Tomas Blamey - Thomas Blamey

Ser Tomas Blamey
1942 yilda olingan general Ser Tomas Blamey, KCB, CMG, DSO ning bosh va elkalariga rangli fotosurat. Blamey kulrang mo'ylovli va qirmizi qalpoqli lenta va generalning pog'onali qalpoq nishoni bilan taqilgan va Avstraliya armiyasining xaki ko'ylagini kiyib olgan. Avstraliyalik generalning turli xil ordenlari, ordenlari va medallari uchun naqshinkor slaydlar, generalning qirmizi tillodan yasalgan yamoqlari va oltin lenta plyonkalari va uchta lenta qatori.
1942 yilda general Ser Tomas Blamey
Tug'ilgan(1884-01-24)1884 yil 24-yanvar
Wagga Wagga, Yangi Janubiy Uels
O'ldi1951 yil 27-may(1951-05-27) (67 yosh)
Geydelberg, Viktoriya
SadoqatAvstraliya
Xizmat /filialAvstraliya armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari1906–1946
1950
RankFeldmarshal
Xizmat raqamiVX1 (ikkinchi AIF)
Buyruqlar bajarildi
Janglar / urushlarBirinchi jahon urushi

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

MukofotlarBritaniya imperiyasi ordeni Buyuk xoch
Vanna ordeni qo'mondoni
Ritsar bakalavr
Sen-Maykl va Sen-Jorj ordenlarining hamrohi
Hurmatli xizmat tartibi
Yuborishlarda eslatib o'tilgan (8)
Samaradorlikni bezatish
To'liq ro'yxat
Boshqa ishlar
10-chi Viktoriya politsiyasining bosh komissari
Ofisda
1925 yil 1 sentyabr - 1936 yil 9 iyul
MonarxJorj V
Edvard VIII
HokimStradbrok grafi
Lord Somers
Lord Huntingfield
OldingiAleksandr Nikolson
MuvaffaqiyatliAleksandr Dunkan

Feldmarshal Ser Tomas Albert Blamey, GBE, KCB, CMG, DSO, ED (1884 yil 24-yanvar - 1951 yil 27-may) Avstraliyaning general Birinchidan Ikkinchi jahon urushlari va feldmarshal unvoniga sazovor bo'lgan yagona avstraliyalik.

Blamey 1906 yilda oddiy askar sifatida Avstraliya armiyasiga qo'shildi va unda qatnashdi Kvettadagi xodimlar kolleji. Birinchi jahon urushi paytida u Anzak koyiga qo'nish 1915 yil 25-aprelda va u erda xodim bo'lib xizmat qilgan Gelibolu kampaniyasi, u qaerda edi jo'natmalarda aytib o'tilgan dushman saflari ortidagi dadil reyd uchun. Keyinchalik u xizmat qildi G'arbiy front, bu erda u rejalashtirishda ajralib turardi Pozier jangi. U martabasiga ko'tarildi brigada generali va shtab boshlig'i bo'lib ishlagan Avstraliya korpusi ostida General-leytenant Janob Jon Monash, uni Korpusning muvaffaqiyatidagi omil sifatida ta'kidlagan Xamel jangi, Amiens jangi va Hindenburg chizig'idagi jang.

Urushdan keyin Blamey edi Bosh shtab boshlig'ining o'rinbosari va yaratilishida ishtirok etgan Avstraliya qirollik havo kuchlari. U bo'lish uchun 1925 yilda muntazam armiyadan iste'foga chiqdi Bosh komissar ning Viktoriya politsiyasi, lekin ichida qoldi Militsiya buyrug'iga ko'tarilib 3-divizion 1931 yilda. Blemey bosh komissar sifatida shikoyatlarni ko'rib chiqishga kirishdi 1923 yil Viktoriya politsiyasining ish tashlashi va politsiya itlari va transport vositalarini radio bilan jihozlash kabi yangiliklarni amalga oshirdi. Uning bosh komissar sifatida ishlashi janjal bilan tugadi, unda uning politsiya nishoni a fohishaxona va keyinchalik politsiyachining otib tashlanishini yashirishga urinish 1936 yilda uning majburan iste'foga chiqishiga olib keldi. Keyinchalik u Melburn radiostantsiyasida har hafta xalqaro aloqalar to'g'risida eshittirishlar qildi 3UZ. 1938 yilda Hamdo'stlik hukumatining ishchi kuchlari qo'mitasining raisi va ishga qabul qilish bo'yicha bosh nazoratchi etib tayinlangan, u muvaffaqiyatli yollash kampaniyasini boshqargan, bu yarim kunlik ko'ngilli militsiya tarkibini ikki baravar oshirgan.

Ikkinchi jahon urushi paytida Blamey qo'mondonlik qildi Ikkinchi Avstraliya imperatorlik kuchlari va Men korpus Yaqin Sharqda. Keyingi rolda u halokatli bo'lgan Avstraliya va Hamdo'stlik qo'shinlariga qo'mondonlik qildi Gretsiya jangi. Avvalgi rolida u o'z kuchlarini har xil topshiriqlarda tarqatishga intilgan ingliz qo'mondonlaridan Avstraliya manfaatlarini himoya qilishga urindi. U bosh qo'mondonning o'rinbosari etib tayinlandi Yaqin Sharq qo'mondonligi va ko'tarildi umumiy 1941 yilda. 1942 yilda u Avstraliyaga bosh qo'mondon sifatida qaytib keldi Avstraliya harbiy kuchlari va ittifoqdosh quruqlik qo'shinlari qo'mondoni Janubiy-G'arbiy Tinch okeani mintaqasi buyrug'i bilan Umumiy Duglas Makartur. MacArthur va Bosh Vazir Jon Kurtin, u shaxsiy buyruqni o'z zimmasiga oldi Yangi Gvineya kuchlari davomida Kokoda Track aksiyasi va ozod bo'ldi general-leytenant Sidney Rouell va General-mayor Artur Allen munozarali sharoitlarda. Blamey ham muhim va g'alabani rejalashtirgan va amalga oshirgan Salamaua-La kampaniyasi. Shunga qaramay, urushning so'nggi kampaniyalari paytida u armiyaning ishini qattiq tanqid qildi. U imzoladi Yaponlarning taslim bo'lish vositasi 1945 yil 2 sentyabrda Yaponiyaning Tokio ko'rfazidagi tantanali taslim bo'lishida Avstraliya nomidan va keyinchalik yaponlarning taslim bo'lishini shaxsan qabul qildi Morotay 9 sentyabr kuni. U 1950 yil iyun oyida feldmarshal darajasiga ko'tarilgan.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

O'n farzandning ettinchisi Blamey 1884 yil 24 yanvarda tug'ilgan Albert ko'li, yaqin Wagga Wagga, Yangi Janubiy Uels. U ko'chib kelgan dehqon Richard Blameyning o'g'li edi Kornuol 1862 yilda 16 yoshida va uning Avstraliyada tug'ilgan rafiqasi Margaret (Murray ismli ayol). Kvinslenddagi dehqonchilik muvaffaqiyatsizliklaridan so'ng va Murrumbidgee daryosi Wagga Wagga yaqinida uning otasi Richard Albert ko'lidagi 20 gektarlik (8,1 ga) kichik mulkka ko'chib o'tdi va u erda haydovchi va qirqish noziri bo'lib ishlagan fermer xo'jaligi daromadlarini to'ldirdi.[1]

Blamey otasining korxonalari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan buta mahoratiga ega bo'lib, chaqqon otliq bo'ldi. U o'ynagan Wagga Wagga Superior Public School (hozirgi Wagga Wagga Public School) da qatnashgan Avstraliya futboli, va a ning a'zosi edi Armiya kursanti birlik. U 13 yoshida Wagga Wagga Grammariga o'tgan va ikki yil davomida uning bo'linmasining bosh kursanti bo'lgan.[2]

Blamey ish hayotini 1899 yilda Albert ko'li maktabida stajyor maktab o'qituvchisi sifatida boshladi. U 1901 yilda Janubiy Uagga jamoat maktabiga o'tdi va 1903 yilda G'arbiy Avstraliyaga ko'chib o'tdi va u erda uch yil davomida Fremantle Boys maktabida dars berdi. U G'arbiy Avstraliya kubogida g'alaba qozonish uchun u erda kadetlar bo'linmasining miltiq otish jamoasini boshqargan.[3] U katta bo'lgan Metodist imon va uning cherkovi bilan bog'liq bo'lib qoldi. 1906 yil boshlarida u oddiy voiz edi va G'arbiy Avstraliyadagi cherkov rahbarlari unga sherik vazir sifatida tayinlanishni taklif qilishdi Karnarvon, G'arbiy Avstraliya.[4]

