Rafael Korrea - Rafael Correa - Wikipedia

Rafael Korrea
Rafael Korrea 2013 yilda
45-chi Ekvador prezidenti
Ofisda 2007 yil 15 yanvar - 2017 yil 24 may
Vitse prezident	Lenin Moreno Xorxe Glas
Oldingi	Alfredo Palasio
Muvaffaqiyatli	Lenin Moreno
Janubiy Amerika millatlari ittifoqi prezidenti
Ofisda 2009 yil 10 avgust - 2010 yil 26 noyabr
Oldingi	Mishel Bachelet
Muvaffaqiyatli	Bharrat Jagdeo
CELAC prezidenti tempore
Ofisda 2015 yil 28 yanvar - 2016 yil 28 yanvar
Oldingi	Luis Gilyermo Solis
Muvaffaqiyatli	Danilo Medina
Prezidenti PAIS alyansi
Ofisda 2006 yil 2 aprel - 2017 yil 1 may
Oldingi	Lavozim belgilandi
Muvaffaqiyatli	Lenin Moreno
Iqtisodiyot va moliya vaziri
Ofisda 2005 yil 20 aprel - 2005 yil 9 avgust
Prezident	Alfredo Palasio
Oldingi	Maurisio Yepez
Muvaffaqiyatli	Magdalena Barreiro
Lotin Amerikasi va Karib dengizi davlatlari hamjamiyatining prezidenti
Ofisda 2015 yil 28 yanvar - 2016 yil 28 yanvar
Oldingi	Luis Gilyermo Solis
Muvaffaqiyatli	Danilo Medina
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Rafael Visente Korrea Delgado (1963-04-06) 6 aprel 1963 yil (57 yosh) Gvayakil, Ekvador
Siyosiy partiya	PAIS alyansi (2018 yilgacha) Fuqarolar inqilobi harakati (2018 yildan beri)
Boshqa siyosiy bog'liqliklar	Acuerdo Nacional (2018 yildan beri)
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Anne Malherbe Gosselin ​ ​ (m. 1992)​
Bolalar	3
Olma mater	Guayakil katolik universiteti (BA ) UCLuvain (MA ) Illinoys universiteti Urbana-Shampan (XONIM, PhD )
Imzo
Veb-sayt	Rasmiy veb-sayt

Rafael Visente Korrea Delgado (Ispancha talaffuz:[rafaˈel βiˈsente koˈre.a ˈɣelˈɣaðo]; xalqaro sifatida tanilgan 1963 yil 6 aprel) Rafael Korrea, bo'lib xizmat qilgan Ekvadorlik siyosatchi va iqtisodchi Ekvador prezidenti 2007 yildan 2017 yilgacha PAIS alyansi tashkil etilganidan 2017 yilgacha siyosiy harakat, Correa a demokratik sotsialistik va uning ma'muriyati amalga oshirishga qaratilgan chap qanot siyosatlar. Xalqaro miqyosda u prezident bo'lib ishlagan pro tempore ning UNASUR.

Quyi o'rta sinfda tug'ilgan metizo oila Gvayakil, Korrea iqtisodni o'qidi Santyago-de-Guayakil shahridagi Katoliya Universidad, Luvayn universiteti (ULLuvain), va Illinoys universiteti, u erda doktorlik dissertatsiyasini oldi. Ekvadorga qaytib, 2005 yilda u Prezident huzuridagi Iqtisodiyot vaziri bo'ldi Alfredo Palasio, muvaffaqiyatli lobbi Kongress sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim sohasidagi loyihalarga sarflangan xarajatlarni ko'payishi uchun.

Korrea prezidentlik lavozimini qo'lga kiritdi 2006 yilgi umumiy saylov o'rnatilgan siyosiy elitani tanqid qiladigan platformada. 2007 yil yanvar oyida ish boshlaganida, u Ekvadornikidan uzoqlashishga intildi neoliberal ta'sirini kamaytirish orqali iqtisodiy model Jahon banki va Xalqaro valyuta fondi. U Ekvadorniki deb e'lon qildi milliy qarz noqonuniy va mamlakat 3 milliard dollardan ortiq qiymatdagi obligatsiyalarni defolt qilishini e'lon qildi; u kreditorlar bilan kurashishga va'da berdi xalqaro sudlar va muomaladagi obligatsiyalar narxini 60% dan ko'proq pasaytirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[1] U yangi konstitutsiya kiritilishini nazorat qildi 2009 yilda qayta saylangan va yana 2013 yilgi umumiy saylovlar.

Korreaning prezidentligi Lotin Amerikasining bir qismi edi pushti oqim, o'zini ittifoq qilib, mintaqadagi chap hukumatlar tomon burilish Ugo Chaves Venesuela va Ekvadorni olib keldi Amerika uchun Bolivar Ittifoqi 2009 yil iyun oyida.^[2] O'z shaklidan foydalanib 21-asr sotsializmi, Korrea ma'muriyati davlat xarajatlarini ko'paytirdi, qashshoqlikni kamaytirdi, Ekvadorda eng kam ish haqini oshirdi va turmush darajasini oshirdi.^[2][3][4] Correa vakolatining oxiriga kelib, neftga, davlat xarajatlariga, 2016 yilgi zilzilalar (650 dan ortiq o'lim va zarar YaIMning 3 foiziga teng) va xalqaro bosim tufayli Ekvador iqtisodiyoti turg'unlik, natijada davlat xarajatlari qisqartirildi.^[2][3][4][5]

2006-2016 yillarda qashshoqlik 36,7% dan 22,5% gacha kamaydi va aholi jon boshiga yillik YaIM o'sishi 1,5 foizni tashkil etdi (o'tgan yigirma yilga nisbatan 0,6 foizga nisbatan). Shu bilan birga, tengsizliklar Jini koeffitsienti, 0,55 dan 0,47 gacha kamaydi.^[6]

2018 yil 3 iyulda Ekvador sudyasi Korreani siyosiy raqibining o'g'irlanishi bilan bog'liq sud jarayonida sudga kelmaganligi sababli hibsga olishga buyruq berdi. Fernando Balda. Yashagan Korrea Belgiya o'sha paytda odam o'g'irlash bilan bog'liq ayblovlarni rad etgan.^[7] 2018 yil iyul oyida Interpol Ekvador tomonidan berilgan hibsga olish to'g'risidagi orderni rad etdi va uni "aniq siyosiy masala" deb atadi.^[8]

2020 yil 7 aprelda Milliy Adliya Sudining Jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sudi sobiq prezidentni 2012-2016 yillarda Casos Sobornosda og'irlashtirilgan passiv pora olishda aybdor deb topdi. U 2012 yildan 2016 yilgacha Karondelet saroyida o'zining siyosiy harakatini moliyalashtirish uchun siyosiy harakatini moliyalashtirish uchun "haddan tashqari badallar" olgan korruptsiya tarmog'iga rahbarlik qilganligi uchun sirtdan 8 yillik qamoq jazosiga mahkum etildi, sobiq sud kotibi Aleksis Mera bilan birga ishbilarmonlarga davlat shartnomalarini berish. Prezidentlik, sobiq uy-joy qurilishi va shaharsozlik vazirligi, Mariya de los-Anjeles Duarte, sobiq kongressmen Viviana Bonilla va sobiq konstitutsiyaviy sudya va uning kotibi Pamela Martines.^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]}

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Bolalik

Korreaning otasi Rafael Korrea Ikaza, Ekvadorning Los-Rios viloyatida tug'ilgan (1934 yil 23 mart - 1995 yil 10 iyun), onasi Norma Delgado Rendon (1939 yil 1 sentyabrda).^[15] Uning uchta aka-ukasi bor edi; Fabricio Correa, Pierina Correa va Bernardita Correa.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Sohil shahrida o'sgan Gvayakil,^[16] u o'z oilasini "quyi o'rta sinf" deb ta'riflagan.^[16]

Korrea besh yoshida, uning otasi hibsga olingan va AQShga noqonuniy giyohvand moddalarni olib kirishga uringanidan keyin uch yilga qamalgan.^[17][18] Prezident bo'lganida ushbu hodisani ommaviy ravishda tan olgan Korrea "Men uning qilmishlariga ko'nmayman (lekin) giyohvand moddalar kontrabandasi jinoyatchilar emas. Ular yolg'iz onalar yoki ishsizlar, oilalarini boqishga intilganlar", dedi.^[17] Korrea 18 yoshda edi, unga otasining xatti-harakatlari haqida gapirib berishdan oldin.^[18]

Yashash paytida Gvayakil, Correa juda katta ishtirok etgan Boy skaut dastur.^[19] 17 yoshida uning oilasi moddiy qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi, ammo oilaviy do'sti u o'zini tanlagan mahalliy elita maktabida o'qishi uchun pul to'lay oldi.^[18] O'rta tahsil davrida u Lasallian talabalar madaniy assotsiatsiyasi (ispan tilida "ACEL") prezidenti bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Keyin Korrea tahsil olish uchun stipendiya oldi Santyago-de-Guayakil katolik universiteti (UCSG), Ekvador, Guayakuildagi xususiy oliy o'quv yurti, u 1987 yilda iqtisod bo'yicha bakalavr darajasini oldi.^[18][20]

UCSG-ga tashrif buyurganida, u Iqtisodiyot, Audit va Ma'muriyat Talabalari Assotsiatsiyasi (AEAA) Prezidenti va keyinchalik shu o'quv markazining Talabalar Federatsiyasi (FEUC) Prezidenti etib saylandi, bu lavozim 1986 yilda unga ruxsat berdi Ekvador Xususiy Universitetlar Talabalar Federatsiyasiga rahbarlik qiladi (FEUPE ispan tilida).^[20]

Universitet

UCSGda o'qishni tugatgandan so'ng, Korrea bir yil davomida bolalar bog'chasida missiyada ishladi Sotish bo'yicha buyurtma yilda Zumbaxua, Kotopaksi viloyati, u erda katoliklik va matematikadan dars bergan.^[16] Bu erda u katoliklikka bo'lgan ishonchini yanada kuchaytirdi,^[18] va ishchi tushunchasini rivojlantirdi Kechua tili Ekvador tub aholisining aksariyati gapirishadi.^[21][18] Zumbaxuada u Ekvadorning tub aholisini qiynayotgan keng qashshoqlik to'g'risida xabardor bo'ldi.^[22] Keyin u iqtisodni yanada o'rganish uchun stipendiya oldi UCLuvain u uchrashgan Belgiyada Anne Malherbe Gosselin, kimga uylangan va uch farzand bo'lgan.^[18][23] Keyinchalik u a San'at magistri 1991 yil iyun oyida UCLouvain-dan iqtisodiyot sohasida.^[24]

Korrea grant mablag'lari evaziga universitetda o'qish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldi.^[16] Keyin u o'qishni davom ettiradi Urbana-Shampan shahridagi Illinoys universiteti, qaerda u a Ilmiy magistr 1999 yil may oyida iqtisod sohasida, 2001 yil oktyabrda iqtisod fanlari nomzodi.^[24] Aspiranturada o'qish paytida u alohida ta'sirga ega bo'ldi laissez-faire tanqidchi iqtisodchi Jozef Stiglitz.^[25] Illinoys universitetida Korreaning maslahatchisi bo'lgan Verner Baer Keyinchalik, u o'sha paytda Korrea kapitalizmga qarshi tuyulmagan, ammo jamiyatdagi daromadlarning notekis taqsimlanishidan xavotirda bo'lgan.^[26]

