Yarim romork yuk mashinasi - Semi-trailer truck

Kapotli kabin traktor

A taksi tugadi yarim romork

Damperli traktorli traktor

An FAW Xitoyda yarim romork yuk mashinasi

A yarim traktorli treyler yuk mashinasi ning birikmasi traktor agregati va bitta, yoki undan ko'pi, yarim romorklar yuk tashish. Yarim tirkama traktorga turiga qo'shiladi to'siq deb nomlangan beshinchi g'ildirak.

Bu turli xil sifatida tanilgan a transport yuk mashinasi, yarim tirkamali yuk mashinasi, traktor-treyler yuk mashinasi, yarim traktorli yuk mashinasi, yarim yuk mashinasi, tirkamali yuk mashinasi, traktor yuk mashinasi, yuk mashinasi, bo'g'inli yuk mashinasi, artikl, bitta yuk mashinasi, yarim traktorli treyler, yarim romork, traktor tirkamasi, yarim traktor, yarim, treyler, traktor, katta platforma, o'n sakkiz g'ildirakli velosiped va qo'shma yuk mashinasi, mamlakat va mintaqaga qarab.

Mintaqaviy konfiguratsiyalar

Evropa

Yarim romork yuk mashinasi (Renault Magnum ) ning Ninatranslar Londonda, Angliya

Evropa va Shimoliy Amerikadagi traktor agregatlari o'rtasidagi sezilarli farq shundaki, deyarli barcha Evropa modellari dvigatel ustidagi kabin (Angliyada "oldinga nazorat" deb nomlanadi^[1]), Shimoliy Amerika yuk mashinalarining aksariyati "odatiy" (Angliyada "normal boshqaruv" yoki "kapotli" deb nomlangan)^[2]).^[3] Evropa yuk mashinalari, bo'lsin to'g'ri yuk mashinalari yoki to'liq ifodalangan, old tomonida shaffof yuz bor. Bu qonuniy maksimal uzunligi davomida (katta yuk tashish hajmi bilan) uzunroq tirkamali qisqa yuk mashinalariga imkon beradi. Bundan tashqari, u cheklangan hududlarda katta manevrlik, og'irlikni taqsimlash va haydovchining umumiy ko'rinishini yaxshiroq ta'minlaydi. Katta kamchilik shundaki, COE yuk mashinalarini ta'mirlash uchun butun idishni oldinga siljitib, texnik xizmat ko'rsatishga ruxsat berish kerak. Aksincha, "odatiy" idishni traktorlari haydovchiga qulayroq haydash muhiti, kirish yoki chiqish osonroq bo'lishini va to'qnashuvda yaxshi himoyani taqdim etadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Evropada odatda faqat qo'zg'aladigan traktor o'qi ikki g'ildirakchaga ega, bitta g'ildiraklar traktor va tirkamadagi har bir o'q uchun ishlatiladi. Evropada ishlatiladigan eng keng tarqalgan kombinatsiya - bu ikki o'qli yarim traktor va uchta o'qli yuk tirkamasi, ulardan biri ba'zan ko'taruvchi o'q bo'lib, jami 5 ta o'q va 12 ta g'ildirakni beradi. Ushbu format hozirda Evropada keng tarqalgan, chunki u Evropa Ittifoqining maksimal og'irligi chegarasini (4000 kg) (88000 funt) hech qanday o'qni ortiqcha yuklamasdan bajarishi mumkin. Shaxsiy mamlakatlar o'z vazn chegaralarini ko'tarishdi, masalan, 44000 kg (97000 funt) chegaraga ega bo'lgan Buyuk Britaniya, bu o'sish traktorga qo'shimcha o'q qo'shib, odatda o'rta kuchsiz ko'taruvchi o'q (midlift) shaklida jami 14 g'ildirak. Ikkala traktorda va treylerlarda ishlatiladigan ko'taruvchi o'qlar yuk mashinalari to'liq yuklanganda qonuniy bo'lishiga imkon beradi (chunki har bir o'q og'irligi qonuniy chegarada qoladi); boshqa tomondan, mana bu harakatni kuchaytirishi yoki yoqilg'i sarfini kamaytirish va engilroq yuklarni ko'tarishda shinalar eskirishi uchun ushbu o'q moslamalari yo'ldan ko'tarilishi mumkin. Asansör akslari odatda avtomatik ravishda ishlaydigan bo'lsa ham, masalan, juda cheklangan o'q yuklari bilan orqa ko'priklarda harakatlanayotganda, qonuniy (xavfsiz) chegaralarda qolish uchun ularni engil yuklarni ko'tarishda ham qo'lda tushirish mumkin. Batafsil ma'lumot uchun quyidagi Buyuk Britaniya bo'limiga qarang.

A dan foydalanganda qo'g'irchoq, odatda chiroqlar bilan jihozlangan bo'lishi kerak va davlat raqami, qattiq yuk mashinalari yarim romorklarni tortib olish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Qo'g'irchoq a bilan jihozlangan beshinchi g'ildirak treyler bog'langan. Chunki qo'g'irchoq a ga qo'shiladi pintle hitch yuk mashinasida qo'g'irchoqqa bog'langan tirkamani boshqarish beshinchi g'ildirak tirkamasini boshqarishdan farq qiladi. Zaxira transport vositasi oddiy yuk mashinasini / to'liq treyler kombinatsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan bir xil texnikani talab qiladi, garchi qo'g'irchoq / yarim o'rnatish uzoqroq bo'lsa, manevr uchun ko'proq joy talab etiladi. Traktor / yarim romork konfiguratsiyasi kamdan kam qo'llaniladi yog'och yuk mashinalari, chunki bu haydovchi g'ildiraklaridagi yukning og'irligiga ega bo'lgan ikkita katta afzalliklardan foydalanadi va yuk ko'taruvchi kran loglarni erdan ko'tarish uchun ishlatiladigan yuk mashinasining orqa tomoniga yuk ortiga o'rnatilishi mumkin, bu qisqa (engil) kranni ajratmasdan transport vositasining ikkala uchiga etib borishiga imkon beradi. Bundan tashqari, qurilish yuk mashinalari ko'pincha traktor / yarim romorkni o'rnatish o'rniga qattiq + midaxle treyler konfiguratsiyasida ko'rinadi.

Qit'a Evropa

Evropada qabul qilish uchun EuroCombi-ning barcha variantlari ko'rib chiqilmoqda

Maksimal umumiy uzunlik EI va EEA a'zo davlatlar 18,75 m (61,5 fut), maksimal og'irligi 40 yoki 44 tonna (39,4 yoki 43,3 uzun tonna; 44,1 yoki 48,5 qisqa tonna) ISO konteyner.^[4] Shu bilan birga, yarim tirkamalarni 16,5 m (54 fut) va 18,75 m gacha cheklash qoidalari standartlashtirilgan 7,82 m (26 fut) korpusni treyler sifatida qo'shimcha 7,82 m korpusga ega bo'lgan yuk mashinalari bilan uchrashadi.^[5] Markasi ostida 25,25 metrlik (83 fut) yuk mashinalari kombinatsiyalari ishlab chiqilgan EcoCombi nomiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi EuroCombi bunday yuk mashinalari kombinatsiyalari Evropa iqtisodiy hududining barcha yurisdiktsiyalarida ishlashi qonuniy bo'lgan doimiy standartlashtirish bo'yicha harakatlar uchun. Yuklarning og'irligi 50% ga oshishi bilan, yoqilg'i samaradorligi o'rtacha 20% ga, uglerod chiqindilarining nisbiy pasayishiga va yo'lda uchdan bir qismi kam yuk mashinalarining qo'shimcha foydasiga to'g'ri keladi.^[4] Evropa Ittifoqining 1996 yildagi reglamenti Shvetsiyada amalga oshirilganligi sababli Evropa modul tizimini (EMS) belgilaydi. EMS kombinatsiyasi va EuroCombi so'zlari endi Evropa Ittifoqi hujjatida ko'rsatilgan yuk mashinalari kombinatsiyalariga ishora qilish uchun bir-birining o'rnida ishlatiladi; ammo, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyadan tashqari, EuroCombi-ga boshqa Evropa Ittifoqiga a'zo davlatlarda faqat ma'lum yo'llarda ishlashga ruxsat beriladi. 1996 yildan beri, Shvetsiya va Finlyandiya Evropa iqtisodiy zonasi qoidalaridan 60 tonna va 25,25 metr (83 fut) kombinatsiyalar bilan rasmiy ravishda yakuniy ozodlikni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, 2006 yildan boshlab Germaniyaning cheklangan marshrutlarida 25.25 m yuk mashinalari treyler kombinatsiyalariga ruxsat berilishi kerak. , Gollandiyadagi shunga o'xshash (davom etayotgan) sud jarayonidan so'ng. Xuddi shunday, Daniya tanlangan marshrutlarda 25,25 m kombinatsiyalarga ruxsat berdi. Ushbu transport vositalari 60 tonnalik (59,1 uzunlikdagi tonna; 66,1-qisqa tonna) vazn chegarasida ishlaydi. Ikkita turdan foydalanish kerak: 1) qo'g'irchoq va yarim romorkni tortib oladigan 26 tonnalik yuk mashinasi yoki 2) tortma traktor agregati B-ikki baravar, a'zo davlatlar bir xil qoidalarni qabul qilish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lishdi. Italiyada ruxsat etilgan maksimal og'irlik (agar istisno transport vositasi ruxsat etilmagan bo'lsa), beshta o'q va undan ortiq har qanday kombinatsiya uchun 44 tonnani tashkil qiladi. Chexiya tanlangan yo'nalish uchun ruxsatnoma bilan 25,25 m kombinatsiyalarga ruxsat berdi.

