Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi - Donetsk Peoples Republic - Wikipedia

Ushbu maqolada bir nechta muammolar mavjud. Iltimos yordam bering uni yaxshilang yoki ushbu masalalarni muhokama qiling munozara sahifasi. (Ushbu shablon xabarlarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) The betaraflik ushbu maqolaning bahsli. Tegishli munozarani munozara sahifasi. Iltimos, ushbu xabarni o'chirmang buning uchun shartlar bajariladi. (2019 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) Ushbu maqola mumkin talab qilish tozalamoq Vikipediya bilan tanishish uchun sifat standartlari. Muayyan muammo: Ushbu maqola to'g'ri tartibga solinishi kerak. Hozirgi kunda bu faktoidlar va tasodifiy hodisalar to'plami bo'lib, yillar davomida birlashtirildi. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang Agar imkoningiz bo'lsa. (2019 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika (Ruscha ) Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika
Bayroq Gerb
Madhiya:"Respublikaga shon-sharaf" (Slavsiya respublikasi)
DPR e'lon qilingan (och yashil va to'q yashil) va boshqariladigan hudud (quyuq yashil)
Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi Ukrainada
Holat	Tanib bo'lmaydigan proto-holat. Tomonidan tan olingan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Bosh assambleyasining 68/262 sonli qarori qismi sifatida Ukraina
Poytaxt va eng katta shahar	Donetsk
Rasmiy til	Ruscha[1]
Hukumat	Respublika
• Bosh	Denis Pushilin[2]
• Bosh Vazir	Vladimir Pashkov[3][4][5]
• Xalq Sovetining raisi	Vladimir Bidyovka
Qonunchilik palatasi	Xalq Sovetlari
Mustaqillik dan Ukraina
• tashkil etilgan	2014 yil 7 aprel
• E'lon qilindi	2014 yil 12-may[6]
Maydon
• Jami	7853 km2 (3,032 kvadrat milya)
Aholisi
• smeta	2,302,444[7]
Valyuta	Rossiya rubli[iqtibos kerak ]
Vaqt zonasi	UTC +3 (Moskva vaqti[8])
Haydash tomoni	to'g'ri

The Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi (DPR yoki DNR; Ruscha: Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika, tr. Donetskaya Narodnaya Respublika, IPA:[dɐˈnʲɛtskəjə nɐˈrodnaje rʲɪˈspublʲɪka], Ukrain: Donetska Narodna Replikka, romanlashtirilgan: Donets'ka Narodna Respublika) sharqda o'zini o'zi e'lon qilgan davlatdir Ukrain Viloyat Donetsk. Proto-davlat tan olingan faqat tomonidan qisman tan olingan Janubiy Osetiya va Rossiya tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan proto-davlat Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi (LPR). DPR tarkibidagi poytaxt va eng yirik shahar Donetsk. Hozirgi davlat rahbari Denis Pushilin.^[9]

DPR o'z mustaqilligini e'lon qildi 2014 yilgi Ukraina inqilobi, LPR va the bilan birga Qrim Respublikasi. An davom etayotgan qurolli to'qnashuv Ukraina va DXR va LPR o'rtasida mustaqillik e'lon qilinganidan keyin. LPR va DPR Rossiyadan yordam oladi.^[10][11] Ga binoan NATO va Ukraina, Rossiya ham isyonchilarga harbiy yordam ko'rsatgan edi, bu da'vo Rossiya buni rad etmoqda.^[12] Ukraina KXDR ham, LPR ham terroristik tashkilotlar ekanligini da'vo qilmoqda,^[13] garchi ushbu belgi Ukraina Oliy sudi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmasa ham^[14] yoki Evropa Ittifoqi, AQSh yoki Rossiyani o'z ichiga olgan xalqaro hukumatlar tomonidan.^[15]

2015 yil fevral Minsk kelishuvi DPR, LDR va Ukraina tomonidan imzolangan mojaroni to'xtatish va mintaqaga ko'proq avtonomiya berish evaziga qo'zg'olonchilar egallab olgan hududlarni Ukrainaga qo'shib qo'yish,^[16][17] ammo kelishuv hech qachon to'liq bajarilmagan.^[18]

2017 yil fevral oyidan boshlab Rossiya DXR tomonidan berilgan shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlar, diplomlar, tug'ilganlik va nikoh to'g'risidagi guvohnomalar va transport vositalarining ro'yxatga olish belgilarini taniy boshladi va buni "vaziyatni siyosiy tartibga kelgunga qadar" davom ettirishini aytdi. asosida bo'lginchilar nazorati ostidagi mintaqalar Minsk II kelishuvga erishildi.^[19][20] NATO, Ukraina va G'arb harbiy mutaxassislari Rossiyaning muntazam bo'linmalari zamonaviy rus tanklari va artilleriyasiga ega bo'lgan DPR va LPRga yordam berishgan deb da'vo qilishdi.^[12] Rossiya buni rad etadi, ammo rus ko'ngillilari DPR va LPRga yordam berishayotganini ta'kidlamoqda.^[12]

Bilan birga Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi, Qrim avtonom respublikasi va Sevastopol, Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi Ukraina tomonidan to'rttadan biri hisoblanadi Ukrainaning vaqtincha bosib olingan hududlari Natijada Rossiya harbiy aralashuvi.^[21][22]

KXDR va Ukraina hukumati Donetsk viloyati aholisining 50 foizdan ko'prog'i, ya'ni 1 million 870 ming kishi KXDR nazorati ostidagi hududlarda yashaydi, deb hisoblamoqda. Garchi isyonchilar ko'plarini nazorat qilmasa ham Donetsk viloyati maydoni jihatidan faqat 7853 km ni boshqaradi², kabi yirik shaharlarga ega Donetsk, poytaxt va Horlivka.^[23]

Geografiya va demografiya

Shuningdek, maqolalarga qarang Donbassdagi urush va Donbass

Hudud Donetsk viloyati Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi nazorati ostida yoki Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi (pushti rangda), 2015 yilga kelib.