Ekvadorga qaytib, Korrea o'z pozitsiyasini ta'minladi San-Frantsisko universiteti yilda Kito, u erda u iqtisod fanidan dars bergan.^[18] Shu bilan birga, u davlat va xalqaro agentliklarning iqtisodiy maslahatchisi sifatida ishlagan.^[18] Ushbu davrda Ekvador bank inqirozini va Prezident hukumatini boshdan kechirdi Jamil Mahuad Ekvador o'rnini egalladi yutuq AQSh dollari bilan valyuta.^[18] Korrea ushbu dollarizatsiya siyosatini juda tanqid qildi va o'sha paytda u ishlab chiqargan turli ilmiy nashrlarda unga qarshi bahs qildi.^[18]

Siyosatga

1992-1993 yillarda, prezidentlik davrida Sixto Duran Balen, Korrea Ekvadordagi Ta'lim va madaniyat vazirligining (MEC) direktori bo'lib, ma'muriy nazorat va milliy ta'lim tizimini takomillashtirish dasturlarini nazorat qilish bilan shug'ullangan. Yaxshilash dasturlari Amerikalararo taraqqiyot banki (ITB) tomonidan moliyalashtirildi.^[27]

Moliya vaziri: 2005 yil

2005 yilda Korrea lavozimga tayinlandi Iqtisodiyot va moliya vaziri^[28] Prezident hukumatida Alfredo Palasio,^[29] ilgari Palasioga prezidentlikka ko'tarilishidan oldin maslahat bergan.^[18] Moliya vaziri sifatida Korrea Lotin Amerikasining qator prezidentlari bilan, shu jumladan Braziliya bilan uchrashdi Luis Inasio Lula da Silva, Argentinaniki Nestor Kirchner, va Venesuela Ugo Chaves.^[25] Ushbu lavozimda u AQSh prezidentini tavsiflab, AQShni ham tanqid qildi Jorj V.Bush "xiralashgan",^[25] va Chavesning Bushni taqqoslagani shayton ikkinchisiga nisbatan adolatsiz edi.^[25] Shuning uchun u o'zini siyosiy maverik va iqtisodiy tanqidchi sifatida tanitdi neoliberalizm.^[30]

Korrea 2002 yilda Ekvadorning neft daromadlarini yig'ish va taqsimlash uchun Xalqaro valyuta jamg'armasining tavsiyasiga binoan tashkil etilgan fondda islohotlar o'tkazilishini ta'kidladi. Korrea, fond mamlakat neftidan hosil bo'lgan boylikni nohaq taqsimlagan deb hisoblar edi; Uning 70% tashqi qarzni to'lashga sarflangan bo'lsa, 20% neft daromadlarini barqarorlashtirish uchun ajratilgan va 10% sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim dasturlariga sarflangan.^[26] Ekvador aholisining yarmidan ko'pi qashshoqlikda yashayotgan deb hisoblanganligini inobatga olgan holda, Korrea Kongressda fondning katta qismi qashshoqlik oqibatlarini engillashtirish uchun ijtimoiy dasturlarga sarflanishi kerakligiga ishonch hosil qildi; Natijada qarzni to'lashga sarflanadigan qism 50% gacha qisqartirildi va sog'liqni saqlash va ta'limga ajratiladigan mablag '30% ga oshirildi.^[26] Jahon banki bunga javoban Ekvadorga ilgari tasdiqlangan ssudasini bekor qildi va Palacio Correa kompaniyasining ushbu harakat uchun javobgarligini oldi.^[26]

Ushbu voqeadan so'ng, Korrea Palacio hukumatidan iste'foga chiqdi. Shuningdek, u chiqarishni taklif qilgan edi davlat zayomlari o'sha paytdagi 8,5% dan past foizli stavka bo'yicha. Venesuela hukumat yangi obligatsiyalar chiqarilishining yarmini sotib olishi kerak edi. Korrea iste'foga chiqish to'g'risidagi arizasida sotuvlar prezidentning to'liq vakolati bilan amalga oshirilganligini da'vo qilgan, ammo iste'foga chiqish qarorida prezident tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmaganligi sabab bo'lgan.^[31] Korrea vazir lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqach, o'tkazilgan so'rovnomalar ma'muriyatdagi barcha amaldorlar orasida eng yuqori ishonchga ega ekanligini ko'rsatdi, ekvadorliklarning 57 foizi unga ishonishini aytdi.^[32]

Prezident bo'lishdan oldin, Korrea "sofistika" ni qoralagan Erkin savdo ", kirish qismida u nomli kitob uchun yozgan Erkin savdo shartnomalarining yashirin yuzi. Ushbu kitob mualliflaridan biri uning sobiq vaziri va kongressmen Alberto Akostadir. Kitobni manbasi sifatida keltirgan holda, Narvonni tepib yuborish,^[33] Kembrij universitetida asoslangan koreyalik iqtisodchi va Iqtisodiy va siyosiy tadqiqotlar markazi tahlilchi Xa-Jun Chang, Correa erkin savdo "ingliz tizimi" ga qarshi bo'lgan "Amerika tizimi" o'rtasidagi farqni aniqladi. Ikkinchisini, deydi u, amerikaliklar aniq "inglizlar imperialistik tizimining bir qismi" sifatida qarashgan. Correa, Changning G'aznachilik kotibi ekanligini ko'rsatganligini yozdi Aleksandr Xemilton va emas Fridrix ro'yxati kim birinchi bo'lib sanoat protektsionizmini himoya qiluvchi muntazam dalillarni keltirdi. (Correa ro'yxatiga kiradi Siyosiy iqtisodiyotning milliy tizimi uning bibliografik ma'lumotnomalarida.)

Prezidentlik kampaniyasi: 2006 yil

Korrea 2006 yilgi prezidentlik saylovlarida prezidentlik uchun saylov kampaniyasini o'tkazishga qaror qildi, garchi o'sha paytda u Ekvador jamoatchiligi orasida deyarli noma'lum shaxs edi.^[34] Ishlash Vinisio Alvarado uning saylov kampaniyasi menejeri sifatida Korreaning saylovoldi kampaniyasi mamlakat siyosiy elitalaridan g'azablangan, kelib chiqishi mo''tadil oilaviy erkak sifatida shaxsiyatini ta'kidladi.^[35] Saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida u o'zini o'zini tashkil topgan siyosiy partiyalarga va poraxo'r elitalarga qarshi "fuqarolar inqilobi" ning boshlig'i deb atadi,^[36] va o'zini Ekvadordan ozod qilishga bag'ishlangan ikkinchi mustaqillik harakati rahbari sifatida tasvirladi Amerika imperializmi.^[36] U siyosiy mitinglarda qatnashadigan motorli karvon bortida mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qilib, u bu kabi saylov kampaniyasi qo'shiqlari yordamida muxolifatni ta'kidladi Twisted Sister "Biz buni qabul qilmaymiz ", shuningdek" Se viene el correazo "shiori orqali ("Mana qamchi keladi")," Correa "ning qamchi sifatida tarjima qilinishi mumkinligi haqidagi gap.^[35]

Korrea siyosiy vositani yaratdi PAIS alyansi (Alianza PAIS —Patria Altiva va Soberana, "G'ururli va suveren Vatan Ittifoqi"), bu chap tarafdagi tashkilotlarning xilma-xil guruhini birlashtirdi.^[30] Biroq, g'ayrioddiy harakat bilan u PAIS Ittifoqi saylov paytida hech qanday Kongress nomzodlarini ilgari surmasligini e'lon qildi va shu bilan uning o'rnatilgan siyosiy tizimga qarshi ekanligini namoyish etdi.^[35] Saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida Korrea saylangan taqdirda u ijro etuvchi farmon tashkil etish bo'yicha milliy referendumni joriy etish ta'sis yig'ilishi Ekvador konstitutsiyasini qayta yozish imkoniyatiga ega edi.^[37][38] U buni o'zi tanlagan siyosiy elitani ag'darish uchun zarur bo'lgan jarayon sifatida taqdim etdi partidokrasiya ("partarxiya") va siyosiy hokimiyatni qayta taqsimlash.^[30]

Biroq, Alianza PAIS harakati bilan siyosiy ittifoq tuzdi Ekvador sotsialistik partiyasi Kongressga nomzodlarni taqdim etgan.^[39] 2006 yil 31 iyulda Alianza PAIS kompaniyasi bilan Dasturiy Siyosiy Shartnoma imzolandi Ekvador kommunistik partiyasi Korrea prezidentlikka nomzod sifatida e'lon qilinganida.^[40] Ikkinchi bosqich saylovlarida Alianza PAIS koalitsiyasiga qo'shilgan boshqa partiyalar Demokratik Xalq Harakati,^[41] Demokratik chap,^[42] Pachakutik,^[43] va Partido Roldista Ecuatoriano.^[44]

Saylovoldi kampaniyasi davomida u sayohat qilgan Barinas, Venesuela Venesuela Prezidentini shaxsiy do'sti sifatida tasvirlab, Ugo Chavesning oilaviy uyida vaqt o'tkazish.^[45]

Iqtisodiy siyosat to'g'risida Korrea sobiq iqtisodiyot va moliya vaziri tomonidan ilgari surilgan "Uglevodorodlar to'g'risida" gi qonunning islohotlaridan so'ng, neft sanoatini isloh qilishni, shu jumladan Ekvador kambag'allari uchun ijtimoiy dasturlarga sarflanadigan neft daromadlari foizini ko'paytirishni talab qildi. Diego Borxa. U Ekvadorda faoliyat yuritayotgan xorijiy neft kompaniyalarini mavjud ekologik va investitsiya qoidalarini bajarmaganlikda aybladi.

Intervyuda Correa quyidagilarni ta'kidladi:

Neft shartnomalarining aksariyati mamlakat uchun haqiqiy tuzoq. Ko'p millatli kompaniyalar ishlab chiqaradigan har besh barrel neftdan ular davlatga bittasini qoldirib, to'rttasini oladi ... Bu mutlaqo qabul qilinishi mumkin emas. Biz shartnomalarni qayta ko'rib chiqamiz va qayta ko'rib chiqamiz. "^[46]

Korrea, shuningdek, qarzni majburiy qayta tuzish orqali Ekvadorning tashqi qarzga xizmat ko'rsatish yukini kamaytirish strategiyasini taklif qildi. Uning ta'kidlashicha, uning asosiy ustuvor vazifasi Ekvador qarzini to'lashdan ko'ra, ijtimoiy dasturlarga sarflashdir.^[47] Tashqi siyosat to'g'risida Korrea Ekvadorning qo'shnisi bilan munosabatlari haqida fikr bildirdi Kolumbiya. Korrea Ekvadorning Kolumbiyadagi ichki mojaroga aralashishdan nafratlanishini ta'kidladi.^[48] 2006 yil oktyabrda Korrea "ta'qib qilish va qo'lga olish" ni qo'shimcha qildi FARC agar ular Ekvadorga kirsalar. Shuningdek, u ularni o'g'irlash, inson huquqlarini buzish va bombardimon qilishni qoralashini bildirdi.^[49] Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy siyosat bo'yicha platformasidan tashqari, Korreaning ko'pchilik bilan aloqa qilish qobiliyati Ekvadorning tub aholisi o'z tilida ham uni boshqa nomzodlardan ajratib turardi. U bilib oldi Kichua bir yil davomida yoshligida u uzoq masofada ko'ngillilik o'tkazdi balandlik shahar.^[50]

