Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasi - Slovenian Democratic Party

Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasi

Slovenska demokratska stranka
QisqartirishSDS
RahbarJanez Jansha
Tashkil etilgan16 fevral 1989 yil
Bosh ofisTrstenjakova ulica 8, Lyublyana
A'zolik (2013)30,000[1]
MafkuraSloven millatchiligi[2]
Milliy konservatizm[3]
Ijtimoiy konservatizm[4]
O'ng qanotli populizm[5][6]
Immigratsiyaga qarshi[6][7]
Siyosiy pozitsiyaO'ng qanot[6][8][9]
Evropa mansubligiEvropa xalq partiyasi
Xalqaro mansublikCentrist Demokrat Xalqaro
Xalqaro demokratlar ittifoqi
Evropa parlamenti guruhiEvropa xalq partiyasi
Ranglar  Sariq   Moviy
Madhiya
"Slovenska pomlad"[10]
"Sloveniya bahori"
Milliy assambleya
26 / 90
Evropa parlamenti
2 / 8
Hokimlar
17 / 212
Shahar kengashi
537 / 2,750
Partiya bayrog'i
Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasining bayrog'i
Veb-sayt
sds.si

The Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasi (Sloven: Slovenska demokratska stranka, SDS), ilgari Sloveniya sotsial-demokratik partiyasi (Sloven: Socialdemokratska stranka Slovenije, SDSS),[11][12] a millatchi[13] o'ng qanotli populist[5] Sloveniyadagi siyosiy partiya. Oqim boshqaradi Sloveniya Bosh vaziri Janez Jansha, SDS ning a'zosi Evropa xalq partiyasi (EPP), Centrist Demokrat Xalqaro[14] va Xalqaro demokratlar ittifoqi.[15]

Tarix

Kelib chiqishi

Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasi ikkala partiyaning huquqiy vorisi bo'lgan ikkita alohida siyosiy partiyalarning birlashishidan rivojlandi Sloveniya sotsial-demokratik ittifoqi va Sloveniya demokratik ittifoqi,[16][17][18][19] a'zosi partiyalar Sloveniyaning demokratik muxolifati (DEMOS) mag'lub bo'lgan Sloveniya Kommunistik partiyasi - 1990 yildagi birinchi demokratik Sloveniya saylovlarida partiyalar,[17] va amalga oshirdi demokratlashtirish Sloveniya va uning Yugoslaviya tarkibidan ajralib chiqish.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sloveniyaning sotsial-demokratik ittifoqi mustaqil, anti-kommunistik 1980-yillarning oxiridagi kasaba uyushma harakati. Uning birinchi prezidenti kasaba uyushma rahbari edi Frantsiya Tomshich 1987 yil dekabrida ishchilarning muhim ish tashlashini uyushtirgan, bu mustaqil kasaba uyushmasi - Neodvisnost tashkil topishiga olib keldi va shu tariqa Hamjihatlik ichida harakatlanish Polsha,[20] va 1989 yilda partiya (sobiq kommunistik dunyoda birinchi oppozitsiya partiyasi bo'lgan).[18][21][20][22] Tomshich o'rniga rahbar etib tayinlandi Jože Puchnik o'sha yili SDU Sloveniyaning sotsial-demokratik partiyasi (SDS) deb o'zgartirildi.[21] Puchnik 1960 yillarda siyosiy surgun sifatida Germaniyaga ko'chishga majbur bo'lgan sobiq dissident edi.[23] Puchnik rahbarligida SDU asta-sekin mo''tadil bo'lib rivojlandi sotsial-demokratik a uchun iltimosnomani birlashtirgan partiya ijtimoiy bozor iqtisodiyoti ko'magida a ijtimoiy davlat asosida Nemis, Avstriyalik va Skandinaviya ijtimoiy model.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sloveniya Demokratik Ittifoqi 1989 yil yanvar oyida tashkil etilgan[19] ga qarshi chiqish sifatida Sloveniya Kommunistik partiyasi tashkil etilganligini ta'kidlab qonun ustuvorligi va hurmat qilish inson huquqlari va asosiy siyosiy erkinliklar, hurmat ozchilik huquqlari va Evro-Atlantika integratsiyasi (The Yevropa Ittifoqi va NATO ). U turli xil bo'lgan bir nechta guruhlarning keng, ammo biroz bo'linib ketgan koalitsiyasi sifatida ishladi liberal, ijtimoiy-liberal va fuqarolik millatchi kun tartiblari.[iqtibos kerak ]

1991 yilda SDU rahbariyati va a'zoligi o'rtasidagi ziddiyatdan so'ng, Sloveniya Demokratik Ittifoqi ikki partiyaga bo'lindi ijtimoiy-liberal qanot tashkil etdi Demokratik partiya (DSS), esa konservativ fraksiya asos solgan Milliy demokratik partiya (NDS).[19] Ushbu ikki partiyadan biriga qo'shilmagan a'zolar boshchiligidagi Sotsial-demokratik partiyaga qo'shilishdi Jože Puchnik.[iqtibos kerak ] Garchi Sotsial-Demokratik Partiya 1992 yilgi saylovlarda aniq mag'lubiyatga uchragan bo'lsa-da, arang kirib keldi Parlament, u g'olib bo'lganlar bilan koalitsiya tuzdi Sloveniyaning liberal demokratiyasi (LDS) va kabinetga kirdi Janez Drnovšek.[24][25][26][27][28]

Jansha 1993 yilda Xoje Puchnik sog'lig'i sababli iste'foga chiqqandan keyin partiya etakchisiga aylandi (keyinchalik Puchnik partiyaning faxriy prezidenti bo'ldi, bu vazifani 2003 yil yanvarida o'limigacha olib bordi).[28][29] 1995 yilda, Milliy demokratik partiya SDS-ga qo'shildi, bu ularning huquqiy vorislaridan biriga aylandi Sloveniya demokratik ittifoqi.[16][19][28]

Yansha 1990 yildan 1994 yilgacha mudofaa vaziri bo'lib ishlagan.[30] Yansha siyosiy hokimiyatni mustahkamlash uchun o'z lavozimidan suiiste'mol qilganlikda ayblanmoqda,[31] jangchilarni qurollantirish uchun qurol savdosi bilan shug'ullanish Yugoslaviya urushlari Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining qurol embargosini buzgan holda,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] va taniqli shaxslarni, shu jumladan siyosatchilarni, ishbilarmonlarni, jurnalistlarni va madaniyat va adabiyot arboblarini shantaj qilish, ular ilgari oshkor qilinmagan sobiq kommunistik maxfiy politsiya bilan aloqadorligi to'g'risida jamoat ma'lumotlarini (u vazirlik vazifasida o'zi bilan tanishgan) oshkor qilish bilan tahdid qilishgan.[31]

1994 yilda Janez Jansha Bosh vazir Yanez Drnovshek tomonidan Mudofaa vaziri lavozimidan bo'shatilganligi sababli Depala Vas ish (harbiy xizmatchilar Mudofaa vazirligi to'g'risidagi maxfiy hujjatlarni olishga urinayotgan, ishdan tashqarida yashiringan politsiya sherigini hibsga olgan va ularga nisbatan yomon munosabatda bo'lgan voqea atrofida).[38][39][28][31] Natijada SDS Drnovšek hukumatini tark etdi.[28] Ishdan bo'shatish Jansha tarafdorlarining noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi[40] va hukumat ichida Jansha yangi paydo bo'lgan harbiylar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, hokimiyatdan voz kechishdan bosh tortishi mumkin degan qo'rquv bor edi.[31] 2003 yil Mladina Maqolada Sloveniya harbiy maxsus bo'limi (MORiS) 1994 yilda harbiy mashg'ulot o'tkazish uchun kuch tayyorlashga qaratilgan harbiy mashg'ulotlarni o'tkazayotgani da'vo qilingan. Davlat to'ntarishi. Politsiya kuchlari bir vaqtning o'zida davlatni xavfsizligini ta'minlash va harbiylar tomonidan bosib olinishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun yashirin ravishda tayyorgarlik ko'rishgan. Maqola chop etilishidan bir oz oldin o'tkazilgan matbuot anjumanida Yansha politsiya davlat muassasalarini xavfsizligini ta'minlash rejalarini batafsil bayon qilgan hujjatlarga ishora qilib, uning vazirligiga qarshi davlat to'ntarishi sodir bo'lganligini ta'kidladi. 1999 yilgi intervyusida Delo, Jansha 1994 yildagi voqealarni quyidagicha izohladi: "Men ulkan kuchni o'z qo'llarimda ushlab turgandim. [...] Va 1994 yilda, ular meni ishdan bo'shatayotganlarida, biz bu olib tashlashni qabul qilmasligimiz haqida juda ko'p takliflar bo'lgan edi. buni qildim. Ammo men qilmadim. "[41] 1995 yilda Yansha noqonuniy qurol savdosi bo'yicha ayblanmoqda, ammo bu ish hech qachon sudga etkazilmagan.[33]

SDS keyingi 10 yil davomida oppozitsiyada qoldi, faqat 2000 yilda boshlangan qisqa muddatli o'ng-markaz hukumati tarkibiga kirgandan keyingina. Andrey Bajuk,[28][42][43] orasida mashhurlikka erishishda - biri tomonidan ta'riflanganidek sobiq tarafdorlari, Piter Jambrek - "pastki, ko'ngli qolgan ijtimoiy qatlamlar".[iqtibos kerak ][44]

Populist burilish

2000 yildan keyin partiya a'zolikka murojaat qildi Evropa xalq partiyasi (EPP),[28] qabul qilish liberal iqtisodiy siyosat va keyinchalik protejamkorlik 2000 yil oxiridagi iqtisodiy inqirozga qarshi choralar atlantist tashqi siyosat.[iqtibos kerak ] O'ngga siljish 2003 yil Sotsial-demokratik partiyadan Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasiga o'zgartirilishi bilan yakunlandi.[8][16] Partiya deb ta'riflangan liberal-konservativ[45] yoki konservativ-liberal[46] g'oyaviy yo'nalishda.