Hozirda tan olinmagan respublika qariyb 7853 km maydonni nazorat qiladi² shahridan cho'zilgan maydon Novoazovsk janubda shaharga Debaltseve shimolda, ammo 2014 yil apreldan iyulgacha tan olinmagan respublika Ukrainaning aksariyat qismini nazorat qildi Donetsk viloyati 26,517 km².

Hududning katta qismi Azov dengizi shimoldan to Svyatohirsk va Sloviansk bilan chegaraga yaqin Xarkov viloyati da Ukraina hukumati nazorati ostiga olingan 2014 yil iyul oyining boshlarida o't ochishni to'xtatishdan keyin hukumatning hujumi^[24] va isyonchilar nazorati ostidagi hudud asosan Donetsk shahriga qisqartirildi.^[25] In 2014 yil avgustda rossiyaparast qarshi hujum Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi, rus qo'shinlari va qurollari yordamida yo'qolgan hududlarning bir qismini qaytarib oldi.^[24][26] 2015 yil fevral oyida Debaltseve jangi LPR va Rossiyaning yordami bilan DPR (Ukraina da'vo qilmoqda) Debaltseve shahri atrofini egallab oldi.^[27] Ayni paytda, Azov bataloni va Ukraina milliy gvardiyasi ilgari DNR nazoratidagi hududni qo'lga kiritdi yaqin Mariupol Ukraina hukumati uchun.^[28] Ushbu janglar Donbassdagi urushdagi hududlarning so'nggi muhim o'zgarishi edi.^[27]

(2014 yil noyabr oyiga ko'ra, taxminan taxminlarga mos keladigan separatistlarning taxminlari Ukraina hukumati ) 2014 yil noyabr oyida Donetsk viloyati umumiy aholisining 50 foizdan ortig'i, taxminan 1 million 870 ming kishi, bo'lginchilar nazorati ostidagi hududda yashagan.^[23] Garchi isyonchilar aksariyat qismlarni boshqarish imkoniga ega emaslar Donetsk viloyati, DPR kabi yirik shaharlarni va shaharlarni nazorat qilib kelganidan beri bu raqam nisbatan yuqori Donetsk va Horlivka.^[23] 2015 yil 17 iyun holatiga ko'ra, bo'lginchilar nazorati ostidagi hududda yashovchi odamlarning taxminan yarmi nafaqaxo'rlardir nafaqaxo'rlar.^[29]

2019 yil noyabrda ayirmachilik parlamenti "Davlat chegarasi to'g'risida" qonun qabul qildi va shu bilan nazariy jihatdan barchaga da'vo qildi Donetsk viloyati,^[30] shuningdek, o'zlarini politsiya deb e'lon qilgan chegara "mojarolarni hal etishni kutayotgani" o'rniga shartnoma chizig'i bo'ylab o'tishini belgilab qo'ydi.^[31]

2001 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, ukrainlar Donbassning butun aholisining 56,9 foizini tashkil qiladi etnik ruslar eng katta ozchilikni tashkil qilib, Donbassning umumiy aholisining 38,2 foizini tashkil qiladi.^[32] Ruscha Donbassda asosiy til hisoblanadi, chunki Donbass aholisining 74,9% rus tilini o'zlarining asosiy tili sifatida bilishadi.^[32] Rus kelib chiqadigan ko'plab aholisi shahar markazlarida joylashgan, chunki bu rus mintaqaning tiliga aylangan.

Tarix

2014 yil 7 martda RSA binosiga kirishni qo'riqlayotgan Ukrainaning tartibsiz politsiyasi

Donetsk viloyatida Ukraina harbiy to'siqlari 2014 yil 8 may

Lugansk va Donetsk Xalq respublikalari tarixiy mintaqada joylashgan Donbass, 1922 yilda Ukrainaga qo'shilgan.^[33] Aholining aksariyati o'zlarining birinchi tili sifatida rus tilida gaplashadilar. Ukrainadagi turli xil rus hukumati tomonidan rus madaniyatining qonuniyligini shubha ostiga olishga urinishlar Ukraina mustaqilligining deklaratsiyasi ko'pincha siyosiy mojaroga olib keldi. Ukraina milliy saylovlarida Donbass va G'arbiy Ukrainaning viloyatlari 1994 yilgi prezidentlik saylovidan beri qarama-qarshi nomzodlarga ovoz bergan ajoyib barqarorlik shakllandi. Viktor Yanukovich Donetsk fuqarosi, 2010 yilda Ukraina prezidenti etib saylangan edi. G'arbiy Ukrainaning hukumatdan noroziligini ham Evromaydan noroziliklari 2013 yil noyabr oyida boshlangan.^[34] Prezident Yanukovichning ag'darilishi 2014 yilgi Ukraina inqilobi Sharqiy Ukrainada noroziliklarga olib keldi, ular asta-sekin yangi tashkil etilgan Ukraina hukumati va mahalliy qurolli qurolli kuchlar o'rtasida qurolli to'qnashuvga aylandi.^[35] The Ukrainadagi rossiyaparast tartibsizliklar dastlab g'alayonlar va noroziliklar bilan tavsiflangan bo'lib, ular oxir-oqibat hukumat idoralariga hujum qilishgacha etib bordi.^[36]