2006 yil oktyabrda umumiy saylov, Correa banan magnatining ortida ikkinchi o'rinni (23%) egalladi Alvaro Noboa (27%).^[51] Vaziyat saylovlarning ikkinchi bosqichiga olib keldi, unda Korrea Noboani ekspluatatsiya qiluvchi oligarx, Noboa esa Venesuela bilan mustahkam aloqada bo'lgan Korreani xavfli so'lchi sifatida ko'rsatdi.^[51] Keyingi 2006 yil noyabr oyida Korrea g'olib bo'ldi ikkinchi saylov 57% ovoz bilan.^[51] Ekvador 1979 yilda vakili demokratik boshqaruvga o'tganidan beri Korrea prezidentlik lavozimini egallagan birinchi chapchi edi.^[16]

Prezidentlik

Birinchi prezidentlik muddati: 2007–2009

Rafael Korrea Ekvador prezidenti sifatida ochilish marosimidagi nutqi paytida

Rafael Korrea 2006 yil 4 dekabrda saylov sudi tomonidan rasman Prezident deb e'lon qilindi. U 2007 yil 15 yanvarda Ekvadorning 56-prezidenti sifatida qasamyod qildi, qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyat Prezidentni lavozimidan bo'shatgandan beri bu lavozimni egallagan ettinchi. Abdala Bukaram 10 yil oldin mamlakatni vayron qilgan qarz inqirozi paytida. Uning inauguratsiyasida aksariyat mintaqaviy rahbarlar ishtirok etishdi Eron prezidenti va Ispaniya valiahd shahzodasi.^[52] "Ekvador o'zi uchun ovoz bergan" deb e'lon qilib,^[53] Korrea uning saylanishi mamlakatda neoliberalizmga chek qo'yishni anglatishini e'lon qildi.^[25][54] Afro-amerikalik fuqarolik huquqlari faoli nomini chaqirish Martin Lyuter King kichik, shuningdek, u mahalliy aholiga nisbatan irqiy kamsitishlarga qarshi chiqdi Afro-Ekvadorliklar uning nutqida.^[21] Marosim paytida u tarixdan oldingi Jama Coaque madaniyatining naqshlari bilan bezatilgan ko'ylak kiyib olgan.^[22]

Uning tashkil etilishi Kabinet, u Ekvador jamiyatining ko'p madaniyligini ta'kidlab, Kechua ayolini Aloqa bo'yicha kotib va ​​Afro-Ekvadorni Madaniyat vaziri etib tayinladi - Ekvador kabinetida o'tirgan birinchi qora tanli erkak.^[55] Ekvador harbiy kuchini qo'lga kiritishga urinib, u mudofaa vaziri lavozimiga birinchi fuqaroni tayinladi, Guadalupa Larriva.^[56]

U bank sohasidagi 1998-2002 yillarda sodir bo'lgan va mamlakatdagi bank inqirozi va yordamni keltirib chiqargan har qanday taxmin qilingan jinoyatlarni tekshirish uchun qo'mita tuzdi.^[57]

Correa inauguratsiyasi paytida Ekvador hukumati daromadlarining 38% tashqi qarzni to'lashga yo'naltirilgandi, Korrea esa buni 75% ga kamaytirmoqchi.^[58] U qo'shimcha pulni sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim sohasidagi davlat xizmatlarini moliyalashtirishga sarflash rejasini ma'lum qildi.^[59]

Ish boshlagan birinchi oylarida Korrea hukumati kambag'allik uchun oylik to'lovlarni ikki baravar oshirib, 30 dollarni tashkil etdi,^[60] shuningdek, uy-joy krediti uchun kreditlarni ikki baravar oshirish va kam daromadli jismoniy shaxslar uchun elektr energiyasi tariflarini pasaytirish.^[53] U ushbu boylikni taqsimlash siyosatini "21-asr sotsializmi ", Chavesdan qarz olingan muddat.^[61]

Korreaning ritorikasi va siyosati xorijiy investorlarni ham, Ekvadorning badavlat tabaqalarini ham xavotirga soldi.^[62] U AQSh bilan erkin savdo shartnomasini imzolashdan bosh tortdi va bu uning Ekvador iqtisodiyotiga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatishiga ishondi.^[63] Korrea shuningdek Ekvadorni imzolash niyati borligini e'lon qildi Amerika uchun Bolivar Ittifoqi (ALBA).^[62]

Korrea a buyurdi plebissit Ekvador 2007 yil aprel oyida yangi konstitutsiyani o'rnatishi kerakmi yoki yo'qmi; taklif 80% dan ortiq ovoz bilan qabul qilindi.^[64] Ta'sis majlisini tashkil etish uchun saylovlar 2007 yilda bo'lib o'tgan va 60 foizdan ortiq ovoz bilan Korrea hukumati tomonidan g'olib bo'lgan.^[64]Shuningdek, yangi konstitutsiya prezident farmonlari sonini ko'paytirib, prezident vakolatlarini oshirdi.^[64]

Iqtisodiy siyosat

Sotsializm davom etadi. Ekvador xalqi bunga ovoz berdi. Biz ushbu ijtimoiy adolat uchun, mintaqaviy adolat uchun kurashni ta'kidlamoqchimiz. Biz sotsialistik ishonchimiz doirasida ish joylarini ekspluatatsiya qilishning barcha turlarini yo'q qilish uchun kurashni davom ettirmoqdamiz: inson mehnatining kapitaldan ustunligi. Bizning imtiyozli variantimiz kambag'al odamlar uchun ekanligiga hech kim shubha qilmaydi, biz ular tufayli bu erda bo'lamiz. Xasta la victoria siempre! (G'alabaga qadar, abadiy)

— Rafael Korrea, 2009 yil 30 aprel^[65]

Korrea ikkalasiga ham qarama-qarshi yondashuvni qo'lladi Xalqaro valyuta fondi va Jahon banki.^[53]Korrea ma'muriyati yangi hukumat kelishuvga yo'l qo'yadigan shartnomani imzolamasligini taklif qildi Xalqaro valyuta fondi uning iqtisodiy rejasini kuzatish uchun. 2007 yil fevral oyida Korrea iqtisodiyot vaziri Rikardo Patinyo shunday dedi: "Ilgari ba'zi hukumatlar qabul qilgan narsani qabul qilish niyatim yo'q: bu (XVF) bizga iqtisodiy siyosat bo'yicha nima qilish kerakligini aytadi". "Bu biz uchun nomaqbul ko'rinadi", deb qo'shimcha qildi Patinyo. Shu bilan birga, XVF a'zosi sifatida "IV modda" hisoboti sifatida tanilgan yillik hisobot taqdim etiladi.^[66]

2007 yil may oyida Ekvador hukumatining ba'zi ritorikasi da'vo qilingan narsaning bir qismi bo'lishi mumkinligi to'g'risida dalillar paydo bo'ldi bozor manipulyatsiyasi Ekvador obligatsiyalari bilan bog'liq moliyaviy vositalar narxidagi harakatlardan Ekvadorga foyda ko'rish.^[67] Ekvador obligatsiyalari narxining pasayishi, tajovuzkor sukut ritorikasi bilan avj olganligi, Ekvador tomonidan Venesuela banklari tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan qayta sotib olishga sabab bo'ladi. Ushbu strategiya Venesuela moliya institutlari tomonidan amalga oshirilgan operatsiyalar tufayli qulab tushdi. Korrea bu ayblovlarni qudratli bankirning fitnasi deb atadi.^[68][69][70] 2007 yil 26 iyulda Rafael Korrea Patinoning videoyozuvda paydo bo'lishi sababli moliya vaziri Patinoni almashtirdi, shekilli, bozor manipulyatsiyasini muhokama qildi. Keyin Patinyo Tinch okeanining qirg'oq mintaqasi uchun mas'ul bo'lgan yangi tashkil etilgan lavozimni egalladi va keyinchalik Siyosat ishlari vazirligini qabul qildi.^[71]13-dekabr kuni bo'lib o'tgan radio murojaatida Korrea kreditorlarga "katta chegirma" berishni xohlayotganini aytdi, uni bir kun oldin u "mamlakatni tor-mor qilishda ikkilanmaydigan chinakam hayvonlar" deb atadi.^[72]"Men bundan uyquni yo'qotdim ... bu bizga ko'z yoshlari va ter to'kishimizga olib keladi, lekin men to'g'ri ish qilyapmiz deb o'ylayman."^[73] Qarzga qarshi NNTni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan Korrea Yubiley 2000 yil "qarzdan oldin hayot" shiori ekvadorliklar orasida chet ellik investorlarga qarshi pozitsiyasi bilan mashhur.^[73]

Correa tanqid qildi neoliberal oldingi prezidentlarning siyosati, xususan sobiq prezident Mahuad tomonidan qabul qilingan AQSh dollari mamlakat inflyatsiyasiga qarshi kurashish uchun 2000 yilda Ekvadorning ichki valyutasi sifatida. Korrea Amerika dollarizatsiyasini Ekvadorning o'z valyuta va valyuta siyosatini belgilash qobiliyatini samarali ravishda yo'q qilgan "texnik xato" deb ta'rifladi. Biroq, Korrea hozirgi paytda bu siyosatdan voz kechish siyosiy va iqtisodiy jihatdan imkonsiz bo'lishi mumkinligini ham tan oldi. 2007 yil 15 aprelda bo'lib o'tgan saylovda g'alaba qozonganidan so'ng, u ma'muriyatining to'rt yilligi davomida dollarlashtirishni davom ettirishga va'da berdi, ammo kelajakda AQSh dollarini mintaqaviy Janubiy Amerika valyutasiga almashtirish g'oyasini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.^[74]

2009 yil 16 aprelda Moliya vaziri Mariya Elza Viteri Ekvadorning 2012 va 2030-yilgi global obligatsiyalarini hozirgi qiymatining 30 foizidan sotib olish taklifini taqdim etish vazifasini bajarish bilan Evropaga sayohat qildi. 2009 yil may oyida Ekvador 91 foizli obligatsiyani dollar uchun 35 tsentga sotib olganini e'lon qildi.^[75]

2008 yil may oyida Ekvador hukumati uyali aloqa operatorlari uchun radio spektrli franchayzalarni qayta ko'rib chiqdi Porta va Movistar umumiy narxi 700 million dollarga teng, bu xuddi shu franshizalarni atigi 70 million dollarga berishni taklif qilgan avvalgi hukumatlar davrida o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar tomonidan tavsiya etilganidan ancha yuqori.^[76]

Tashqi siyosat

Rio-de-Janeyroda Janubiy Amerika mamlakatlari prezidentlari uchrashmoqda. Chapdan o'ngga: Rafael Korrea (Ekvador), Evo Morales (Boliviya), Luis Inasiu Lula da Silva (Braziliya), Mishel Bachelet (Chili), Ugo Chaves (Venesuela) va Nikanor Duart (Paragvay)

Rafael Korrea Dmitriy Medvedev bilan

Rafael Korrea prezidentlik davrida Ekvadorning qolgan dunyo bilan munosabatlar yo'nalishini o'zgartirish uchun bir qator radikal alternativ qadamlarni qo'ydi. Ular orasida Ekvadorning qarzlar muvozanatini tuzatish bo'yicha iqtisodiy harakatlar, Qo'shma Shtatlardan uzoqlashish, shimoliy qo'shnisi Kolumbiya bilan kelishmovchilik va ALBA (Venesuela va Boliviyani ham o'z ichiga olgan) bilan, shuningdek Eron bilan aloqalarni kuchaytirish bor edi.