Partiya radikal populizm, millatparvar[8] va ksenofobik ritorikani siyosatshunoslar ham payqashgan.[47][48][49] Bundan tashqari, mahalliy sloven Katolik cherkovi uni boshqa Sloveniya siyosiy partiyalariga qaraganda ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatladi. Hatto nomidan nasroniylar partiyasi bo'lmasa ham, mahalliy cherkov uning orqasida to'liq va so'zsiz turibdi.[47]

2004–2008: hokimiyat tepasida (birinchi Jansha kabineti)

2004 yil 3 oktyabrda SDS g'olib bo'ldi 2004 yil parlament saylovi xalq ovozining 29,1% va 88 o'rindan 29tasining ovozi bilan.[50] Keyinchalik SDS shakllandi koalitsiya bilan Yangi Sloveniya (NSi), Sloveniya Xalq partiyasi (SLS) va Sloveniya pensionerlarining demokratik partiyasi (DeSUS), jami 49 ta deputatlik o'ringa ega (90 ta o'rindan).[51]

SDS boshchiligidagi hukumat biznesni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan bir qator tadbirlarni o'tkazdi mintaqalashtirish mahalliy hokimiyatlarga ko'proq vakolat berish orqali mamlakatning koalitsion partiyasini rozi qilish uchun DeSUS - pensiya tizimida iqtisodiy jihatdan barqaror bo'lmagan o'zgarishlarni kiritdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

SDS sloveniyalikning manfaati uchun xizmat qilganlikda ayblanmoqda Rim-katolik cherkovi siyosiy qo'llab-quvvatlash evaziga.[52][53] Shunga qaramay, Cherkov partiyaning ba'zi pozitsiyalariga tanqidiy munosabatda bo'ldi (SDS boshchiligidagi hukumat ijobiy munosabatni o'z zimmasiga oldi) qimor turizm, ildiz hujayrasi tadqiqot olib bordi va tan olgan qonun qabul qildi bir jinsli fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalari, barchasiga Rim-katolik cherkovi qarshi).[iqtibos kerak ]

Ichki ishlar

Hukumat nazorat qilish va ularning vakolatlarini cheklash choralarini ko'rdi Sloveniya razvedka va xavfsizlik agentligi. Ushbu chora-tadbirlar muxolifat va matbuot qatlamlari tomonidan maxfiy razvedka xizmatini obro'sizlantirish va avvalgi hukumatlar siyosatiga salbiy soya solishga urinish sifatida qattiq tanqid qilindi.[54][55]

Matbuot erkinligi

Birinchi SDS hukumati matbuot mustaqilligiga aralashish ayblovlari tufayli keng tanqidlarga uchragan.[56][57] Birinchi SDS hukumati siyosiy ittifoqchilarni tayinlash orqali mustaqil matbuotni siyosiylashtirganlikda ayblanmoqda[58] davlatda joylashgan rahbariyat va jurnalistga Sloveniya matbuot agentligi,[52][59] kundalik gazeta Delo,[52][59] viloyat gazetasi Primorske novice,[59] va ommaviy axborot vositalari va radioeshittirish tashkilotlari, Sloveniya RTV.[52][59] Davlat kompaniyalari, shuningdek, kundalik gazetada reklama sotib olishni to'xtatdilar Dnevnik va haftalik siyosiy jurnal Mladina, ma'muriyatni tanqid qiluvchi ikkita nashr.[57][60][52] Sloveniya RTV jamoat dasturini boshqarishni tartibga soluvchi qonunlarni o'zgartirib, hukumat hukumat tomonidan tayinlanadigan kengash a'zolari sonini ko'paytirish orqali davlat ommaviy axborot agentligi tahririyati va uning direktorlar kengashi ustidan siyosiy nazoratni kuchaytirishga imkon berdi.[52][61][57] Qonun referendumda qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi, ammo qat'iy marj bilan ma'qullandi, chunki u translyatorning mablag'lari uchun majburiy to'lovlarni kamaytirishni va'da qildi.[62] 2007 yilgi milliy gazetaga egalik qilgan "Lashko" pivo zavodi rahbari bilan maxfiy kelishuvda Delo sho''ba korxona sifatida Bosh vazir Yansha gazetaga muharrirlik ta'sirini ta'minladi, Lashko esa davlatga tegishli bo'lgan oziq-ovqat do'konlari korporatsiyasining ulushini olishga ruxsat berildi.[57] Gazeta xodimlarining katta qarshiliklariga qaramay, hukumatga do'stona yangi bosh muharrir o'rnatildi,[63][57] va gazetaning o'nga yaqin jurnalistlari norozilik sifatida iste'foga chiqdilar. Qolgan jurnalistlar yangi rahbariyatning tazyiqi tufayli hukumat haqida tanqidiy reportajlar berishni tobora qiyinlashtirdi.[57] 2007 yilda besh yuzdan ortiq jurnalist ommaviy axborot vositalarida siyosiy bosimlarga qarshi petitsiya boshladi. Murojaatnomada Bosh vazir Yanshani, ayniqsa, matbuot erkinligini cheklashda ayblagan, ammo hukumat, umuman siyosiy aktyorlar yoki media-kompaniyalar egalari tomonidan matbuot erkinligini har qanday buzilishiga qarshi qaratilgan.[64][65] The Xalqaro matbuot instituti petitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatladi va hukumatni ommaviy axborot vositalarining ta'siriga oid da'volarni tekshirish uchun mustaqil organ yaratishga chaqirdi.[66] The Evropa jurnalistlari uyushmasi 2007 yilda Sloveniya ommaviy axborot kompaniyalari kengashlari jurnalistlarning avtonomiyalariga aralashishi, jurnalistlarni tanbeh qilishi va hukumat to'g'risida tanqidiy xabar berishga to'sqinlik qiladigan va o'z-o'zini tsenzuraga olib keladigan boshqa shart-sharoitlarni yaratishi haqida ogohlantirdi, shu bilan birga jurnalistlar o'z manfaatlariga zid bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan masalalarni yoritishda to'sqinlik qilmoqdalar. egalari.[67][68] SDS tashqi ishlar vaziri Dimitriy Rupel ilgari ommaviy axborot vositalarining egalariga hukumat bilan jang ularning manfaati uchunmi yoki yo'qligini yaxshilab o'ylab ko'rishni maslahat bergan edi.[69]

SDS noqonuniy ayblovlarni rad etdi va OAV aslida chap muxolifat guruhlari tomonidan nazorat qilinishini da'vo qildi.[56][70]

Iqtisodiyot va moliya

Birinchi Janez Yanshaning kabineti tez iqtisodiy o'sish davrini nazorat qildi. 2004 yildan 2006 yilgacha YaIM 5 foizga o'sdi va 2007 yilda 7 foizga o'sdi,[71] Sloveniyani o'sha yil uchun eng tez rivojlanayotgan evrozona a'zosiga aylantirish.[72] Biroq, iqtisodiy o'sish xususiy qarzga, xususan, korporativ qarzga juda bog'liq edi.[71] Bundan tashqari, Jansha hukumati barqaror o'sish davrida muhim tarkibiy islohotlarni amalga oshirolmadi yoki byudjet profitsitlarini to'play olmadi, aksincha cho'chqa bochkasidagi siyosat, iqtisodiy populist ortiqcha sarf-xarajatlar bilan shug'ullanayotganda soliq yuklarini kamaytirish, mamlakatni kelgusida ayniqsa sezgir qiladi. iqtisodiy inqiroz.[16]