Traktor / yarim romork konfiguratsiyasi kamdan kam qo'llaniladi yog'och yuk mashinalari, chunki bu haydovchi g'ildiraklaridagi yukning og'irligiga ega bo'lgan ikkita katta afzalliklardan foydalanadi va yuk ko'taruvchi kran loglarni erdan ko'tarish uchun ishlatiladigan yuk mashinasining orqa tomoniga yuk ortiga o'rnatilishi mumkin, bu qisqa (engil) kranni ajratmasdan transport vositasining ikkala uchiga etib borishiga imkon beradi. Qurilish yuk mashinalari ko'pincha traktor / yarim tirkamani o'rnatish o'rniga qattiq + midaxle treyler konfiguratsiyasida ko'rinadi.

Shimoliy Shimoliy mamlakatlar

Bilan yuk mashinasi almashtirish tanasi a yordamida treylerni tortib olish qo'g'irchoq; umumiy uzunligi 25,25 m (83 fut)

Daniya va Norvegiya 25,25 m (83 fut) yuk mashinalariga ruxsat beradi (Daniya 2008 yildan, Norvegiya esa 2008 yildan tanlangan yo'nalishlarda). Yilda Shvetsiya ruxsat etilgan uzunlik 1967 yildan beri 24 m (79 fut) ni tashkil etdi. Bungacha maksimal uzunlik cheksiz edi; faqat cheklovlar o'q yukida edi. Yo'l harakati xavfsizligini ta'minlashda Shvetsiyani Evropaning boshqa mamlakatlari bilan bir xil qoidalarni qabul qilishga to'sqinlik qilgan narsa, raqobatdosh o'rmon xo'jaligi sanoatining milliy ahamiyati edi.^[4][6] Xuddi shu yo'l harakati xavfsizligi va bir xil muhim o'rmon xo'jaligi sohasi bo'lgan Finlyandiya ham unga ergashdi. O'zgarishlar tufayli yuk mashinalari uchta stackni ko'tarishga qodir uzunlikdan kesilgan bu qisqa kombinatsiyada bo'lgani kabi, ikkita o'rniga jurnallar. Ular 6 × 4 yuk mashinasidagi kran bilan birga stakada va to'rtta o'qli tirkamada ikkita qo'shimcha stakka ega. Ikkala mamlakatda ham ruxsat etilgan brüt og'irlik birinchi va oxirgi o'q orasidagi masofaga qarab 60 tonnagacha (59 uzun tonna; 66 qisqa tonna) teng.

1980-yillarning oxirlarida Shvetsiya va Finlyandiyaning Evropa Iqtisodiy Birligi va keyinchalik Evropa Ittifoqiga kirishidan oldin boshlangan muzokaralarda ular ekologik muammolar va yog'och kesish sanoatining transport ehtiyojlariga asoslanib, Evropa Ittifoqi qoidalaridan ozod qilinishini talab qilishdi. 1995 yilda, ular ittifoqqa kirgandan so'ng, qoidalar yana o'zgardi, bu safar standart yuk ko'taradigan yuk mashinalariga ruxsat berildi CEN birligi umumiy kuchi 25,25 m bo'lgan qo'g'irchoqqa 13,6 m (45 fut) standart yarim romorkni chizish uchun 7.82 m (26 fut). Keyinchalik, B-ikki baravar kombinatsiyalar tez-tez ishlatib kelinmoqda, ko'pincha B-bog'lamada bitta 6 m (20 fut) konteyner va yarim tirkamali karavotda 12 m (40 fut) konteyner (yoki ikkita 6 m konteyner) mavjud. Uzunroq yuk mashinalarini birlashtirishga imkon berish uchun ikkita 16,5 m (54 fut) yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalari va bitta 18,75 m (62 fut) yuk mashinalari va tirkamalarni qit'ada tashish uchun nima kerak bo'ladi, endi faqat 25,25 m uzunlikdagi ikkita yuk mashinalari tomonidan boshqarilishi mumkin - bu juda kamayadi umumiy xarajatlar va chiqindilar. 2012 yil oxiridan boshlab tayyorlangan va 2013 yil yanvaridan kuchga kirgan Finlyandiya o'z qoidalarini o'zgartirib, kombinatsiyaning maksimal maksimal og'irligini 76 t (75 uzun tonna; 84 qisqa tonna) tashkil etdi. Shu bilan birga maksimal ruxsat etilgan balandlik 20 sm ga (8 dyuym) ko'paytirilishi kerak; hozirgi maksimal 4.2 m (13.8 fut) dan 4.4 m (14.4 fut) gacha. Og'irlikning maksimal darajada oshishi, vaqt o'tishi bilan Finlyandiyadagi yo'llar va ko'priklarga olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan ta'sir kuchli bahslarga sabab bo'lmoqda.

Biroq, umumiy foydalanish yo'llarida uzoqroq va og'irroq kombinatsiyalar muntazam ravishda ko'rinadi; maxsus yuklar uchun maxsus ruxsatnomalar beriladi. Konchilik kompaniyasi Boliden AB ichkaridagi konlar va qayta ishlash zavodi o'rtasida tanlangan marshrutlarda 76 tonna (75 tonna; 84 tonna qisqa tonna) kombinatsiyalar uchun doimiy maxsus ruxsatnomaga ega. Boliden, 50 tonnalik (49 tonna; 55-qisqa tonna) yukni olib. Volvo ikkita 12 metrlik (40 fut) konteynerlarni olib o'tadigan va olib o'tadigan B-treyler-treyler kombinatsiyasini boshqarish uchun 32 m (105 fut) masofadagi maxsus ruxsatnomaga ega. Gyoteborg porti va Volvo yuk mashinalari zavod, barchasi orolda Hisingen.^[7] Yana bir misol - davom etayotgan loyiha To Sayohat (yoritilgan Yana bitta qoziq / suyakka) 2008 yil dekabrda boshlangan. Bu hatto uzoqroq transport vositalariga yog'ochni tashish transportini yanada ratsionalizatsiya qilishga imkon beradi. Loyiha nomi ta'kidlanganidek, u odatdagi uchtasi o'rniga to'rtta yog'ochni olib yurishi mumkin. Sinov cheklangan Norrbotten okrug va Evropa yo'nalishi E4 yog'och terminali o'rtasida Överkalix va Munksundagi arra zavodi (tashqarida) Piteå ). Avtomobil - bu og'irligi 90 tonnadan oshadigan (89 uzun tonna; 99 qisqa tonnadan) 30 m (98 fut) uzunlikdagi yuk mashinalari treyler birikmasi. Taxminiy hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, bu odatdagi 60 tonna (59 tonna; 66-qisqa tonna) yuk mashinalari kombinatsiyalariga nisbatan 20% arzonroq va CO2 chiqindilarining 20-25% kamayishiga olib keladi. Kombinatsiyalar o'z vaznini ko'proq o'qlarga yoyganligi sababli, tormozlanish masofasi, yo'lning eskirishi va harakat xavfsizligi 90 tonnalik (89 tonna; 99-qisqa tonna) yuk mashinalari tirkamasi bilan bir xil yoki yaxshilangan deb hisoblanadi. Xuddi shu dasturda 76 tonnalik (75 tonna; 84 tonna qisqa tonna) ikki turdagi kombinatsiyalar sinovdan o'tkaziladi Dalsland va Bohuslen G'arbiy Shvetsiyadagi okruglar: o'rmonda foydalanish uchun takomillashtirilgan yuk mashinalari va treyler kombinatsiyasi va fabrikaga oddiy avtomobil yo'lini tashish uchun b-dubl Skoghall. 2012 yilda Northland Mining kompaniyasi 150 km (93 mil) masofada foydalanish uchun o'qning normal yukiga (qo'shimcha qo'g'irchoq) 90 tonna (89 tonna; 99-qisqa tonna) kombinatsiyalariga ruxsat oldi. Kaunisvaara -Svappavaara marshrut, temir rudalarini olib yurish.^[8][9][10]

