga eng yaxshi Bosh vazir bo'lishini aytdi.[89] U fikrdan qaytarishga yordam berdi Salom, dastlab etakchiga nomzod bo'lgan, Uyga ochiq qarshi chiqishdan. "Uy faqatgina oldingi siyosatchi [Lloyd] haqida nafratlanmasdan gapirgan edi".[211] Lloyd 16-oktabr, chorshanba kuni kasalxonada Makmillanga tashrif buyurdi va uning so'zlariga ko'ra okrug uyushmalarida yoqmagan Rab Butlerni tayinlamaslikni maslahat berdi.[212]

Old skameykaga qayting

Lloyd 1963 yilda hukumatga qayta chaqirildi Alec Duglas-Home. U Ichki ishlar vazirligidan bosh tortdi. U, shuningdek, Partiya Raisligidan bosh tortdi, chunki u qo'lidan kelganini qilganini va "mamlakat bo'ylab navbatdagi qishki sayohatlarni" o'tkazishni istamaganligini his qildi. Oxir-oqibat u tayinlandi Jamoalar palatasi rahbari, allaqachon va'da qilingan ish John Boyd-Carpenter.[213] U ham tayinlandi Lord Privy Seal.[214] Ishga qaytgach, u o'zini noto'g'ri ishdan bo'shatish uchun sudda g'olib chiqqan odamga o'xshatdi.[215] Uyning etakchisi sifatida u taniqli va partiyalar orasida hurmatga sazovor bo'lib, taxminan o'n yil o'tgach, Spikerlik qilish uchun yo'l ochdi.[89] Biroq, Lloydning kansler sifatida olib borgan siyosati ma'lum darajada konservatorlarning mag'lubiyatida ayblandi 1964 yilgi umumiy saylovlar.[216]

Lloyd tushkunlikka tushishga yordam berdi Torneykroft da Konservativ rahbariyat uchun kurashdan 1965. U mag'lubiyatga uchragan Modlingni qo'llab-quvvatladi Edvard Xit.[217] Xit rahbarligidagi Shadow Commonwealth kotibi sifatida Lloyd 1965 yil oxirida Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiyaga tashrif buyurgan. U ham tashrif buyurgan Rodeziya yaqinda oq ozchiliklar rejimi e'lon qilgan bir tomonlama mustaqillik 1966 yil fevral oyida Buyuk Britaniyadan. U erda u 300 kishi bilan uchrashdi, shu jumladan 60 afrikalik va Bosh vazirga qoyil qoldi Yan Smit oq ozchiliklar hukmronligi davom eta olmadi Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytib kelgandan keyin (vaqti kelib mart oyidagi umumiy saylov kampaniyasi ), Lloydga Smit rejimini ma'qullagandek va uni qo'llab-quvvatlamaganligi uchun o'ng tomondan hujum qilishdi. U o'z iltimosiga binoan 1966 yilda orqa o'rindiqlarga qaytib keldi.[89]

Umumiy palataning spikeri

1969 yilda Lloyd sardori edi "Liverpul" ning "Qirollik klubi" uning yuzinchi yilida[2]

Lloyd ko'plab qo'mitalarda ishlashni davom ettirdi va Angliyaning Shimoliy-G'arbiy qismida Konservativ partiyaning saylovoldi kampaniyasini o'tkazdi. In 1970 yilgi umumiy saylovlar Lloydning 1963 yildagi hisobotiga javoban amalga oshirilgan tashkiliy islohotlar, ayniqsa, Shimoliy-G'arbda, ayniqsa ko'proq pullik agentlar bilan ta'minlashda o'z samarasini berdi. Islohotlar Xitning tor g'alabasiga hissa qo'shib, 10 o'ringa ega bo'lishiga olib keldi deb o'ylashdi. Lloyd ovozi eshitildi, ammo rad etdi Vashington elchixonasi.[89]

1971 yilda konservatorlar hokimiyatga qaytgandan so'ng, Lloyd bo'ldi Spiker. U 294 ovoz bilan 55 ga qarshi ovoz bilan spiker etib saylandi, bu saylovlar ikki asosiy partiya rahbariyati o'rtasida tikuv deb o'ylaganlardan kelib chiqqan oppozitsiya. Spiker sifatida talab qilinadigan uzoq soatlar o'zidan avvalgi bir necha prezidentning sog'lig'ini buzganligini yodda tutib, og'irlikni engillashtirish uchun ma'ruzachilar o'rinbosarlari sonini uchtaga etkazdi. Uning afzalligi qat'iylik tomonida adashish o'rniga, iloji boricha ko'proq a'zolarni eshitishiga imkon berish edi va u har bir parlamentdan tashqaridagi portlashni jazolash o'rniga, Torp "tanlab karlik" deb ta'riflagan narsaga amal qildi.[89] Zerikarli bahs-munozaralar paytida u hushyor bo'lib, gapiradiganlarning ismlarini aqliy anagrammalarini tuzar edi.[218]