Andrey Bajuk, Moliya vaziri Janshaning birinchi kabinetida keng qamrovli soliq islohotlarini o'tkazilishini sanab o'tdi (bunda yuridik shaxslardan soliqlar va yuridik shaxslar soliqlarini pasaytirish, shaxsiy daromadlarga soliq yukini kamaytirish, daromad solig'i marjasining pasayishi va o'sish soliq imtiyozlari va soliq kodeksini soddalashtirishda), Evroning amalga oshirilishini nazorat qilish va NKBM davlat bankini xususiylashtirish va davlat xarajatlarini kamaytirish, vazirlik davrida (2004-2008) vazirlikning eng katta yutuqlari sifatida.[73]

Yanshaning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning hukumati duch kelgan eng ko'zga ko'ringan iqtisodiy muammo inflyatsiyaga qarshi kurash edi[74] (bu 2007-2008 yillarda sodir bo'lgan va oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari narxlari uchun eng baland bo'lgan).[75][74][76][77] 2007 yil yakunlariga ko'ra Sloveniyada inflyatsiya darajasi Evro hududining barcha a'zolari orasida eng yuqori ko'rsatkich bo'ldi.[78] Yansha, moliya vaziri Bajuk va boshqa hukumat amaldorlari inflyatsiyaning asosiy asosi sifatida neftning yuqori narxlari va raqobatbardosh bo'lmagan ichki oziq-ovqat bozorini ta'kidladilar.[74][73][77][79][75] Jansha, mintaqaviy siyosatchilar va ishbilarmonlarning yig'ilishi paytida ushbu masala bo'yicha bayonoti uchun tanqidlarga duch keldi; Yansha oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari narxining ko'tarilishi bilan bog'liq xavotirlarni rad etib, "har bir shahar axlat qutisida non bor ekan, vaziyat xavotirga solmaydi" dedi.[80][81] Iqtisodiy taraqqiyot vaziri Andrey Vizjak xuddi shu tarzda, fuqarolar "kechagi nonni vaqti-vaqti bilan yeyishdan nafratlanmasliklari kerak", deb aytib, tirikchilik narxiga e'tibor qaratib, oziq-ovqat narxining ko'tarilishi Sloveniya iste'molchilarining haddan tashqari qoniqishini bartaraf etish uchun imkoniyat ekanligini ta'kidladi.[80]

2008–2011: oppozitsiyada

In 2008 yilgi parlament saylovi (2008 yil 21 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tgan) ga qarshi bahsda deyarli yutqazdi Sotsial-demokratlar, shu paytgacha asosiy muxolifat partiyasi. Shuningdek, Sloveniya parlamentida bitta o'rindan mahrum bo'lib, 28 ga tushib qoldi.[82]

Sotsial-demokratlar etakchisi saylanishi bilan Borut Pahor Sloveniyaning Bosh vaziri sifatida Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasi rasmiy ravishda muxolifatda qolishini va a tashkil etishini e'lon qildi soya shkafi. Soya hukumati 2008 yil dekabr oyi oxirida tuzilgan bo'lib, uning tarkibiga bir nechta mustaqil a'zolar va boshqa konservativ partiyalar a'zolari kiradi.[83]

In 2009 yildagi Evropa saylovlari, SDS 26.9% ovoz bilan Sloveniyaning eng mashhur partiyasi bo'lib, ikkinchi eng ommabop partiya - hukmron Sotsial-demokratlardan sakkiz ochko ko'proq oldinda.[84]

2009 yilda deputat Frank Pukshich Sloveniya Demokratik partiyasini tark etdi va unga qo'shildi Sloveniya Xalq partiyasi; SDS parlament guruhi shu tariqa 28 kishidan 27 deputatga qisqartirildi.[85]

2012–2013: hokimiyat tepasida bir yil (ikkinchi Jansha kabineti)

In 2011 yilgi navbatdan tashqari parlament saylovlari (4-dekabrda ichki mojaro va mazmunli iqtisodiy islohotlarni o'tkazishda samarasizligi sababli markaz-chap boshqaruv koalitsiyasi qulaganidan keyin bo'lib o'tdi), SDS 26,19% ovoz oldi va 26 o'rinni egalladi Milliy assambleya Shunday qilib, SDSni yangi tashkil etilganidan keyin ikkinchi yirik parlament partiyasiga aylantirish markaz-chap ziyofat, Ijobiy Sloveniya (PS) (Lyublyana meri boshchiligida) Zoran Yankovich ), bu 28 deputatni yutdi (umumiy sonning 28,5%).[86][87][88] Biroq, SDS qaror chiqarishga muvaffaq bo'ldi to'rt partiyadan iborat koalitsion hukumat (shu jumladan Fuqarolik ro'yxati, Yangi Sloveniya, Sloveniya Xalq partiyasi va Sloveniya pensionerlarining demokratik partiyasi ) saylovdan bir necha oy o'tgach, PS parlamentdagi ko'pchilik bilan koalitsiya tuza olmaganidan keyin (90 ta deputatlik o'rindig'idan jami 50 ta o'rinni egallagan). Koalitsiya dahshatli iqtisodiy tanazzul sharoitida hokimiyatni qo'lga kiritdi (Evropa qarz inqirozi ),[87] mustaqil mamlakat tarixidagi eng yomoni.[iqtibos kerak ] Kredit agentliklari Sloveniyaning kredit reytingini siyosiy g'alayonlar fonida tushirishi bilan mamlakatning iqtisodiy muammolari yanada yomonlashdi.[87]

SDS boshchiligidagi koalitsiya iqtisodiy tanazzulni to'xtatish maqsadida keskin iqtisodiy va moliyaviy islohotlarni amalga oshirdi. Moliya vaziri Yanez Shustarshich davlat korxonalarini xususiylashtirishni tezlashtirishga, davlat xarajatlarini qisqartirishga va byudjet taqchilligini kamaytirishga va'da berdi.[89] Yansha qo'shimcha ravishda soliqlarni kamaytirish, qoidalarni olib tashlash, kamomadni pasaytirish va pensiya yoshini oshirishga va'da berdi.[72] Koalitsiya xususiylashtirish ishlarini jadallashtirish uchun barcha davlat korxonalarini yagona davlat xolding kompaniyasiga o'tkazish to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qabul qildi va yomon qarzga botgan davlat banklaridan ishsiz kreditlar oladigan yomon bank yaratdi.[90] Iqtisodiyotni rivojlantirish uchun foyda va daromad solig'ini kamaytirishni maqsad qilgan,[91][92] va qabul qilish balans byudjetlarini talab qiladigan konstitutsiyaviy o'zgarishlar.[92] Shuningdek, u keng qamrovli va juda tortishuvli tejamkorlik choralarini qabul qildi (Davlat moliyasi balansi qonuni (Sloveniya: Zakon o uravnovešenju javnih financ (ZUJF))) va xabarlarga ko'ra davlat xarajatlarini yanada qisqartirish rejalashtirilgan.[71][93] The ZUJF Fiskal konsolidatsiya to'g'risidagi qonunda pensiyalarni pasaytirish to'g'risidagi qoidalar kiritilgan (jamoatchilik tomonidan keng qarshi chiqilgan[94]), byudjet sohasi xodimlarining ish haqini qisqartirish, ta'limni moliyalashtirish, ijtimoiy transfert va imtiyozlarni kamaytirish.[95][71][96] Qonun loyihasi davlat sektorining umumiy ish tashlashiga sabab bo'ldi,[71] va qonun referendumni o'tkazish imkoniyatiga duch keldi.[97][96]

SDS boshchiligidagi hukumat xalq oldida turgan iqtisodiy muammolarni to'xtatish uchun kuchsizligini isbotladi. Amalga oshirilgan islohotlarning katta sa'y-harakatlariga qaramay, iqtisodiy muammolar kuchayib bordi, natijada ishsizlik darajasi oshdi, turmush darajasi pasayib ketdi, ichki xarajatlar tushdi va katta byudjet taqchilligi paydo bo'ldi.[98][71][88] Ichki talabning pasayishi va eksportning pasayishi natijasida a ikki marta tushish.[99][100][101] Keyinchalik xabarda aytilishicha, Sloveniyaning iqtisodiy dunyoqarashidagi keskin pasayish Yanshaning xalqning iqtisodiy sog'lomligi to'g'risida haddan tashqari keskin bayonotlari natijasida yuzaga kelgan. Ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, Jansha siyosiy hokimiyatni mustahkamlash vositasi va davlat sektori kasaba uyushmalari bilan muzokaralar paytida qo'lini mustahkamlash uchun muzokaralar strategiyasi kabi siyosiy maqsadlar uchun bunday mash'um da'volarni ilgari surgan. Bosh vazirning qo'rqinchli bayonotlari chet ellik kuzatuvchilar tomonidan nominal qiymatda qabul qilindi, ammo Sloveniyaning yuqori lavozimli mulozimlari tomonidan qilingan g'amgin bayonotlar chet el matbuotida va turli tashkilotlarda ko'proq vahima va xafagarchilikni keltirib chiqaradigan va aksincha, yiqilib tushadigan o'z-o'zini qondiradigan teskari aloqa yaratdi. kredit reytinglari va aktivlar narxlari, haddan tashqari yuqori foiz stavkalarida qarzga olingan mablag'lar bilan ortiqcha kapital quyish / qutqarish.[102]