2015 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], Finlyandiyada kundalik foydalanishda eng uzun va og'ir yuk mashinasini Ketosen Kuljetus transport kompaniyasi boshqaradi. uchuvchi loyiha yog'och sanoatida transport samaradorligini o'rganish. Birlashtirilgan transport vositasining uzunligi 33 metr (108 fut), 13 o'qi va og'irligi jami 104 tonna (102 uzun tonna; 115 qisqa tonna).^[11][12]

Finlyandiya hukumati 2019 yil 21 yanvardan boshlab yuk mashinalarining ruxsat etilgan maksimal uzunligini 25,25 metrdan 34,50 metrgacha (82,8 dan 113,2 futgacha) o'zgartirdi. Yo'lda amaldagi standartlardan farq qiluvchi yangi turdagi avtoulov kombinatsiyalaridan ham foydalanish mumkin. Kombinatsiyalarga qo'yiladigan talablarga, shuningdek, yon tomondan ko'rish uchun kamera tizimlari, rivojlangan favqulodda tormozlash va yo'l detektori tizimi, elektron haydash barqarorligi tizimi va elektron boshqariladigan tormozlar kiradi. [1] [2]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Uzaytirilgan yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalari chodirlar, vakili Renault da Kumush tosh

In Birlashgan Qirollik maksimal ruxsat etilgan brutto vazni Maxsus turdagi umumiy buyurtma (STGO) ishlatmasdan yarim romorkli yuk mashinasining 44000 kg (97000 funt). 44000 kg og'irlikdagi yarim tirkamali yuk mashinasini Buyuk Britaniyaning yo'llarida yurish uchun traktor va yarim tirkamaning har birida uch yoki undan ko'p o'q bo'lishi kerak. Kam og'irlikdagi yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalari ba'zi traktorlar va tirkamalarni kam o'qi borligini anglatishi mumkin.^[13] Amalda, Buyuk Britaniyadagi ikki qavatli avtobuslarda va yo'lovchilarda bo'lgani kabi, yarim romorkli yuk mashinalari uchun qonuniy balandlik chegarasi yo'q; ammo 16,5 futdan (5,03 m) ko'priklarda balandligi belgilangan emas. Evropa qit'asidagi yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalarining balandligi 13,1 fut (4,0 m) ga teng. Og'irligi 44000 kg dan oshadigan transport vositalariga Buyuk Britaniyaning yo'llarida yo'l qo'yiladi, lekin ular g'ayritabiiy (yoki o'ta katta) deb tasniflanadigan bo'linmas yuklardir. Bunday transport vositalarida traktor agregati old tomonida STGO (Maxsus turdagi umumiy buyurtma) plitasi bo'lishi kerak va ba'zi holatlarda vakolatli marshrutda sayohat qilish va eskortga ega bo'lish talab etiladi.

Ko'pgina Buyuk Britaniyadagi treylerlar uzunligi 13,7 metrni tashkil etadi va beshinchi g'ildirakning holatiga bog'liq Kingpin, bog'langan traktor agregati va tirkamasi umumiy uzunligi 50 va 55 fut (15,25 va 16,75 m) gacha bo'ladi. Qurilish va foydalanish qoidalari maksimal qattiq uzunlikni 18,2 m (18,2 m) ga teng bo'lishiga qaramay, bu traktor agregati orqasiga yaqin bo'lgan sayoz qirg'oq va beshinchi g'ildirak bilan birgalikda umumiy uzunlikni 75 fut (22,75) ga etkazishi mumkin. m).^[14]

2012 yil yanvaridan boshlab Transport bo'limi uzoqroq yarim tirkamalarni sinovdan o'tkazmoqda. Sinov davomida uzunligi 48 fut (14,6 m) bo'lgan 900 ta yarim tirkamalar (ya'ni, hozirgi maksimaldan 1 m uzunroq) va yana 51 fut (15.65 m) uzunlikdagi 900 ta yarim tirkamalar (ya'ni 7 ft [2,05 m] uzunroq). Buning natijasida yarim tirkamali yuk mashinasining maksimal maksimal uzunligi 48 fut uzunlikdagi tirkamalar uchun 57 fut (17,5 m), 51 fut uzunlikdagi tirkamalar uchun 61 fut (18,55 m) bo'ladi. Uzunlikning o'sishi 97000 funt og'irlik chegarasidan oshib ketishiga olib kelmaydi va ba'zi operatorlarga avvalgi treylerlar uzunligi tufayli iloji bo'lmagan og'irlik chegarasiga yaqinlashishga imkon beradi. Sud jarayoni maksimal 10 yil davom etadi. Maxsus turdagi umumiy buyurtma (STGO) ma'lum talablar bajarilishini ta'minlab, har qanday o'lchamdagi yoki og'irlikdagi transport vositalariga Buyuk Britaniyaning yo'llarida sayohat qilish imkoniyatini beradi. Biroq, amalda har qanday transport vositasi transport departamenti tomonidan tasdiqlangan yo'nalish bo'ylab sayohat qilishi va eskort ostida harakatlanishi kerak. Buyuk Britaniyada g'ayritabiiy yuklarni eskort qilish asosan asosan xususiy kompaniyalar tomonidan amalga oshiriladi, ammo yo'llarning yopilishini talab qiladigan juda katta yoki og'ir yuklarni hamon politsiya kuzatishi kerak.

Buyuk Britaniyada ba'zi yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalarida traktorning uchta o'qida sakkizta shinalar mavjud; bular oltita g'ildirakli g'ildiraklar yoki "oltita leggerlar" deb nomlanadi, ularning markaziy yoki orqa o'qi bitta g'ildiraklarga ega bo'lib, ular odatda oldingi o'q bilan birga boshqariladi va kerak bo'lmaganda ko'tarilishi mumkin (ya'ni yuk tushirilganda yoki faqat engil yuk tushganda) ko'tarilgan; orqa aks bo'lganda TAG o'qi yoki markaziy o'q bo'lganda o'rta ko'taruvchi deb nomlanadigan tartib). Ba'zi tirkamalarda ikkita dingil bor, ularning har bir o'qida shinalar bor; boshqa treylerlarda uchta o'q mavjud, ulardan biri bitta g'ildirakka ega bo'lgan ko'taruvchi o'q bo'lishi mumkin. Buyuk Britaniyada bir hubga mahkamlangan ikkita g'ildirak bitta g'ildirak deb tasniflanadi, shuning uchun standart olti o'qli bo'g'inli yuk mashinasi, o'n yigirma shinasiga ega bo'lsa ham, o'n ikkita g'ildirakka ega deb hisoblanadi. Buyuk Britaniya, shuningdek, ikkita o'qida oltita shinalari bo'lgan yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalariga ruxsat beradi; bular to'rt g'ildirakli g'ildiraklar sifatida tanilgan.

2009 yilda Denby Transport operatori 83 fut uzunlikdagi (25,25 m) loyihalashtirdi va qurdi. B-poezd (yoki B-Double) yarim tirkamali yuk mashinasi Denby Eco-Link transport vositalarining avtohalokatlarni kamaytirishi va yo'llarda o'limning kam bo'lishiga olib keladigan bunday transport vositasining afzalliklarini ko'rsatish, bitta traktor agregati ishlatilayotganligi sababli chiqindilar miqdorining kamayishi va avtostrada qo'shimcha sarmoyalar talab qilinmaydi. Bundan tashqari, Denby Transport kompaniyasi ikkita Eco-Links uchta standart yarim romork yuk mashinalarini almashtiradi, agar hozirgi Buyuk Britaniyaning 97000 funt og'irlikdagi cheklovi bilan cheklangan bo'lsa, Eco-Link uglerod chiqindilarini 16 foizga kamaytiradi va hali ham ikki baravar kamayishi mumkin deb da'vo qilmoqda. an'anaviy yarim romorkli yuk mashinalarida bir xil miqdordagi yuk uchun zarur bo'lgan sayohat soni. Buning sababi shundaki, tualet qog'ozi, plastik butilkalar, yorma va alyuminiy qutilari kabi engil, ammo katta hajmdagi mollar uchun odatiy yarim romork yuk mashinalari og'irlik chegarasiga yetmasdan yuk joyidan chiqib ketadi. Odatda B-Trains bilan bog'liq bo'lgan 132,000 funtdan farqli o'laroq, 97000 funt-sterlingda, Eco-Link shuningdek, standart olti o'qli 97000 funtli yarim romorkli yuk mashinasiga nisbatan yo'lda har bir o'q uchun kamroq og'irlik qiladi.

Ushbu transport vositasi Denby Transport kompaniyasi Buyuk Britaniyaning ushbu qonunida Eko-Linkni umumiy foydalanish yo'llarida foydalanishga ruxsat berish uchun qonuniy bo'shliqni topdik deb ishonganidan keyin ishlab chiqarilgan. Tegishli qonunchilik 1986 yilgi yo'l transport vositalarini qurish va ulardan foydalanish qoidalariga tegishli edi. 1986 yildagi qoidalarda "ba'zi transport vositalariga" bir nechta treylerni tortib olishga ruxsat berilishi va 85 fut (25,9 m) gacha bo'lishi mumkinligi aytilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, qonun bandi "tortish moslamasi" ta'rifiga bog'liq bo'lib, Denbi Eko-Linkdagi ikkinchi treyler bitta ekanligini ta'kidlashga tayyor. Transport departamenti, bu avtohalokat yoki buzilishdan keyin transport vositasini tiklashga tegishli degan fikrda edi, ammo qoidalarda bu aniq aytilmagan.