Dastlabki harbiy martaba

Kadetlarning O'quv-uslubiy shtati yaratilishi bilan Avstraliya harbiy kuchlari, Blamey yangi imkoniyatni ko'rdi. U imtihonda qatnashdi va Avstraliyada uchinchi o'rinni egalladi, ammo G'arbiy Avstraliyada bo'sh ish o'rinlari bo'lmaganligi sababli uchrashuvni tayinlay olmadi. Harbiy hokimiyat bilan yozishmalardan so'ng u general-adyutant yordamchisining o'rinbosari, mayorni ishontirdi Julius Bryus, unga boshqa shtatdagi vakansiyalardan biriga tayinlash imkoniyati berilishi kerak. U Viktoriya shtatidagi lavozimga tayinlangan leytenant, 1906 yil noyabrda Viktoriya shtatidagi kursantlar uchun mas'uliyat bilan ish boshlagan,[4] va keyingi 29 iyunda uning lavozimi va lavozimiga tasdiqlangan.[5]

Melburnda Blamey a qizi Minni Millard bilan uchrashdi Toorak u erda metodistlar cherkovida qatnashgan birja vositachisi. Ular 1909 yil 8 sentyabrda uning uyida turmushga chiqdilar. Uning birinchi farzandi 1910 yil 29 iyunda tug'ilgan va Charlz Middlton ismini Blameyning otishma paytida vafot etgan do'sti nomi bilan atagan; ammo bolani har doim oilasi Dolf deb atashgan. To'rt yildan so'ng ikkinchi bola, Tomas ismli bola tug'ildi.[6]

Blamey lavozimiga ko'tarildi kapitan 1910 yil 1-dekabrda,[6] va bo'ldi brigada mayori 12-brigada maydonining. Keyin u kollejga o'qishga borishni maqsad qildi. Britaniyalik ikkita kollej bor edi Kembri Angliyada va Kvetta Hindistonda va 1908 yildan boshlab har yili Avstraliya armiyasi uchun bitta lavozim ajratilgan. Hech bir avstraliyalik zobit talabga javob beradigan kirish imtihonlaridan o'ta olmadi, ammo ularning ishtirok etishlari uchun bu talab bekor qilindi. 1911 yilda Blamey kirish imtihonidan o'tgan birinchi avstraliyalik ofitser bo'ldi.[7] U 1912 yilda Kvetta shahrida o'qishni boshladi va juda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi va 1913 yil dekabrda kursni tugatdi.[8]

Avstraliyalik kadrlar kolleji bitiruvchilari o'zlarining mashg'ulotlarini a-ga post yuborish bilan kuzatib borishlari odatiy holdir Britaniya armiyasi yoki Britaniya hind armiyasi shtab-kvartirasi. Dastlab u 4-batalyonga biriktirilgan, Qirol qirollik miltiq korpusi da Ravalpindi, keyin esa Kohat brigadasi ustida Shimoliy-G'arbiy chegara. Nihoyat, u armiya shtab-kvartirasida Bosh shtabga tayinlandi Shimal. 1914 yil may oyida u ko'proq o'qitish uchun Britaniyaga jo'natildi, oilasi esa Avstraliyaga uyiga qaytdi. U Turkiyaga (Dardanel og'zini ham qo'shib), Belgiyaga va Frantsiya-Prussiya urushi yo'nalishida. Angliyada u qisqa vaqtni biriktirishga bag'ishladi 4-ajdaho gvardiyasi da Tidvort xodimlarining vazifalarini bajarishdan oldin Wessex Division, o'sha paytda yillik lageriga kirib. 1914 yil 1-iyulda u lavozimga ko'tarildi katta.[9]

Birinchi jahon urushi

1914 yil avgustda Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlangandan so'ng, Blamey Urush idorasi, qaerda u ishlagan Razvedka bo'limi uchun kunlik xulosalarni tayyorlash Qirol va Urush bo'yicha davlat kotibi, Lord Kitchener. To'liq o'qitilgan xodimlar zobitlari Avstraliya armiyasida kamdan-kam uchraydigan va qadrli edilar va hali Britaniyada bo'lganida Blamey Avstraliya imperatorlik kuchlari (AIF) general-mayor tarkibida 3-sinf (Intelligence) bosh shtab xodimi sifatida Uilyam Bridjes "s 1-divizion. Shunday qilib, u 1-divizionning GSO1-ga xabar berdi, Podpolkovnik Brudenel Uayt. 1914 yil noyabrda u Misrga suzib ketdi Polkovnik Garri Chavel, u erdagi Avstraliya kontingentiga qo'shilish uchun.[10] Uning GSO 3 ga tayinlanishi 10 dekabrdan kuchga kirdi.[11]

Gallipoli

Bridjes, Uayt va boshqa 1-divizion shtabining boshqa a'zolari bilan birga Blamey jangovar kemani tark etdi HMSUels shahzodasi traulda va Anzak koyidagi plyajga tushdi 1915 yil 25-aprel soat 07:20 da.[12] U polkovnik tomonidan kuchaytirish zarurligini baholash uchun yuborilgan Jeyms Makkay 2-brigada 400 plato. U ularga ehtiyoj borligini tasdiqladi va qo'shimcha kuchlar yuborildi.[13]

Tentlar uchun chodirlari bo'lgan ikkita kanalizatsiya. Yog'och qutilar yaqin atrofda to'plangan. Yopiq qalpoqli (va bitta quyoshli topeli) forma kiygan erkaklar yog'ochdan yasalgan lager stoli atrofida turishadi.
1-divizion Anzakdagi shtab-kvartirasi, 1915 yil 3-may. Blamey orqada kameraga o'tirgan holda o'ng pog'onada. Lavozim shrapnel oloviga va mayorga ta'sir qildi Jon Gellibrand u erda yaralangan.

1915 yil 13-mayga o'tar kechasi Blamey 1-bo'lim razvedkachisi sifatida o'zidan iborat patrulni boshqargan, Serjant J. H. Will va Bombardir A. A. Orchard, Turkiya saflari orqasida, plyajni bezovta qilgan Zaytunzor qurollarini topish uchun. Pine Ridge yaqinida sakkiz turkdan iborat dushman partiyasi yaqinlashdi; ulardan biri Orchard nayzasiga borganida, Blamey revolver bilan turkni otib tashlagan. Keyingi harakatlarda olti turk o'ldirildi. U avtomashinalarni topmasdan o'z patrulini yana avstraliyalik chiziqlarga qaytarib oldi.[14] Ushbu harakat uchun u edi jo'natmalarda aytib o'tilgan.[15][16]

Blamey har doim texnik yangiliklarga qiziqar edi va g'ayritabiiy g'oyalarni yaxshi qabul qilardi. Uning qabul qilinishida muhim rol o'ynagan periskop miltiq oldingi chiziqni tekshirish paytida ko'rgan asbob Gelibolida. U ixtirochini tashkil qildi, Litsey kapital G'oyani rivojlantirish uchun bo'linma shtab-kvartirasiga yuboriladigan W. C. B. Beech. Bir necha kun ichida dizayn takomillashtirildi va periskop miltiqlari butun Avstraliya xandaqlarida ishlatila boshlandi.[17]

1915 yil 21-iyulda Blameyga 2-sinf (GSO2) umumiy shtab ofitseri lavozimiga tayinlandi,[18] podpolkovnikning vaqtinchalik unvoni bilan.[19] va 2 avgustdan boshlab yangi tashkil etilgan tarkibga qo'shildi 2-divizion Misrda uning yordamchisi adyutant va general chorakmeyster (AA & QMG) - bo'linmaning katta ma'muriy xodimi.[20] Uning qo'mondoni general-mayor Jeyms Gordon Legj, bu lavozimda avstraliyalik polkovnik bo'lishini afzal ko'rdi, chunki u ingliz zobiti qo'shinlarga bunday yaxshi g'amxo'rlik qilmasligi mumkin. 2-bo'lim bosh qarorgohi 1915 yil 29-avgustda Geliboliga yo'l oldi, ammo Blamey operatsiya o'tkazganligi sababli Misrda qolishga majbur bo'ldi. gemorroy. Nihoyat, u 1915 yil 25 oktyabrda Anzakka qaytib keldi va kampaniyaning qolgan qismida qoldi.[21]

G'arbiy front

To'g'ri harbiy forma kiygan, tepasida qalpoqcha, ko'ylagi ustida lentalar, Sem Braun kamari, hassa, mingan etiklar va shporlar.
Blamey Belgiyada, 1919 yil mart

Avstraliya kuchlari ko'chib o'tgandan keyin G'arbiy front 1916 yilda Blamey 10-iyulda GSO1 sifatida 1-bo'limga qaytdi.[22] Da Pozier jangi, u shaharni egallab olgan hujum rejasini ishlab chiqdi,[23] buning uchun u yuborilgan yana bir eslatmani oldi,[24] va mukofotlandi Hurmatli xizmat tartibi ichida 1917 yilgi yangi yil sharaflari.[25] U mumkin bo'lgan brigada qo'mondoni deb hisoblangan, ammo u hech qachon batalonga qo'mondonlik qilmagan, bu odatda brigada qo'mondonligi uchun zarur shart deb hisoblangan. Shuning uchun u qo'mondonlikka tayinlandi 2-piyoda batalyoni 1916 yil 3-dekabrda. 28-dekabrda Blamey batalonning yuqori martabali qo'mondoni sifatida vaqtincha komandir vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida ish boshladi. 1-piyoda brigadasi. 1917 yil 9-yanvarda u qo'mondonlikni podpolkovnikga topshirib, ta'tilga chiqdi Iven Makkay. Ammo, qachon Bosh shtab (GHQ) BEF Kadrlar kolleji bitiruvchisining ushbu ishlatilishi haqida bilib, buni eslatdi Men ANZAC korpusi "bu kabi ofitserlarni shtabdagi vazifalariga tengsiz ekanliklarini isbotlamagan bo'lsalar, batalyonlarni boshqarish uchun ularni ozod qilish maqsadga muvofiq emas".[26]