Jamg'arma

2014 yil 7 aprelda Donetsk RSA binosini egallab olgan rossiyaparast ayirmachilar

Sloviansk 2014 yil 14 aprelda og'ir qurollangan odamlar nazorati ostidagi shahar kengashi

2014 yil 6-aprel, yakshanba kuni 1000 dan 2000 gacha^[37] rossiyaparast isyonchilar Donetskda bo'lib o'tgan mitingda qatnashishdi Qrim uslubidagi referendum Ukrainadan mustaqillik to'g'risida^{[iqtibos kerak ]} va Ukraina OAV tomonidan taklif qilinayotgan referendumda status-kvo varianti yo'qligi da'vo qilingan.^[38] Shundan so'ng 200 bo'lginchi^[39] (Donetsk mahalliy politsiyasining vakili Igor Dyominning so'zlariga ko'ra 1000 ga yaqin^[37]) bostirib kirib, binoning dastlabki ikki qavatini o'z nazoratiga oldi, eshiklarni sindirib, derazalarni sindirdi. Ma'muriyat shtab-kvartirasi bo'sh edi, ichkarida faqat soqchilar bor edi, chunki hukumat vakillari u erda yakshanba kunlari ishlamaydi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Separatistlar, Rossiyaga qo'shilish uchun referendum e'lon qilib, rasmiylar tomonidan favqulodda sessiya o'tkazilmasa, ular 7 aprel kuni peshin soatida "Xalq mandati" tuzish orqali bir tomonlama nazorat e'lon qilishlarini va barcha saylangan kengash a'zolari va deputatlarni ishdan bo'shatishlarini talab qilishdi.^[40][41][42] Sessiya o'tkazilmaganda, ular RSA tarkibida ovoz berishdi va egallagan lavozimlariga saylanmadilar.^[43] Rus tiliga ko'ra ITAR-TASS deklaratsiya ba'zi mintaqaviy qonun chiqaruvchilar tomonidan ovoz berildi; ammo, na Donetsk shahar kengashi, na shahar tuman kengashlari sessiyaga bironta vakil yubormaganligi haqida da'volar mavjud.^[44][45]

Dastlab siyosiy rahbariyat tarkib topgan Denis Pushilin, o'zini hukumat raisi etib tayinlagan,^[46][47] esa Igor Kakidzyanov "Xalq armiyasi" qo'mondoni sifatida nomlandi.^[48] Vyacheslav Ponomarev o'zini shahar meri deb e'lon qilgan Sloviansk.^[49] Ukrainada tug'ilgan rossiyaparast faol Pavel Gubarev,^[50][51] an Maydanga qarshi faol, sobiq a'zosi neo-natsistlar Rossiya milliy birligi 1999-2001 yillarda harbiylashtirilgan guruh va sobiq a'zosi chap qanot populist Ukrainaning taraqqiyparvar sotsialistik partiyasi,^{[52][53][54][55]} o'zini Donetsk viloyatining "Xalq gubernatori" deb e'lon qildi. U ayirmachilik va hokimiyatni noqonuniy egallab olishda ayblanib hibsga olingan, ammo garovga olinganlarni almashtirish evaziga ozod qilingan.^[56][57] Aleksandr Boroday, Rossiya fuqarosi Qrimning anneksiyasiga aloqadorligini da'vo qilgan Rossiya fuqarosi Bosh vazir etib tayinlandi. 6 aprel kuni guruh rahbarlari referendum o'tkazilishini yoki yo'qligini e'lon qilishdi Donetsk viloyati "ga qo'shilish kerak Rossiya Federatsiyasi "," 2014 yil 11 maydan kechiktirmay "bo'lib o'tadi.^[58] Bundan tashqari, guruh rahbarlari Rossiya prezidentiga murojaat qilishdi Vladimir Putin mintaqaga Rossiya tinchlikparvar kuchlarini yuborish.^[58][59]

8 aprel kuni ertalab Kievning tarafdorlari bo'lgan "Donbassning Vatanparvarlik kuchlari", shu yilning 15 martida 13 kiyevparast nodavlat tashkilotlar, siyosiy partiyalar va shaxslar tomonidan tashkil etilgan,^[60] bilan bog'liq bo'lmagan Donetsk Respublikasi mustaqillikni e'lon qilgan va kengashni egallagan tashkilot,^[61] Facebook-dagi sahifasida mahalliy aholining shikoyatlariga asoslanib, boshqa guruhning mustaqillik deklaratsiyasini "bekor qilgani" ni e'lon qildi, bu odatda ukrainalik OAV tomonidan rossiyaparast partiyadan kelib chiqqan deb talqin qilingan.^[62][63][64] Ularning e'lonida ular potentsial davlat tuzilishini bekor qilishlari, referendumni bekor qilishlari va o'z navbatida deklaratsiyaning noqonuniy ekanligi ta'kidlangan^[62] Xabarlarga ko'ra, ba'zi isyonchilar ham quroldan voz kechishgan.^[64] Shunga qaramay, Donetsk Respublikasi tashkilot RSAni egallashni davom ettirdi va o'zlarini qonuniy hokimiyat deb e'lon qildi va referendum va ularning rahbarini ozod qilish to'g'risidagi barcha oldingi da'vatlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi. Pavel Gubarev.^[65][a] 8 aprel kunining ikkinchi yarmida RSA oldida mingga yaqin odam miting o'tkazib, Donetsk Xalq respublikasi haqidagi nutqlarni tingladilar. Sovet va rus musiqasi.^[66]