BTAC ishlashini sinovdan o'tkazishda Eco-Link manevrlik, unumdorlik, xavfsizlik va chiqindilarni sinovdan o'tkazishda, ko'p jihatdan oddiy yarim romorkli yuk mashinalarini ortda qoldirganligi uchun "a'lo" bahoga ega bo'ldi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, xususiy sinovlar Denby avtomobilida qo'shimcha o'qlari borligi sababli bir xil og'irlikdagi an'anaviy yarim romorkli yuk mashinalariga qaraganda 20% qisqa to'xtash masofasi borligini ko'rsatdi. Faol boshqarish tizimi shuni anglatadiki, Eko-Link odatdagi yarim romorkli yuk mashinasi bilan bir xil bo'lib, 12 futdan 12 futga burilish doirasiga ega edi.

Transport departamenti Eko-bog'laning umumiy foydalanish yo'llarida yo'l qo'yilmasligini maslahat bergan bo'lsa-da, Denby Transport politsiyaga jamoat avtomagistralida sinov haydovchisining vaqti va marshruti to'g'risida oldindan ogohlantirgan, shuningdek o'zlarining pozitsiyalarini Sharq tomon yozma ravishda bayon qilgan. Yo'l harakati idorasi. 2009 yil 1 dekabrda Denby Transport kompaniyasi Eko-Linkni jamoat yo'llarida haydashga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgan edi, ammo bu qisqa vaqt ichida to'xtatildi, chunki politsiya yarim tirkamali yuk mashinasini eshikdan chiqib ketayotganda uni qonuniyligini tekshirish uchun tortib oldi. ... topilishi mumkin bo'lgan huquqbuzarliklar ". Politsiya transport vositasining uzunligi tufayli noqonuniy ekanligini va Denby Transport kompaniyasining xabarnomasi bilan xizmat ko'rsatganligini aytdi Avtomobillar va operatorlarga xizmat ko'rsatish agentligi (VOSA) inspektori transport vositasini tekshirish uchun yo'ldan olib tashlash uchun. Hovliga qaytib, Denby Transport politsiya va VOSA tomonidan yarim tirkamali yuk mashinasidan foydalanib bo'lmaydiganligi to'g'risida rasmiy ravishda xabar oldi. O'shandan beri na Eko-Link va na boshqa B-Train, Buyuk Britaniyaning yo'llarida harakatlanish taqiqlangan. Biroq, bu sabab bo'ldi Transport bo'limi yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalarida stol ishini olib borish, natijada 2012 yilda boshlangan yarim tirkamali sinov.

Shimoliy Amerika

Traktor agregatlarini tashiydigan traktor birligi Aydaho

Yilda Shimoliy Amerika, ishlaydigan yarim traktor va bir yoki bir nechta yarim romorklardan tashkil topgan kombinatsiyalashgan transport vositalari "yarim tirkamalar", "yarim tirkamalar",^[15] "traktor tirkamalari", "katta platformalar", "yarim yuk mashinalari", "o'n sakkiz g'ildirakli g'ildiraklar" yoki "yarim traktor tirkamalari".

The traktor birligi odatda ikkita yoki uchta o'qlar; og'ir tijorat-qurilish texnikasini olib o'tish uchun qurilganlar beshtaga, ba'zilari esa ko'pincha bo'lishi mumkin o'qlarni ko'taring.

Eng keng tarqalgan traktor-kabina sxemasi oldinga yo'naltirilgan dvigatelga, bitta boshqaruvchi o'qga va ikkitasiga ega qo'zg'aysan o'qlari. Ko'pgina traktor yuk mashinalarida beshinchi g'ildirak tirkamali muftasi oldinga va orqaga harakatlanuvchi bo'lib, uning orqa o'qi (lar) iga og'irlik taqsimotini to'g'rilashga imkon beradi.

Evropada hamma joyda tarqalgan, ammo 1990-yillardan beri Shimoliy Amerikada kamroq tarqalgan dvigatel haydovchi dvigatel yonida yoki uning yonida o'tiradigan konfiguratsiya. Qo'shma Shtatlarda birlashtirilgan transport vositasining maksimal uzunligiga o'zgartirishlar kiritilishi natijasida, 2007 yilga kelib, kabellar Shimoliy Amerikada avtoulov (uzoq masofali) xizmatidan voz kechdi. Kabovlarga xizmat ko'rsatish qiyin edi; uzoq vaqt davomida dvigatelning old qismiga kirishni keskin cheklab, 90 daraja oldinga burilishda to'liq idishni menteşalarida ko'tarib bo'lmaydi.

2016 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], yuk mashinasining narxi bo'lishi mumkin 100000 AQSh dollari, dizel yoqilg'isi narxi yiliga 70 ming dollarni tashkil qilishi mumkin.^[16] Yuk mashinalari o'rtacha har bir AQSh galloniga 4 dan 8 milgacha (59 dan 29 L / 100 km gacha), yoqilg'i tejamkorligi standartlari bilan 2014 yilga kelib AQSh galloniga (34 L / 100 km) 7 mildan yuqori samaradorlikni talab qiladi.^[17] Standart sharoitlarda elektr quvvati 55 milya (89 km / soat) da 170 ot kuchiga yoki 70 milya (113 km / soat) ga teng bo'lgan 280 ot kuchiga va boshqa sharoitlarda bir oz boshqacha quvvatdan foydalanish.^[18]

Rokki tog 'dubli

STAA ikki kuchukcha 28,5 futlik treylerlar

The yuk tirkamasi odatda bor tandem orqa tomonidagi o'qlar, ularning har biri mavjud juft g'ildiraklar, yoki treylerdagi sakkizta shinalar, har bir o'q uchun to'rttadan. AQShda shinalar soniga emas, balki g'ildirak uyalarining soniga murojaat qilish odatiy holdir; aksda yuridik farqsiz bitta yoki ikkita shinalar bo'lishi mumkin.^[19][20] Treylerdagi sakkizta g'ildirak va traktordagi o'nta g'ildirakning birlashishi bu narsaga olib keldi moniker o'n sakkiz g'ildirakli g'ildirak, garchi bu atama ba'zi yuk tashuvchilar tomonidan a noto'g'ri nom ("o'n sakkiz g'ildirakli" atamasi - bu besh o'qli yo'lda kombinatsiyaning taxallusi). Ko'pgina treylerlar harakatlanuvchi bilan jihozlangan tandem o'qlari vazn taqsimotini sozlash uchun ruxsat berish.

Ikki juftlik to'plamining ikkinchisini birinchi treylerga ulash uchun va ikkinchi treylerning old qismini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun "qo'g'irchoq" deb nomlangan konvertor uzatmasi ishlatiladi. Bu bitta yoki ikkita o'qga ega, orqa tirkama uchun beshinchi g'ildirak kuplaji va oldinga tirkamasi uchun halqali koptokli til. Shaxsiy davlatlar qo'shimcha ravishda "uzoqroq kombinatsiyalangan transport vositalari" deb nomlanadigan uzoqroq transport vositalariga ruxsat berishlari mumkin (yoki LCVlar ) va ularga Davlatlararo hududlardan tashqari boshqa yo'llarda ishlashga ruxsat berishi mumkin.

Uzoq kombinatsiyalangan transport vositasi turlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

• Ikki marta (rasmiy ravishda "STAA ikki baravar ko'payadi ", so'zma-so'z" bo'g'inlar to'plami "nomi bilan tanilgan)): Ikki 28,5 fut (8,7 m) treylerlar.
• B-Dubles: B-double konfiguratsiyasida egizak 33 fut (10,1 m) treylerlar (Kanadada juda keng tarqalgan, ammo AQShda kamdan kam qo'llaniladi).
• Uch marta: 8,5 fut (8,7 m) uchta treyler.
• Turnpike ikki barobar: 14,6 m uzunlikdagi ikkita treyler.
• Rokki tog'i ikki barobar: 12 dan 16,2 m gacha bo'lgan treyler (odatda 48 fut (14,6 m) dan oshmasligi kerak) va bitta 28,5 fut (8,7 m) treyler ("" nomi bilan tanilgan)kuchukcha ").
• Kanadada "Turnpike Double" - bu 53 fut (16,2 m) ikkita treyler va "Rocky Mountain Double" - bu 24 fut (7,3 m) "kuchukcha" bilan 50 fut (15,2 m) treyler. ^[21][22][23]

Kelajakda uzoq muddatli avtomobillar AQShda ko'rib chiqilmoqda va o'rganilmoqda XARITA-21 transport to'lovi konteyner dubli hisoblanadi. Ushbu kombinatsiyalar 2014 yil noyabr oyida potentsial tavsiya uchun o'rganilmoqda:

• 12 futlik treyler Turnpike Dubles, 148,000 funt (67,000 kg) GVWR
• 12 fut (6 m) va 20 fut (6,1 m) treyler Rokki-Mountain Dubles, 134,000 funt (61,000 kg) GVWR
• Ikki futli (6,1 m) treylerlar.