Korrea Qo'shma Shtatlar va qo'shni Kolumbiya hukumatlariga qarama-qarshi munosabatda bo'ldi.^[53] Saylash paytida Ekvador tarkibida edi Manta aviabazasi, AQShning Janubiy Amerikadagi yagona harbiy bazasi, Korrea bazaning ijara muddati 2009 yilda tugagandan so'ng uni yangilashdan bosh tortgan.^[77][78]

2008 yil 1 martda mahalliy vaqt bilan 00:25 da (05:25) UTC ), Kolumbiya Ekvadorga 1,8 kilometr (1,1 milya) masofada harbiy operatsiyani boshladi.^[79][80][81] Kolumbiya ma'muriyatining so'zlariga ko'ra, partizanlar ushbu dastlabki bombardimonga yaqin atrofdagi pozitsiyadan harbiy javob berishgan. Santa Rosa de Yanamaru, chegaraning Ekvador tomonida, kolumbiyalik askar Karlos Ernandesni o'ldirgan. Keyin ikkinchi bombardimon uyushtirildi, natijada Raul Reyes va FARCning kamida 20 a'zosi halok bo'ldi.^[82] Partizan lageridan topilgan ikkita jasad, bir nechta hujjatlar va uchta noutbuk Kolumbiyaga qaytarildi.^[79][81] Bu birinchi marta Kolumbiya harbiylari bir a'zosini o'ldirgan edi FARC rahbariyati kengashi jangda.^[83] Ushbu operatsiyadan so'ng Kolumbiya rasmiylari FARCning qasosidan qo'rqib, butun mamlakat bo'ylab xavfsizlik choralarini kuchaytirdilar.^[84]

Ekvador hukumati ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, hujum o'z hududida 3 km (1,9 milya) ichida sodir bo'lgan, uning ruxsatisiz va rejalashtirilgan zarba bo'lib, undan keyin Kolumbiya qo'shinlarini vertolyot bilan bosib olish rejalashtirilgan. Hujum natijasida Ekvador hududida jami 20 dan ortiq odam halok bo'lganligi, ularning aksariyati ichki kiyim yoki uxlab yotgan kiyimlar topilganligi ta'kidlangan.^[85] Ekvador hukumati bu hujum "ommaviy qirg'in", degan xulosaga keldi, bu jang yoki "issiq ta'qib" natijasi emas. Ekvador prezidenti Rafael Korrea Kolumbiya harbiy samolyotlari Ekvador hududiga 10 km kirib, shimolga uchib ketayotganda partizan lageriga, so'ngra qotilliklarni tugatgan vertolyotlardagi qo'shinlarga zarba bergan deb taxmin qilishga asos bo'lgan. Uning ta'kidlashicha, jasadlarning bir qismi orqadan otilganligi aniqlangan.^[86]

Ekvador hukumati lagerda uchta yarador ayolni topdi, ular orasida Meksikalik talaba ham bor Lucia Andrea Morett Alvares.^[87][88] Lucia Morett akademik tekshiruv doirasida partizan guruhiga tashrif buyurganini va u erda bo'lganligi bilan bog'liq boshqa savollarga javob berishdan bosh tortganini da'vo qildi.^[89] Lagerga qilingan hujum haqida u shunday dedi: "Biz birinchi havo hujumini uyushtirganimizda uxlab yotgan edim. Ikki-uch soatdan keyin bizga yana hujum qilishdi".^[89] Ekvador, reyd paytida biron bir meksikalik o'lgan yoki yo'qligini tekshirish uchun Meksika bilan hamkorlik qilayotganini aytdi.^[90] Uch ayolni davolagan Ekvador harbiy kasalxonasi direktorining so'zlariga ko'ra, ularga hujum qilgan Kolumbiya kuchlari va keyinchalik ularni topgan Ekvador askarlari tomonidan tibbiy yordam ko'rsatilgan.^[91]

Kolumbiya Prezidenti Uribe ekvadorlik hamkasbi Rafael Korrea bilan reydning erta tongida telefon orqali suhbatlashib, voqea to'g'risida unga xabar berdi.^[92] O'sha kuni kechqurun o'tkazilgan matbuot anjumanida Korrea hujumni Ekvadorga qarshi "tajovuz" deb qoralab, uni "qirg'in "va isyonchilar" ilg'or texnologiyalar "yordamida uyqusida o'ldirilgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. U Kolumbiyadagi elchisini maslahatlashuvga chaqirayotganini e'lon qildi.^[92] 2 mart, yakshanba kuni, Korrea hujumga norozilik sifatida diplomatik nota yuborilishini aytdi,^[93] ushbu harakat Ekvador havo maydonini buzgan deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[94] Ekvador rasmiy ravishda Kolumbiyadagi elchisini chaqirib oldi va Kolumbiyaning elchisini Kitodan chiqarib yubordi.^[92]

Korrea hukumatning elchisini qaytarib oldi Bogota, Kolumbiya va quyidagi qo'shinlarni mamlakat chegarasiga olib borishni buyurdi 2008 yil And diplomatik inqirozi 2008 yil mart oyining boshida.^[95] 2008 yil 3 martda Kolumbiya politsiyasi Ekvadordagi lagerda hujjatlar topilganligini, Kolumbiya qo'shinlari o'ldirilganligini aytdi Raul Reyes yuqori darajadagi partizan boshlig'i FARC isyonchilari va Korrea o'rtasidagi aloqalarni, shu jumladan siyosiy takliflar va mahalliy harbiy qo'mondonlar haqidagi aloqalarni namoyish etdi.^[96] Korrea ayblovlarni rad etib, ularni yolg'on deb atadi.^[97] Korrea, shuningdek, siyosiy mahbuslarni, shu jumladan sobiq kolumbiyalik senatorni ozod qilish bo'yicha kelishuvga erishilganligini aytdi. Ingrid Betankur - 2008 yil 1 martda Kolumbiyaning o'z mamlakatiga hujumidan oldin deyarli yakunlandi.^[98] 2008 yil 5 martda Korrea va Venesuela prezidenti Ugo Chaves Kolumbiya hujumini muhokama qilish uchun uchrashdi va Kolumbiya hukumatiga qarshi bir qator ayblovlarni ilgari surdi.^[99] Uchrashuv davomida Korrea Kolumbiya prezidentini lavozimidan ozod qildi Alvaro Uribe shunchaki "qo'g'irchoq" kabi, boshqalari esa "qo'g'irchoq ustalari".^[100] 2011 yil 18 mayda Kolumbiya Oliy sudi o'ldirilgan FARC qo'mondoni "Raul Reyes" ning kompyuterlarida topilgan hujjatlar sudda dalil sifatida qabul qilinmaydi, chunki materiallar noqonuniy ravishda olingan va hech qanday dalil keltirmagan.^[101]

Paragvaydan Fernando Lugo, Boliviyadan Evo Morales, Brasildan Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Ekvadordan Rafael Korrea va Venesueladan Ugo Chaves, Lotin Amerikasi uchun Fórum Social Mundialda.

2008 yil Konstitutsiya

Kongress bilan aloqalar va qonunchilik inqirozi

2007 yil fevral oyida Korreaning a ta'sis yig'ilishini chaqirish bo'yicha referendum Kongress tomonidan ma'qullangan. Referendum 2007 yil 15 aprelda bo'lib o'tdi. Ammo, ushbu sanadan so'ng, Correa tomonidan referendumning "nizomlari" o'zgartirilib, ko'proq vakolatlarga ega bo'lish uchun ruxsat berildi. ta'sis yig'ilishi.^[102][103] Ushbu vakolatlardan biri Kongressni hech qachon tasdiqlamagan hokimiyatni ishdan bo'shatish qobiliyatidir. Referendumning yangi versiyasi etti o'rinli ko'pchilik ovozi bilan ma'qullandi Saylov sudi. Mart oyining boshlarida Korreaning oppozitsiyasi tomonidan nazorat qilingan Kongress bunga munosabat bildirdi impichment saylov tribunalining prezidenti.^[104] Keyin saylov tribunali saylov jarayoniga aralashishga uringanligi sababli saylov tribunalining prezidentiga impichment o'tkazmoqchi bo'lgan 57 kongress a'zosini lavozimidan chetlashtirdi. Korrea saylov tribunalini qo'llab-quvvatladi (u referendumning o'z versiyasini ma'qulladi), shu bilan birga 57 kongressmenning chetlatilishi konstitutsiyaviy edi. Vaziyat Kongressdagi oppozitsiya va Ijroiya o'rtasidagi janjalga aylanib, Kongress a'zolarining qonun chiqaruvchi binoga kirishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun Kongress va politsiya aralashuviga qarshi ko'chada yurish qildi.^[105][106]

22 mart kuni 21 o'rinbosar qasamyod qabul qilib, Kongressni qayta tiklashga imkon berdi kvorum 23 va 24 mart kunlari yana 20 ta deputat qasamyod qildi. Yangi ko'pchilik (28 o'rinbosar deputat va referendum va Assambleyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi partiyalarning 31 deputati tomonidan tuzilgan) Konstitutsiyaviy Assambleyadagi referendumni qo'llab-quvvatlashga va'da berdi.^[107]

23 aprel kuni Konstitutsiyaviy sud Saylov tribunali tomonidan ishdan bo'shatilgan 57 kongressmenning 51 nafarini qayta tiklashga qaror qildi. Konstitutsiyaviy sud ularni birinchi navbatda olib tashlash noqonuniy ekanligini da'vo qildi va ularni qayta tiklashni so'rab, 51 tomonidan murojaatni ma'qulladi.^[108] Ammo kongressmenlar Kongressni qayta boshlash imkoniyatiga ega bo'lmasdan, Kongress Konstitutsiyaviy sudning barcha to'qqiz sudyasini "konstitutsiyaga zid harakatlar" uchun ishdan bo'shatish uchun ovoz berdi.^[109]

2007 yil 15 aprelda ekvadorliklar ko'pchilik ovoz berishdi (81,72% yoqlab) ta'sis yig'ilishi saylovini qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[110] 2007 yil 30 sentyabrda favqulodda ko'p nomzodlar va ro'yxatlar (26 milliy ro'yxat, 428 viloyat ro'yxati, 44 muhojir ro'yxati) tufayli 2007 yil Ekvador Ta'sis yig'ilishi saylovi Ekvador tarixidagi eng murakkab bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Natijada, milliy saylov, Prezident Korrea Ekvador konstitutsiyasini qayta yozish va mamlakat iqtisodiyotini davlat nazoratini kengaytirish rejalari uchun qo'llab-quvvatladi. Korrea fraktsiyasi Milliy Assambleyadagi taxminan 61% o'rinlarni egalladi (130 Assambleyaning 80 a'zosi).^[111]

Ta'sis majlisi

The Ekvador Ta'sis yig'ilishi birinchi bo'lib 2007 yil 29 noyabrda Montecristi shahrida yig'ilgan va olti oyga yangi konstitutsiya yozish uchun, ikki oyga cho'zilishi mumkin bo'lgan muddat berilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}Ekvador yangi konstitutsiyani yozish jarayonini boshlaganda, ular tabiatni muhofaza qiluvchi va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni ishlab chiqishda jamoat ekologik huquqiy mudofaasi fondidan yordam olishdi. ekotizimlar huquqlar.^[112]

A konstitutsiyaviy referendum ichida bo'lib o'tdi Ekvador tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan konstitutsiyani tasdiqlash yoki rad etish to'g'risida 2008 yil 28 sentyabrda Ekvador Ta'sis yig'ilishi 2007 yilda saylangan.^[113] Qisman natijalar shuni ko'rsatadiki, saylovchilarning 64% ovoz berish uchun ovoz bergan 2008 yil Ekvador konstitutsiyasi.^[114]

Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish

Prezident uning atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha "yashil" hukumati ekanligini tasdiqladi.^[115] Bunga muvofiq, u kitlarni ovlashni qayta boshlashga xalaqit berish uchun Xalqaro kit komissiyasiga qaytishga qaror qildi;^[116] qimmatbaho yog'och turlarini olish taqiqini o'rnatdi;^[117] va xalqaro hamjamiyatning yillik 350 million dollarlik tovon puli uchun ularning eng katta neft zaxiralaridan biri bo'lgan 1000 million barrel atrofida neft konini ishlatishdan voz kechishini e'lon qildi.^[118][119] Yasuni milliy bog'i biosferasining qo'riqxonasida joylashgan^[120] Amazon havzasida. Taklif 2010 yildan boshlab badallarni yig'ishni umid qildi.