Donetskda DPR bayrog'ini ko'targan odamlar, 2014 yil 9-may

Bir maqolaga ko'ra Kiyev posti 10 aprelda namoyishchilarning aksariyati 50 yoshdan katta bo'lganlar, RSA binosida esa, ko'plab ishg'olchilar yoshroq, ammo boshqa shaharlardan. Mariupol, Xerson va Nikolay. Bosqinchilar orasida erkaklar ham, ayollar ham bor edi.^[38] "Novosti Donbassa" ning yozishicha, tadbirlarda davlatning noaniq sonli fuqarolari, shu jumladan o'ta o'ng jangari guruhning bitta rahbari ham qatnashgan.^[67] EXHTning xabar berishicha, Monitoring guruhi tomonidan kuzatilgan shaharning barcha asosiy institutlari 16 aprel holatiga ko'ra normal ishlayotganga o'xshaydi.^[68] 22 aprelda ayirmachilar binoning sessiya zalini ikki qavat bilan birga shtat rasmiylariga ozod qilishga kelishib oldilar.^[69] 9 va 10-qavatlar keyinchalik 24 aprelda ozod qilindi.^[70]

Respublikaning ikkinchi kunida tashkilotchilar barcha spirtli ichimliklarni to'kib tashlashga qaror qildilar va bino ichkilikbozligi sababli muammolar paydo bo'lgandan keyin taqiq to'g'risidagi qonunni e'lon qilishdi.^[71]

Donetsk shahridagi saylov uchastkasiga kirish uchun navbat, 11-may

30 aprel kuni Donetsk respublikasi raisi Pushilin Moskvaga uchib ketdi va matbuot anjumani o'tkazdi.^[72]

7 may kuni Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin rossiyaparast ayirmachilardan ommaviy ravishda muloqot uchun zarur shart-sharoitlarni yaratish uchun taklif qilingan referendumni keyinga qoldirishni so'radi. Putinning izohlariga qaramay, o'zlarini Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi deb atagan rossiyaparast jangarilar referendumni baribir o'tkazamiz, deb aytgan.^[73] O'sha kuni Ukraina xavfsizlik xizmati (SBU) Donetsk bo'lginchilarining etakchisi va sobiq bo'linib ketgan guruhlardan birining rahbari o'rtasidagi telefon qo'ng'irog'ining audioyozuvini e'lon qildi. Rossiya milliy birligi Aleksandr Barkashov.^[74] Barkashovning ta'qibchilari 2000 yillarning boshidan beri (o'n yilliklar) keskin pasayib ketgan deb hisoblashadi.^[75]

Qo'ng'iroqda Barkashov deb aytilgan ovoz referendum natijalarini soxtalashtirishni, u Putin bilan muloqot qilganini va uni keyinga qoldirib bo'lmasligini ta'kidlamoqda.^[76] Bi-bi-sidan Yuriy Vendik ta'kidladi^[74] 5 may kuni Barkashovning ijtimoiy tarmoqdagi sahifasida "Donetskdagi birodarlarimiz va quroldoshlarimiz" ning SBU tutib olishiga o'xshagan telefon qo'ng'irog'i haqida hikoya qilingan. Keyinchalik Barkashov Donetskda gumon qilingan lenta yozish paytida bo'lganligini tasdiqladi va uning guruhi "ashaddiy Kiev xunta" siga qarshi kurashish uchun ko'ngilli qo'shinlar tashkil qilayotganini aytdi.^[77] SBU ushbu lenta Rossiya hukumatining referendumga tayyorgarlik bilan bevosita aloqadorligining aniq dalilidir.^[74]

Donetsk respublikasi tomonidan hibsga olingan uch kishi evaziga Ukraina rasmiylari bo'lginchilar rahbari Pavel Gubarev va yana ikki kishini ozod qilishdi.^[78]

DPR Evropa bilan munosabatlarni rivojlantirdi o'ta o'ng va millatchi siyosatchilar va yozuvchilar, shu jumladan frantsiyalik o'ta o'ngchilar MEP Jan-Lyuk Shaffhauzer, italiyalik millatchi Alessandro Musolino, nemis neo-natsistlar jurnalist Manuel Ochsenrayter va o'ta o'ng maslahatchisi Emmanuel Leroy Dengiz Le Pen, rahbari Milliy front.^[79][80]

DPR shuningdek g'arbiy Evropaning chap qanoti va kommunistik partiyalar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi. Buyuk Britaniyada DXXni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi "Bristol Ukraina qarshi fashistik birdamlik" antifashistik birdamlik harakati tashkil etildi, shuningdek Ispaniya, Germaniya, Shvetsiya va Italiyada ba'zi kommunistik guruhlar va partiyalarda DXRni ochiq qo'llab-quvvatlash mavjud. . Ushbu mamlakatlarda Donbassni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini ko'rsatish uchun antifashistlar tomonidan bir necha namoyish va norozilik namoyishlari bo'lib o'tdi. Shvetsiyada separatizm tarafdori bo'lgan "Donbassföreningen" harakati boshqalar qatorida bir nechta kommunistik partiyalar faxriylari tomonidan tashkil etilgan. DPR xalqaro militsiya ko'ngillilari

Donetskdagi Donetsk Respublikasi va Rossiya bayroqlari, 2014 yil 8 mart

G'arbiy Evropa asosan ispan va italiyalik kommunistlar, shuningdek, "fashizmga qarshi kurash" degan ochiq bayonotli isroillik feministlar guruhlari ham KXDRga borgan va militsiya guruhlariga qo'shilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Donetsk va Lugansk Xalq Respublikalari (2014 yil oktyabr)

2014 yil 15 aprelda Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi Olexander Turchynov rossiyaparast jangarilarga qarshi turish uchun harbiy qarshi hujum boshlanganini e'lon qildi va 17 aprelda Rossiya, AQSh va Evropa Ittifoqi inqirozni oxiriga etkazish uchun yo'l xaritasini kelishib olgach, keskinlik avj oldi.^[81][82] Biroq, Xalq Respublikasining rasmiylari bu kelishuvni e'tiborsiz qoldirdilar va o'z kasblarini referendum qabul qilingunga qadar yoki hukumat Kiyev iste'foga chiqadi.^[83] Kelishuvdan so'ng, Ukraina Xavfsizlik xizmati mamlakatga katta miqdordagi pul va harbiy qurol bilan kirib kelgan ruslarni hibsga olishni davom ettirdi.