Faqatgina tartibga soluvchi AQSh federal hukumati Davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari tizimi, maksimal uzunlik talablarini o'rnatmaydi (avtoulovlar va qayiq transportchilaridan tashqari), faqat minimal. Traktorlar ikkita yoki uchta treylerlarni tortib olishlari mumkin, agar kombinatsiya ushbu holatda qonuniy bo'lsa. Og'irlikning maksimal ko'rsatkichlari bitta o'qda 20000 funt (9100 kg), tandemda 34000 funt (15000 kg) va har qanday transport vositasi yoki kombinatsiyasi uchun jami 80000 funt (36000 kg). Maksimal kengligi 8,5 fut (2,6 m) va maksimal balandligi yo'q.^[24][25]

Davlatlararo yo'llardan boshqa yo'llar alohida davlatlar tomonidan tartibga solinadi va qonunlar juda xilma-xil. Maksimal og'irlik kombinatsiyaga qarab 80,000 funt (36,000 kg) dan 171,000 lb (78,000 kg) gacha o'zgarib turadi.^[26] Aksariyat shtatlar tandemli treylerning uch barobar, burilish pog'onasi va Rokki-Tog'ning dubli kabi katta tirkamalarini o'rnatishni cheklaydi. Treylerning qonuniy konfiguratsiyasini cheklash sabablari orasida xavfsizlik masalalari ham, kattaroq hajmga mos keladigan yo'llarni loyihalashtirish va qurish esa amaliy emas. g'ildirak bazasi ushbu transport vositalarining va ular bilan bog'liq bo'lgan eng katta burilish radiuslarining katta qismi. Umuman olganda, ushbu konfiguratsiyalar Interstates bilan cheklangan. Ushbu birliklar bundan mustasno, ikkita o'rnatish faqat bitta yo'ldan tashqari ma'lum yo'llarda cheklanmaydi. Ular shuningdek ob-havo sharoiti yoki "ishlash qiyinligi" bilan cheklanmagan. Kanadaning Ontario provinsiyasida tandemning katta tirkamasini o'rnatish uchun ob-havo bilan bog'liq operatsion cheklovlar mavjud.^[27]

Okeaniya

Avstraliya

Avstraliyalik avtomobil transporti juda katta yuk mashinalarini ishlatish uchun obro'ga ega va avtomobil poezdlari. Bu, odatda, ikkita qo'zg'aysan o'qi va treylerlarda uchta o'qi bo'lgan, har bir o'qida to'rtta shinasi bo'lgan yuk mashinalarining eng mashhur konfiguratsiyasida aks etadi. Bu shuni anglatadiki, avstraliyalik bitta yarim tirkamali yuk mashinalari odatda 22 ta shinaga ega bo'ladi, bu odatda boshqa mamlakatlardagi o'xshashlaridan ko'proqdir. Ba'zan uch aksli treylerlarda super bitta shinalar ishlatiladi. Ishlab chiqarish cheklovi bilan ishlab chiqilgan bo'lib, u chekkaning har bir tomoni uchun bitta puflangan yoki söndürülmüş bir g'ildirak uchun yo'l chetini ushlab turadi, shuning uchun treylerni past tezlik bilan ta'mirlash uchun xavfsiz joyga olib borish mumkin. Super yakkaliklar, shuningdek, tez-tez boshqariladigan o'q ustida katta yuklanishni ta'minlash uchun Avstraliyada rulda o'qida ishlatiladi. Rulda shinalari yuklanishining ko'payishi uchun ruxsatnoma talab qilinadi.

Uzoq muddatli transport odatda B-dublyaj sifatida ikkita treyler bilan ishlaydi (har biri uchta o'qi bilan), jami to'qqiz o'qi (shu jumladan, boshqarish). Ba'zi engilroq ishlarda yuk mashinasining orqa o'qlaridan faqat bittasi boshqariladi va treylerda faqat ikkita o'q bo'lishi mumkin. 2007 yil iyul oyidan boshlab Avstraliya Federal va Shtat hukumatlari yo'llarning belgilangan tarmog'iga B-triple yuk mashinalarini kiritishga ruxsat berishdi.^[28] B-Triples an'anaviy avtoulovlardan farqli ravishda o'rnatiladi. Ularning birinchi treylerining old tomoni aylanuvchi stol asosiy harakatlanuvchida. Ikkinchi va uchinchi treylerlarni oldidagi treylerlarda aylanuvchi stolchalar qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Natijada, B-Triples yo'l poezdlariga qaraganda ancha barqaror va juda yaxshi ishlaydi. Haqiqiy yo'l poezdlari faqat har bir shtat yoki hudud hukumati tomonidan tartibga solinadigan chekka hududlarda ishlaydi.

Umuman olganda, har qanday bo'g'inli transport vositasining maksimal uzunligi (maxsus ruxsatnoma va eskortisiz) 53,5 m (176 fut) ni tashkil etadi, uning maksimal yuki 164 tonnagacha va to'rt tirkamaga ega bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, bunday transport vositasi aksariyat shtatlarda sayohat qilishi mumkin bo'lgan hududlarga og'ir cheklovlar qo'llaniladi. Kabi uzoq hududlarda Shimoliy hudud yo'lni kunduzi tez-tez yuradigan uzunroq bo'g'inli transport vositalari, ayniqsa to'rtta treylerli avtoulovlar bilan bo'lishishda juda ehtiyot bo'lish kerak.

Maksimal umumiy uzunligi 19 m (62 fut) bo'lgan bitta treyler yoki ikkita treylerni (odatda "qisqa dublyaj" deb nomlanuvchi) tortib oladigan bo'g'inli yuk mashinalari "Umumiy kirish og'ir transport vositalari" deb nomlanadi va ularga barcha hududlarda, shu jumladan metropolitenda ruxsat beriladi. B-juftliklar maksimal og'irligi 62,5 tonna va umumiy uzunligi 25 m (82 fut) yoki 26 m (85 fut) uzunlik bilan cheklangan, agar ular FUPS (Front Underrun Protection System) qurilmalari bilan jihozlangan bo'lsa. B-dubllar faqat belgilangan yo'llarda ishlashi mumkin, bu ko'pchilik magistral yo'llarni va ba'zi yirik metropoliten yo'llarini o'z ichiga oladi. B-juftliklar Avstraliyaning barcha hududlarida, shu jumladan shtat poytaxtlarida juda keng tarqalgan va asosiy marshrutlarda bitta treyler konfiguratsiyasidan ustundir.

Har qanday transport vositasining maksimal kengligi 2,5 m (8,2 fut) va balandligi 4,3 m (14 fut) ni tashkil qiladi. So'nggi bir necha yil ichida bir nechta davlatlar tomonidan og'irligi katta avtomobillarning balandligi 4,6 m (15 fut) gacha bo'lgan konstruktsiyalarga ruxsat berildi, ammo ular belgilangan yo'nalishlar bilan cheklangan. Aslida, 4,6 metr balandlikdagi B-dubl ikki qoidalarga amal qilishi kerak: ular faqat B-dublyaj uchun ruxsat berilgan yo'llarga kirishlari mumkin. va balandligi 4,6 metr bo'lgan transport vositalari uchun.

Avstraliyada ham odatiy bosh ko'chiruvchilar va qovurg'alar keng tarqalgan, ammo ko'pincha qopqoqlar sharqiy dengiz qirg'og'idagi B-dubllarda uchraydi, bu erda umumiy uzunlikning qisqarishi transport vositasiga uzoqroq treylerlarni tortib olishga imkon beradi va shuning uchun aksi bo'lgandan ko'ra ko'proq yuk tashiydi.

• 

  Avstraliyalik asosiy harakat Kenvort va B juft treyler birikmasi

• 

  A avtopoyezd Avstraliyada

• 

  B-ikkita yuk mashinasi Sturt avtomagistrali

Yangi Zelandiya

Yuk mashinalarining o'lchamlarini tartibga soluvchi Yangi Zelandiya qonunchiligi tomonidan nashr etilgan Avtomobil o'lchamlari va ommaviy qoidalariga muvofiq keladi NZ transport agentligi.^[29] Yangi qoidalar 2017 yil 1-fevraldan kuchga kirdi,^[30] yuklarni va transport vositalarining maksimal balandligi, kengligi va og'irligini oshirdi, qoidalarni soddalashtirish, transport vositalarida tashiladigan yuk miqdorini ko'paytirish va transport operatorlari uchun mavjud bo'lgan transport vositalari va treylerlar turini yaxshilash.