Parlament muhokamasida Qonli yakshanba, Lloyd Mid-Ulster uchun deputatga ruxsat berishdan bosh tortdi Bernadet Devlin Devlin voqealar guvohi bo'lishiga qaramay, uning hisobotini berish yoki davlat kotibidan savollar berish.[219]

Spiker bo'lganida, u 1971 yilda Kembrij universiteti yuqori styuardining o'rinbosari bo'ldi,[89] va a deb tayinlangan Leytenant o'rinbosari 1974 yilda Mersisayd.[220] Konventsiya bilan tanaffusda ikkalasi ham Mehnat va Liberal partiyalar 1974 yil fevralida ham, 1974 yil oktyabrida ham bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovlarda o'z o'rni uchun kurash olib bordi, ammo u o'z o'rnini saqlab qoldi. 1976 yil 3 fevralda spiker sifatida nafaqaga chiqqan,[89] u tengdoshga ko'tarilib, unga tayinlanganida Northstead Manor-ning boshqaruvchisi.[221]

Peerage va undan keyingi hayot

1976 yil 8 martda Lloyd a hayot tengdoshi kabi Baron Selvin-Lloyd, ning Wirral ichida Mersisayd okrugi.[222] U crossbencher sifatida o'tirdi.[89]

U o'zining eski Magdalinadagi kollejining faxriy a'zosi bo'ldi. Pensiyada u yashagan Preston Crowmarsh, Oksfordshir. U juda ko'p xayriya ishlarini amalga oshirdi va faol homiysi va yaqin atrofdagi saxovatli uy egasi edi Oksford universiteti konservativ uyushmasi. U 1978 yil 17-mayda miya shishi kasalligi tufayli uyda vafot etdi. Uning vasiyati sinov muddati uchun 154.169 funt sterlingga baholandi (2016 yil bahosi bo'yicha 750.000 funt atrofida).[89][23]

Kitoblar

Lloyd Eden bilan juda do'stona munosabatda bo'lib, ikkala kishi 1960 va 70-yillarda Edenning esdaliklari va Suez haqida tarixchilarga, ko'pincha noma'lum ravishda bergan ma'lumotlari, ustida ishlashdi. Jamoatchilik oldida ular Isroil bilan hech qanday kelishuvga erishilmadi degan gumonni ilgari surdilar.[223]

Lloyd Terens Robinzonning 1965 yil Suez haqidagi kitobi bilan yashirincha hamkorlik qilgan va Xyu Tomas ' Suvaysh ishi (1967).[114] Lloyd Xyu Tomasga (1967) Britaniyaning ustuvor vazifasi har doim tinchliksevar rezolyutsiya bo'lganligini ta'kidladi, ayniqsa Angliya Suezga qadar faqat Misrdan chiqib ketgan edi. Richard Krossman Xyu Tomasga Lloydga nisbatan impichment o'tkazishga qaratilgan har qanday urinish barbod bo'lishini aytdi, chunki Lloyd shaxsan mashhur edi. Gladvin Jebbning qizi bilan turmush qurgan Tomas Eden va Lloydga nisbatan unchalik hamdardlik bilan boshlamadi va o'zini ko'proq his qila boshladi, ayniqsa Lloyd unga Sveyts shunchaki oq va qora emasligini aytgan edi.[224]

Yong'oq (Darsning oxiri yo'q: 1967) va Garold Makmillan (uning tegishli jildlari 1971 yilda chiqqan) ham esdaliklarni nashr etmoqda.[224] Nutting Lloydni yolg'onda emas, balki jamoat palatasiga butun haqiqatni aytmaganlikda aybladi. Lloyd, bu mutlaqo qonuniy ekanligini va shu nuqtai nazardan kelib chiqqanligini ta'kidladi Edvard Grey va Ernest Bevin. Nuttingning kitobi Lloydni o'z esdaliklarini o'z vaqtida nashr etishga qat'iy qaror qildi.[225]