2014 yil iyul oyida, Denis Pushilin, respublika raisi, Donetsk Xalq Respublikasining mustaqil davlat bo'lishini o'ylamaganini, aksincha yangilangan tarkibga qo'shilishni afzal ko'rganligini aytdi. Rossiya imperiyasi.^[84]

11 may mustaqillik bo'yicha referendum

7 may kuni Donetsk va Luganskdagi bo'lginchi isyonchilar Vladimir Putinning uni kechiktirish to'g'risidagi murojaatiga e'tibor bermasdan, 11 may kuni o'tkazilishi kerak bo'lgan referendumni davom ettirishlarini aytishdi.^[85] "Referendum rejalashtirilganidek bo'lib o'tadi. Saylov uchastkalari saylov uchastkalariga etib borildi", - dedi Luganskda referendumni tashkil qilayotgan matbuot xizmatidan Vasiliy Nikitin.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Referendum 11 may kuni bo'lib o'tdi va tashkilotchilarning ta'kidlashicha, 89% o'z-o'zini boshqarish tarafdori, 10% qarshi, 75% ga yaqin ovoz bergan. Referendumlar natijalarini biron bir hukumat, shu jumladan hukumatlar tomonidan rasman tan olinmagan Ukraina, Qo'shma Shtatlar, mamlakatlari Yevropa Ittifoqi va Rossiya.^[86] Germaniya va Qo'shma Shtatlar referendumlar "demokratik qonuniylikka ega emasligini" ta'kidladilar,^[87] Rossiya hukumati natijalarga "hurmat" bildirgan va "madaniyatli" amalga oshirishga undagan.^[88]

Referendumdan bir kun o'tib, Donetsk Xalq Respublikasining Xalq Kengashi Donetskni cheksiz chegaraga ega bo'lgan suveren davlat deb e'lon qildi va "Rossiyadan respublikamizning Rossiya Federatsiyasiga qo'shilishi masalasini ko'rib chiqishini so'radi".^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Shuningdek, 25 may kuni bo'lib o'tgan prezidentlik saylovlarida qatnashmasligini ma'lum qildi. Bunga javoban "" Kreml Kiyevdagi hukumat va mamlakatning janubi-sharqiy mintaqalari o'rtasidagi muloqotni chaqirib, mintaqani Qrim tarzida Moskva uchun qo'shib olish kartochkalarda emasligini ko'rsatdi ".^[89]

Tinchlik takliflari va to'xtab qolish

2014 yil 1 sentyabrda KXDR isyonchilari buning evaziga Ukrainaning suverenitetini hurmat qilishlarini e'lon qilishdi muxtoriyat.^[90] Ammo ular bir necha kundan keyin ushbu taklifni qaytarib olishdi.^[91]

2015 yil 12 fevralda DPR va LPR rahbarlari, Aleksandr Zaxarchenko va Igor Plotnitskiy, imzolangan Minsk II kelishuv.^[16] Minsk kelishuviga ushbu tuzatishlarni kiritishga kelishib olindi Ukraina konstitutsiyasi "uning asosiy elementi markazsizlashtirish tomonidan tashkil etilgan yo'nalish bo'yicha Donetsk va Lugansk viloyatlarining alohida tumanlarida mahalliy o'zini o'zi boshqarish vaqtincha tartibi to'g'risida "saylovlarni o'tkazish to'g'risida. Minsk memorandumi 2014 yil 19 sentyabrdan boshlab "; evaziga isyonchilar egallab olgan hudud Ukrainaga qayta qo'shiladi.^[16][17] DPR va LPR vakillari Minsk II ga tegishli takliflarini quyidagilarga etkazishda davom etmoqdalar Ukraina bo'yicha uch tomonlama aloqa guruhi.^[92] Mintaqada, xususan munozarali va strategik ahamiyatga ega shaharchada sulh bitimini barqarorlashtirish maqsadida Debaltseve, 2015 yil fevral oyida Ukraina Prezidenti Petro Poroshenko davomida erishilgan kelishuvga rioya qilinishini nazorat qilish uchun BMT boshchiligidagi tinchlikparvar operatsiyani o'tkazishga chaqirdi Minsk tinchlik muzokaralari.^[93]

2015 yil 20 mayda Novorossiya Federal shtati rahbariyati konfederatsiya "loyihasi" ni tugatganligini e'lon qildi.^[94][95]

2015 yil 15-iyun kuni DPR etakchisi Aleksandr Zaxarchenko dedi: "Nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar Minsk, DPR mustaqil davlat va hech qachon Ukrainaning bir qismi bo'lmaydi ".^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2015 yil 31 avgust kuni Oliy Rada 265 deputat ushbu ovoz berish uchun ovoz bergan holda Minsk II tomonidan birinchi marta talab qilingan Ukraina qurilishidagi tuzatishlarni o'qing.^[96][97] Ammo o'shandan beri u konstitutsiya o'zgarishini amalga oshirish uchun zarur bo'lgan ikkinchi o'qishda ovoz bermadi.^[97] Ushbu ikkinchi o'qishda tuzatishning qabul qilinishi uchun Radaning 450 o'rindig'ining aksariyat ko'pchiligining 300 qismi kerak, shunda The New York Times "umuman imkonsiz" deb ta'riflagan (chunki barcha millatchi partiyalar tuzatishlarga qarshi ovoz berishadi).^[98]