Yangi Zelandiyada keng tarqalgan kombinatsiyalar standart yarim romork, a B-ikki baravar, yoki tortib oluvchi tirgakni tortib oladigan qattiq tortish vositasi, maksimal to'qqiz o'qi. Bir o'qi o'rnatilgan treylerlar uchun transport vositalarining standart maksimal uzunliklari:

• Yarim treyler: 19 m (62 fut)
• Oddiy: 22 m (72 fut)
• Qutb: 20 m (66 fut)

Ikki dingil to'plami bo'lgan treylerlar 20 m (66 fut) uzunlikka ega bo'lishi mumkin, shu qatorda ikkita tirkamani tortib oladigan og'ir qattiq transport vositalari. O'lchamsiz yuklarga kamida ruxsat va bir yoki bir nechta uchuvchi transport vositalari kerak bo'lishi mumkin.^[31]

Qurilish

Yon va pastki ko'rinish a an'anaviy 18 g'ildirakli yarim romorkli yuk mashinasi yopiq yuk maydoni bilan. Pastki ko'rinish 18-ning tartibini ko'rsatadi shinalar (g'ildiraklar). Pastki ko'rinishda ko'k rangda ko'rsatilgan o'qlar, qo'zg'aysan milini va differentsiallar. Yuk mashinasining yorliqli qismlari uchun afsona quyidagicha:
1. traktor agregati
2. yarim romork (olinadigan)
3. dvigatel bo'lim
4. idishni
5. shpal (barcha yuk mashinalarida mavjud emas)
6. havo to'g'oni (barcha yuk mashinalarida mavjud emas)
7. yonilg'i baklari
8. beshinchi g'ildirak muftasi
9. ilova qilingan yuk bo'sh joy
10. shassi - yarim romork ajratilganda oyoqlar
11. tandem o'qlari

Tirkamalar turlari

Amaldagi ko'plab turdagi yarim romorklar mavjud bo'lib, ular ko'plab mahsulotlarni tashish uchun mo'ljallangan.

Birlashtirish va ajratish

Yuk tirkamasi, a orqali qirol pin, a deb nomlangan tez chiqariladigan bog'lash moslamasiga ulangan beshinchi g'ildirak yoki orqa tomonidagi aylanuvchi to'siq tortish mexanizmi bu oson ulanish va bo'shatish imkonini beradi. The yuk mashinalari tirkamasi o'z-o'zidan harakatlana olmaydi, chunki uning orqa tomonida faqat g'ildiraklar mavjud: oldinga burilish kerak aks, tortish dvigateli tomonidan taqdim etilgan, yuk og'irligining yarmini ko'tarish uchun. Yuqori tezlikda qattiq tormozlashda transport vositasi tortib oluvchi transport vositasi va treyler orasidagi burilish nuqtasida katlanishga moyil bo'ladi. Bunday yuk avtohalokati "treyler belanchak" deb nomlanadi, garchi u odatda "jakka pichog'i" deb ta'riflansa ham.^[32] Jackknifing bu tortish birligi tirkamaga qarshi aylanadigan holat, aksincha emas.

Tormozlash

Avstraliyaning asosiy harakatlantiruvchisi orqasida joylashgan yarim tirkamali "Suzies" juftligi, favqulodda vaziyat / etkazib berish uchun qizil chiziq va boshqarish uchun ko'k

Yarim yuk mashinalari, aksincha, havo bosimidan foydalanadi gidravlik suyuqlik, harakatga keltirish uchun tormoz. Havo shlanglarini ishlatish traktor agregatlaridan tirkamalarni birlashtirish va ajratishda qulaylikni ta'minlaydi. Eng keng tarqalgan muvaffaqiyatsizlik tormoz o'chadi, odatda barabanlar yoki disklar va tormoz astarlari haddan tashqari ishlatilishidan qizib ketganda paydo bo'ladi.

Traktor birligining to'xtash tormozi va treylerning favqulodda tormozi - bu bo'shashishi uchun havo bosimini talab qiladigan kamon tormozlari. Ular tizimdan havo bosimi chiqarilganda qo'llaniladi va havo bosimi ta'minlanganda o'chiriladi. Bu xavfsiz konstruktiv xususiyati, agar har ikkala qurilmaga havo bosimi yo'qolsa, transport vositasi tormozsiz davom etish va boshqarib bo'lmaydigan o'rniga silliqlash to'xtashiga qadar to'xtaydi. Treyler boshqaruvlari traktor bilan ikkitadan bog'langan Gladhand konnektorlari, havo bosimini ta'minlovchi elektr chiroq va chiroqning kuchini va treylerning har qanday ixtisoslashtirilgan xususiyatlarini ta'minlaydi.

Xursand konnektorlar (shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan palma muftalari) har birining tekis yuzi va ushlab turadigan yorliqlari bo'lgan havo shlang ulagichlari. Yuzlar bir-biriga joylashtirilgan va bo'linmalar birlashtirilib, ulagichlarni bir-biriga bog'lab turadigan qilib aylantiriladi. This arrangement provides a secure connection but allows the couplers to break away without damaging the equipment if they are pulled, as may happen when the tractor and trailer are separated without first uncoupling the air lines. These connectors are similar in design to the ones used for a similar purpose between temir yo'l vagonlari. Two air lines typically connect to the trailer unit. An favqulodda vaziyat yoki asosiy air supply line pressurizes the trailer's air tank and disengages the emergency brake, and a second xizmat line controls the brake application during normal operation.

In the UK, male/female quick release connectors (red line or emergency), have a female on the truck and male on the trailer, but a sariq chiziq or service has a male on the truck and female on the trailer. This avoids coupling errors (causing no brakes) plus the connections will not come apart if pulled by accident. The three electrical lines will fit one way around a primary black, a secondary green, and an ABS lead, all of which are collectively known as suzies yoki suzie coils.

Another braking feature of semi-trucks is dvigatelning tormozlanishi, which could be either a compression brake (usually shortened to Jake tormozi ) yoki exhaust brake or combination of both. However, the use of compression brake alone produces a loud and distinctive noise, and to control shovqin bilan ifloslanish, some local municipalities have prohibited or restricted the use of engine brake systems inside their jurisdictions, particularly in residential areas. The advantage to using engine braking instead of conventional brakes is that a truck can descend a long grade without overheating its wheel brakes. Some vehicles can also be equipped with hydraulic or electric retarders which have an advantage of near silent operation.

Transmission

An'anaviy qo'lda uzatish have 4-5 ratios on main shift and 3-4 on the auxiliary: pictured is a 5×3 with five main ratios and three auxiliaries

Because of the wide variety of loads the semi may carry, they usually have a qo'lda uzatish to allow the driver to have as much control as possible. However, all truck manufacturers now offer yarim avtomatik uzatmalar (manual gearboxes with automated gear change), as well as avtomatik uzatish.

Semi-truck uzatish can have as few as three forward speeds or as many as 18 forward speeds (plus 2 reverse speeds). A large number of transmission ratios means the driver can operate the engine more efficiently. Modern on-highway diesel engines are designed to provide maximum torque in a narrow RPM range (usually 1200-1500 RPM); having more gear ratios means the driver can hold the engine in its optimum range regardless of road speed (qo'zg'aysan o'qi ratio must also be considered).

A ten-speed manual transmission, for example is controlled via a six-slot H-box pattern, similar to that in five-speed cars — five forward and one reverse gear. Gears six to ten (and high speed reverse) are accessed by a Lo/High range splitter; gears one to five are Lo range; gears six to ten are High range using the same shift pattern. A Super-10 transmission, by contrast, has no range splitter; it uses alternating "stick and button" shifting (stick shifts 1-3-5-7-9, button shifts 2-4-6-8-10). The 13-, 15-, and 18-speed transmissions have the same basic shift pattern, but include a splitter button to enable additional ratios found in each range. Some transmissions may have 12 speeds.

Another difference between semi-trucks and cars is the way the clutch is set up. An avtomobil, the clutch pedal is depressed full stroke to the floor for every gear shift, to ensure the gearbox is disengaged from the engine. On a semi-truck with constant mesh transmission (non synchronized), such as by the Eaton Roadranger series, not only is double clutching required, but a clutch brake is required as well. The clutch brake stops the rotation of the gears, and allows the truck to be put into gear without grinding when stationary. The clutch is pressed to the floor only to allow smooth engagement of low gears when starting from a full stop; when the truck is moving, the clutch pedal is pressed only far enough to break torque for gear changes.

Chiroqlar

An electrical connection is made between the tractor and the trailer through a cable often referred to as a pigtail. This cable is a bundle of wires in a single casing. Each wire controls one of the electrical circuits on the trailer, such as running lights, brake lights, turn signals, etc. A straight cable would break when the rig went around corners, so a coiled cable is used which retracts these coils when not under tension. It is these coils that cause the cable to look like a pigtail.