Shuning uchun Blamey 1-bo'lim bosh qarorgohiga qaytdi. General-leytenant Janob Uilyam Birdvud Biroq, Blameyni 1916 yil 1-dekabrga qadar to'liq polkovnik lavozimiga ko'targan va shu bilan uni yaqinda ko'tarilgan bir qator texnik jihatdan katta qilgan brigada generallari, bu daraja faqat vaqtincha ushlab turiladi. Uning bo'linma qo'mondoni general-mayor H. B. Walker, Blamey ushbu batalon va brigada qo'mondonligi davrida yuborilganida,[27][28] garchi batalon ko'p vaqtni safdan tashqarida o'tkazgan bo'lsa-da, muhim kelishuvlar bo'lmagan.[26] Blamey, shuningdek, 1917 yil 27 avgustdan 4 sentyabrgacha bo'lgan dam olish paytida 2-brigada qo'mondoni vazifasini bajaruvchi bo'lgan.[29] 8 sentyabr kuni u qusish va yo'tal bilan kasalxonaga yotqizilgan. U Angliyaga jo'natildi va u erda 3-chi London umumiy kasalxonasida zaiflashishi uchun davolanish uchun yotqizildi toshbaqa kasalligi 22 sentyabrda va 1917 yil 8 noyabrgacha xizmatga qaytmagan,[30] shu vaqtgacha u 24 sentyabr kuni podpolkovnik unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi.[31] U a Sent-Maykl va Sent-Jorjning hamrohi 1918 yilgi Yangi yil ro'yxatida,[32] va 1918 yil may oyida jo'natmalarda yana bir bor eslatib o'tdi.[33]

1918 yil 1-iyunda general-leytenant Jon Monash qo'mondoni sifatida Birdvud o'rnini egalladi Avstraliya korpusi, va Blamey korpus brigadasi bosh shtabi (BGGS) sifatida Uayt o'rnini bosuvchi brigada generali unvoniga ko'tarildi.[29] U urushning so'nggi oylarida Avstraliya korpusining muvaffaqiyatlarida muhim rol o'ynadi. U texnologik yangiliklarga qiziqib qoldi. U yangi modellarining imkoniyatlaridan hayratda qoldi tanklar. va ulardan foydalanish uchun bosilgan Xamel jangi, bu erda ular jang muvaffaqiyatida muhim rol o'ynagan.[34] Monash Blameyning Avstraliya korpusining muvaffaqiyatidagi rolini tan oldi Amiens jangi avgust va Hindenburg chizig'idagi jang sentyabrda.[35] Bosh general-shtab (MGGS) Britaniya to'rtinchi armiyasi Ushbu janglarda Avstraliya korpusi ham ishtirok etgan, general-mayor Archibald Montgomeri-Massingberd, Klametdagi Blameyning sobiq o'qituvchisi edi. U o'zini "Avstraliya korpusining kadrlar ishiga qoyil qolish bilan to'la" deb e'lon qildi.[36] Keyinchalik Monash shunday deb yozgan edi:

Mening qo'mondonligim davrida Avstraliya korpusining kadrlar ishi haqida hech qanday ma'lumotnoma mening shtab boshlig'im brigada generali T. A. Blameyning ishi va shaxsiyatiga hurmat ko'rsatmasdan to'liq bo'lmaydi. U o'rtacha darajadan ancha madaniyatli, keng ma'lumotli, hushyor va g'ayritabiiy aqlga ega edi. Uning og'riqlarni qabul qilish uchun cheksiz qobiliyati bor edi. Xodimlar kolleji bitiruvchisi, ammo pedant emas, balki u kadrlar ishlash texnikasini va barcha tartib-qoidalarni yaxshi bilgan, u menga namunali sodiqlik bilan xizmat qilgan, buning uchun minnatdorchilik qarzim bor. qaytarib berilsin. Bizning temperamentlarimiz o'zlarini bir-birlariga ideal tarzda moslashtirdilar. U o'z-o'zini rivojlantirish uchun favqulodda fakultetga ega edi, chunki u har doim va vijdonan mening siyosatim va qarorlarimni amalga oshirish vositasi sifatida ko'rsatardi. Har doim uning maslahati taklif qilinganida, u hech qachon o'z fikriga bo'ysunmasdi, garchi men u har doim ham men bilan rozi bo'lmasligini bilardim.[35]

Blameyning Monashga sodiqligi 1931 yilda vafotidan keyin ham davom etadi.[36] Korpus shtabi boshlig'i sifatida qilgan xizmatlari uchun Blamey tayinlandi Vanna ordeni sherigi 1919 yilda,[37] jo'natmalarda yana ikki marta eslatib o'tilgan,[38][39] va frantsuzlar bilan taqdirlandi Croix de guerre.[40]

Urushlararo yillar

Bosh shtab

Blamey Avstraliyaga 1919 yil 20 oktyabrda etti yil bo'lmaganidan keyin qaytib keldi va Melburndagi Armiya shtab-kvartirasida harbiy operatsiyalar direktori bo'ldi. Uning AIFga tayinlanishi 1919 yil 19 dekabrda tugatildi va 1920 yil 1 yanvarda u bir vaqtning o'zida podpolkovnik unvoniga tasdiqlandi va moddiy polkovnik unvoniga ega bo'ldi, shuningdek 1918 yil 1 iyundan boshlab brigada-general faxriy unvonini oldi.[41] 1920 yil may oyida u tayinlandi Bosh shtab boshlig'ining o'rinbosari.[42]

Uning birinchi asosiy vazifasi .ni yaratish edi Avstraliya qirollik havo kuchlari (RAAF). Hukumat Blamey va podpolkovnik bilan birgalikda bu borada tavsiyalar berish uchun qo'shin-flot qo'shma kengashini tashkil etdi Richard Uilyams armiya vakillari sifatida. Blamey armiya va dengiz flotiga bo'ysungan bo'lsa ham, alohida havo kuchlarini yaratishni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Biroq, u dengiz flotining podpolkovnik talabiga qarshi chiqqani uchun, u bosh tortishni rad etdi Stenli Gobl uning birinchi boshlig'i bo'ling.[43]

1922 yil noyabrda Blamey Londonga Avstraliyaning vakili bo'lish uchun yo'l oldi Imperator Bosh shtabi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Imperator Bosh shtabi kontseptsiyasi ... mutlaqo o'lik".[44] Britaniya armiyasi Britaniya imperiyasining mudofaasini muvofiqlashtira oladigan birlashgan shtab kontseptsiyasidan juda kam foydalandi.[44] U rivojlanish bilan shug'ullangan Singapur strategiyasi va u Bosh vazirga ma'lumot berdi Stenli Bryus buning uchun 1923 yilgi imperatorlik konferentsiyasi, unda rasmiy ravishda qabul qilingan. Hatto 1923 yilda ham Blamey strategiyaga shubha bilan qaragan.[45]

1923 yilda Uayt Bosh shtab boshlig'i lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqach, Frantsiyadagi Avstraliya korpusining shtab boshlig'i bo'lganligi sababli, Blamey uning o'rnini egallashi kutilgan edi, ammo ko'proq zobitlar, xususan general-mayorning e'tirozlari bor edi Viktor Sellxaym, o'tib ketayotganda. Buning o'rniga Bosh inspektor, general-leytenant Ser Garri Shauvel ham Bosh shtab boshlig'i etib tayinlandi, Blameyga esa Ikkinchi CGS yangi lavozimi berildi, unda u Bosh shtab boshlig'ining ko'pgina vazifalarini bajargan.[46]

Oldinga siljish istiqbollarini ko'rmagan Blamey doimiy harbiy kuchlardan to Militsiya 1925 yil 1 sentyabrda. Keyingi 14 yil ichida u armiyada yarim kunlik askar bo'lib qoladi. 1926 yil 1-mayda u qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi 10-piyoda brigadasi, qismi 3-divizion. Blamey 1931 yil 23 martda 3-divizionni boshqarishga kirishdi va 1929-1939 yillarda ushbu darajaga ko'tarilgan to'rtta militsiya zobitlaridan biri general-mayor unvoniga ega bo'ldi. 1937 yilda u biriktirilmagan ro'yxatga o'tkazildi.[47]