2016 yil mart oyida DPR pasport berishni boshladi^[99] 2015 yilda Zaxarchenkoning DPRni hech bo'lmaganda qisman tan olmasdan, mahalliy pasportlar "resurslarni isrof qilish" degan bayonotiga qaramay.^[99] 2016 yil noyabr oyida DPR barcha fuqarolari borligini e'lon qildi ikkilamchi Ukrain / Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi fuqaroligi.^[100]

2018 yil 31 avgustda DPR rahbari Zaxarchenko restoranda bomba bilan o'ldirildi Donetsk.^[101] 2016 yil 16 oktyabrda taniqli rus (fuqaro) va DPR harbiy rahbari Arsen Pavlov tomonidan o'ldirilgan edi IED uning Donetskdagi kvartirasining liftida portlash.^[102] (Boshqa) taniqli DPR harbiy qo'mondoni Mixail Tolstyx 2017 yil 8 fevralda Donetskdagi ofisida ishlayotganda portlash natijasida o'lgan.^[103]

Qaramay Donbassdagi urush to'xtamay, DPR va LPR rahbariyati 2019 yilda o'zlari nazorat qilgan hududlarni Ukrainaga qo'shishni xohlashlarini bildirdilar.^[104]

2019 yil dekabridan Ukraina pasportlari endi DPRda haqiqiy identifikatsiya qiluvchi hujjat hisoblanmaydi va Ukraina davlat raqamlari noqonuniy deb topilgan.^[105] Ayni paytda, Ukraina Prezidentining avvalgi ijobiy qarashlari Vladimir Zelenskiy DPR matbuotida shaxsiy ayblovlar bilan almashtirildigenotsid ”Va“ Donbasga qarshi jinoyatlar ”va unga qarshi sud tashkil etish takliflari sirtdan.^[105] 2020 yil mart oyida Ruscha DPRning yagona davlat tili deb e'lon qilindi.^[1] 2014 yil may oyida DPR o'z konstitutsiyasida rus va Ukrain uning rasmiy tillari.^[106]

Mintaqaviy jamoatchilik fikri

Tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada Kiyev Xalqaro Sotsiologiya Instituti 2014 yil fevral oyining birinchi yarmida so'rovda qatnashganlarning 33,2% Donetsk viloyati "Ukraina va Rossiya yagona davlatga birlashishi kerak" deb ishongan.^[107]

Ijtimoiy tadqiqotlar va siyosatni tahlil qilish instituti tomonidan o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra^{[JSSV? ]}, Donetsk shahri aholisining 66% o'z kelajagini birlashgan Ukrainada ko'rishgan^{[tushuntirish kerak ]}, 4,7% ayirmachilikni, 18,2% Rossiyaga qo'shilishni qo'llab-quvvatlagan, 31,6% esa Donetsk viloyati uchun avtonomiyani kengaytirish bilan birlashgan Ukrainani xohlamoqda, hozirgi holatni esa atigi 18,6% qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda.^[108] 2014 yil 26-29 mart kunlari o'tkazilgan ikkinchi so'rovnoma shuni ko'rsatdiki, aholining 77% ma'muriy binolarni egallab olishni qoralagan, 16% esa bunday harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Bundan tashqari, Donetsk shahar aholisining 40,8 foizi Ukrainaning birligi uchun namoyishlarni, 26,5 foizi esa Rossiyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi mitinglarni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda.^[109]

Mintaqaviy mustaqillikni qo'llab-quvvatlash kam bo'lsa-da, so'rovda qatnashgan Donetsk aholisining atigi uchdan bir qismi o'zlarini "Ukrainaning fuqarolari" deb tanishtirdilar, aksincha "Ukrainaning rusiyzabon aholisi" yoki "aholisi" ni afzal ko'rishdi. Donbass ".^[110]

The New York Times 2014 yil 11 aprelda ko'plab mahalliy aholi yangi tashkil etilgan respublikani "krakpot loyihasi" deb bilishini aytdi.^[111]

Kiyev Xalqaro Sotsiologiya Instituti 2014 yil 8-16 aprel kunlari o'tkazilgan saylov natijalari bo'yicha ikkinchi tadqiqotni e'lon qildi. Donetsk viloyati aholisining 18,1 foizi so'nggi paytlarda mintaqadagi ma'muriy binolarni qurol bilan olib qo'yilishini qo'llab-quvvatladilar, 72 foizi esa amaldagi harakatlarni ma'qullamadilar. Donbas mintaqasidagi taxminan 25% Rossiyaga qo'shilish tarafdorlari mitinglarida qatnashishlarini aytdi. Donetskning aksariyati qurolsizlanish va noqonuniy radikal guruhlarni tarqatib yuborish milliy birlikni saqlab qolish uchun juda muhim deb hisoblar edi. 12,4% Ukraina va Rossiyaning yagona davlatga birlashishi tarafdorlari; Donetskdagi 27,5% Ukrainadan Rossiyaga qo'shilish uchun mintaqaviy ajralib chiqish tarafdori, 38,4% federalizatsiyani, 41,1% hokimiyatni markazsizlashtirish va mintaqalarning huquqlarini kengaytirish bilan unitar Ukrainani qo'llab-quvvatladilar va 10,6% hozirgi unitar davlatni qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[112]

^[113]