Neft siyosati

2013 yilda Ekvador Yasuni qo'riqxonasidagi uch million gektardan ortiq Amazoniya tropik o'rmonlarini Xitoy neft kompaniyalariga kim oshdi savdosi orqali sotishini e'lon qildi. Erda yashovchi mahalliy aholi ushbu bitimga norozilik bildirishdi. Ularning ta'kidlashicha, neft loyihalari ularning an'anaviy hayot tarziga tahdid soladi va atrof-muhitni buzadi. Ekvadorning Shuar xalqi ayollari etakchisi Narcisa Mashientaning aytishicha, hukumat xalq o'z roziligini bergan bo'lar edi, deb yolg'on gapirgan.^[121]

Amazon Watch nodavlat tashkilotining ta'kidlashicha, loyihalarning sababi hukumatning Xitoy oldidagi 7 milliard dollarlik qarzi va 12,5 milliard dollarlik neftni qayta ishlash zavodi qurish uchun xitoyliklardan mablag 'olish istagi.^[121]

Amazonda 11000 barrellik neftning to'kilishi Korreaning uchinchi muddatda g'alaba qozonish istagi uchun muammoli deb topildi, chunki u uni tanqid qiluvchilarni atrof-muhitni himoya qiladi.^[122]

Yasuní-ITT tashabbusi

Yasuní-ITT tashabbusi, Tashabbusning maqsadi - ekstraktsiyadan kelib chiqadigan tahdid uchun ijodiy echimni ta'minlash xom neft ichida Ishpingo-Tiputini-Tambokocha (ITT) neft konlari, ular juda zaif hududda joylashgan Yasuni milliy bog'i. Ushbu taklif biologik xilma-xillikni saqlashga, karbonat angidrid gazini chiqarishni kamaytirishga va mahalliy aholi huquqlarini va ularning turmush tarzini hurmat qilishga hissa qo'shadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

President Correa has stated that Ecuador's first option is to maintain the crude oil in the subsoil. The national and international communities would be called on to help the government implement this costly decision for the country. The government hopes to recover 50% of the revenues it would obtain by extracting the oil. The procedure involves the issuing of government bonds for the crude oil that will remain "in situ", with the double commitment of never extracting this oil and of protecting Yasuní National Park. If Ecuador succeeds in receiving the hoped for-amount – estimated at 350 million dollars annually^[123] – it would only be for a period of ten years beginning after the sixth year, since production, and thus potential revenues, would progressively decline after those ten years.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

A more promising alternative^{[asl tadqiqotmi? ][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]} would be a strategy to provide the government with the 50% of resources in such a way as to provide a consistent income for an indefinite period of time. This resource would be channeled towards activities that help to free the country from its dependency on exports and imports and to consolidate oziq-ovqat suvereniteti.^[124]

In August 2013, Correa abandoned the initiative and approved oil drilling, blaming lack of support from the international community for the decision.^[125]

Sea conservation

Correa overturned a ban on the sale of nahang fins, which are popular in Asia, but stipulated that the fins can only be sold if the sharks are caught accidentally and by artisan fishermen. He did not say how authorities would determine whether the shark had been caught accidentally or deliberately.^[126]

On 3 August 2007, Correa ordered the deportation of Sean O'Hearn-Gimenez, director of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, saying that he would not allow "gringuitos" (literally, "little gringolar ") to tell Ecuadorians what to do or to pursue local fishermen. However, a local newspaper noted that O'Hearn-Gimenez had signed a 5-year agreement with Ecuador's own Environmental Police rather than acting unilaterally (as a foreigner with no authority of his own), and was married to an Ecuadorian.^[127] The deportation was ordered because Sea Shepherd, in partnership with the Ecuadorian National Environmental Police, exposed and stopped the biggest shark-fin shipment in the port city of Manta.^[128] Correa later rescinded the extradition order because O'Hearn-Gimenez was married to an Ecuadorian woman. All the arrested fishermen were released, too, and the confiscated shark fins returned to them.^[129]

Security and defense

In June and July 2007 in several communities of the Amazonía and domestic South, protests were carried out against oil and mining concessions to transnational companies (PetroChina, PetroBras and mining Canadian). According to some media, the Government repressed abusing from the force to these mobilizations.^[130]

Second presidential term: 2009–2013

Rafael Correa was re-elected for a second term in the April 2009 general election, where he gained 52% of the vote.^[64] He was the first Ecuadorian President to serve a second consecutive term since the 19th century.^[131] It was the first time in thirty years that the country had re-elected a president and the first elected president from Guayaquil (The coast) who had finished his term after Leon Febres Cordero (1984–1986).^[132] He won by a large margin over the other seven candidates, taking 52 per cent of the vote to the 28 per cent of Lucio Gutieres, his nearest rival. His party also won the largest legislative block in the National Assembly, although not a majority.^[1]

Correa and U.S. Secretary of State Hillari Klinton in Quito, 8 June 2010

Correa was sworn into the Presidency on 10 August 2009, the same day as Ecuador's bicentennial.^[133][134] His speech took place in front of several South American dignitaries, such as the president of Argentina Kristina Fernandes de Kirchner, Boliviya Prezidenti Evo Morales, Cuban President Raul Kastro va Venesuela Prezidenti Ugo Chaves.^[133] Correa used the opportunity to promise a continuation of his "socialist revolution", his plans to end poverty and to go on "stamping out the structural causes of poverty".^[133] He also said the actions of the media were opposing his government.^[134] He claims that the continuation of his "Fuqarolar inqilobi " policy is intended to ensure all citizens are equal.^[132]

Sog'liqni saqlash

The health budget was $561 million in 2006 and was increased to $1,774 million in 2012, which is 6.8% of the national budget.^[135]] The Ecuadorian government signed an agreement with the Cuban government to allow public company Enfarma to massively produce medicine at low cost. Working hours for doctors were increased to 40 hours/week and their salaries were also increased. Mobile hospitals have been implemented. Another program has been implemented in order to increase the rate of return of medics amongst Ecuadorian emigrants.^[136]

Bolalar o'limi, from 24.4 per 1000 in 2005, declined to 18.3 in 2015. Between 2008 and 2016, new public hospitals have been built, the number of civil servants has increased significantly and salaries have been increased. In 2008, the government introduced universal and compulsory social security coverage. In 2015, corruption remains a problem. Overbilling is recorded in 20% of public establishments and in 80% of private establishments.^[137]

Closure of Teleamazonas

In June 2009, CONARTEL (a radio and television regulating body) imposed fines on a television station, Teleamazonas. A third fine could lead to a temporary or permanent ban on this private television channel. In December 2009, the station was taken off the air by the Superintendent of Telecommunications [es], under a provisional suspension of 72 hours for purportedly "spreading false information."^[138]

2009 yil Ekvador elektr inqirozi

Beginning 5 November, rolling blackouts took place across Ecuador for two to six hours per day.^[139] Hukumat vakillari, shuningdek, fuqarolarni energiyani tejashga chaqirishdi.^[140] O'chirish natijasida iqtisodiy yo'qotish o'n millionlab dollarni tashkil etadi; zavodda ishlab chiqarish sekinlashdi va tez buziladigan mahsulotlarni saqlash buzildi.^[140][141]

On 6 November, the government declared an emergency in the power sector, which was expected to "allow the Finance Ministry to seek to guarantee fuel imports for termoelektrik plants".^[139] The government also agreed to purchase an additional "5,200 MW per hour [sic ] of electricity from Peru va Kolumbiya ".^[142] Government officials aimed to end power rationing before Christmas.^[142]

The power crisis led to criticism of the Correa administration's management of the power sector as water levels of the reservoirs became depleted.^[141]

Konchilikka qarshi norozilik namoyishlari

In January, Ecuador was shaken by mass protests against large-scale mining. Indigenous people were demanding that they not be exploited at all and were blockading highways to make their point. Correa cited a constitutional article that prohibited the blocking of roads.^[143] Police officers were also injured in attempting to clear blockades.^[144] Eye Witnesses leader claimed "The response from the government was gunfire from the ground and the air,"The leader said that police, backed by a helicopter, opened fire on the protesters unprovoked.^[145]In an interview with the state-run media on Thursday, Correa said that the police were not armed and had only riot gear to protect them from demonstrators who were wielding shotguns.The Shuar man that died was killed by protesters' own weapons, and police were also injured by the same shotgun pellets that killed the brother Shuar, Correa said.^[145]

Hydrocarbon production reforms

Correa announced that on Monday 26 July 2010 Ecuador would enact reforms to a hydrocarbons law that aims to expropriate foreign-company operations unless they sign service contracts increasing state control of the industry. Correa reminded oil companies that if they did not abide by the state's policies, they would have their fields nationalized and would be forced from the country.^[146]

Oliy ta'lim to'g'risidagi qonun

A debate to modify this and other reforms, especially the one which granted control of the Higher Education System by the government, was practically passed with consensus by the multi-partisan National Assembly on 4 August 2010 but vetoed by the president Rafael Correa,^[147] who wanted to keep the law strictly as it was originally redacted by his political party and SENPLADES (National Secretary of Planning and Development). Due to this change, there are many highly educated professionals and academicians under the old structure but estimated that only 87% of the faculty in public universities have already obtained a master's degree and fewer than 5% have PhD (although many of them have already Ecuadorian granted Doctorate degrees).^[148] In order to raise the number of Masters and PhDs the Government started a scholarship program to send Ecuadorians to study in the top ranking Universities around the world (around 8.500 scholarships until 2013)^[149] and around 820 more have been approved for 2014.

2010 yil Ekvador inqirozi

On 30 September 2010, the Milliy politsiya went on strike over the passage of a bill that would end the practice of giving medals and bonuses with each promotion.^[150] In what was called an attempted coup d'état, protests included road blockades, storming the National Assembly and state-run television station, and the military seizure of the Mariscal Sucre xalqaro aeroporti Kito shahrida.^{[151][152][153][154]} President Correa went to debate with the rebellious police, but he was unsuccessful and instead challenged them to kill him, saying, "I'm not taking one step back. Gentlemen, if you want to kill the president, here he is, kill him if you have the guts."^[150] At this point none of the policemen dared to shoot him, so instead they decided to attack him and take him hostage. While held in the hospital inside the police headquarters, Correa declared a national state of emergency.^[150][155] That night, an elite army unit rescued him from the hospital amid violent clashes between the police and the army.^[156] The Army then took him to Carondelet Palace, where he announced he would not pardon those responsible.^[157] Throughout Ecuador, eight people were killed and 274 wounded in the unrest.^[158]

After the rescue, Correa immediately was presented in the Palacio of Carondelet in the night of 30 September.