Yansha 2012 yilda premerlik lavozimiga ko'tarilishidan oldin ham jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan. U korruptsiya natijasida sudlangan sudlanuvchilardan biri edi. 2006 yilgi poraxo'rlik mojarosi partiyasining saylovoldi kampaniyasini moliyalashtirish uchun zarbalarni qabul qilish ayblovlari bilan bog'liq.[87][103]

2012 yil oxirida, norozilik namoyishlari bo'lib o'tdi Sloveniyaning ikkinchi yirik shahri Mariborda uning meri va SDS ittifoqdoshiga qarshi, Frank Kangler, kim korruptsiya da'volari tufayli tergov qilinmoqda.[104][105] Tez orada norozilik namoyishlari tezlashdi va mamlakat bo'ylab tarqaldi, mustaqil respublika tarixidagi eng kattasiga aylandi. Namoyishchilarning asosiy shikoyati hukmron hukumat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan qattiq tejamkorlik choralari, davlat korxonalarining sotilishi yaqinlashayotgani va hukmron elita o'rtasida keng tarqalgan korruptsiya ayblovlari edi. Namoyishlar, shuningdek, mustaqil davlat sifatida millat tarixidagi eng dahshatli zo'ravonlikni ko'rdi, kichik guruhlar, zo'ravon ekstremistlar - ehtimol o'ta o'ng va bezorilar guruhlari a'zolari - politsiya bilan to'qnashdi.[106][107][108][109][88] 2013 yil boshida beqarorlik va jamoat noroziligi ortidan kuchaygan Korrupsiyaning oldini olish bo'yicha komissiya Bosh vazir Janez Yansha va eng yirik muxolifat partiyasining (PS) etakchisini oshkor qildi, Zoran Yankovich, egalik qilgan aktivlari va olingan daromadlari / to'lovlari to'g'risida hisobot bermaganligi yoki hisobga olmaganligi sababli korrupsiyaga qarshi kurash to'g'risidagi qonunlarni buzgan.[110][111] Bu haqda OAV xabar qilmoqda Sloveniya razvedka va xavfsizlik agentligi SDS a'zolari tomonidan "infiltratsiya qilingan".[112] Hukumatga qarshi davom etayotgan norozilik namoyishlari kuchaygan bosim ostida,[113][114][115] davlat sektori ishchilarining ish tashlashi,[111] va xalq tarixidagi har qanday hukumatning eng past jamoatchilik fikri reytinglari,[116][117][118][119] koalitsiya sheriklari koalitsiyadan chiqishni boshladi.[120][113][98] Ishonchsizlik ovozi bilan hukumat nihoyat qulab tushdi va PS konsensusiga nomzod, Alenka Bratusek, navbatdan tashqari saylovni talab qilib davom etayotgan norozilik namoyishlariga qaramay Bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinlandi.[121][122][99][88]

2013–2020: muxolifatga qaytish

2013 yil 20 martda ikkinchi Jansha kabinet o'rniga Alenka Bratushek kabineti, yangi rahbar boshchiligidagi to'rt partiyali markaz-chap koalitsiya Ijobiy Sloveniya, Alenka Bratusek.[122][99][88]

2013 yil iyun oyida Jansha sudda sudlangan Patriya ishi, ammo sud hukmi ustidan shikoyat qildi. 2014 yil aprel oyida Oliy sud poraxo'rlikda ayblanib, Janez Yanshaga chiqarilgan ikki yillik qamoq jazosini o'z kuchida qoldirdi.[123][124] O'sha yilning iyun oyida Yansha qamoqdan 26 yil o'tgach, harbiy sirlarni hushtak chalgani uchun fosh qilgani uchun jazoni o'tay boshladi (uning qamoqqa olinishi, sud jarayoni va jamoatchilik reaktsiyasi Sloveniyaning mustaqillikka erishish yo'lidagi muhim voqea bo'ldi). Qamoqda bo'lishiga qaramay, Jansha deputatlikka nomzod sifatida qatnashdi.[125]

May oyida 2014 yil Evropa parlamentiga saylov, SDS 24,78% ovoz to'plagan holda milliy miqyosda birinchi o'rinni egalladi,[126][127] va uchta g'alaba MEP o'rindiqlar (Sloveniya uchun ajratilgan sakkiztadan).[128]

Partiya ovoz berishda 20,69% ovoz oldi Sloveniyada navbatdan tashqari parlament saylovlari 2014 yil 13 iyulda bo'lib o'tdi va parlamentda 21 o'rinni egalladi.[129] Partiya bu safar oppozitsiyada qoldi Miro Cerar shkafi.[130] Janez Yansha qamalganiga qaramay qayta deputat etib saylandi. Konstitutsiyaviy sud Janshani deputatlik mandatidan mahrum qilmaslik to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi va siyosiy vazifalarini bajarayotganda Janshani tark etishga ruxsat berildi.[131] Konstitutsiyaviy sud Dekabr oyida Yanshaning Patri sudining hukmidan apellyatsiya shikoyati berishiga qadar qamoq jazosini to'xtatib qo'ydi.[132] Konstitutsiyaviy sud 2015 yil aprel oyida Oliy sud qarorini bekor qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi va uni qayta ko'rib chiqish uchun quyi sudlarga qaytarib berdi.[133] O'sha yilning sentyabr oyida Patria ishining da'vo muddati tugadi.[134]

SDS vakillari sud jarayoni siyosiy asosga ega ekanligi va partiya frontmanining qamoqqa olinishi ularning saylov harakatlariga nohaq xalaqit berayotganiga, saylovlarni noqonuniy va "o'g'irlangan" deb e'lon qilganiga ishonch bildirdilar va yangi saylovlar o'tkazilishini talab qilishdi.[135][136][137] 2018 yilda SDS shtatni da'vo qilingan "o'g'irlik" sababli partiyaga etkazilgan moliyaviy zarar uchun davlatni sudga berdi,[138][137] va ishni yo'qotib qo'ydi.[139]

Aksariyat immigratsiyaga qarshi populistik ritorikaga asoslangan kampaniya bilan SDS 2018 yilgi parlament saylovlariga bag'ishlangan jamoatchilik fikri so'rovlarida birinchi o'rinni egalladi.[140] Yondiruvchi saylov kampaniyasi "Qo'rqmasdan - nafrat siyosatiga qarshi" nomli mitingni boshlab yubordi, 2000-3000 ga yaqin yurak shaklidagi sharni ko'tarib yurganlar qatnashdilar.[141][142][143]

2018 yilgi saylov kampaniyasi davomida SDS Sloveniya uy xo'jaliklariga pochta orqali yuboriladigan so'rovnomalarni ("saylovchilar bilan maslahatlashuvlar") yuborishni boshladi. So'rovnomalarda yuklangan savollar va takliflar mavjud edi (masalan, "... Siz SDSning sog'liqni saqlash tizimini tartibga solish to'g'risida taklifini qo'llab-quvvatlaysizmi?"). Bu harakatlar aftidan partiyaning saylov kampaniyasining bir qismi edi va, ehtimol, mamlakat hukmron partiyasi ko'p yillar davomida amal qilib kelgan Vengriyaning "milliy maslahatlashuvlari" ga asoslangan bo'lishi mumkin.[144][145][146]

SDS yana bir bor g'olib deb topildi 3 iyun 2018 yil parlament saylovlari, ovozlarning 24,92 foizini to'plagan va 25 deputatlik o'rinlarini qo'lga kiritgan.[147] Biroq, partiyaning hukumat koalitsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlashga qodir emasligi ehtimoldan yiroq edi, chunki aksariyat parlament partiyalari (Marjan Sharec ro'yxati, Sotsial-demokratlar, Zamonaviy Markaz partiyasi, Chap, Alenka Bratushek partiyasi va Sloveniya pensionerlarining demokratik partiyasi ) SDS bilan koalitsiyada qatnashmasligini e'lon qilgan edi.[148][149][150][151] 2018 yilgi saylovlardan ikki hafta o'tgach, Yansha Budapeshtdagi shaxsiy tashrifi davomida yana Vengriya Bosh vaziri Orban bilan uchrashdi. Yansha va Orban AQSh prezidenti bilan ham konferentsiya o'tkazdilar Donald Tramp uchrashuv paytida.[152] Yansha boshqa SDS deputatiga tayinlangan Bosh vazir lavozimidan voz kechishga tayyorligini aytdi, bunday vaziyat keskinlikni yumshatishi va SDSga koalitsion hukumat tuzishiga imkon beradi.[153] Imtiyozga qaramay, bosh vazir lavozimini ikkinchi yirik parlament partiyasining rahbari egallab oldi, Marjan Sharec, chap-markazni shakllantirishga muvaffaq bo'lgan ozchilik hukumati (SDS ishtirokisiz).[154]