Lloyd ikkita kitob yozdi, "Janob spiker, janob" (1976) va "Suez 1956: shaxsiy ko'rinish" (1978).[89] Suvaysh 1956 yil Sevr uchrashuvi bo'lib o'tgan birinchi ingliz tan olishidir (bu Dayan va Pino tomonidan allaqachon oshkor qilingan). Sir Donald Logan tadqiqotni tugatishga yordam berishi kerak edi, chunki Lloyd o'sha paytgacha kasal bo'lib, bir vaqtning o'zida o'n yoki o'n besh daqiqadan ko'proq vaqt to'plana olmadi. U Buyuk Britaniya vijdonan ish tutgani kabi hech qanday "kelishuv" bo'lmaganligini ta'kidladi va qilmadi qo'zg'atdi Isroil hujumi. Nayjel Nikolson kitobni "achinarli" deb o'ylardi.[226]

Lloyd o'zi qo'ng'iroq qilishni rejalashtirgan xotiralarini yakunlash uchun yashamadi "Liverpuldan o'rta toifadagi advokat" uning hisobiga Garold Makmillanning taniqli istehzosidan keyin.[89]

Shaxsiy hayot

Lloyd o'zining salqin va zukkoligi uchun hurmatga sazovor edi.[5] U omma oldida "qattiq bo'yinli, tikanli, o'zini tutib turadigan shaxs" edi[227] va hatto shaxsiy holatda ham, Vazirlikdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng, "u yomon xabar unga yetib kelganday xiralashgan, g'amgin qiyofada edi".[228] Biroq, u ba'zida o'zining shaxsiy obro'si taklif qilganidan ko'ra, yakka holda juda g'ayrioddiy va xarizmatik odam bo'lishi mumkin edi.[89]

Ser Ferdinand tog'i, 3-chi Bt., "o'zini o'zi qadrlashi" ga ega ekanligini yozgan. "U o'zini homiylik qilgan narsalar bilan faxrlanar edi" (Makmillan tomonidan "Kichik advokat" yoki "janob Hoylake UDC" deb nomlangan) Bernard Levin ). Siyosatda u o'zining (o'zini o'zi e'lon qilgan) ijtimoiy ustunlariga sodiq edi, ular ko'pincha buning evaziga sodiqlikni namoyish qilmadilar.[229]

Lloyd G'arbiy Kirbidagi Roland Marshalning qizi, Bae nomi bilan tanilgan kotibi Elizabeth Marshallga turmushga chiqdi.[230] Wirralda hali ham ota-onasi bilan yashagan va hech qachon jiddiy qiz do'sti bo'lmagan Lloyd ayollar bilan bezovtalanardi.[231] Pamela Berri Selvin unga jinsiy aloqaga unchalik ahamiyat bermasligini aytganini da'vo qildi.[231] U ota-onasiga (1950 yil noyabr) ularning turmush qurishlari to'g'risida "halokatli e'lon" qilinganligini va o'zini sovuq hammomga tushishdan oldin kimdir titraganday his qilganini yozgan.[230] Nikoh davom etdi Wirral 1951 yil 29 martda.[232][230] Lloyd 46 yoshda edi, Kasbi advokat Bae 1928 yilda tug'ilgan bo'lib, uni 24 yosh kichik qildi.[20] Qabulda kimdir unga chiroyli kelin borligini aytdi va u ham chiroyli to'y torti borligini aytdi.[230] Lloydning singlisi Reychel va Baening onasi ikkalasi ham nikoh haqida shubhali fikrda edilar.[230][231] Selvin va Bening Joanna ismli qizi bo'lgan, ammo 1957 yilda ajrashgan.[233][234] Suez Bae vaqtida u keyinchalik turmushga chiqqan sevgilisi bilan yomon avtohalokatga uchragan edi.[235] Lloydga qizining vasiyligi berildi.[5] Ajrashganidan keyin u rafiqasi bilan do'stona munosabatda bo'ldi,[236] lekin u haqida boshqalar bilan kamdan-kam gaplashar, shu sababli Ferdinand Tog'ning yozishicha, uning ismi qanday talaffuz qilinishini bilmagan.[228] Rab Butler Selvinning rafiqasi uni "kozokini kiygan holda yotganligi uchun" tashlab ketganini kinoya qildi.[237]