On the same night, eight South American presidents attended an emergency summit of UNASUR convened that night in Buenos-Ayres^[159] to express their full support for Ecuadorean democratic institutions and Rafael Correa.^[160] The summit also announced a "democratic clause" to the UNASUR Konstitutsiyaviy shartnomasi and an agreement to take immediate and concrete steps if further similar attempts should occur.^[160]

The United States declared support for Correa through its ambassador to the Amerika davlatlari tashkiloti. US Secretary of State Hillari Klinton expressed "full support for President Rafael Correa, and the institutions of democratic government in that country." On 5 October, Ecuadorian foreign minister Rikardo Patinyo said "I firmly believe that Mr. Obama had nothing to do with this. I hope, and trust that neither his (immediate subordinates) did.^[161]

UNASUR prezidenti

Correa was a signatory to The UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations on 15 July 2009.^[162] Ecuador has ratified the treaty. According to treaty, the UNASUR headquarters will be located in Ecuador.^[163]

On 10 August 2009 Correa hosted the Heads of Government of South America in Quito, as he took over the one year Pro Tempore Presidency of UNASUR.^[164][165]Correa announced on 3 April 2010 that he would propose to UNASUR the creation of a united front against transnationals like the US company Chevron, which he accused of attempting to destroy his country.^[166]

Correa also asked that UNASUR create a commission to investigate the events that led to the 30 Sep police revolt in Ecuador in which about a dozen people died and 270 were wounded. The uprising was led by police upset over a new law that would deny them promotion bonuses.

During Friday's summit, leaders also approved a democratic charter that would serve as a guide for the 12-nation bloc if any of them faced an attempted coup. The charter would have been an effective tool during Ecuador's revolt, Correa said. On 29 November 2010, UNASUR's presidency passed from Ecuador to Guyana.^[167]

In 2014, Correa opened the $65 million UNASUR headquarters in Quito.^[168]

Lawsuit against the El Universo gazeta va Katta aka mualliflar

Correa announced another lawsuit this time against an editorial writer and the directors of El Universo newspaper. The legal action included the opinion editor of the paper, Emilio Palacio, who was sued for defamation by a high-ranking public official last year. Correa alleged that several of Palacio's editorials were "accusations" and "slander", where Palacio stated "...ordered fire at will and without warning against a hospital full of civilians and innocent people..."^[169] In an official Universo editorial it was explicitly said that he committed crimes against humanity reasons for which Mr Palacio was sued. El Universo says the president's suit was announced several hours after the newspaper published an article about an information access request denial. While Palacio claimed, he was sued for calling Correa a "Dictator".^[170]

"We are not only suing the editorial writer, but also the newspaper El Universo’s directors", said Correa, in a radio interview on Ecuadorinmediato, quoted by El Universo. "Ecuador’s autocrat cracks down on media freedom."^[171] According to an editorial published by Washington Post on 27 July 2011:

Last week the president personally attended the trial while thuggish supporters threw eggs and bottles at the defendants outside the courthouse. To no one’s surprise, the provisional judge hearing the case quickly ruled in the president’s favor, sentencing Mr. Palacio and the three El Universo directors to three years in prison and awarding $40 million in damages to Mr. Correa – an amount that exceeds the total value of the newspaper.^[172]

As of 16 February 2012, the National Court of Justice (Ecuador's highest court) confirmed the lower court's award of $40 million in damages, as well as the three-year prison sentences against a journalist and three executives of the newspaper.^[173] The case related to unrest in September 2010, described by Mr Correa as an attempted coup, which saw him trapped inside a hospital for several hours by police officers. In an opinion article from February 2011 which appeared in El Universo, Emilio Palacio alleged that the president had ordered soldiers to fire on the hospital, which was full of civilians.^[174]

Correa also filed a lawsuit against Juan Carlos Calderón and Christian Zurita, investigative journalists and authors of the book "Gran Hermano" (Big Brother). Rafael Correa insisted that if the authors of the book admitted wrongdoing and asked for forgiveness he would pardon them.^[175] The lawsuit is based on the book's accusation that Correa knew of his brother Fabricio Correa's multimillion-dollar contracts with the government, a journalistic "investigation" into contracts signed between the president's brother, Fabricio Correa, and the State.^[176][177] The authors claim was based on a testimony by Pablo Chambers, who based his accusation on a manipulated video of Correa during an interview with a radio station in Quito.^[178]

Following wide condemnation of the sentences in the El Universo case,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Correa announced on 27 February 2012 that he would pardon the four individuals involved, also reminding that from the very beginning he asked for a rectification by the newspaper or an apology,^[179] both which the newspaper refused, instead claiming this was censorship,^[180][181] including asking Correa what he wanted them to publish.^[182] Despite the subsequent pardons, "the lawsuit had," according to Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt, "a powerful chilling effect on the press."^[183]

Correa also said he would drop his case against the authors of "Gran Hermano".^[184]

Correa has been accused, in the words of the President of the Amerikalararo matbuot assotsiatsiyasi, of mounting a "systematic and hostile campaign to do away with the independent press and establish, by law or through the courts, ownership of the truth that all the Ecuadoran people must swallow."^[172] These complaints relate both to a series of lawsuits against journalists and to government takeovers of many media outlets.

Washington Post reported in July 2011 that, according to a report for the Demokratiya uchun milliy fond, the government had controlled one radio station when Mr. Correa became president in 2007, but that by the time of the report it owned five television channels, four radio stations, two newspapers and four magazines.^[172]

Ecuadorian constitutional referendum, 2011

Correa announced a konstitutsiyaviy referendum, which took place on 7 May 2011. The Ecuadorian people were asked to vote on ten questions, including a reform of the judiciary. Despite opposition members denouncing what they call a "power grab" on behalf of Correa's government.^[185] Although an Exit poll driven by the "Santiago Perez" pollster showed that the 10 questions won with the 62% of the votes,^[186] as the count continued the "yes" lost presence even going as far as slightly losing to the "no" for a short period of time in questions 4 and 9. Correa pledged that the data had been manipulated by counting first the votes from the provinces where the "no" have won to create the "sensation of fraud" and he predicted that the "yes" will win with at least 250.000 votes on all 10 questions.^[187] At the end the "yes" won all 10 questions but only the first question got more than the 50% of the votes.^{[188][189][190]} This was the eight election to pass during Correa's term in office.^[191]

Chinese credits

In 2010 and 2011, Ecuador received Chinese credits for around US$5 billion. One of this financing model's projects is the hydroelectric Coca Codo Sinclair that the Asian giant builds and it finances with something more than US$2 billion.^[192]

Correa pointed out that China gives credits to Ecuador at 7.0 percent, but the credits are to finance projects with 23 or 25 percent of profitability, that is extremely good business, when referring to two thousand million dollars which will be dedicated to public investment initiatives. The Chinese credits are a "good business" with interests of 7 percent to finance projects with a profitability that goes from 23 to 25 percent.^[193] Correa discarded the idea that Ecuador is delivered to or have mortgaged its petroleum to China.

On this point he mentioned that in the year 2006 75% of the Ecuadorian petroleum went to United States, in exchange for nothing. "Now we have 50% of the committed petroleum with China, in exchange for thousands of millions of dollars to finance the development of this country.^[194]

2012 yilda Xitoy Ekvador xavfsizlik tizimini tubdan qayta tiklash uchun Ekvadorga 240 million dollar qarz berdi. Ushbu tizim ECU 911 Integrated Security Service deb nomlangan 4300 yangi kuzatuv kameralari, dronlar, avtomatlashtirilgan dalillarni qayta ishlash tizimlari va ushbu yangi texnologiyalarning har birini boshqarish uchun ishchi kuchini o'z ichiga oladi.^[195] Ushbu yangi texnik vositalarning katta qismi Ekvadorda ishlab chiqilgan, ammo davlatga tegishli kompaniya va milliy mudofaa pudratchisining sho''ba korxonasi bo'lgan Xitoy milliy elektron import va eksport korporatsiyasi (CEIEC) tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va tashkil etilgan laboratoriyalarda ishlab chiqarilgan. China Electronics korporatsiyasi (MSK). Markaziy saylov komissiyasi Venesuela va Boliviyada ham xuddi shunday kuzatuvni kapital ta'mirlashni amalga oshirdi va Braziliyada Amazon yomg'ir o'rmonlarini kuzatish texnologiyasini ham joriy etdi.^[196] Ekvador hukumati mamlakatning 24 viloyatida o'rnatilgan ushbu keng xavfsizlik tizimining afzalliklariga e'tibor qaratdi. Ularning ta'kidlashicha, hayot uchun xavfli bo'lgan kasallik kabi kundalik favqulodda vaziyatlar uchun javob berish vaqtini qisqartirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi,^[197] va ushbu tizim Ekvadorda o'rnatilganidan beri jinoyatchilikning keskin pasayishida katta omil sifatida keltirilgan.^[198] Ayrim shaxslar ushbu texnologiyalarning tabiati va keng tarqalganligi va ulardan Ekvador politsiya davlatini yaratish uchun qanday foydalanish mumkinligi to'g'risida tashvish bildirdi.^[195]

Restructuring of the justice

After the results of the popular consultation^[199] was created the Council of the Transitory Judicature integrated by three members Tania Aryans (delegate of the Legislative), Paulo Rodríguez (delegate of the Executive) and Fernando Yávar (delegate of the Function of Transparency).^[200] This advice has 18 months to restructure the Judicial Function Among its functions it was the one of creating the new National Court of Justice whose possession was given January 2012,^[201] 21 whose members will be in the positions for nine years.^[202] The court of justice was created through a competition of merits and opposition. Correa who participated of the act of possession of the new domestic magistrates,^[203] said that the administration of justice is an imperium of the state and at the same time, it is a public service, also it expressed his total back to the new judges of the National Court of Justice (CNJ)^[204]

In 2014, the law is amended to allow same-sex unions to benefit from legal recognition.^[205]

2012 Ecuadorian protests

Ecuador's largest advocacy group for Indians, the Ekvador mahalliy millatlar konfederatsiyasi, planned a two-week march to Quito beginning on Thursday to protest Correa's land and water policies that they say were hurting their way of life. Correa condemned the action and accused them of being hypocrites for having allied with the extreme right,^[206] of seeking to exploit mining for themselves^[207] and of trying to destabilize his government, urging his followers to mobilize against them. The Indians were supported by the Popular Democratic Movement, a leftist party, the National Union of Educators and CONAIE, which supported Correa at the start of his administration in 2007 but soon moved to the opposition.^[208]

The support march on the Government concentrated on thousands of demonstrators coming from different zones that met in a park where they enjoyed artistic shows put on to celebrate the Woman's International Day.^[209] The march began in an Amazon region to the southeast and it arrived in Quito on 22 March. It had the support of the teachers' organizations and students.