In most countries, a trailer or semi-trailer must have minimum

• 2 rear lights (red)
• 2 stop lights (red)
• 2 turning lights; one for right and one for left, flashing (amber; red optional in North America. May be combined with a brake light in North America)
• 2 marking lights behind if wider than certain specifications (red; plus a group of 3 red lights in the middle in North America)
• 2 marking lights front if wider than the truck or wider than certain specifications (white; amber in North America)

Rullar va shinalar

Garchi dual wheels are the most common, use of two single, wider shinalar sifatida tanilgan super singles, on each axle is becoming popular among bulk cargo carriers and other weight-sensitive operators. With increased efforts to reduce issiqxona gazi emissions, the use of the super-single tire is gaining popularity. There are several advantages to this configuration. The first of these is that super singles reduce fuel consumption. In 1999, tests on an oval track showed a 10% fuel savings when super singles were used. These savings are realized because less energy is wasted flexing fewer tire sidewalls. Second, the lighter overall tire weight allows a truck to be loaded with more freight. The third advantage is that the single wheel encloses less of the brake unit, which allows faster cooling and reduces tormoz o'chadi.

One of the major disadvantages of the super singles is that they are currently not as widely available as a standard tire. In addition, if a tire should become deflated or be destroyed, there is not another tire attached to the same hub to maintain the dynamic stability of the vehicle, as would be the case with dual wheels. With dual wheels, the remaining tire may be overloaded, but it will typically allow the vehicle to be safely stopped or driven to a repair facility.

In Europe, super singles became popular when the allowed weight of semitrailer rigs was increased from 38 to 40 tonnes.^[33] In this reform the trailer industry replaced two 10-tonne (22,000 lb) axles with dual wheels, with three 8-tonne (18,000 lb) axles on wide-base single wheels. The significantly lower axle weight on super singles must be considered when comparing road wear from single versus dual wheels. The majority of super singles sold in Europe have a width of 385 mm (15.2 in). The standard 385 tires have a legal load limit of 4,500 kg (9,900 lb). (Note that expensive, specially reinforced 385 tires approved for 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) do exist. Their market share is tiny, except for mounting on the steer axle.)

Skirted trailers

An innovation rapidly growing in popularity is the skirted trailer. The space between the road and the bottom of the trailer frame was traditionally left open until it was realized that the notinch air swirling under the trailer is a major source of aerodinamik qarshilik. Three split skirt concepts were verified by the Qo'shma Shtatlar atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi (EPA) to provide fuel savings greater than 5%, and four split skirt concepts had EPA-verified fuel savings between 4% and 5%.^[34]

Skirted trailers are often combined with Underrun Protection Systems (underride guards), greatly improving safety for passenger vehicles sharing the road.

Qo'riqchini bekor qiling

Crash test of an underride guard at 30–40 km/h (19–25 mph); the truck platform at head height has been prevented from slicing through the windshield

Underride protection systems can be installed at the rear, front and sides of a truck and the rear and sides of a trailer. A Rear Underrun Protection System (RUPS) is a rigid assembly hanging down from trailer's chassis, which is intended to provide some protection for passenger cars which collide with the rear of the trailer. Public awareness of this safeguard was increased in the aftermath of the accident that killed actress Jeyn Mensfild on 29 June 1967, when the car she was in hit the rear of a tractor-trailer, causing fatal bosh travması. Uning o'limidan keyin NHTSA recommended requiring a rear underride guard, also known as a Mansfield bar, an ICC baryoki a DOT bamper.^[35][36]

The bottom rear of the trailer is near head level for an adult seated in a car, and without the underride guard, the only protection for such an adult's head in a orqa to'qnashuv would be the car's shisha and A pillars. The front of the car goes under the platform of the trailer rather than making contact via the passenger avtomobil bamperi, so the car's protective crush zone becomes irrelevant and xavfsizlik yostiqchalari are ineffective in protecting the passengers. The underride guard provides a rigid area for the car to contact that is lower than the lip of the bonnet/hood, preventing the vehicle from squatting and running under the truck and ensuring that the vehicle's crush zones and engine block absorb the force of the collision.

In addition to rear underride guards, truck tractor cabs may be equipped with a Front Underrun Protection System (FUPS) at the front bumper of the truck, if the front end is not low enough for the bumper to provide the adequate protection on its own. The safest tractor-trailers are also equipped with side underride guards, also called Side Underrun Protection System (SUPS). These additional barriers prevent passenger cars from skidding underneath the trailer from the side, such as in an oblique or yon to'qnashuv, or if the trailer jackknifes across the road, and helps protect cyclists, pedestrians and other vulnerable road users.^[37]

In Europe, side and rear underrun protection are mandated on all lorries and trailers with a gross weight of 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb) or more.^[38] Several US states and cities have adopted or are in the process of adopting truck side guards, including New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington DC. The NTSB has recommended that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) develop standards for side underride protection systems for trucks, and for newly manufactured trucks to be equipped with technology meeting the standards.^[39]

In addition to safety benefits, these underride guards may improve yoqilg'i masofasi by reducing air turbulentlik under the trailer at highway speeds. Another benefit of having a sturdy rear underride guard is that it may be secured to a yuklash doki with a hook to prevent "trailer creep ", a movement of the trailer away from the dock, which opens up a dangerous gap during loading or unloading operations.^[40]

Semi-truck manufacturers

Current semi-truck manufacturers include:

Osiyo-Tinch okeani

Kanada va Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari

Evropa

Boshqa joylar

Haydovchilik guvohnomasi

View of a truck's interior dashboard

Maxsus haydovchilik guvohnomasi is required to operate various commercial vehicles.

Avstraliya

Truck drivers in Australia require an endorsed license. These endorsements are gained through training and experience. The minimum age to hold an endorsed license is 18 years, and/or must have held open (full) driver's license for minimum 12 months.

The following are the heavy vehicle license classes in Australia:

• LR (Light Rigid) – Class LR covers a rigid vehicle with a GVM (yalpi vehicle mass) of more than 4.5 tonnes but not more than 8 tonnes. Har qanday tortiladigan treyler og'irligi 9 tonnadan ortiq bo'lishi kerak. Also includes vehicles with a GVM up to 8 tonnes which carry more than 12 adults including the driver and vehicles in Class C.
• MR (Medium Rigid) – Class MR covers a rigid vehicle with two axles and a GVM of more than 8 tonnes. Har qanday tortiladigan treyler og'irligi 9 tonnadan ortiq bo'lishi kerak. Also includes vehicles in Class LR.
• HR (Heavy Rigid) – Class HR covers a rigid vehicle with three or more axles and a GVM of more than 15 tonnes. Har qanday tortiladigan treyler og'irligi 9 tonnadan ortiq bo'lishi kerak. Also includes articulated buses and vehicles in Class MR.
• HC (Heavy Combination) – Class HC covers heavy combination vehicles like a prime mover towing a semi-trailer, or rigid vehicles towing a trailer with a GVM of more than 9 tonnes. Also includes vehicles in Class HR.
• MC (Multi Combination) – Class MC covers multi-combination vehicles like road trains and B-double vehicles. Also includes vehicles in Class HC.

In order to obtain an HC License the driver must have held an MR or HR license for at least 12 months. To upgrade to an MC License the driver must have held a HR or HC license for at least 12 months. From licenses MR and upward there is also a B Condition which may apply to the license if testing in a synchromesh or automatic transmission vehicle. The B Condition may be removed upon the driver proving the ability to drive a constant mesh transmission using the clutch. Constant mesh transmission refers to halokat qutisi transmissions, predominantly Road Ranger eighteen-speed transmissions in Australia.

Kanada

Reglament viloyatlarga qarab farq qiladi. A license to operate a vehicle with air brakes is required (i.e., normally a Class I, II, or III commercial license with an "A" or "S" endorsement in provinces other than Ontario). Yilda Ontario, a "Z" endorsement^[42] is required to drive any vehicle using air brakes; in provinces other than Ontario, the "A" endorsement is for air brake operation only, and an "S" endorsement is for both operation and adjustment of air brakes. Anyone holding a valid Ontario driver's license (i.e., excluding a motorcycle license) with a "Z" endorsement can legally drive any air-brake-equipped truck-trailer combination with a registered- or actual-gross-vehicle-weight (i.e., including towing- and towed-vehicle) up to 11 tonnes, that includes one trailer weighing no more than 4.6 tonnes if the license falls under the following three classes: Class E (school bus—maximum 24-passenger capacity or ambulance), F (regular bus—maximum 24-passenger capacity or ambulance) or G (car, van, or small-truck).