Viktoriya politsiyasining bosh komissari

1926 yilda nashr etilgan Blamey karikaturasi

1923 yilda Viktoriya politsiyasi ish tashlashga kirishdi va Monash va Makkay politsiya vazifalarini bajarish uchun Maxsus Konstabiliya kuchlarini tashkil etishdi. Bosh komissar Aleksandr Nikolson 1925 yilda sog'lig'i yomonligi uchun iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, Chauvel Blameyni ushbu lavozimga tavsiya qildi. U 1925 yil 1 sentyabrda besh yillik muddatga bosh komissar bo'ldi, ish haqi yiliga 1500 funt sterling (2008 dollarda 100227 avgust).[48] Blamey ish tashlashga sabab bo'lgan shikoyatlarni ko'rib chiqishga kirishdi, ular "ular adolatsiz, hatto ular noto'g'ri yo'l tutgan bo'lsa ham" deb hisobladilar.[49] Blamey ish haqi va sharoitlarini yaxshilab, qirollik komissiyasining ish tashlashga oid tavsiyalarini amalga oshirdi.[48] U loyiqligi asosida tezroq reklama qilishni taklif qildi, ammo bu unchalik yoqmadi Politsiya assotsiatsiyasi, va uning vorislari tomonidan tashlab qo'yilgan.[50] Armiyada bo'lgani kabi, u ham yangi g'oyalarni qabul qilishga tayyorligini ko'rsatdi. U politsiya itlarini tanishtirdi,[51] va ikki tomonlama radiostantsiya bilan jihozlangan politsiya mashinalarining sonini 1925 yildagi bitta rusumdan 1930 yilda beshtaga etkazdi.[50] Shuningdek, u politsiya ayollari sonini ko'paytirdi.[52]

Blamey lavozimga kelganidan ko'p o'tmay o'zining birinchi va eng katta janjaliga aralashdi. Fohishaxonadagi reyd paytida Fitzroy 1925 yil 21 oktyabrda politsiya Blameyning politsiya nishonini ishlab chiqargan 80-sonli odamga duch keldi. Keyinchalik Blamey o'zining nishonini o'z ichiga olgan kalit uzukni Frantsiyada u bilan birga xizmat qilgan do'stiga berganligini aytdi. odam dengiz va harbiy klubdagi Blamey shkafidagi alkogol ichimlikdan o'zini olib qochishi mumkin edi. Uning hikoyasini do'sti tasdiqladi Stenli Savige, o'sha paytda kim u bilan birga bo'lgan. Blamey ushbu odamni himoya qildi, uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u bolalar bilan turmush qurgan va uning shaxsini aniqlashdan bosh tortgan. Erkak hech qachon aniqlanmagan, ammo detektivlar va fohishaxona egasi tomonidan berilgan ta'rif Blameyga to'g'ri kelmadi.[53][54]

1920-yillar davomida Viktoriya repressiv va cheklovchi qonunlarga ega edi, shu jumladan taniqli soat oltida yopilish. Blamey qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatlamasa ham, ularni bajarish politsiyaning vazifasi degan pozitsiyani egalladi. Ko'pchilik jamoatchilik vakillari bunday munosabat bilan rozi bo'lmadilar, chunki politsiya bunday qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatlamasligi kerak. Deyarli munozarali tarzda, Blamey shaxsiy hayoti va ishi o'rtasida keskin farq qildi. Uning yopilish vaqtidan keyin mehmonxonada bo'lishi har doim mamnuniyat bilan qabul qilinadi, chunki u ichishni davom ettirishi mumkin edi, chunki u u erda bo'lganida reyd o'tkazilmasligi ma'lum edi; ammo boshqa fuqarolar xuddi shu qonunlarni buzganliklari uchun hibsga olinganlarida bu adolatsizlik deb hisoblashgan.[55]

Politsiya komissari sifatida Blamey 1928 yil davomida politsiya harakatlarini himoya qildi Dengiz bo'yidagi ishchilar federatsiyasi nizo, shu vaqt ichida politsiya o'q uzib, Gallipoli faxriysi bo'lgan ish tashlagan ishchini o'ldirdi va bir necha kishini yaraladi. Uning kasaba uyushma a'zolariga bo'lgan munosabati uning qattiqqo'l qarshi siyosatiga xos edi.kommunistik e'tiqodlari va shu sababli uning chap qanot hukumatlari bilan munosabatlari keskin edi. Ko'p sonli armiya va sobiq armiya zobitlari bilan bir qatorda, u "Oq armiya" nomi bilan ham tanilgan, milliy xavfsizlikning yashirin o'ng qanot ligasining etakchi a'zosi edi.[56] Xabarlarga ko'ra, bu Avstraliyada kommunizmning ko'tarilishiga javob edi. Uning a'zolari katolik yoki kommunistik inqilobni to'xtatish uchun qurol olishga tayyor turdilar.[57]

Ikkita qatorli tugmachalari bilan to'q forma kiygan, tepasida kepkasini tizzasiga olgan odam o'tirdi
Blamey kabi Bosh komissar ning Viktoriya politsiyasi

Blamey 1930 yilda bosh komissar etib qayta tayinlandi, ammo yiliga 1250 funt sterling miqdorida pasaytirilgan maosh bilan. Bir yil o'tgach, natijada yuzaga kelgan kamchiliklar tufayli u yana 785 funtga tushirildi Katta depressiya.[58] Minni nogiron bo'lib qoldi va 1930 yilga kelib u jamoat oldida unga hamroh bo'lmadi.[59] Uning o'g'li Dolf, hozirda RAAF uchuvchi ofitser, avtohalokatda halok bo'lgan RAAF bazasi Richmond 1932 yil oktyabrda,[60] va Minni 1935 yil oktyabrda vafot etdi.[59] Blamey edi ritsar ichida 1935 yil Yangi yil sharaflari,[61][62] va 1936 yilda u a Seynt Jonning hurmatli ordeni qo'mondoni.[63]

Ikkinchi janjal 1936 yilda Blamey Blamey lavozimga tayinlagan Jinoyat qidiruv bo'limi boshlig'i Jon O'Konnell Brofini otib tashlash tafsilotlarini yashirishga urinishda sodir bo'lgan. Brophy ikki ayol do'sti va haydovchisini o'zi bilan birga politsiya ma'lumotchisi bilan uchrashuvga olib borganligi haqida hikoya qilingan. Ular ma'lumot beruvchini kutib turganlarida, ularga qurollangan qaroqchilar kelishgan va Brofi o'q uzgan va o'zi yaralangan. Ikki ayolning shaxsini yashirish uchun Blamey dastlab Brofining tasodifan o'zini otib tashlaganligi to'g'risida (uch marta) press-reliz chiqardi. The Premer, Albert Dunstan, Blameyga iste'foga chiqish yoki ishdan bo'shatish tanlovini berdi. Ikkinchisi pensiya huquqlarini yo'qotish va davlat xizmatida yoki armiyada ishlashning kelajakdagi istiqbollarini anglatardi. U istamay 1936 yil 9-iyulda iste'foga chiqishni topshirdi.[64]

1938 yil mart oyidan boshlab Blamey o'z daromadlarini Melburn radiostansiyasida har hafta xalqaro voqealar to'g'risida eshittirishlar bilan to'ldirdi 3UZ "Sentinel" taxallusi ostida. Stansiya bosh menejeri singari, Alfred Kemsli, Blamey avstraliyaliklarning xalqaro ishlar to'g'risida kam ma'lumotga ega ekanligini his qildi va tez orada ularga katta ta'sir qiladi deb hisoblagan masalalar to'g'risida xabardorlikni oshirishga kirishdi.[65] U bundan dahshatga tushdi Natsistlar Germaniyasi yahudiylarni ta'qib qilish va Germaniya tomonidan ham, dunyo tinchligi uchun aniq va o'sib borayotgan tahlikani ko'rdi Yaponiya. Uning 15 daqiqalik haftalik muzokaralari 1939 yil sentyabr oyining oxirigacha davom etdi va shu paytgacha u ogohlantirgan urush boshlandi.[66]

1938 yil noyabrda Blamey Hamdo'stlik hukumatining kadrlar qo'mitasi raisi va ishga qabul qilish bo'yicha Bosh nazoratchi etib tayinlandi. Shunday qilib, u Germaniya yoki Yaponiya bilan urush bo'lgan taqdirda, armiyani kengaytirish uchun asos yaratdi, endi uni muqarrar deb hisobladi.[67] 1938 va 1939 yillarda u muvaffaqiyatli yollash kampaniyasini boshqargan, bu 1938 yil sentyabrda 35000 kishidan 1939 yil martda 70000 gacha bo'lgan yarim kunlik ko'ngilli militsiya tarkibini ikki baravarga oshirgan.[68] 1939 yil 5-aprelda u Sent-Jonning Anglikan cherkovida, Turakda, 35 yoshli moda rassomi Olga Ora Farnsvortga uylandi.[69]

Genri Somer Gullett va Richard Keysi Blamey bilan Gallipolida va Frantsiyada xizmat qilgan Blamey ismini ilgari surdi Bosh Vazir Jozef Lyons katta urush yuz berganda mumkin bo'lgan bosh qo'mondon sifatida. "Bizda bir nechta ajoyib xodimlar bor", dedi Keysi Lionga, "ammo Blamey qo'mondon. Bu farq". Lionlar dastlab Blameyning axloqi bilan bog'liq xavotirda edilar, ammo Keysi va Lionlar Blameyni Kanberradagi yig'ilishga chaqirishdi, shundan so'ng Lionlar uni bu ishga tayinlashdi. Lion 1939 yil 7-aprelda vafot etdi va uning o'rniga bosh vazir lavozimiga tayinlandi Robert Menzies, Blameyning yana bir taniqli tarafdori.[70] Yana ikkita ofitser, general-mayor Gordon Bennett va Jon Lavarak, ko'rib chiqilgan, shuningdek kuchli va bir-biriga bog'langan tarafdorlari bo'lgan, ammo Blameydan farqli o'laroq ular hukumatning mudofaa siyosatini tanqid qilganlar.[71]