2015 yil 15-iyun kuni Donetsk markazida bir necha yuz kishi norozilik bildirdi. Aksariyat shaharning Oktyabrskiy viloyatidan bo'lgan namoyishchilar harbiy qo'mondonlikni olib tashlashga chaqirishdi "Grad "ushbu turar-joy hududidan uchuvchi qurilmalar; bunday raketalar Ukraina pozitsiyalarini o'qqa tutish uchun ishlatilgan. Qayta o'q otish va fuqarolarning qurbon bo'lishiga sabab bo'lgan.^[114] DPR etakchisining so'zlariga ko'ra, uning kuchlari haqiqatan ham turar-joylarni o'qqa tutmoqda (41-maktabni eslatib o'tamiz), ammo "dushmanni jazolash barchaning umumiy mas'uliyati".^[115]

O'tkazilgan so'rovnomada^{[kim tomonidan? ]} 2015 yil avgust oyida Donetsk viloyatining 19 shahridan 6500 respondent qatnashgan bo'lsa, ularning atigi 29 foizi KXDRni qo'llab-quvvatlagan va 10 foizi o'zlarini "rus vatanparvarlari" deb hisoblashgan.^[116]

Siyosiy maqomi

BMTga a'zo barcha davlatlar Respublikani qonuniy qismi deb bilishadi Ukraina. Faqat Janubiy Osetiya, shuningdek, tan olinishi cheklangan davlat bo'lib, asosan xalqaro miqyosda bir qismi sifatida tan olingan Gruziya Donetsk Xalq Respublikasini 2014 yilda Ukrainadan mustaqilligini e'lon qilganidan keyin suveren tashkilot sifatida tan oldi Donetsk uning e'lon qilingan kapitali sifatida.^[117][118] Ikkala tashkilot parlamentlari 2016 yil 10 aprelda hamkorlik to'g'risida memorandum imzoladilar.^[119]

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi hududi ustidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nazoratni amalga oshirmasa ham, Ukraina hukumati "Donbassning maxsus maqomi to'g'risidagi qonun [Buyuk Britaniya ]"2014 yil 16 sentyabrda Donbassning bir qismiga (Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi va Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi hududi) Ukraina tarkibida alohida maqom berilgan.

2017 yil 18 fevralda Prezident Vladimir Putin Rossiya hukumatiga shaxsni tasdiqlovchi hujjatlar, diplomlar, tug'ilganlik va nikoh to'g'risidagi guvohnomalar va transport vositalarining ro'yxatga olish belgilarini DPR tomonidan berilgan (va Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi ) Minsk II kelishuvi asosida bo'lginchilar nazorati ostidagi mintaqalarda "vaziyatni siyosiy tartibga solish" ga erishilgunga qadar.^[19] Qaror DXR nazorati ostidagi hududlarda yashovchilarga Rossiyada sayohat qilish, ishlash yoki o'qish imkoniyatini berdi.^[19] Farmonga binoan, u "xalqaro gumanitar huquqning keng tan olingan tamoyillari" ga muvofiq "inson huquqlari va erkinliklarini himoya qilish uchun" imzolandi.^[120] Ukraina hukumati bu qarorni Minsk II shartnomasiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri zid deb qabul qildi va "Rossiyaning bir qismini bosib olganini qamrab oladigan kvazi davlat terroristik guruhlarini qonuniy ravishda tan oldi" Donbas ".^[121]

Xalqaro munosabatlar

Media-ni ijro etish

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasining birinchi pasportlarini berish

Aleksandr Kofman 2014 yildan 2016 yilgacha Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lib ishlagan; Natalya Nikonorova uning o'rnini egalladi.

• Shuningdek qarang: Donetsk va Luganskning xalqaro vakolatxonasi

Hukumat va siyosat

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi
Ushbu maqola bir qator qismidir siyosati va hukumati Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi
Konstitutsiya Inson huquqlari
Qonunchilik palatasi Xalq Sovetlari Rais: Andrey Purgin
Ijro etuvchi Bosh Aleksandr Zaxarchenko Bosh Vazir Aleksandr Zaxarchenko
Sud hokimiyati Oliy sud Bosh prokuror
Saylovlar Markaziy saylov komissiyasi Yaqinda bo'lib o'tgan saylovlar Bosh ijrochi: 2014 Parlament: 2014 Referendumlar: 2014 Siyosiy partiyalar
Tashqi siyosat Tashqi Ishlar Vazirligi Vazir: Aleksandr Kofman Tashqi aloqalar Novorossiya Federal davlatining tashkil topishi Minsk protokoli
Shuningdek qarang Rus millatchiligi 2014 yil Ukrainadagi rossiyaparast tartibsizliklar Donbassdagi urush
Boshqa mamlakatlar

Keyin Xalq Kengashining raisi Denis Pushilin a da gapiradi G'alaba kuni (9 may) 2014 yilda Donetskdagi miting.