2018 yilgi parlament saylovlaridan so'ng SDS an'anaviy ravishda kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlanishni qaytarib ololmadi ijtimoiy so'rovlar muxolifat paytida partiya uchun odatiy bo'lgan. Ommaviy axborot vositalari vakillari bilan suhbatda SDS rasmiylari hukumatning da'vo qilingan populist iqtisodiy siyosati va nomutanosib ravishda dushman yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalarini ayblashdi, mustaqil siyosiy tahlilchilar esa katta chodir ajrimning populist shikoyati LMŠ partiya va uning rahbari bu ba'zi an'anaviy konservativ saylovchilarni jalb qildi va SDSning siyosiy muhiti va tabiatidagi katta o'zgarishlar 2011-2012 yillarda.[155]

2020 yil - hozirgi: uchinchi Yansha kabinet

Asosiy maqola: Sloveniyaning 14-hukumati

2020 yil boshida tibbiy sug'urtani isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini ishlab chiqishda hukumat ichidagi kelishmovchiliklar sababli moliya vazirining iste'foga chiqishi, muddatidan ilgari saylov o'tkazishga chaqirgan Bosh vazir Sarecning iste'fosiga sabab bo'ldi.[156] Ammo SDS koalitsiya tuzish orqali yangi SDS boshchiligidagi hukumatni shakllantirishni qo'llab-quvvatlashga muvaffaq bo'ldi Yangi Sloveniya, Sloveniya pensionerlarning demokratik partiyasi (DeSUS) va Zamonaviy markaz partiyasi (SMC).[157] O'tmishda har uchala partiya ham Jansha boshchiligidagi hukumat tuzilishiga qarshi ekanligini bildirgan bo'lsa ham,[148][158] O'shandan beri barchasi rahbariyat almashinuvini boshdan kechirishgan, bu esa bunday kelishuvga mosroq edi.[159][160][161] SMC Jansha bilan koalitsiyaga kirishishi haqidagi xabar partiyaning asoschisi va birinchi rahbari Miro Cerarning ketishiga olib keldi, uning nomiga partiya dastlab nom berildi ("Miro Cerar Party").[162]

Jansha 2020 yil 13 martda Bosh vazir lavozimiga tasdiqlandi.[163] To'rt tomon o'rtasida imzolangan koalitsiya shartnomasida, boshqa narsalar qatorida: loyihani qayta tiklash va 6 oylik majburiy harbiy xizmatni o'tash, kutish vaqtini qisqartirish uchun xususiy tibbiy xizmat ko'rsatuvchilardan foydalanish, sog'liqni saqlashning davlat va xususiy mablag'larini ko'paytirish, o'quvchilarni tarbiyalashga ko'maklashish ko'zda tutilgan edi. kasb-hunar maktabida, majburiyat uglerod neytralligi 2050 yilga kelib, markazsizlashtirish, davlat xarajatlarini kamaytirish, munitsipalitetlar uchun mablag'larni ko'paytirish, ish haqi uchun soliqlarni pasaytirish, pensiyalarni ko'paytirish va daromadga asoslangan universal bolalar nafaqasini joriy etish.[164][165]

Mafkura

Dastlab a markaz-chap[166] ga markaz-o‘ng siyosiy partiya,[167][168][166][169] SDP asta-sekin o'ng tomonga o'tdi va a ga aylandi o'ng qanot ziyofat.[6][8][9][170][171][169]

Deutsche Welle partiya tarafdorlarini "[...] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tarixidan boshlab, aholining aksariyati bilan ozmi-ko'pmi, har narsada rozi emasligi, bu erda ular urush davrida Germaniya bilan ittifoqdosh bo'lgan harbiy gvardiya."[172]

Populizm

Davomida Evropadagi migrantlar inqirozi, SDS o'zining millatchi populistik ritorikasini keskin kuchaytirdi.[140][173][174] Partiya migrantlar kvotalariga qarshi chiqdi va xavfsizlik xarajatlarini ko'paytirish uchun nodavlat tashkilotlardan mablag'larni almashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[175] Yansha yana "degenerat chap" ni qo'zg'atdi.[140][176] Partiyaning qizg'in ritorikasi va korrupsiyaviy amaliyotlar to'g'risidagi da'volari "xalqaro kuzatuvchilar o'rtasida Sloveniyaning yo'nalishi haqida xavotirga sabab bo'ldi, bu odatda mintaqaviy muvaffaqiyat hikoyasi sifatida qabul qilinadi" SDS tepasida ijtimoiy so'rovlar 2018 yilgi parlament saylovlariga yo'l olish.[140]

Partiya AQSh Prezidenti Donald Trampning populistik ritorikasini ham tanlagan,[177] Yansha va partiya Trampning so'z birikmalarini tez-tez takrorlab, "botqoqni quritmoqda",[140] "chuqur davlat",[178][179] va "soxta yangiliklar".[141][180] Partiya, shuningdek, har bir yangi reglament uchun amaldagi ikkita me'yoriy hujjat bekor qilinishini talab qilishni taklif qildi,[181] Tramp tomonidan ilgari surilgan va qabul qilingan taklif.[182] Yansha "Sloveniya birinchi" iborasini ham bir necha bor ishlatgan.[183][177][184][185]

Ichki siyosat

Iqtisodiy siyosat

SDS keng pro-market sifatida tavsiflangan,[186] va uning iqtisodiy siyosati quyidagicha tavsiflangan neoliberal.[185] SDS soliqlarni pasaytirish va xususiylashtirish ishlarini tezlashtirish tarafdorlari.[183]

Ijtimoiy siyosat

SDS hukumatda bo'lganida bir jinsli fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalariga ruxsat beruvchi qonunchilikni joriy qildi,[186] lekin bir jinsli nikohlarni tan olishga qarshi chiqdi.[187][188]

Ta'lim siyosati

SDS "bolalar bog'chasidan o'rta maktabgacha" vatanparvarlikni tarbiyalovchi ta'lim dasturlarini joriy etish tarafdori.[189] Partiya xususiy maktablarning majburiy dasturlarini to'liq davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[190]

Milliy xavfsizlik

Yansha qayta tiklanishini qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi majburiy harbiy xizmat xizmat muddati kamida 6 oy bo'lgan erkaklar uchun (majburiy ravishda rad etilganlar uchun 12 oylik davlat xizmati huquqi bilan).[191][192] 2016 yil boshida SDS 25 mingga yaqin "vatanparvar" ko'ngillilardan iborat milliy gvardiyani tashkil etishni taklif qildi. Qorovul Sloveniya qurolli kuchlarining barcha zaxira tuzilmalarini almashtirar, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bosh shtab qo'mondonligi ostida bo'lar edi va tabiiy ofatlar paytida yoki "o'zgargan milliy xavfsizlik davlatlari" paytida (masalan, Evropada qochqinlar inqirozi kabi davom etar edi) vaqt). Ikkala jins ham ro'yxatga olinishi mumkin. Deputat Yan Mahnix ushbu partiyani tashkil etish partiyaning saylovoldi platformasining ustuvor vazifasi ekanligini ta'kidladi. Ushbu taklifga global miqyosda milliy xavfsizlik istiqbollarining yomonlashuvi, qisman migrantlar inqirozi sabab bo'lgan, deb aytdi SDS vakili.[193] Hukumat vakillari hozirgi zaxira tuzilmalari etarli bo'lganligi sababli bunday tuzilish kerak emasligini ta'kidladilar.[194]

Sud va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari

SDS sud jarayonlari jamoatchilik uchun ochiq bo'lishini himoya qiladi (maxsus holatlar bundan mustasno).[195]

Atrof muhit va iqlim o'zgarishi

Birinchi SDS hukumati davrida Bosh vazir Yansha iqlim o'zgarishini davrning asosiy siyosiy va ijtimoiy muammosi sifatida taqdim etdi. 2007 yilda Yansha ushbu mavzu bo'yicha o'tkazilgan xalqaro konferentsiyada "iqlim o'zgarishi nafaqat hukumat va iqtisodiyot uchun muammo, balki keng jamiyat va har bir inson uchun muammo" deb ta'kidlab, ushbu muammo bilan bog'liq xavf va imkoniyatlarni ta'kidladi. U Evropa Ittifoqini iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi kurash harakatlarini boshqarishga chaqirdi.[196] 2008 yilda Yansha Evropa Ittifoqining energiya va iqlim o'zgarishi bo'yicha qonunchilik paketini "21-asr boshidagi eng muhim [...] biri" va Sloveniyaning Evropa Ittifoqi Kengashiga raisligi davrida ustuvor vazifalaridan biri sifatida tavsifladi.[197] 2008 yilda SDP MEP Romana Jordan Cizelj "iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi turish bu individual tanlov emas, balki butun jamiyatning kuchini talab qiladigan global muammo. [...] Ma'lumotlar antropogen chiqindilar va kelajakda yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan tendentsiyalar tufayli ekotizimdagi o'zgarishlarni aniqlaydi. [. ..] Hali ham harakat qilish mumkin. Ammo biz qat'iyatli, tezkor va birdamlik bilan harakat qilishimiz kerak. Avval Evropa Ittifoqi doirasida muvofiqlashtirish, keyin esa global ma'noda. "[198]