Correa declared that the protests were intended to destabilize his government and he encouraged his followers "to keep mobilized until March 22"... "to resist peacefully. Those in favor of the Government also announced countermarches in various localities,^[210] such as in Cuenca where they had a concentration that gathered around fifteen thousand people.^[211]

Sex education and contraceptive services

Correa established the National Interagency Strategy for Family Planning and the Prevention of Teen Pregnancies (ENIPLA) in 2011. It had an annual budget of $2 million and focused on preventive doctor visits and family planning, including access to the morning-after pill. In the four years since ENIPLA was established pregnancies amongst women between the ages of 11 and 14 decreased by 18 percent.^[212] At the end of 2014 Correa replaced ENIPLA with Plan Familia (a family-based abstinence only program). One study found that this shift led to an increase in teenage pregnancy in Ecuador.^[213]

Third presidential term: 2013–2017

Correa and French President Francois Hollande, 2013 yil 7-noyabr

Rafael Correa with Papa Frensis, 2015 yil 6-iyul

General elections were held in Ecuador on 17 February 2013 to elect the President, the National Assembly, Provincial Assemblies and members of the Andean Parliament. Correa was reelected president, winning by a large margin in the first round of the presidential election.^[214] According to the quick count released by Participación Ciudadana, the Alianza PAIS movement (AP) reached two-thirds of the new National Assembly. The results gave the movement 100 of the 137 seats contested in the polls.^[215] Correa's closest electoral rival, Gilyermo Lasso (with 11 of the 137 seats in the new National Assembly), conceded shortly after the election concluded.

The Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Society won the WSIS 2013 prize in category C5: Building confidence and security in the use of ICTs with the project Digital Training through Mobile Classrooms^[216]

Iqtisodiyot

Correa's government accepted a US$364 million loan from the XVF for earthquake reconstruction.^[217] Notable for his prior antagonism toward the IMF.

Between 2007 and 2014, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5%. At the same time, inequalities, as measured by the Gini index, decreased from 0.55 to 0.47.^[218] Between 2006 and 2016, poverty decreased from 36.7% to 22.5% and annual per capita GDP growth was 1.5 percent (as compared to 0.6 percent over the prior two decades). At the same time, inequalities – as measured by the Gini index – decreased from 0.55 to 0.47.^[6]

Nogironlar

Ga binoan The Guardian, Ecuador has become one of the most progressive nations in Latin America when it comes to providing financial, technical and professional assistance to people with disabilities. State spending on related fields has increased from $2m a year to $150m. Tests are carried out on newborns to ensure care is provided early, and all leading employers in Ecuador must earmark at least 4% of their jobs for disabled people. There are also programmes to provide braille texts and computers for visually impaired people.^[219]

Prezidentlikdan keyingi lavozim

After finishing his term, Correa maintained an active position in national politics expressing his opinion on the situation of the country and the performance of Lenin Moreno 's government through articles and editorials in the newspaper El Telégrafo,^[220] as well as in its social networks in which issued several pronouncements on several similar topics.^[221]

Within months of winning the elections, President Moreno began to move away from his voting platform,^[222] igniting a feud with Correa.^[223]

Correa also led "No" campaign the during the 2018 yil Ekvador referendumi va ommaviy konsultatsiya.

On 3 July 2018, a judge in Ecuador ordered the arrest of Correa after he failed to appear in court during a trial surrounding the kidnapping of his political opponent Fernando Balda. Correa, who lived in Belgiya at the time, denied the allegations regarding the kidnapping.^[7]

Correa's trial in absentia, on charges of bribery, began on 10 February 2020.^[224]

Since 2018, Correa has hosted the weekly political talk show, Conversation with Correa, kuni RT Ispaniya.^[225]

Arrest of Julian Assange

Correa maintained his support for Australian activist Julian Assanj throughout his post-presidential life. On 11 April 2019, the Ecuadorian government withdrew Assange's asylum and invited Shotland-Yard into its embassy to arrest Assange. In response Correa called Moreno a traitor and said "Moreno is a corrupt man, but what he has done is a crime that humanity will never forget".^[226][227] Correa's Facebook account, which had more than 1.5 million followers, was blocked on 11 April 2019 for disclosing personal data. Correa had been using his Facebook account since March to publish details of the "INA Papers" case involving a company linked to Lenin Moreno's family.^[228][229]

Qarama-qarshilik

Relationship with the media

Correa was highly critical of the Ecuadorian press,^[53] stating that it "does not inform, it defends the pockets of its owners".^[230] Accusing the press of lying and slandering him, he proposed a law that would ban those working in the financial sector from financing media outlets.^[231] Parafrazing Toni Bler, he stated that the Ecuadorian press acted as "a group of wild beasts". He has also regularly criticized it as "...mediocre, incompetent, inaccurate, lying and is a part of the structure of corruption and accomplice of the national disaster."^[232] Keyingi 2002 yil Venesuela davlat to'ntarishiga urinish, Correa stated that he would close down any Ecuadorean media outlet that called for a coup against his government.^[230] The AQSh Davlat departamenti has noted "There is more then a grain of truth in Correa's observation that the Ecuadorian media play a political role, in this case the role of the opposition", further adding that the news outlets are owned by wealthy elites who see his economic reforms as a threat to their own position.^[233]

The President steps into a Dhruv vertolyot

Correa has criticized several newspapers as El Universo, El Comercio, Diario Hoy, Diario Expreso, La Xora, calling them "news mafias" for criticising the ruling of the Saylov sudi depriving 57 opposition legislators of their seats in Congress. Correa argued that the press had remained silent about the holdups that had occurred in state-owned enterprises like Pacifictel and the Ecuadorian Customs Administration (CAE).^{[234][235][236]}

On 10 May 2007, Correa filed a lawsuit against Francisco Vivanco Riofrío of the board of directors of the Quito-based La Xora newspaper, over an editorial published in the paper on 9 March. The editorial, titled "Official Vandalism", said that Correa intended to rule Ecuador "with turmoil, rocks and sticks". It described the president's behavior as "shameful."^[237] Correa's suit is based on Article 230 of the country's jazo kodi that sets prison penalties of up to two years for contempt, expressed in "threats or libel that would offend the president."^[238]

The Inter-Amerika matbuot assotsiatsiyasi (IAPA) has declared that it is "a clumsy step on the part of the Ecuadorean president to file a criminal charge against a news outlet, accusing it of contempt, an archaic concept in a modern democracy and outmoded in Latin America and which should be eliminated from penal codes, as the IAPA has been insisting."^[239] The Jurnalistlarni himoya qilish qo'mitasi has also protested against the lawsuit: "Fear of criminal penalties will inhibit the Ecuadoran press in reporting and commenting on issues of public interest. We call on President Correa to drop the libel suit against Vivanco and repeal defamation laws that contradict international standards on freedom of expression".^[240]

Upon his election, Correa began a weekly Saturday radio show, "The President Talks to his People", in which he discussed the week's events and answered questions from journalists.^[241] In August 2007 he signed Ecuador to TeleSUR, the pan-Latin American media service.^[241] Correa decided to create Ekvador TV, the first state-owned channel in the country, with the announced intention of producing television with better quality standards than the private channels. Also, newspaper El Telegrafo was purchased and became state-owned. Radio Pública, El Ciudadano, ANDES and PP were also created under Correa's presidency and are administered by state agencies.^[242][243]

Correa has also revealed the real identities of a number of his social media -based critics which has led to the individuals concerned being harassed.^[244] On 1 May 2015, Correa stopped his motorcade in downtown Quito to berate 17-year-old teenager Luis Carrera, after he spotted Carrera gave the middle finger gesture at Correa. Carrera was later sentenced to 20 hours of community service.^[245]

Edvard Snouden

In June 2013, US Senator Robert Menendez, chairman of the foreign relations panel, warned Ecuador that accepting PRISM leaker Edvard Snouden "would severely jeopardize" preferential trade access the United States provides to Ecuador. "Our government will not reward countries for bad behavior."^[246]

President Correa responded by offering a multimillion-dollar donation for human rights training in the United States. "Ecuador offers the United States economic aid of US$23 million annually, similar to what we received with the trade benefits, with the intention of providing education about human rights", said a government spokesman. "Ecuador does not accept pressure or threats from anyone, nor does it trade with principles or submit them to mercantile interests, however important those may be."^[247]

Ecuador, which had originally issued Snowden a temporary travel document through its embassy in London, withdrew it because it did not meet the requirements of being in an Ecuadorian Embassy at that time.^[248] Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey" and that "there are few world leaders who would risk standing for the human rights of an individual against the most powerful government on earth, and the bravery of Ecuador and its people is an example to the world".^[249][250] President Correa said that, although he respected the decision of the London consul Fidel Narváez to issue it, the document was invalid.^[249]

Odebrecht janjali

The Ecuadorean government continues to investigate the allegations of corruption in the country by Brazil's largest construction company. Ecuadorean officials announced that the Brazilian construction company Odebrecht will not be able to sign any future contracts with public institutions in the South American country, as authorities continue to investigate alleged corruption in its operations. According to Geovanny Vicente Romero, a political Analyst, "Ecuador is in the midst of presidential elections and its lame-duck president Rafael Correa wants to leave the house in order for his successor by taking a position in favor of investigating the Odebrecht case. Correa recently complained that though there were $33.5 million in bribes paid in Ecuador, the individuals involved in the case remain unknown". Some Ecuadorians had grown disenchanted with corruption, as well as Correa's confrontational and polarizing behavior towards media organizations.^[2][5] Biroq, ko'ra Transparency International, corruption decreased under Correa's government.^[251]

2015 yil Ekvador noroziliklari

In 2014, crude oil prices (main export of the country) began moving downward, from $111 dollars per barrel in June 2014, down to $50 dollars per barrel in March 2015,^[252] which quickly deteriorated the balance sheet of the government. With such low prices, negative speculation around the economy grew, and the high spending of the government was no longer sustainable, Correa proposed raising taxes, most notably an increase of up to 75% in capital gain (Ley de Plusvalia),^[253] and a tax on inheritances from 2.5% up to 77.5% (the highest for inheritances of over $849,600 dollars).^[254] Bu sabab bo'ldi 2015 yil Ekvador noroziliklari around Quito. The PanAm Post reported the protesters were chanting "fuera Correa, fuera" (get out Correa, get out)".^[255]

Kidnapping allegations

On 18 June 2018, Ecuador's highest court ordered the former President be included in an investigation into a 2012 botched kidnapping of opposition lawmaker Fernando Balda.^[256] After Correa ignored judicial orders and did not assist with the investigation, an Ecuadorian judge ordered for his arrest on 3 July 2018.^[7] The judge alerted Interpol because Correa was living in Belgium at the time with his wife, who was a Belgian native.^[7] Correa denied the allegations surrounding the kidnapping.^[7] In July 2018 Interpol rejected an Ecuador-issued arrest warrant and called it "obviously a political matter."^[257]

University of Illinois "Exceptional Achievement" award

In April 2010, Correa received the 2009 Madhuri and Jagdish N. Sheth International Alumni Award for Exceptional Achievement from the University of llinois. Correa, who earned a doctorate in Economics at the university in 2001, was recognized for his commitment to public service and his leadership in implementing economic development and political reforms in Ecuador.^[258][259] Later that month Matt Lloyd, a University of Illinois graduate who became a US State Department employee, wrote an op-ed in the Chicago Tribune criticizing the university for making the award to Correa. He wrote that "Correa is a dictator who idolizes Venezuelan president Hugo Chavez. In fact, he has been quoted as saying he preferred 'a thousand times' to be a friend of Fidel Castro and Chavez than be an ally of the United States". He also wrote that "Correa is allied with FARC, designated as a terrorist organization by the U.S. State Department. FARC has been known to kidnap and kill Americans".^[260] The University received further criticism in a July 2019 article in the Chambana Sun for not taking back the award in the intervening period.^[261]

Ommaviy imidj va shaxsiy hayot

Rafael Correa in Otavalo

According to the Cedatos, Correa began his presidency with a 73 percent approval rating.^[262]Profiles of Opinion tomonidan Kito va Guayakil shaharlarida o'tkazilgan ijtimoiy so'rov natijalariga ko'ra 2012 yil mart oyida so'ralganlarning 80,5 foizi Prezident Korrea ma'muriyatini ijobiy deb tasniflagan.^[263]2012 yil aprelidagi Mitofskiyning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Amerika va dunyoda etakchilarni tasdiqlash" borasida Prezident Korrea juda yaxshi bahoga ega.^[264] Uning mashhurligi hatto 2011 yil avgustidan 2012 yil yanvarigacha 75% dan 81% gacha ko'tarildi.^[265]2013 yil aprelidagi Mitofskiyning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Amerika va dunyodagi etakchilarni tasdiqlash" to'g'risida, Prezident Korrea 90% ijobiy bahoga ega edi.^[266] Biroq, uning Ekvadordagi ommaviy obro'si bir nechta bahsli qoidalardan so'ng juda yomonlashdi^[267] uning so'nggi prezidentligi yillarida. Rafael Korreaning tasdiqlash reytingi 2015 yil yanvaridagi 60 foizdan 2015 yilning iyulida 45 foizgacha pasayib ketdi.^[268]

Prezident samolyoti Embraer Legacy 600 etib kelish Camilo Ponce Enríquez aeroporti yilda Loja, Ekvador 2013 yil sentyabr oyida.