A Class B (any school bus), C (any urban-transit-vehicle or highway-coach), or D (heavy trucks other than tractor-trailers) license enables its holder to drive any truck-trailer combination with a registered- or actual-gross-vehicle-weight (i.e., including towing- and towed-vehicle) greater than 11 tonnes, that includes one trailer weighing no more than 4.6 tonnes.^[43] Anyone holding an Ontario Class A license (or its equivalent) can drive any truck-trailer combination with a registered- or actual-gross-vehicle-weight (i.e., including towing- and towed-vehicles) greater than 11 tonnes, that includes one or more trailers weighing more than 4.6 tonnes.

Evropa

A category CE driving licence is required to drive a tractor-trailer in Europe. Category C (Γ in Greece) is required for vehicles over 7,500 kg (16,500 lb), while category E is for heavy trailers, which in the case of trucks and buses means any trailer over 750 kg (1,650 lb). Vehicles over 3,500 kg (7,700 lb)—which is the maximum limit of B license—but under 7,500 kg can be driven with a C1 license. Buses require a D (Δ in Greece) license. A bus that is registered for no more than 16 passengers, excluding the driver, can be driven with a D1 license.

Yangi Zelandiya

In New Zealand, drivers of heavy vehicles require specific licenses, termed as classes. A Class 1 license (car license) will allow the driving of any vehicle with Gross Laden Weight (GLW) or Gross Combination Weight (GCW) of 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) or less. For other types of vehicles the classes are separately licensed as follows:

• Class 2 – Medium Rigid Vehicle: Any rigid vehicle with GLW 18,001 kg (39,685 lb) or less with light trailer of 3,500 kg (7,700 lb) or less, any combination vehicle with GCW 12,001 kg (26,458 lb) or less, any rigid vehicle of any weight with no more than two axles, or any Class 1 vehicle.
• Class 3 – Medium Combination Vehicle: Any combination vehicle of GCW 25,001 kg (55,118 lb) or less, or any Class 2 vehicle.
• Class 4 – Heavy Rigid Vehicle: Any rigid vehicle of any weight, any combination vehicle which consists of a heavy vehicle and a light trailer, or any vehicle of Class 1 or 2 (but not 3).
• Class 5 – Heavy Combination Vehicle: Any combination vehicle of any weight, and any vehicle covered by previous classes.
• Class 6 – Motorcycle.

Further information on the New Zealand licensing system for heavy vehicles can be found at the Yangi Zelandiya transport agentligi.

Tayvan

Taiwanese sign prohibiting heavy trailers

The Road Traffic Security Rules (道路 交通安全 規則 ) require a combination vehicle driver license (Xitoy : 聯結車駕駛執照) to drive a combination vehicle (Xitoy : 聯結 車). These rules define a combination vehicle as a motor vehicle towing a heavy trailer, i.e., a trailer with a gross weight of more than 750 kilograms (1,653 lb).

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Drivers of semi-trailer trucks generally require a Class A tijorat haydovchilik guvohnomasi (CDL) to operate any combination vehicles with a gross combination weight rating (or GCWR) in excess of 26,000 lb (11,800 kg) if the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of the towed vehicle(s) is in excess of 10,000 lb (4,500 kg). Some states (such as Shimoliy Dakota ) provide exemptions for farmers, allowing non-commercial license holders to operate semis within a certain air-mile radius of their reporting location. State exemptions, however, are only applicable in intrastate commerce; stipulations of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) may be applied in interstate commerce. Also a person under the age of 21 cannot operate a commercial vehicle outside the state where the commercial license was issued. This restriction may also be mirrored by certain states in their intrastate regulations. A person must be at least 18 in order to be issued a commercial license.

Bunga qo'chimcha, tasdiqlash are necessary for certain cargo and vehicle arrangements and types;

• H - Hazardous Materials (HazMat or HM) – necessary if materials require HM placards.
• N – Tankers – the driver is acquainted with the unique handling characteristics of liquids tankers.
• X – Signifies Hazardous Materials and Tanker endorsements, combined.
• T – Doubles & Triples – the licensee may pull more than one trailer.
• P – Buses – Any Vehicle designed to transport 16 or more passengers (including the driver).
• S – School Buses – Any school bus designed to transport 11 or more passengers (including the driver).
• W – Tow Truck

Role in trade

Modern day semi-trailer trucks often operate as a part of a domestic or international transport infrastructure to support konteynerlangan yuk shipment.

Various types of rail flat bed train cars are modified to hold the cargo trailer or container with wheels or without. Bu deyiladi Intermodal yoki piggyback. The system allows the cargo to switch from highway to railway or vice versa with relative ease by using portal kranlari.

The large trailers pulled by a tractor unit come in many styles, lengths, and shapes. Some common types are: vans, reefers, flatbeds, sidelifts va tankerlar. These trailers may be refrigerated, heated, ventilated, or pressurized, depending on climate and cargo. Some trailers have movable wheel axles that can be adjusted by moving them on a track underneath the trailer body and securing them in place with large pinalar. The purpose of this is to help adjust weight distribution over the various axles, to comply with local laws.

OAV

Televizor

• 1960s TV series To'p to'pi
• NBC ran two popular TV series about truck drivers in the 1970s featuring actor Klod Akins in major roles:
  • Movin 'On (1974–1976)
  • B. J. va ayiq (1978–1981)
• Yo'lchi (1987-1988), a semi-futuristic action-adventure series starring Sem Jons, featuring hi-tech, multi-function trucks.
• Knight Rider, an American television show featured a semi-trailer truck called The Semi, operated by the Foundation for Law & Government (F.L.A.G.) as a mobile support facility for KITT. Also, in two episodes KITT faced off against an armored semi called Goliat.
• Transformatorlar, a 1980s cartoon featuring tractor-trailers as the Avtomobotlar "rahbar Optimus Prime (Konvoy in Japanese version), their second-in-command Ultra Magnus va kabi Stunticons ' leader Motormaster. Optimus Prime returned in 2007 yilgi film.
• Mening yuk mashinamni aldating, a CMT show features trucks getting 'tricked out' (heavily customized).
• Ice Road Truckers, a History Channel show charts the lives of drivers who haul supplies to remote towns and work sites over frozen lakes that double as roads.
• 18 Adolat g'ildiragi, featuring Federal Agent Michael Cates (Lucky Vanous ) as a crown witness for the mafia who goes undercover, when forced into it, to fight crime.
• Eddi Stobart: Yuk mashinalari va treylerlar, a UK television show showing the trucking company Eddie Stobart and its drivers.
• Highway Thru Hell, a Canadian reality TV show that follows the operations of Jamie Davis Motor Trucking, a heavy vehicle rescue and recovery towing company based in Hope, British Columbia.

Filmlar

• Duel, Steven Spielberg's 1971 film, features a Peterbilt 281 tanker truck as the villain
• Oq chiziqli isitma, a 1975 Columbia Pictures film, starring Jan-Maykl Vinsent
• Maksimal overdrive, Stephen King's 1986 film, featured big rigs as its primary homicidal villains
• Smokey va qaroqchi, a 1977 film featuring a number of trucks on the side of the bandit
• Konvoy, a 1978 film directed by Sem Pekinpax, bosh rollarda Kris Kristofferson
• Qora it, 1998 yil rejissyor tomonidan suratga olingan film Kevin Xoks, bosh rollarda Patrik Sveyze
• Primemover, 2008 yil rejissyor tomonidan suratga olingan Devid Tsezar
• Joy Ride, a 2001 film directed by Jon Dal, bosh rollarda Pol Uoker va Stiv Zahn
• Katta Rig, a 2008 documentary film directed by Dag ibodat qiling

Musiqa

• "Konvoy ", a pop song by C. W. McCall, spurred sales of CB radiolari with an imaginary trucking story.
• The eighteen-wheeled truck was immortalized in numerous kantri musiqasi songs, such as the Qizil sovin titles "Giddyup Go ", "Ayiqcha Teddi "va"Phantom 309 ", va Deyv Dadli 's "Six Days on the Road".
• The trash metall guruh, BigRig, was named after these trucks.
• Country song "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses", made popular in 1987 by singer-songwriter Keti Mattea.
• "Roll On (O'n sakkizta g'ildirak) "tomonidan Alabama tells the story of a trucker who calls home to his family every night while out on the road.
• "Papa onamni yaxshi ko'rardi "tomonidan Gart Bruks is about a trucker and his wife.
• "Truck Drivin' Song" by "G'alati Al" Yankovich tells the story of a female trucker, sung by a male with a deep voice.
• "Cold Shoulder" by Gart Bruks is about a trucker stuck on the side of the highway during a blizzard, fantasizing about being home with his wife.
• "Mening hayotim yo'q "tomonidan Eddi Rabbitt, a former trucker, co-written with Even Stevens and Devid Malloy, sings of the life on the road.

Video O'yinlar

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• TruckNetUK.com, dedicated to trucking information in UK and Europe
• Ol' Blue, USA, safety and education in and around trucking in the US
• natm.com/ Promote trailer safety and the success of the trailer manufacturing industry through education and advocacy.
• Semitrailer truck dimensions