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Yaqin Sharq

Yalang'och shlyapali forma kiygan ko'plab odamlar. Yubka va yassi buta shapkali forma kiygan ayol suzish kostyumidagi kishiga kichik sovrin sovg'a qiladi.
Lady (Olga) Blamey G'azo sohilidagi Surf Lifesaving Carnival-da g'olib jamoalarga sovrinlarni topshirmoqda. Avstraliyadagi gazetalar uning borligini tanqid qilishdi, garchi Britaniyaning yuqori lavozimli ofitserlari, jumladan general Ser Archibald Wavell va general-leytenant Richard O'Konnor, Yaqin Sharqdagi erlariga qo'shilishgan.[72]

1939 yil 13 oktyabrda, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganidan bir oy o'tgach, Blamey general-leytenant unvoniga ega bo'ldi va qo'mondonlikka tayinlandi 6-divizion, yangisining birinchi shakllanishi Ikkinchi Avstraliya imperatorlik kuchlari va AX xizmatining VX1 raqamini oldi. Menzies o'zlarining qo'mondonlarini tanlashni armiyaning doimiy va doimiy qismi bo'lgan doimiy harbiy kuchlardan (PMF) emas, balki militsiyadan tanlashni talab qilib chekladi. U tanlagan brigada komandirlari uchun Brigadalar Artur Allen, Lesli Morsxid va Stenli Savige. U brigadirni tanladi Edmund Herring 6-divizion artilleriyasiga qo'mondonlik qilish, polkovnik Samuel Burston tibbiy xizmatlari va podpolkovniklari uchun Kliv Stil va Jek Stivens uning muhandislari va signallari uchun. Allendan tashqari hamma oldin Melburnda 3-divizionni boshqarish paytida u bilan birga xizmat qilgan. Uning eng yuqori lavozimli ikki xodimi uchun u PMFning ikki ofitserini, polkovnikni tanladi Sidney Rouell GSO1 va podpolkovnik sifatida Jorj Alan Vasey AA & QMG sifatida.[73]

1940 yil fevral oyida Urush kabineti ikkinchi AIF bo'linmasini tuzishga qaror qildi 7-divizion va 6-chi va 7-chi bo'limlarni quyidagicha birlashtiring Men korpus, qo'mondoni Blamey bilan.[74] Blameyning tavsiyasiga binoan general-mayor Iven Makkay uning o'rniga 6-diviziya qo'mondonligiga tayinlandi, PMF ofitseri general-leytenant Jon Lavarak esa 7-bo'limga qo'mondonlik qildi. Blamey Rowellni o'zi bosh shtab boshlig'i sifatida olib ketdi va general-mayorni tanladi Genri Vynter uning ma'muriy xodimi sifatida.[75] Blamey uchib ketdi Falastin a Qantas uchar qayiq 1940 yil iyun oyida.[76] U o'z qo'shinlariga Falastinda politsiya vazifalarini bajarishga ruxsat bermadi va u erdagi yahudiylar jamoati bilan iliq aloqalar o'rnatdi, ularning uylarida tez-tez mehmon bo'lib turdi.[77]

AIF qo'mondoni sifatida Blamey to'g'ridan-to'g'ri javobgar edi Mudofaa vaziri Harbiy kengashga emas, balki 1914 yilda ko'priklarga berilgan nizom asosida. Buning bir qismi uning kuchlari birlashgan birliklar sifatida qolishini va hech qanday avstraliyalik kuchlarning joylashtirilmasligi yoki ularning oldindan roziligisiz jalb qilinmasligini talab qildi. Avstraliya hukumati.[78] Blamey egiluvchan emas edi va chinakam harbiy ehtiyoj bo'lganida avstraliyalik bo'linmalarni ajratib olishga ruxsat bergan. Yaqin Sharqdagi vaziyat inqirozdan inqirozgacha bo'lganligi sababli, bu uning qo'shinlari ba'zida keng tarqalib ketishiga olib keldi. Inqirozlar tugagandan so'ng, u birliklarni o'zlarining ota-onalariga qaytishini xohladi.[79] Bu ingliz qo'mondonlari bilan ziddiyatlarga olib keldi. Birinchisi, 1940 yil avgust oyida inglizlar paydo bo'lgan Bosh qo'mondon Yaqin Sharq qo'mondonligi, General janob Archibald Wavell va Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri, Uinston Cherchill, buyurdi 16-piyoda brigadasi Misrga ko'chib o'tish. Blamey brigada hali to'liq jihozlanmaganligi sababli rad etdi, ammo oxir-oqibat murosaga keldi va uni tez orada unga 6-divizionning qolgan qismi qo'shilishini tushunib yubordi.[80]

Harbiy forma kiygan va tosh tagida tepaga ko'tarilgan kepkada turgan kishining bronzadan yasalgan haykali old tomonida blyashka bilan. U jipning deraza romini qisib turibdi.
Feldmarshal Blameyning yodgorlik haykali Kings Domain, Melburn, tomonidan Raymond B. Ewers. Blamey an'anaviy ot o'rniga jipga o'rnatiladi. Bu Blameyning xizmat qilgan yillarida sodir bo'lgan armiyani texnologik o'zgartirishdagi rolini anglatadi.[81]

Men korpus old tomon uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmamga oldim Kirenaika 1941 yil 15 fevralda, ammo bir necha kun ichida Blameyga uning qo'shinlari yuborilishi haqida xabar berildi Yunonistonga ekspeditsiya. Blamey, Menzies ma'qullagan deb aytgandan so'ng, bu juda xavfli ekanligini bilganida, bunga yo'l qo'ygani uchun tanqid qilindi.[82] Ammo u 7-divizion o'rniga birinchi navbatda faxriy 6-divizionni yuborishni talab qildi, natijada Bleym g'alaba qozongan Wavell bilan qizg'in bahslashdi.[83] U muvaffaqiyat ehtimoli haqida hech qanday xayollarga duch kelmagan va darhol evakuatsiya qilish rejalarini tayyorlagan.[84][85][86] Uning uzoqni ko'ra bilishi va qat'iyatliligi ko'plab odamlarini qutqarib qoldi, ammo uni Yunonistondan olib chiqib ketayotgan samolyotda qolgan bitta o'rindiqqa o'g'li Tomni tanlaganida, u ishonchini yo'qotdi.[87] Kampaniya davomida Avstraliya armiyasining mashg'ulotlari, rahbariyati va xodimlar ishidagi kamchiliklar fosh etildi yoki ular e'tiborga olinmagan yoki ko'rib chiqilmagan Liviya kampaniyasi. Kampaniyaning bosimi Blamey va Rouell o'rtasida ziddiyatni ochdi va bu muhim oqibatlarga olib kelishi kerak edi. Rowell va Brigadaer paytida Uilyam Bridford Blameyning Gretsiyadagi faoliyatini keskin tanqid ostiga olishgan, bu fikr keng tarqalgan emas.[88] Wavell "Blamey ushbu operatsiyalarda o'zini yaxshi jangovar qo'mondon sifatida ko'rsatdi va yuqori qo'mondonlikka yaroqli ekanligini bildirdi".[89]

Yunonistonning halokatli jangidan kelib chiqadigan siyosiy falokat Bleymani 1941 yil aprel oyida O'rta Sharq qo'mondonligi qo'mondonining o'rinbosari etib tayinlanishiga olib keldi.[90][91] Biroq, agar Wavellda biron bir narsa yuz bersa, buyruq Blameyga o'tmasligini ta'minlash uchun Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Serni ko'tarib chiqdi Genri Meytlend Uilson ga umumiy iyun oyida.[92] Ko'p o'tmay, Wavell o'rnini General Sir egalladi Klod Auchinlek.[93] Keyinchalik Blamey 1941 yilning 24 sentyabrida shu darajaga ko'tarildi va Monash, Chauvel va Uaytdan keyin ushbu darajaga erishgan to'rtinchi avstraliyalik bo'ldi.[93] Davomida Suriya kampaniyasi qarshi Vichi frantsuzcha, Blamey Uilsonning jangni yo'naltirishga urinishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan buyruqbozlikdagi qiyinchiliklarni hal qilish uchun qat'iy choralar ko'rdi King David mehmonxonasi yilda Quddus Lavarackning I Corps shtab-kvartirasini aralashtirib.[94]