2018 yilga kelib, partiya bu masala bo'yicha o'z pozitsiyasini o'zgartirganga o'xshaydi, chunki deputat Branko Grims ko'p sonli ommaviy bayonotlarni, shu jumladan ommaviy axborot vositalari bayonotlarida va parlament muhokamalarida antropogen iqlim o'zgarishini mavjudligini rad etdi.[199][200][201] Grims "Yerning isishi haqida gap a katta yolg'on ", aslida Yer sovutmoqda,[200] iqlim o'zgarishi ommaviy migratsiya va soliq to'lovchilar mablag'larini ekspruitsiya qilishga imkon berish uchun bahona sifatida ishlatilmoqda[201] keyinchalik akademiklar, "eko-sanoat" va chap qanot lobbilar tomonidan o'g'irlangan,[199][202] va bundan afsuslanishini bildirdi yoshlar siyosiy chap tomonidan ekspluatatsiya qilinmoqda.[202] Grims geolog sifatida o'z tarixiga murojaat qilib, ushbu masala bo'yicha o'zini obro'li deb tanishtirdi.[200] Grims, shuningdek, munozarali ravishda go'yoki vakili bo'lgan qora panterani da'vo qildi Karantan ba'zi zamonaviy davrdagi konservativ siyosiy guruhlar tomonidan muqobil milliy ramz sifatida qabul qilingan panther sigil,[203] Sloveniya hududida tug'ilgan, ammo Karantaniya davrida global sovutish tufayli yo'q bo'lib ketgan. Mutaxassislar Grimsning bayonotiga izoh berib, hech bo'lmaganda eng so'nggi muzlik davridan buyon qora pantera mintaqada mavjud emasligini ta'kidladilar.[204]

2019 yil noyabr oyida Jansha iqlim o'zgarishini muhokama qilib shunday dedi: "[...] Hozirgi zamon boshqacha, avlodlar atrof-muhitning qadriyat ekanligini anglab etishmoqda. Albatta, chap sahnada ba'zilar qamrab olgan madaniy marksizm iqlim o'zgarishi sabab bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan halokatli e'lonlarni tezda qo'shdilar. Iqlim o'zgarishi qanday qilib faqat inson tomonidan yaratilganligi va umuman isbotlanmaganligi haqida va'z qilinmoqda. Iqlim o'zgarishi ushbu sayyora tarixida sodir bo'lgan va davom etadi. Bunga qay darajada ta'sir qilayapmiz - bu katta savol. Bu biz ekanligimiz haqiqat. Atrof-muhitning ifloslanishi, albatta, qisman iqlimga ta'sir qilishi haqiqatdir. Ammo menimcha, bu unga Quyoshdagi o'zgarishlardan, ya'ni odamlar ta'sir qila olmaydigan narsalardan kamroq ta'sir qiladi. Buni tushunish kerak va uni mafkura va yangi shuhratga aylantirmaslik kerak Molochlar, kabi Greta."[205]

Boshqa qoidalar

SDS uzoq vaqtdan beri Sloveniya parlament saylov tizimini o'zgartirish, ya'ni hozirgi holatdan o'zgarishni yoqlab keladi proportsional saylov tizimi ikki raundgacha ko'pchilik ovoz berish. SDS, bu yanada barqaror va samarali hukumatlar paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi deb ta'kidlamoqda.[206][207]

SDS fuqarolarning qurolga ega bo'lishning qonuniy huquqini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va keyingi cheklovlarga qarshi chiqdi. Evropa Komissiyasi tomonidan qabul qilingan qurolni qurollantirish bo'yicha Evropa Ittifoqining yangi qoidalariga qat'iyan qarshi chiqdi 2015 yil Parijdagi teraktlar.[208][209][210][211]

SDS joriy matnni Sloveniya davlat madhiyasi - 7-misra Frantsiya Prešeren's Tost ("Barcha xalqlar muborak bo'lsin / Kun yorug'ini ko'rishni orzu qiladiganlar / Quyosh qaerda adashgan bo'lsa / Yurtlar janjallari tashlanadi / Va ozod bo'lganida har bir qarindosh ozod bo'ladi. Ko'rasiz! ") -" o'ta baynalmilalizm va etarlicha vatanparvarlik "va Prešeren she'ridagi boshqa baytlarni rasmiy madhiyaga matn sifatida qo'shish.[212][213][214] Partiya, shuningdek, "totalitar ramzlardan foydalanish orqali barcha g'oyalarni ifoda etish" va "totalitar tuzumlarga bo'lgan mehr-muhabbatning barcha ochiq namoyishlari" ni taqiqlashni yoqlaydi.[213][214] Partiya shunchaki noqonuniy harakatlarni amalga oshirishga urinayotgani haqidagi ayblovlarni rad etdi qizil yulduz,[215] ning belgisi bo'lgan Sloven partizanlari Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida,[216] va hanuzgacha Sloveniya jamoat sohasida tez-tez ishlatiladi,[217][218][219] ramzi sifatida / shu jumladan siyosiy va parlament partiyalari.[220][221] Tavsiya etilgan qonun, aksincha, natsistlar formasini jamoat joylarida kiyishni yoki fashistlar safiga qo'shilgan partizanlarga tegishli belgilarni ko'rsatishni taqiqlamaydi. Sloveniya uy qo'riqchisi.[216]

Tashqi siyosat

Partiya yevropaparast, ammo immigratsiyaga qat'iy qarshi va Evropa Ittifoqining boshpana kvotalariga qat'iy qarshi.[183] Partiya Sloveniyaning NATOga a'zoligini davom ettirish tarafdoridir.[222]

AQSh Eronlik genni o'ldirishni maqsad qilgan. Qasem Soleymani, partiya "SDS Oyatulloh ekstremistik rejimining provokatsiyalariga AQShning kuchli munosabatini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi [...]" deb e'lon qildi.[223]

Post-kommunistik kabal fitnasi

Perhaps the most peculiar aspect of SDS ideology are the unique beliefs and rhetoric frequently employed by members of the party. The central tenet of the party's view regarding the country's political situation is that a sinister clique composed mostly of former Communist Party officials and associates has retained significant control over the economic, financial, political, social, judicial, and journalistic aspects of Slovenian public life. Some of the beliefs and language used are also shared by other right-wing populist political actors, or have entered into the mainstream political discourse.[224][225][58][185][226][227][228][iqtibos kerak ]

SDS members and affiliates frequently employ particular phrases and concepts to represent their world-view, most notably:

  • "Udbomafia" (from UDBA, the Yugoslav secret police service) – a portmanteau neologism coined in the early 1990s to refer to an alleged cabal of former Slovenian Communist Party members and officials, and UDBA informants and collaborators that supposedly still hold the reins of economic and political power. The phrase is often used by SDS and affiliated publications.[225][229][230][231][232][233][234][226][227][228]
  • "Uncles from behind the scenes" (or "godfathers in the background," an idiom for éminence grise ) – alleged sponsors and influencers of prominent Slovene politicians who are said to merely act as fronts for the vested political and economic interests of the "uncles". Former PMs Miro Cerar,[235] and Alenka Bratušek,[236] PS head Zoran Janković,[237] and anti-establishment newcomer Marjan Sharec[238] are some of the politicians accused of having "uncles from behind the scenes". The phrase was also occasionally used by former PM and President Borut Pahor, on one occasion accusing the "uncles" of attempting to topple his premiership.[239] Milan Kučan, who is most often accused of being the foremost "uncle from behind the scenes", demanded Pahor clarify his insinuation.[240] Pahor also accused his main 2017 yilgi prezident saylovi challenger, Marjan Šarec, of being well looked after by the "uncles". Šarec likewise demanded Pahor clarify his statements, but also did not receive an answer.[241]
  • Milan Kuchan – the former two-time President of Slovenia and last leader of the Sloveniya kommunistlari ligasi is frequently accused by SDS of exerting supreme covert influence over the Slovenian political sphere.[185][225][242][243][244] Politicians allegedly under Kučan's influence include Yangi Sloveniya rahbar Ljudmila Novak and 2018 newcomer Marjan Šarec,[245][246] sobiq bosh vazir Alenka Bratusek and Ljubljana mayor and PS leader Zoran Yankovich,[247][237] va boshqalar. Janša was fined €12,000 after labelling two female RTV Slovenia journalists as "cheap, used-up prostitutes" of "#pimpMilan" [Kučan] in a tweet,[248][249][250] later also receiving a 3-month suspended jail sentence for the offense.[251]
  • Forum 21 – a Slovenian liberal think tank established by Milan Kučan and attended by prominent members of the Slovenian political and economic elite to discuss relevant problems facing the nation.[252][253][243] SDS has accused the think tank of undue influence in appointment and policy decisions of liberal governments.[254][255][256]
  • Murgle – the upscale Murgle residential district known for its one-story houses is home to many prominent Slovenian political and economic figures, including former liberal presidents Milan Kučan (often the main target of allusions to "Murgle") and Janez Drnovšek (deceased), former PM Miro Cerar, and Liberation Front partisan and last president of the Sloveniya, Janez Stanovnik, Boshqalar orasida.[257] "Murgle" is thus another reference to the alleged behind-the-scenes influence exerted by the country's ostensibly retired leftist elites. Upon being sentenced to a two-year prison sentence in the Patria corruption case, Janez Janša stated that the verdict was "written in advance in Murgle and by known authors".[242] SDS later labelled the 2014 parliamentary election as illegitimate due to the conviction and resulting concurring prison term of Janša.[258][259][136] Janša also blamed "Murgle" after prosecutors filed a motion to confiscate Janša's illegally obtained holdings.[260] As part of its 2018 electoral campaign, SDS released an ad where a couple orders pizza delivery from SDS and "Pizza Murgle". The Murgle box is revealed to only contain half a pizza.[261][262][263] SDS-affiliated[264] Nova24TV news portal also promoted videos entitled "Murgle Puppet Theatre", which satirically portrayed a closed-door meeting presided over by Milan Kučan discussing political strategy with recently resigned PM Miro Cerar (leader of ruling Zamonaviy Markaz partiyasi ), Agriculture Minister Dejan Židan (rahbari Sotsial-demokratlar ), Foreign Minister Karl Erjavec (rahbari DeSUS ) va Marjan Sharec (rahbari Marjan Sharec ro'yxati ).[265][266]

Other radical beliefs

SDS MP Branko Grims, speaking to a gathering of a patriotic ultranationalist group in early 2018, said "Now is the era of Trump. He is the greatest thorn in the foot of the globalistlar, who control the US mechanisms, with Soros at the helm. Soros is the symbol of this. But there's also the Rothschilds and many other wealthiest families of financial speculators."[267] SDS MP Marijan Pojbič, in a 2017 Statehood Day address on Facebook, called for "No more mayors that aren't real Slovenes, and even fewer national politicians who aren't real Slovenes by birth."[268]

After the 2011 parliamentary elections, which saw the victory of Ljubljana mayor Zoran Janković (who is of Serbian descent) and his party,[269][270] a contribution published on the official SDS webpage by a "Tomaž Majer" caused considerable public outrage.[271][272][273][274] Majer states that Janković was elected by "well-disciplined new citizens" living in "high-rise neighbourhoods", tracksuit-clad voters (in Slovenia, a common stereotype of immigrés from Southern republics[iqtibos kerak ]) with foreign accents arriving at polling places in groups holding notes with instructions on whom to vote for. These "new citizens" were allegedly mobilised by being admonished their citizenship will be revoked if "the right" is elected.[275][270] Majer further states that one of his acquaintances (who is of Bosnian descent) was even offered monetary reward to vote for Janković. Majer also claims that the roughly 1/3 of Janković voters of Slovenian descent were ordered to vote for PS by Milan Kučan and Janez Stanovnik.[276] Several media organisations attempted to identify the author, but were unsuccessful.[270][277][278] It has been speculated that the real author of the text was in fact Janez Janša, based on similar known past statements (specifically, his 1993 commentary on the poor electoral performance of SDS during the 1992 elections).[270] In the wake of the 2011 election, Janša and several other SDS MPs and candidates expressed similar but somewhat toned-down nationalistic sentiments while commenting on the election and its winner.[270] The public reaction culminated in a "March of the Tracksuits", a rally where participants attended clothed in tracksuits to protest against division and intolerance.[273][274]

Organization and political affiliation

As of 2013, SDS membership numbered some 30,000 strong, more than any other political party in Slovenia.[279] Sloveniya Demokratik Yoshlari (Sloven: Slovenska demokratska mladina, SDM) is the independent and autonomous yoshlar qanoti partiyaning.[280]

Partiya. Bilan bog'liq Jože Pučnik Institute, mayor liberal-konservativ think tank in Slovenia.[281][282][283][284][285] It is also closely affiliated with the civic platform Respublika uchun miting (Zbor za republiko).[286][287][288] Committee 2014 (Slovene: Odbor 2014) is a civic organisation that was established to protest and demand the overturn of the corruption convictions in the Patriya ishi, the freeing of SDS leader Janez Janša from prison (sentence resuling from the conviction), and the "actual implementation of the rule of law, human rights, basic freedoms, and establishment of a democratic society".[289][290] Committee 2014 held regular protests in front of the Higher Court building in Ljubljana.[289][290] The Alliance for the Values of Slovene Independence (Slovene: Združenje za vrednote Slovenske osamosvojitve, VSO) is a patriotic veteran non-governmental organisation intended to commemorate the values of the Slovenian independence movement.[291][292] VSO leadership consists of prominent SDS members and associates. The organisation holds public speaking events, commemorations, and is engaged in other activities as well.[292][293][294]

SDS has seen some support from the Slovene Catholic Church.[17]

Xalqaro aloqalar

The party is supported by and closely affiliated with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban (Fidesz ).[56][295][170][173][141][175][296][297] SDS's committed backing of Fidesz has reportedly been the decisive factor in preventing Fidesz's expulsion from the Evropa xalq partiyasi, resulting in a more lenient suspension.[298] In a letter to the EPP leader, Janša warned of an "inevitable" split in the EPP if the vote to expel Fidesz were to take place.[299] The 3rd Janša government began reorienting Slovenia's foreign alliances away from core EU countries and towards the Visegrád Group of countries, with Janša calling the countries "our friends in the region".[300][301][302]

Affiliated publications

SDS is also affiliated with several current and past publications, including its de facto party publication, Demokraciya,[303] and tabloid Škandal24[304] (ikkalasi ham tegishli Yangi Obzorja (English: "New Horizons") publishing company, which is in turn jointly owned by SDS and a Hungarian publishing company with close ties to Hungary's ruling party, Fidesz ).[303][56] The publishing company has profited from providing literature to, and advising the SDS parliamentary group/SDS MPs (activities for which parliamentary groups receive state funds), and has also benefited financially from doing business with government agencies, which were particularly bountiful while SDS was in government.[305] Nova24TV, a media conglomerate consisting of a television channel and online news portal, was established by SDS MPs and members, and party sympathisers, and later also received financial injections from Hungarian Fidesz-affiliated companies.[306][56] Additionally, the SDS-friendly political web portal Politikis is also owned and managed by a close SDS associate.[59][307][308] Slovenski tednik and Ekspres, free newspapers distributed in the run-up to the 2008 yilgi parlament saylovi, were also later found to have been directly linked to SDS and its electoral efforts.[59][62][309] As with Slovenski tednik and Ekspres, Škandal24 announced it will cease print publication the day after the 2018 parliamentary election, only continuing as an online publication.[310] In late 2017, an array of over a dozen local/regional web news portals with a common template was also set up, with editors of all linked to SDS based on publicly available information.[311][312] The websites mostly contained informative content, publishing local news with occasional articles that promoted SDS' candidates and narrative/agenda subtly mixed in.[312] The sites may have been set up primarily as a political propaganda effort in anticipation of the 2018 yil Sloveniyada bo'lib o'tgan mahalliy saylovlar.[313]

Supporters and affiliates

The party enjoys strong support in some Slovene konservativ va klassik liberal intellectual circles. Public figures who have publicly voiced support for SDS or affiliated themselves with the party include economist Lyubo Sirc (joined the party in 2010),[314] faylasuf Ivan Urbančich,[315][316][317] tarixchilar Vasko Simoniti[318][319] va Alenka Puhar,[320][321][322] writer and essayist Drago Yanchar,[323][324] ilohiyotshunos va faylasuf Janez Juhant,[325][326] va shoir Ohang Kuntner.[327] Public supporters of the party also include sportsmen Miran Pavlin,[328][329] va Katja Koren,[330][331] estrada xonandasi Marta Zore,[332] designer and cartoonist Miki Muster,[333] va aktyor Roman Končar.[334]

In 2008, SDS was found to have falsely attributed "supporter status" to many prominent Slovenes on its webpage. The party sent a request to comment on the ruling government for its party newspaper to numerous notable public figures. Though they were never asked whether they support the party or informed they will be listed as supporters, SDS nevertheless listed them as such.[335]