Ajrashganidan keyin u yolg'iz odam edi va ba'zida haftaning ishi tugagandan so'ng, shanba kuni tushdan keyin uni kamroq kinoteatrga kuzatib borishga unchalik ishonmaydigan davlat xizmatchilarini ishontirishga urinishi ma'lum bo'lgan.[238]

Ajrashganidan so'ng, ba'zida Lloydning gomoseksual moyilligi borligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi. U Checkers-da yosh harbiy xizmatchilarni xushnud etdi.[5] Ser Ferdinand tog'i u yoshlarga aniq jalb qilinganligini yozadi Jonathan Aytken (uning xudojo'yi, u 1960-yillarning boshlarida ham u uchun ishlagan), ammo u ham ishlagan jozibali yosh ayol Diana Leyshmanga qiziqish bildirmadi.[239] Maykl Blochning yozishicha, u "yutuqlarini aytib berishda biroz qiynalgan" Aytkenga "va yoshlarga g'azablangan. Piter Uoker.[5] Aktyor Entoni But (uning kitobida "Yurish" (1989)) unga tegishli bo'lganligini da'vo qildi savdo markazi aniq mast bo'lgan Selvin Lloyd tomonidan, unga sigareta uchun chiroq so'rash bahonasida pas bergan, o'sha paytdagi gomoseksuallar orasida taniqli sud marosimi bo'lib, uni qaytib kelishga taklif qilgan. Admiralty House (bu Lloydning 1963-4 yillarda rasmiy qarorgohi bo'lgan).[5] Ferdinand Tog'ning ta'kidlashicha, Bout aytgan bunday xatti-harakatlar odatdagidan kelib chiqqan bo'lar edi, lekin ehtiyotkorlik bilan "[Lloyd] faol ma'noda har doim gey bo'lganligi aniq emas" deb qo'shib qo'ydi.[5][240] Charlz Uilyams Lloydning "shaxsiy hayoti shubhali" bo'lganligini va uning "shaxsiy hayoti g'iybatlarning mavzusi bo'lgan" deb yozadi, ammo boshqa tafsilotlarni keltirmaydi.[241]

Baholash

Lloydning nekrologlari asosan Suezdagi roliga bag'ishlangan. U efirga uzatilgan Beveridj hisobotidagi ozchiliklarning hisoboti va NEDCni tashkil qilgani bilan yodda qolishni afzal ko'rgan bo'lar edi.[242]

Nayjel Nikolson uni Suezga nisbatan "zaif va jirkanch" deb o'ylardi va buni qayd etgan Dag Hammarskyld unga nafrat bilan qaradi. Biroq, u Makmillanning tashqi ishlar vaziri sifatida yanada yuqori obro'ga ega bo'ldi. Ser Uilyam Xeyter 1958 yil yanvar oyida Bag'dod paktidagi konferentsiyada Lloyd bilan birga ishlagan, Edenning yordamchisi bo'lishni to'xtatgandan so'ng, Lloydga qanday qilib yuqori hurmat ko'rsatganligi haqida izoh berdi. "Men uni yoqtirardim, hatto uni hurmat qilardim va ... u haqiqatan ham juda qobiliyatli vazir edi". Torpning ta'kidlashicha, u Bevin yoki Eden bilan bir xil ligada emas edi, ammo keyingi bosqichda juda ko'p edi.[243] U mutaxassis maslahatlarini Eden bo'lmasligi mumkin bo'lgan tarzda tinglashdan xursand edi.[238]

Edmund Dell Lloydni kanslerning "ishiga yaramaydigan" deb ta'riflaydi.[244] U "cheklangan intellektual ufqqa ega bo'lgan odam ... shtatdagi eng yuqori ikki lavozimni egallash baxtiga muyassar bo'lgan. U vaqtiga ko'ra omadliroq edi [Suvets davrida tashqi ishlar vaziri, keyinchalik iqtisodiy pasayish davrida kantsler bo'lgan] ... yo'q uning iqtisodiy dalillarni tushunganligining dalillari ... u qisqacha ma'lumotlarga bog'langan, mustaqil hissa qo'shish uchun ishonchi yoki tushunchasi bo'lmagan odam edi ".[245]