Blamey Gretsiyada bo'lmaganida, AIF bo'linmalari keng tarqalib ketgan va kuchlar jalb qilingan Kipr, va 9-divizion va 18-piyoda brigadasi ostiga kirish Tobrukdagi qamal. Blamey butun yilni o'z kuchlarini yig'ishga urinib ko'rar edi.[92] Bu Auchinleck bilan Tobrukning relyefi to'g'risida to'qnashuvga olib keldi, u erda Blamey Burstonning u yerdagi Avstraliya qo'shinlarini tibbiy sabablarga ko'ra ozod qilish kerak degan maslahatini qabul qildi. Menzies va keyinchalik uning o'rnini egallagan, Jon Kurtin, Blameyni qo'llab-quvvatladilar va Auchinlek va Cherchill yo'l berishga majbur bo'ldilar, natijada avstraliyaliklarning ko'p qismi inglizlar tomonidan engillashtirildi 70-divizion.[95][96][97][98] Yaqin Sharqdagi kampaniyalari uchun Blamey a Vanna ordeni qo'mondoni 1942 yil 1-yanvarda.[99][100] U sakkizinchi marotaba Deschatchlarda tilga olingan,[101] va mukofotlandi Yunoniston urush xochi, Birinchi sinf.[102]

Papua kampaniyasi

Forma kiygan bir guruh erkaklar.
Blamey bilan Makartur 1942 yil oktyabrda. Makartur Papuadagi kampaniyani moddiy-texnik jihatdan ta'minlash bo'yicha Blamey bilan maslahatlashish uchun Port Moresbiga uchib ketgan.[103]

Avstraliyani mudofaa qilish 1941 yilning dekabrida Yaponiyaning urushga kirishi bilan yangi dolzarblikka erishdi. Armiya ichida Bennett yoki Lavarak bosh qo'mondon etib tayinlanishidan xavotirda edilar. 1942 yil mart oyida Vasey, Herring va Stil yaqinlashdilar Armiya vaziri, Frank Ford, 50 yoshdan oshgan barcha zobitlar darhol iste'fodagi va general-mayor bo'lish taklifi bilan Horace Robertson bosh qo'mondon etib tayinlansin. Ushbu "generallarning qo'zg'oloni" Blameyning Yaqin Sharqdan Avstraliya harbiy kuchlarining bosh qo'mondoni bo'lish uchun qaytib kelayotgani haqidagi xushxabar bilan quladi.[104][105]

Umumiy Duglas Makartur bo'lish uchun 1942 yil mart oyida Avstraliyaga keldi Oliy qo'mondon Janubiy-G'arbiy Tinch okeani mintaqasi (SWPA). Bosh qo'mondonlik vazifalaridan tashqari, Blamey Tinch okeanining janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan ittifoqdosh quruqlik kuchlarining qo'mondoni bo'ldi. 23 martda Avstraliyaga qaytganidan so'ng qayta tashkil etishda Blamey Lavarakni qo'mondon etib tayinladi Birinchi armiya, Buyruq berish uchun Makkay Ikkinchi armiya va Bennett buyrug'ini berish III korpus G'arbiy Avstraliyada. Vasiy general shtab (DCGS) boshlig'ining o'rinbosari, Herring esa Shimoliy hududiy kuchlarni egallab oldi va Robertson qo'mondon bo'ldi. 1-zirhli diviziya.[106][107] Blameyning Ittifoqdosh quruqlikdagi shtab-kvartirasi (LHQ) Melburnda tashkil etilgan, ammo 1948 yil iyul oyida Makarturning Bosh shtabi (GHQ) Brisbenga ko'chib o'tgandan so'ng, Blamey yaqin atrofda Kengaytirilgan LHQ tashkil etdi. Sent-Lusiya, Kvinslend.[108]

Tez orada ittifoqchilar qo'mondonlik tuzilmasi avstraliyaliklarning teskari tomonlari tomonidan zo'r berildi Kokoda Track aksiyasi. Makartur Avstraliyaning o'yinlarini juda tanqid qildi va unga ishondi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining bosh shtabi, General Jorj Marshal, "avstraliyaliklar o'rmon urishida dushmanga teng kelmasliklarini isbotladilar. Agressiv etakchilik etishmayapti."[109] Makartur Kurtinga Blameyni vaziyatni shaxsiy boshqarish uchun Yangi Gvineyaga yuborish kerakligini aytdi.[110] Keyinchalik Kurtin "mening johilligimda (harbiy masalalar bo'yicha) men Bosh qo'mondon Yangi Gvineyada bo'lishi kerak deb o'ylardim" deb tan oldi.[111] Jek Bisli Blameyga qulay echki yasashni taklif qildi: "Moresbi qulab tushmoqchi. Blameyni u erga yuboring va u bilan birga yiqilsin! "[111]

Formada, bog'ichsiz ikki kishi. Biri garnizon qalpoqchasini, boshqasi esa mayin shlyapa kiyadi.
Blamey va general-leytenant Robert L. Eyxelberger.

Blamey boshqa chorasi yo'qligini his qildi,[112] Ammo uning Yangi Gvineya kuchlarini boshqarishi haqidagi taxmin u erdagi I korpus qo'mondoni Rouell bilan bezovtalik bilan o'tirdi, u buni unga nisbatan ishonchsizligini ko'rsatdi. Petulant Rouellni yumshatish mumkin emas edi va bir qator kelishmovchiliklardan so'ng, Blamey Rowellni buyrug'idan ozod qildi va uning o'rniga Herringni qo'ydi.[113] Keyinchalik ko'proq yengilliklar paydo bo'ldi. Xerring Brigadirni yengillashtirdi Arnold Potts ning 21-piyoda brigadasi, uni Brigadir bilan almashtirish Ivan Dugherti 22 oktyabrda. Besh kun o'tgach, Blamey Allenni 7-diviziya qo'mondoni etib Vasey bilan almashtirdi.[114] Faqat generallar olib tashlanmagan. Blamey bekor qilindi Chester Vilmot sifatida akkreditatsiya urush muxbiri 1942 yil oktyabrda Blamey kir yuvish pudratchisidan to'lovlarni olayotgani to'g'risida yolg'on mish-mish tarqatgani uchun Puckapunyal.[115] Vilmot qayta tiklandi, ammo 1942 yil 1-noyabrda Blamey yana Vilmotning akkreditatsiyasini bekor qildi va bu safar hammasi uchun.[116]

Blamey 1942 yil 9-noyabrda 21-piyoda brigadasida bahsli nutq so'zladi. Rasmiy tarixchining so'zlariga ko'ra, Dadli Makkarti:

[Blamey] Jap gorillaga o'xshaganini aytdi; u teshikka kirib ketar va u taslim bo'lmasdi; uning teshigida va u bilan himoyalanganida u o'ldiradi; u bilan muomala qilish uchun uni teshiklaridan chiqarib qochishga majbur qilish kerak edi. Blamey, bu quyonlarni otish kabi bo'lganini qo'shimcha qildi: quyonlar burzlarida bo'lganida, ularni otish mumkin emas edi; ularni qochib ketish kerak edi, keyin qurolli odam ularni qo'lga kiritishi mumkin edi. "Men u erda paradda turganimda general hech qachon xayolimga kelayotgani yoki u shunday qilmoqchi bo'lganligi haqida hech qanday tasavvurga ega bo'lmagan", deb yozgan edi Brigada Dugherty (o'sha paytda brigada uchun yangi kelgan). "Ammo brigada aytgan so'zlariga" ular quyon kabi yugurishdi "degan talqinni berishdi. Uning so'zlari bu Gvineya bo'ylab tarqaldi va haqiqatan ham uyga qaytdi va natijada achchiq his-tuyg'ular paydo bo'ldi. Butun brigadaga murojaatidan keyin [General Blamey ] zobitlarga alohida murojaat qildi. U ular bilan bevosita gaplashdi va brigadadagi bir nechta zobitlar muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganini aytdi, bu achchiqlanishni keltirib chiqardi. Ammo ikkala murojaatdan keyin ham Blamey menga brigada haqida yaxshi fikrda ekanimni aytdi va menga aytganlarini takrorladi. butun brigada - men ularning yangi brigada komandiri sifatida ular bilan juda faxrlanaman ".[117]

The implication of cowardice was seen as contrasting with his own inability to stand up to MacArthur and the Prime Minister. Rowell felt that Blamey "had not shown the necessary 'moral courage' to fight the Cabinet on an issue of confidence in me."[118] When American troops suffered serious reverses in the Buna – Gona jangi, Blamey turned the tables on MacArthur. Ga binoan General-leytenant Jorj Kenni, the commander of Allied Air Forces, Blamey "frankly said he would rather send in more Australians, as he knew they would fight ... a bitter pill for MacArthur to swallow".[119] In January 1943, he visited the Buna–Gona battlefield, surprising Vasey at how far forward he went, seemingly unconcerned about his safety. Blamey was impressed by the strength of the Japanese fortifications that had been captured, later telling correspondents that Australian and American troops had performed miracles.[120]

Da Vau jangi in January 1943, Blamey won the battle by acting decisively on intelligence, shifting the 17th Infantry Brigade from Milne ko'rfazi in time to defeat the Japanese attack.[121] The official historian, Dudley McCarthy, later wrote:

At the very peak of this leadership development was General Blamey himself. His greatness was demonstrated almost daily by a knowledge unparalleled in Australia of how an army should be formed and put to work; by his exercise of the vital field command at the same time as he kept within his grasp a vastly detailed control of the Australian Army as a whole; by his sagacity and strength in meeting the rapidly changing demands of a difficult political situation; by his ability speedily to encompass the requirements of the new war and plan far ahead of the events of the day as he controlled them; by his generally unappreciated humanity.[122]