Former supporters and affiliates

Many prominent members have abandoned SDS due to the radicalisation of the party's ideology and disagreements over leadership style. Some also established new political parties. Most former members politically transitioned towards the centre, with a minority outflanking SDS on the far right.[169]

Former supporters or affiliated individuals, now party critics and dissidents, include one of the fathers of the current Slovenian Constitution, Piter Jambrek,[336][337][338][339] the former chairman of Respublika uchun miting[340] va Fuqarolik ro'yxati partiya rahbari[341] Gregor Virant,[342][169] and liberal economist Jože P. Damijan.[16][343][344][345][346] Mixa Brejk bo'ldi persona non grata after his son-in-law Gregor Virant distanced himself from Janša and established the Fuqarolik ro'yxati.[347] Other prominent former members include former Minister of Foreign Affairs Dimitriy Rupel,[169] former Minister of Internal Affairs Dragutin turmush o'rtog'i (now a critic),[348] va ta'lim vaziri Žiga turk,[169] former MEP Romana Jordan Cizelj,[169] former SDS MPs Andrey Zush (now a critic),[169] va Ivo Xvalika (now a critic),[349][169] and Pučnik's "mother of the party" Vera Ban.[350] Former public supporters also include sportsman Miran Pavlin.[328][329]

Qarama-qarshiliklar va tanqidlar

Ties to extremist groups

SDS has been criticised for alleged links to a neo-Nazi extremist group; the Slovene branch of Blood & Honour.[141][351] Havolalarni ochib bergan jurnalist (Anushka Delić) maxfiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilganlikda ayblangan.[351][141] Davlat razvedka agentligi, SOVA, headed by an SDS appointee at the time of the indictment,[352] Delić tomonidan ilgari surilgan ayblovlarni hisobotlarda keltirilgan ma'lumotlar zo'ravon ekstremistik guruh faoliyati bo'yicha olib borilayotgan tergov xulosalariga mos kelishini aytib, tasodifan tasdiqladi.[353][354] SOVA hisobotlarda keltirilgan ma'lumotlar agentlikning yashirin tekshiruvlari davomida to'plangan ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lishdan boshqa usul bilan olinishi mumkin emasligini ta'kidladi va nashr nashrning H & H ni kuzatib borish orqali guruhni kuzatishga qaratilgan harakatlarini buzdi. harakatlar.[355][356] Deliich ayblovlar "siyosiy motivlarga ega" deb da'vo qilmoqda.[357][358]

Some Blood & Honour members were allegedly also members of SDS,[359][360] and formally met with SDS MP Branko Grims.[359][361] The group (the members of which allegedly received training by members of the Slovenian armed forces on an army o'quv maydoni, borrowed army weaponry (a rocket launcher), attempted to purchase handguns, and were in direct correspondence with Anders Breyvik by both mail and e-mail, with multiple B & H members receiving his manifesto before Breivik's killing spree[361][362]) was allegedly intimately implicated in orchestrating the violent riots which took place amid the 2012–13 yil Sloveniya noroziliklari.[361][362] The organised group of violent agitators that disrupted a major protest in Ljubljana was found to have been trained, hired, and compensated, possibly by a political party, according to a police investigation.[363][364]

More recently, SDS has also fostered ties with Sloveniya avlodi, the Slovenian chapter of the far-right Identitariya harakati tashkilotlar.[365][366] In August 2018, the party's publishing company, New Horizons,[305] anonymously published the Slovene Identitarians' alt-right book, Vatan uchun manifest.[367][368] SDSga aloqador ommaviy axborot tashkilotlari va shaxslar, shu jumladan SDS rahbari Janez Yansha, kitobni targ'ib qilishdi,[368][369][370] SDS deputati Mahan Mahnič bilan hattoki Twitterda o'zining deputatlik o'rindig'idan olingan, fotosuratni parlament palatasi qavati bilan suratini joylashtirgan.[371] The leader of the Austrian Identitarians, Martin Sellner, publicly thanked Janša for his support on Twitter. Sellner was at the time being investigated by Austrian authorities and ostracised by the ruling conservative Avstriyaning Ozodlik partiyasi for his financial ties with the Christchurch terrorist.[372]

During the 2020 Slovenian anti-government protests against the Third Janša government, a pro-government counter-protester group (the "Yellow Wests")[373] was favourably covered in SDS-affiliated media,[374][375][376] with the articles in which the Yellow Wests called on the public to join them shared by PM Janša on Twitter.[377][378][379] 8 of the 30-some original Yellow Wests (including their spokesman) were found to have links to neo-Nazism.[380]

Political self-dealing accusations

The party has been accused of political self-dealing and nepotism, appointing relatives, allies, and friends to government (and other) positions. Many close relatives of prominent SDS members have found employment in the Slovenian and European parliaments, high ranking public sector positions, and state-owned companies (some despite not meeting the official job requirements).[52][381][382][383][384][385][386][387][388][16]

SDS has been accused of political firings and replacements in, and selective financing of many institutions under the public sphere, and creating an environment where politisation of the public workplace was permissible and pervasive while in power.[389][384]

Shaxsga sig'inish

SDS leader Janez Janša has continuously served as party head since 1993 without a single other contender for the post.[297] Party members are extremely loyal to Janša;[186] it has been noted that the party appears to resemble a cult,[390][349][391] with numerous past members claiming that Janša leads the party in an authoritarian manner and that no dissent is tolerated.[392][393][394][395][396][350][348] SDS MEP Romana Jordan Cizelj was reportedly the only one within the party leadership to openly voice her doubts about Janša's continued leadership of the party whilst serving a prison sentence for corruption. Jordan Cizelj was subsequently not allowed to run for re-election as MEP on the SDS ticket as punishment for her disloyalty to Janša.[350]

Campaign financing impropriety allegations

In the run-up to the 2018 Slovenian parliamentary election, SDS attempted to receive a loan of €450,000 from an individual residing in Bosniya va Gertsegovina[397] to fund its electoral campaign. The party came into contact with the individual via Nova obzorja publishing company (partially owned by SDS). SDS also put up its share in Nova obzorja as collateral.[398] The sum borrowed exceeded limits set by campaign finance laws, however, and SDS was obliged to return the borrowed funds. A police and financial court investigation was also triggered after the terms of the loan became public.[399] An investigation into the lender was also launched, based on suspicions of money laundering, tax avoidance, destruction and falsification of business documents, and overseeing dummy companies.[400][401] The individual was allegedly a part of a criminal organisation managing dummy companies that received funds of undisclosed origins (including the funds later loaned to SDS).[401][402]

Less than a week before the 2018 parliamentary election took place, it was revealed that media/publishing companies closely affiliated and partially owned by SDS received some €800,000 from two Hungarian nationals (or, rather, their companies) - both with close ties to Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban - months before the election, bringing the total amount SDS-affiliated media companies received from Hungarian entities to over €2.2M. The SDS-affiliated media companies that received the funds in turn purchased campaign adds for SDS. Nova obzorja publishing company also attempted to loan €60,000 to the party. The same Hungarian individuals also provided funds for political allies in Macedonia. It is furthermore also known that the loan SDS attempted to obtain from a Bosnian citizen some months earlier had a Hungarian connection.[56][141][264][403][404][405][296][180] SDS-controlled media companies have reportedly also served as a conduit for Hungarian financing of media in North Macedonia to prop up Orban's political allies there. Of the at least €4M in Hungarian moneys that were reportedly originally funneled into SDS-affiliated media between mid-2018 and early 2020, over €2.5M was then channeled to Macedonian news media entities favourable to the right-wing VMRO-DPMNE ziyofat.[406]

Parlament vakolatxonasi

Saylov natijalari

SaylovRahbarOvozlar%O'rindiqlar+/–LavozimHukumat
1990Jože Puchnik79,9517.4
6 / 80
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 6Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 7-chiKoalitsiya
199239,6753.3
4 / 90
Kamaytirish 2Kamaytirish 8-chiKoalitsiya
1996Janez Jansha172,47016.3
16 / 90
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 12Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 3-chiQarama-qarshilik
2000170,22815.8
14 / 90
Kamaytirish 2Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 2-chiQarama-qarshilik
2004281,71029.0
29 / 90
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 15Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 1-chiKoalitsiya
2008307,73529.2
28 / 90
Kamaytirish 1Kamaytirish 2-chiQarama-qarshilik
2011288,71926.1
26 / 90
Kamaytirish 2Barqaror 2-chiKoalitsiya 2012–2013
Qarama-qarshilik 2013–2014
2014181,05220.7
21 / 90
Kamaytirish 5Barqaror 2-chiQarama-qarshilik
2018222,04224.9
25 / 90
Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 4Kattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 1-chiQarama-qarshilik 2018–2020
Koalitsiya 2020–

Partiya rahbarlari

Presidents of the Social Democratic Party and Slovenian Democratic Party

Iqtiboslar

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