Biroq, hozirgi paytda Britaniya iqtisodiyoti bilan bog'liq haqiqiy muammolar, Dellning fikriga ko'ra, qisqa muddatli (natijalarga erishish uchun ko'proq vaqt kerak edi) va haddan tashqari yuqori bo'lgan valyuta kursi edi.[246] Lloydni ishdan bo'shatilishining bevosita sababi shundaki, Makmillan G'aznachilikni ish bilan ta'minlanadigan daromad siyosatini ishlab chiqishda to'sqinlik qilmoqda deb hisoblagan, ammo Dellning ta'kidlashicha, haqiqiy muammo Macmillan va boshqa vazirlar tomonidan ish haqining majburiy nazoratini kuchaytirish uchun siyosiy iroda etishmasligi. Makmillan "ochiq havoda davolanishni" xohlagan (ya'ni inflyatsiya ish haqining ko'tarilishini to'xtatish uchun jamoat axloqiy tazyiqi), shuning uchun Lloyd qanday qilib kuchliroq narsani talab qilganligini anglash qiyin.[196] Lloyd ishdan bo'shatilgandan so'ng 1962 yil 26 iyulda Milliy daromadlar bo'yicha komissiya ("Nikki") tashkil etildi. Bu TUC tomonidan boykot qilindi, u etarli darajada maslahat berilmaganligini da'vo qildi. Uning majburiy vakolatlari yo'q edi, faqat hujjatlarni talab qilish va odamlardan intervyu olish, ish haqi bo'yicha milliy manfaatlarga mos kelmaydigan tanqidlar qilish vakolatlari mavjud edi. Shunga qadar faqat uchta holatga murojaat qilingan.[216]

Ferdinand tog'i Lloydning vafot etganligi haqida bahs yuritadi The Times uni hayoliy deb atash noto'g'ri edi va Lloyd aslida innovatsion kantsler edi. Iqtisodiy kengayish bilan ovora bo'lgan Makmillan o'zining xotiralarida doimo Lloydni kamsitardi. Mountning fikriga ko'ra, Suez tashqi siyosatda suv havzasi bo'lganidek, Makmillanning Lloydni ishdan bo'shatishi ham iqtisodiy siyosatda suv havzasi bo'lib, 1970 yillar inflyatsiyasiga yo'l ochdi.[247]

Ba'zan Lloyd, agar u Suvaysh masalasida Tashqi ishlar vaziri lavozimidan ketgan bo'lsa yoki Kantsler lavozimidan bo'shatilgani uchun ko'proq shov-shuv ko'targan bo'lsa, Bosh vazir bo'lishi mumkin deb da'vo qilar edi. Uning biografi D.R. Torp Lloydning hattoki u bilan bir xil ligada bo'lmaganligini ta'kidlab, buni "xayolparastlik" deb rad etadi Jozef Chemberlen yoki Rab Butler Bosh vazir bo'lmaganiga qaramay, turli xil yo'llar bilan birinchi darajali ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan siyosatchilar. Aksincha, u "ko'proq" edi Exeter dan ko'ra Balliol ", ya'ni obro'li kollej o'rniga, hurmatli o'rta darajadagi Oksford kolleji.[248]

Qurollar

Selvin Lloydning gerbi
Britaniyaning Baron.svg koroneti
Selvin-Lloyd Escutcheon.png
Izohlar
Spikerning uyida ko'rsatilgandek, Lloydning qo'llari [1] [2]
Eskutcheon
Ochiq Azure va Yoki, boshida ikkita asalarilar volant va markaziy poydevorda bug'doy kiyimi bir-biriga almashtirildi. Ochiqlik bilan Or yoki Gules ajdaho passanti o'zaro almashdilar.

Adabiyotlar

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Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti
Oldingi
Alan Krosland Grem		 Parlament a'zosi uchun Wirral
1945 –1976		Muvaffaqiyatli
Devid Xant
Oldingi
Horace King		 Umumiy palataning spikeri
1971–1976		Muvaffaqiyatli
Jorj Tomas
Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Garold Makmillan		 Mudofaa vaziri
1955		Muvaffaqiyatli
Uolter Monkkton
Oldingi
Garold Makmillan		 Tashqi ishlar vaziri
1955–1960		Muvaffaqiyatli
Uy grafi
Oldingi
Derick Heathcoat Amory		 Bosh vazirning kansleri
1960–1962		Muvaffaqiyatli
Reginald Modling
Oldingi
Iain Macleod		 Jamoalar palatasi rahbari
1963–1964		Muvaffaqiyatli
Herbert Bowden
Oldingi
Edvard Xit		 Lord Privy Seal
1963–1964		Muvaffaqiyatli
Longford grafligi