For the Papuan Campaign, MacArthur awarded Blamey the American Hurmatli xizmat xochi,[123] and Blamey was created a Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni Buyuk xoch on 28 May 1943.[124] This was unusual as it was the Avstraliya Mehnat partiyasi 's policy not to award knighthoods, but was done as a response to the British government's awards to British and American officers for the Shimoliy Afrika kampaniyasi. Blamey's and Herring's knighthoods would be the last that the Labor government would award to Australian soldiers.[125]

Yangi Gvineya kampaniyasi

The relationship between MacArthur and Blamey was generally good, and they had great respect for each other's abilities. MacArthur's main objection was that as commander-in-chief of AMF as well as commander of Allied Land Forces, Blamey was not wholly under his command.[126] Official historian Gavin Long deb ta'kidladi:

Nothing substantial would have been gained by this arrangement and much would have been lost: notably the existence of a single commander who could advise the Australian Government on all the problems of its army and be answerable to that Government for the manner in which it was employed both at home and in the field.[127]

Qopqog'i yuqori bo'lgan forma kiygan odam ko'rsatgichdan foydalanib, topografik modelning bir tomoniga e'tibor qaratmoqda. Uning atrofida shlyapasiz forma kiygan erkaklar turishadi.
Blamey briefs journalists on operations around Lae in September 1943. The scale model was specially constructed for the planning of this campaign.

The next operation was MacArthur's Cartwheel operatsiyasi, an advance on the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The Australian Army was tasked with the capture of the Xyon yarimoroli. Blamey was ordered to again assume personal command of New Guinea Force. His concept, which he developed with Herring and Frenk Berryman, who had replaced Vasey as DCGS, was to draw the Japanese forces away from Lae with a demonstration against Salamaua va keyin qo'lga olish Lae with a double envelopment. Blamey remained a devotee of new technology. His plan called for the use of the landing craft of the 2-muhandis maxsus brigadasi, and he intended to cross the Markxem daryosi with the aid of paratroops.[128] Supplies would be brought across the river using DUKWlar, a relatively new invention.[129] He also attempted to acquire helicopters, but met resistance from the RAAF, and they were never delivered.[130] MacArthur accepted a number of changes that Blamey made to his strategy, probably the most notable of which was putting the landing on New Britain before Blamey's attack on Madang.[128]

The campaign started well; Lae was captured well ahead of schedule. Blamey then handed over command of New Guinea Force to Mackay and returned to Australia. The 7th Division then advanced through the Ramu Valley while the 9th Division landed at Finschhafen. The campaign then slowed owing to a combination of logistical difficulties and Japanese resistance. Blamey responded to a request from Mackay to relieve Herring, whose chief of staff had been killed in an aircraft accident. He immediately sent Morshead.[131] In February 1944 there was criticism in Parliament of the way that Blamey had "side tracked" various generals; the names of Bennett, Rowell, Mackay, Wynter, Herring, Lavarack, Robertson, Morshead and Clowes were mentioned.[132] Blamey responded,

We had twelve divisions to fight the Jap. On arrival of other equipment, other considerations came in and we now have six divisions. Can you tell me what should have been done with the surplus generals? I do know that on every occasion I proposed to terminate a general's appointment, politicians have tried to stop it.[133]

Galstuk taqmagan, lekin tepada kepkalar kiygan to'rtta erkak.
Wewak Area, New Guinea, 1945. Blamey (right) visits the 6-divizion, and talks with its commander, Major General Jek Stivens (left), and the Signal Officer in Chief Major General Kolin Simpson (third from left).

Frank Forde criticised Blamey for having too many generals. Blamey could only reply that the Australian Army had one general for 15,741 men and women compared to one per 9,090 in the British Army.[134]

Blamey was annoyed by the media campaign run against him by Uilyam Dunstan va Keyt Merdok ning Herald va Weekly Times newspaper group, but success in New Guinea led to a change of heart at the newspaper, and Blamey even accepted a dinner invitation from Murdoch in 1944.[135] There was another victory, though, far more significant. The Army had taken heavy casualties from bezgak in the fighting in 1942. Blamey took the advice of Edvard Ford va Nil Xemilton Feyrli, and strongly backed their ultimately successful efforts to control the disease. To acquaint himself with the issues, Blamey read through Mensonning tropik kasalliklari, the standard medical textbook on the subject.[136] Blamey also promoted the work of Xovard Florey ning rivojlanishi to'g'risida penitsillin, and wrote to Curtin urging that £200,000 be earmarked for Florey's vision of a national institute for medical research in Canberra, which ultimately became the Jon Kurtin tibbiyot tadqiqotlari maktabi.[137]

Blamey was involved in discussions with the government over the size of the Army to be maintained. Now that the danger of invasion of Australia had passed, the government reconsidered how the nation's resources, particularly of manpower, should be distributed. Blamey pressed for a commitment to maintain three AIF divisions, as only they could legally be sent north of the equator where the final campaigns would be fought. He urged that the Empire Air Training Sxemasi be curtailed, and opposed MacArthur's proposal to use the Australian Army primarily for logistic support and leave combat roles principally to American troops.[138]

Final campaigns

Xaki formasidagi odam qo'lidagi qog'ozlardan o'qiyotgan holda mikrofon turadi. Uning orqasida aqlli forma kiygan bir qator erkaklar e'tibor qaratmoqda.
Blamey (front row, third from left) stands behind Makartur at the Japanese surrender. Blamey signed the document on behalf of Australia.

On 5 April 1944, Blamey departed for San Francisco on board SSLurline for the first leg of a voyage to attend the 1944 Hamdo'stlik Bosh vazirlari konferentsiyasi in London as part of Curtin's party. The journey was made by sea and rail due to Curtin's fear of flying. Also on board the ship were American military personnel returning to the United States, and some 40 Australian war brides.[139] Blamey "was always attractive to women and attracted by them. Advancing years had not reduced either his taste for amorous adventures or his capacity to enjoy them",[140] and he brought with him several cases of spirits. The rowdy goings-on in Blamey's cabin did not endear him to the Prime Minister, who was a reformed alcoholic. The party travelled by train to Washington, D.C., where Blamey was warmly greeted by the Birlashgan shtab boshliqlari, and briefed the Birlashgan shtab boshliqlari on the progress of the war in SWPA.[139] In London Blamey had a series of meetings with the Imperator Bosh shtabi boshlig'i, Feldmarshal janob Alan Bruk, and was briefed on Overlord operatsiyasi general Sir tomonidan Bernard Montgomeri va Havo bosh marshali Janob Artur Tedder. Blamey was disappointed to have to turn down an offer to accompany the invasion as a guest of General Duayt Eyzenxauer because Curtin feared that the invasion would lead to retaliatory German bombing, and wanted to be far away before it started.[141][142]

As a matter of policy, Curtin wanted Australian forces to be involved in liberating New Guinea. MacArthur therefore proposed that Australian troops relieve the American garrisons on Yangi Britaniya, Bougainville va Yangi Gvineya. However, MacArthur balked at Blamey's proposal to replace the seven American divisions with just seven Australian brigades, resulting in the 6th Division being employed as well. The larger garrisons permitted offensive operations, and demanded them if the 6th Division was to be freed for employment elsewhere.[143] These operations aroused considerable criticism on the grounds that they were unnecessary, that the troops should have been employed elsewhere, and that the Army's equipment and logistics were inadequate. Blamey vigorously defended his aggressive policy to reduce the bypassed Japanese garrisons and free the civilian population, but some felt that he went too far in putting his case publicly in a national radio broadcast. He was also criticised for not spending enough time in forward areas, although he spent more than half his time outside Australia in 1944, and between April 1944 and April 1945 travelled 65,000 miles (105,000 km) by air, 7,000 miles (11,000 km) by sea and 7,500 miles (12,100 km) by land.[144] Blamey urged that the 7th Division not be sent to Baliqpapan, an operation that he regarded as unnecessary. On this occasion, he was not supported by the government, and the operation went ahead as planned.[145]

Gavin Long wrote:

Some of the reasons for Blamey's lack of popularity with several of the Ministers and part of the public can probably be discovered only by exploring traits in the Australian national character of those days; other reasons are easier to unearth. Throughout the war Blamey commanded an army whose senior appointments were shared between regular and citizen officers. In some places this created tensions and rivalry which adversely affected Blamey's reputation, through no fault of his own; also the ambiguous relationship between his headquarters and MacArthur's led to disagreements of which at least the Ministers were aware. A man of greater tact, however, could have managed these problems more smoothly. But Blamey was not a man of great tact.[146]

On 2 September 1945, Blamey was with MacArthur on USSMissuri and signed the Japanese surrender document on behalf of Australia. Keyin u uchib ketdi Morotay and personally accepted the surrender of the remaining Japanese in the South West Pacific.[147] He insisted that Australia should be represented in the Yaponiyaning ittifoqchilar tomonidan bosib olinishi.[148]

Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin

Bir kishi kasalxonada yotoqda yotadi, pijama o'rniga armiya formasini kiyib olgan. Uning tepasida turgan kepkasi adyolda va u qo'lida tayoqchani ushlab turadi. Qorong'i kostyum va chiziqli shim kiygan odam u bilan gaplashish uchun egilib qoladi. Orqa fonda gullar va bayroq bor.
Governor-General the Rt Hon Uilyam Makkel presents Blamey with his field marshal's baton in a bedside ceremony at Heidelberg Repatriatsiya kasalxonasi, 16 September 1950.