Korrea katolikdir va prezident bo'lganida uning fotosuratini olib yurgan Papa uning stolida.^[18]

Siyosiy mafkura

Korrea o'zini "advokat sifatida tasvirlaydi"XXI asr sotsializmi ", bir shaklga ishora qiluvchi atama demokratik sotsializm ilgari venesuelalik Ugo Chaves ishlatgan.^[61]Iqtisodchi Korreani "chap qanot populist" deb ta'riflagan,^[269] esa Washington Post Korreaning g'oyaviy yondashuvini "iqtisodiy jihatdan populist, ijtimoiy jihatdan konservativ va [kvazi avtoritar" sifatida tavsifladi.^[270]Siyosatshunos olimlar Jorj Filipp va Fransisko Panitsaning ta'kidlashicha, uning ittifoqchilari Morales va Chaves kabi Korrea ham populistlar toifasiga kirishi kerak,^[271] chunki u "to'g'ridan-to'g'ri odamlarga o'z mamlakatlarining siyosiy va iqtisodiy tartiblariga qarshi murojaat qildi, ijtimoiy sohani antagonistik lagerlarga ajratdi va yangi tashkil etilgan siyosiy tartibda qayta taqsimlash va tan olinishini va'da qildi".^[272]

Biroq, Korreaning mahalliy aholiga nisbatan harakatlari populist emas. Xitoyning konchilik manfaatlarini himoya qilish uchun "Shuar erlari hozirda to'rtta harbiy tanklar, kuzatuv dronlari, aerostatik sharlar, ko'chma sun'iy yo'ldoshlar va vertolyot qurollari bilan jihozlangan 8000 harbiy xizmatchilar - dengiz, havo va quruqlik qo'shinlari tomonidan ishg'ol qilinmoqda."^[273]

2013 yil 23-mayda Korrea bir jinsli nikohga qarshi ekanligini yana bir bor ta'kidladi.^[274]

Faxriy va mukofotlar

Mukofot yoki bezak		Mamlakat	Sana	Joy	Eslatma	Ref
	Ozod qiluvchi ordeni katta yoqasi	Venesuela	2007 yil 11 oktyabr	Karakas	Sobiq Venesuela eng yuqori farqi.	[275]
	Liberator general San Martin ordeni yoqasi	Argentina	21 aprel 2008 yil	Kito	Argentinalik eng yuqori bezak.	[276]
	Fransisko Morazan ordeni buyuk xochi	Gonduras	2009 yil 31 may	Tegusigalpa		[277]
	Quyosh ordeni katta yoqasi	Peru	9 iyun 2010 yil	Lima	Peru oliy mukofoti.	[278]
	Augusto Sezar Sandino ordeni	Nikaragua	2010 yil 15-noyabr	Kito	Nikaragua Respublikasining eng yuqori sharafi.	[279]
	Xose Marti ordeni	Kuba	2017 yil 5-may	Gavana	Kuba Respublikasining eng yuqori farqi.	[iqtibos kerak ]

E'tirof etish

Rafael Korrea quyidagilar bilan taqdirlandi:

• Ekvador Qurolli Kuchlarining Buyuk Xoch Tarqui nishonlarini yutib olish - Vatan askarlari manfaati uchun amalga oshirilgan ma'muriyat uchun minnatdorchilik.^[280]
• Venesuela Buyuk Marshal Ayakucho ordeni - uchun Bolivar Ekvadordagi ma'muriyatining xarakteri, 2009 yil fevral.^[281]
• Buyuk xoch darajasidagi "Faxriy medal" - Peru Kongressining eng katta sharafi, 2010 yil 12 iyun.^[282]
• Ekvador futbol federatsiyasining buyuk marjonlari - 2010 yil noyabr oyida Sport qonuni ekspeditsiyasi uchun minnatdorchilik bildirish uchun.^[283]
• "Hurmatli mehmon" medali - tomonidan taqdirlangan UCSG III Xalqaro Universitet Kongressining ochilish marosimida, rivojlanish va hamkorlik.^[284]
• Milliy politsiyaning iste'fodagi generallari assotsiatsiyasining eng yuksak sharafi - deyarli 20 ming forma kiygan ofitserlarning pensiyalarini tasdiqlashi uchun.^[285]

Faxriy darajalar

•  Chili: Chili universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 11 mart 2008 yil.^[286]
•  Paragvay: Universidad Nacional de Asunción Faxriy doktorlik, 2009 yil 24 mart.^[287]
•  Rossiya: Moskva davlat xalqaro munosabatlar instituti Faxriy doktorlik, 30 oktyabr 2009 yil.^[287][288]
•  Rossiya: Ural davlat universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 30 oktyabr 2009 yil.^[289]
•  Argentina: Buenos-Ayres universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 3 dekabr 2010 yil.^[287][290]
•  Dominika Respublikasi: Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo Iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy fanlarning faxriy doktori, 2010 yil 23 aprel.^[287][291]
•  Peru: Chiclayo universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 2012 yil 28 fevral.^[287]
•  Kurka: Bahçeşehir universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 2012 yil 16 mart.^[292]
•  Rossiya: Rossiyaning Xalqlar do'stligi universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 2013 yil 30 oktyabr.^[293]
•  Ispaniya: Barselona universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 23.04.2014.^[294]
•  Chili: Santyago universiteti, Chili Faxriy doktorlik, 2014 yil.
•  Argentina: Kordova Milliy universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 2015 yil.^[295]
•  Frantsiya: Klod Bernard universiteti Lion 1 Faxriy doktorlik, 2015 yil 2-dekabr.^[296]
•  Kuba: Gavana universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 2017 yil may.^[297]
•  Argentina: Kvilmes milliy universiteti Faxriy doktorlik, 2017 yil may
•  Frantsiya: Université Grenoble Alpes Faxriy doktorlik, 2017 yil 7-dekabr^[298]
•  Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Rosario Faxriy doktorlik, 2018 yil mart.^[299]

Shuningdek, 2010 yil aprel oyida Illinoys Universitetining "Exceptional Academic Achievement 2009" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi.^[300] 2010 yil 3-dekabrda Buenos-Ayresdagi UBA madaniy markazi unga Yuzlar va maskalar demokratiyasi mukofotini topshirdi.^[301]

Asar nashr etildi

Kitoblar

• Ekvador: Banana Respublikasidan respublikaga, Tasodifiy uy, Kito, 2009 yil.^[302][303]
• "Ekvador iqtisodiyotining zaifligi: bandlik yaratish, qashshoqlik va tengsizlikni kamaytirish uchun iqtisodiy siyosatni takomillashtirish yo'lida", Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Taraqqiyot Dasturi (BMTTD), Kito, 2004 y.^[304]
• "Rivojlanishning chaqirig'i: biz kelajakka tayyormiz?", San-Frantsisko de Kito universiteti nashrlari, Kito, 1996 y.^[305]

Ilmiy maqolalar

^[305]

• "Lotin Amerikasidagi Vashington konsensusi: miqdoriy baholashga", ishchi hujjat, San-Frantsisko-de-Kito universiteti, Kito, 2002 yil aprel.
• "Lotin Amerikasidagi tarkibiy islohot va o'sish: sezgirlik tahlili", CEPAL jurnali, 76-son, 2002 yil aprel, Santiago-de-Chili.
• "Bitta bozor, bitta valyuta: JON uchun valyuta ittifoqining iqtisodiy maqsadga muvofiqligi", ishchi hujjat, Illinoys universiteti, Urbana-Shampanidagi Illinoys, Illinoys, 2001 yil may.
• "Birja bozoridagi chayqovchilikni beqarorlashtirish: Ekvadorlik turmushga chiqadi", ishchi hujjat. Illinoys shtatidagi Urbana-Shampan shahridagi Illinoys universiteti, Illinoys, 2000 yil yanvar.
• "Endogen institutsional o'zgarishmi? Islohotlarning siyosiy iqtisodiyotiga tanqidiy nuqtai nazardan: Ekvador turmushga chiqadi", ishchi hujjat. Illinoys shtatidagi Urbana-Shampan shahridagi Illinoys universiteti, Illinoys, 1999 yil avgust.
• "Ekvador ISI qayta ko'rib chiqildi", ishchi hujjat, Illinoys universiteti, Urbana-Shampanya, Illinoys, 1999 yil may.

Shuningdek qarang

• Rossiyaning 2016 yilgi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari saylovlariga aralashuvi xronologiyasi
• Donald Tramp va Rossiyani tergov qilish xronologiyasi (2019)

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

Tashqi havolalar

Rasmiy

• Economía en Bicicleta, el Blog económico del Presidente de la República, Rafael Correa Delgado Ekvador Prezidentining iqtisodiy blogi
• Prezident Rafael Korrea Ekvador Prezidentining rasmiy sayti
• Rafael Korrea kuni Twitter

Boshqalar

• CIDOB Foundation tomonidan tarjimai hol (ispan tilida)
• MSNBC, "Chapga burilish: Lotin Amerikasidagi siyosiy o'zgarish"
• Ekvadorga saylov: inqilob! Iltimos, saxiylik bilan bering Iqtisodchi, 2009 yil 23 aprel
• "Ekvador iqtisodiyot vaziri Rafael Korreaning iste'fosi: IFI ta'sirining namunasi?"
• Rafael Korrea global kapitalizm, nega u AQShning Manta bazasini, Amazondagi Chevronni yangilamaydi^{[doimiy o'lik havola ]} - video tomonidan Endi demokratiya!
• "Ekvador konstitutsiyaviy referendumi, 2011 yil" (ispan tilida).
• "Ekvador iqtisodiyoti 2007 yildan beri", 2012 yil may, hisobot Iqtisodiy va siyosiy tadqiqotlar markazi
• "El-vitse-prezident Lenin Moreno es-nomzodi bilan Nobel mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi".
• "Ekvador tejamkorlik ustidan turtki tanlaydi". Haqiqiy yangiliklar. 2013 yil 17-fevral.
• "Ekvador gurillay boshladi". The Guardian. 2013 yil 7 aprel.