MacArthur abolished SWPA on 2 September 1945, and on 15 September Blamey offered to resign. The war was over, and the post of commander-in-chief was now a purely administrative one. His offer was not accepted, but on 14 November, the government abruptly announced that it had accepted his resignation, effective 30 November. A farewell party was held in Melbourne, which was attended by 66 brigadiers and generals. Blamey was given time to write up his despatches, and was formally retired on 31 January 1946.[149] Forde asked Blamey if he wanted anything in way of recognition for his services, and Blamey asked for knighthoods for his generals, but Forde could not arrange this. In the end, Forde decided to give Blamey the Buick staff car he had used during the war, which had clocked up 50,000 miles (80,000 km) in the Middle East and the South West Pacific.[150]

Blamey returned to Melbourne, where he devoted himself to business affairs, to writing, and to promoting the welfare of ex-service personnel.[151] In September 1948, Blamey paid a visit to Japan, where he was warmly greeted on arrival at Ivakuni by Horace Robertson, the commander of the Britaniya Hamdo'stligini bosib olish kuchlari, who also provided an RAAF honour guard. MacArthur sent his own aircraft, the Bataan, to collect Blamey and bring him to Tokyo, where he met Blamey at the airport and gave him another warm greeting.[152] In the late 1940s Blamey became involved with The Association, an organisation similar to the earlier League of National Security, which was established to counter a possible communist coup. He was the head of the organisation until ill health forced him to stand down in favour of Morshead in 1950.[153]

Menzies became prime minister again in December 1949, and he resolved that Blamey should be promoted to the rank of field marshal,[154] something that had been mooted in 1945.[155] The recommendation went via the General-gubernator, Uilyam Makkel, ga Bukingem saroyi in London, which appeared to reply that a hukmronlik officer could not be promoted to the rank. Menzies pointed out that Jan Smuts already had.[154] The King's Official Secretary, Sir Alan Lascelles, then claimed that Blamey could not be promoted to field marshal because he was a retired officer,[156] which was not true. Menzies then restored Blamey to active duty.[157] Blamey was duly promoted to field marshal in the Qirolning tug'ilgan kunining sharaflari of 8 June 1950.[158]

A few days afterwards, Blamey became seriously ill and received his field marshal's baton from McKell in a bedside ceremony at the Heidelberg Repatriatsiya kasalxonasi. Blamey died there of hypertensive miya qon ketishi on 27 May 1951. His body lay in state at the Xotira ziyoratgohi, where 20,000 people filed past.[159] Crowds estimated at 300,000 lined the streets of Melbourne at his state funeral. Ten of his lieutenant generals served as pallbearers: Frank Berryman, William Bridgeford, Edmund Herring, Iven Mackay, Leslie Morshead, Jon Nortkott, Sydney Rowell, Stanley Savige, Vernon Sturdi va Genri Uells. Uning tanasi kuydirilgan Fawkner krematorium va yodgorlik bog'i.[160]

Meros

Bushland bilan o'ralgan belgi. Unda
Armiya yollovchilarni tayyorlash markazi entrance sign. The legend "home of the soldier" refers to both Kapooka's role in recruit training, and Blamey's origins in the Wagga Wagga area.

Blamey is honoured in Australia in various ways, including a square named after him which is situated outside the Rassell ofislari bosh qarorgohi Avstraliya mudofaa kuchlari va Mudofaa vazirligi in the national capital, Kanberra.[161] Blamey Crescent and Blamey Place in the Canberra suburb of Kempbell uning sharafiga ham nomlangan.[162] A statue of Blamey stands in Kings Domain, Melburn, on the corner of Government House Drive and Birdwood Avenue, opposite that of John Monash. It was sculpted from granite and bronze by Raymond B. Ewers and presented to the city in February 1960. Controversially, the statue portrays Blamey clutching half of a Jeep windscreen, rather than mounted on the traditional horse or simply standing.[81] Blamey barakasi da Kapuka, qaerda Armiya yollovchilarni tayyorlash markazi is located, is also named in his honour,[163] as are Blamey Street and Blamey Park in Shimoliy Rayd, Yangi Janubiy Uels.[164] Uning hujjatlari Avstraliya urush yodgorligi,[165] where his field marshal's baton is on display.[166]

Faxriy va mukofotlar

OBE Military ribbon.svgBath UK ribbon.svg buyurtmasi

Knight Bachelor ribbon.svgBuyuk Britaniya Buyurtmasi St-Maykl St-Jorj ribbon.svgDso-ribbon.pngSent-Jon (Buyuk Britaniya) ordeni ribbon.png

1914 yil Star BAR.svgBritaniya urush medali BAR.svgG'alaba medali MID ribbon bar.svg1939-45 Star.png

Afrika Star.pngPacific Star.gifMudofaa medali ribbon.pngUrush medali 39-45 BAR MID.png

1939-45 yilgi Avstraliya xizmati medali ribbon.jpg GeorgeVSilverJubileum-ribbon.pngGeorgeVICoronationRibbon.pngEffektivlikni bezatish (NZ) ribbon.jpg

Ruban de la Croix de guerre 1914-1918.jpgYunoniston urush xochi 1940 yil 3-sinf ribbon.pngMuhtaram xizmat Cross ribbon.svgNLD Orange-Nassau ordeni - Knight Grand Cross BAR.png


Britaniya imperiyasining buyrug'i (harbiy) Ribbon.pngBritaniya imperiyasi ordeni Buyuk xoch Harbiy bo'linma (1943)[124]
Bath UK ribbon.png buyurtmasiVanna ordeni qo'mondoni Harbiy bo'linma (1942)[99][100]
Vanna ordeni sherigi Harbiy bo'linma (1919)[37]
Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.pngRitsar bakalavr (1935)[61][62][167]
Ord.St.Michele-Giorgio.pngSen-Maykl va Sen-Jorj ordenlarining hamrohi (1918)[32]
Dso-ribbon.pngHurmatli xizmat tartibi (1917)[25]
Sent-Jon (Buyuk Britaniya) ordeni ribbon.pngSeynt Jonning hurmatli ordeni qo'mondoni (1936)[63]
1914 yil Star BAR.svg1914–15 yulduz (1920)[30]
Britaniya urush medali BAR.svgBritaniya urushi medali (1920)[30]
G'alaba medali MID ribbon bar.svgG'alaba medali (1920)[30] (Oakleaf for Yuborishdagi eslatma )
39-45 Star BAR.svg1939-1945 Yulduz (1946)[30]
Africa Star BAR.svgAfrika yulduzi (1946)[30]
Pacific Star.gifPacific Star (1946)[30]
Himoya medali BAR.svgMudofaa medali (1946)[30]
Urush medali 39-45 BAR MID.pngWar Medal 1939–45 (1946)[30] (Oakleaf for Yuborishdagi eslatma )
1939-45 yilgi Avstraliya xizmati medali ribbon.pngAvstraliya xizmat medali 1939–45 (1946)[30]
GeorgeVSilverJubileum-ribbon.pngQirol Jorj V kumush yubiley medali (1935)[168]
GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.pngQirol Jorj VI Koronatsiya medali (1937)[169]
Effektivlikni bezatish (NZ) ribbon.pngSamaradorlikni bezatish (1937)[30]
Ruban de la Croix de guerre 1914-1918.pngCroix de Gerre (France) (1919)[40]
Yunoniston urush xochi 1940 yil 3-sinf ribbon.pngUrush xochi (Greece) (1941)[102]
Muhtaram xizmat Cross ribbon.svgHurmatli xizmat xochi (United States) (1943)[170]
NLD Orange-Nassau ordeni - Knight Grand Cross BAR.pngOrange-Nassau ordeni Buyuk Xoch (Netherlands) (1947)[171]

Izohlar

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Adabiyotlar

Harbiy idoralar
Yangi sarlavha
Yangi faollashtirilgan tashkilot
 GOC-in-C Avstraliya harbiy kuchlari
1942–1945		Muvaffaqiyatli
General-leytenant Vernon Sturdi
Yangi sarlavha
Men korpusni faollashtirdim
 GOC Men korpus
1940–1941		Muvaffaqiyatli
General-leytenant Jon Lavarak
Yangi sarlavha
Bo'lim faollashtirildi
 GOC 6-divizion
1939–1940		Muvaffaqiyatli
General-mayor Iven Makkay
Oldingi
General-mayor Garold Elliott		 GOC 3-divizion
1931–1937		Muvaffaqiyatli
General-mayor Edmund Drake-Brockman
Politsiya tayinlashlari
Oldingi
Aleksandr Nikolson		 Bosh komissar ning Viktoriya politsiyasi
1925–1936		Muvaffaqiyatli
Aleksandr Dunkan