Hukumat

2014 yil 6 aprelda Donetsk viloyat Kengashi binosini egallab olgan namoyishchilar orasidan 2014 yil aprel oyining boshlarida Donetsk Xalq Kengashi tuzildi.^{[40][41][122]}

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasining birinchi to'liq hukumati 2014 yil 16 mayda tayinlangan.^[106] Uning tarkibiga ilgari Donetsk amaldorlari bo'lgan bir nechta vazirlar kirgan Makiivka Sobiq Donetsk shahar kengashi prokuror, maxsus politsiyaning sobiq a'zosi Alfa guruhi, a'zosi Mintaqalar partiyasi (kim go'yo muvofiqlashtirgan "Titushkiy " (Viktor Yanukovich tarafdorlari) davomida Evromaydan ) va Rossiya fuqarolari.^[106] Hukumat tizimi uning mudofaa vazirining o'rinbosari tomonidan tavsiflanadi Fyodor Berezin sifatida qurishni maqsad qilib harbiy kommunizm.^[123]

DPR hududlarida tegishli ma'muriyat Donbassdagi urushgacha ushbu funktsiyalarni bajargan organlar tomonidan amalga oshiriladi.^[124] DPR rahbariyati shuningdek shahar hokimlarini tayinladi.^[125][126]

2015 yil 4 sentyabrda DPR hukumatida to'satdan o'zgarish yuz berdi, bu erda Denis Pushilin almashtirildi Andrey Purgin Xalq Kengashi spikeri rolida va uning birinchi qarorida Purginning yaqin ittifoqchisi bo'lgan kengash apparati rahbari Aleksey Aleksandrov ishdan bo'shatildi. Bu Rossiya va DXR chegarasida ushlab turilgan Purgin va Aleksandrov yo'qligida sodir bo'ldi, bu ularning respublikaga qaytishiga to'sqinlik qildi. Aleksandrov respublika jamoat xavfsizligi vazirligi tomonidan "buzg'unchi faoliyat" va "chegarani noqonuniy kesib o'tishga urinish" da ayblangan. Rossiya va Ukraina ommaviy axborot vositalari ushbu voqealarni respublika hokimiyatidagi navbatdagi to'ntarish sifatida izohladilar.^[127][128]

2018 yil 31 avgustda Bosh va Bosh vazir Aleksandr Zaxarchenko Donetskdagi kafedagi portlashda halok bo'lgan.^[129] O'limidan keyin Dmitriy Trapeznikov 2019 yil sentyabr oyigacha shahar hokimi etib tayinlanguniga qadar hukumat rahbari etib tayinlangan Elista, poytaxti Qalmoq respublikasi Rossiyada.^[130]

2020 yil 5 fevralda Denis Pushilin kutilmaganda Rossiya fuqarosi va Rossiya gubernatorining sobiq o'rinbosari Vladimir Pashkovni tayinladi Irkutsk viloyati, "hukumat raisi" sifatida.^[131] Ushbu tayinlash Ukrainada Rossiya tomonidan DPR ustidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nazorat qilish namoyishi sifatida qabul qilindi.^[132]

Qonunchilik palatasi

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasining parlamenti Xalq Sovetlari^[133] va 100 deputat bor.^[134]

Saylovlar

Donetsk parlament saylovlari va Lugansk xalq respublikalari 2014 yil 2-noyabr kuni bo'lib o'tdi.^[134] So'nggi 10 yilda Donetsk Xalq Respublikasida "doimiy yashagan" kamida 30 yoshdagi odamlar to'rt yilga saylanish huquqiga ega edilar.^[134] Ukraina Rossiyani o'z ta'siridan foydalanib, saylovni to'xtatish uchun "a oldini olish uchun muzlatilgan mojaro ".^[135] The Yevropa Ittifoqi va qolgan dunyo saylovlarni tan olmadi.^[136] Rossiya boshqa tomondan o'sha paytda "albatta saylov natijalarini tan olishini" ta'kidlagan; Rossiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Sergey Lavrov saylovlar "u erdagi hokimiyatni qonuniylashtirish uchun muhim bo'ladi" deb ta'kidladi.^[137] Ukraina o'tkazdi 2014 yil Ukrainadagi parlament saylovlari 2014 yil 26 oktyabrda; Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi tomonidan boykot qilingan va shu sababli Ukrainaning Donetsk Xalq Respublikasiga sodiq kuchlar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan sharqiy tumanlarida ovoz berilmagan.^[135][137] Rossiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Rossiya Federatsiyasi saylovni hurmat qilishini ta'kidladi; ammo aniqlik kiritilishicha, Rossiya Federatsiyasi saylovlarni hurmat qilar ekan, bu Rossiya natijalarni tan olishni rejalashtirayotganligini anglatmaydi.^[138]

DPRdagi siyosiy miting, 2014 yil 20-dekabr

2015 yil 2-iyulda Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi rahbari Aleksandr Zaxarchenko ga muvofiq mahalliy DPR saylovlarini 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda o'tkazishni buyurdi Minsk II shartnomalar ".^[139] Zaxarchenkoning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu harakat DNR "Minsk kelishuvlarini mustaqil ravishda amalga oshirishni boshlaganini" anglatadi.^[139] Zaxarchenko "saylovlar Ukrainaning Donetsk va Lugansk viloyatlarining ayrim okruglarining vaqtincha o'zini o'zi boshqarish maqomi to'g'risidagi qonuni asosida" DXR konstitutsiyasi va qonunlariga zid bo'lmagan holda bo'lib o'tadi "deb ishontirdi.^[139] The 2015 yil Ukrainadagi mahalliy saylovlar 2015 yil 25 oktyabrga belgilangan edi.^[140] Ukraina prezidenti Petro Poroshenko (shuningdek, 2015 yil 2-iyulda) agar Zaxarchenkoning mahalliy KXDR saylovlarini o'tkazish bo'yicha tashabbusi qo'llab-quvvatlansa, bu "o'ta mas'uliyatsiz va Donetsk va Lugansk viloyatlarining ayrim hududlaridagi keskinlikni pasaytirish jarayoni uchun halokatli oqibatlarga olib keladi" deb javob berdi.^[139] (2015 yil 6-iyulda Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi (LPR) rahbari (LPR) Igor Plotnitskiy uning nazorati ostidagi hududda "shahar hokimlari va mintaqaviy rahbarlar" ga saylovlarni 2015 yil 1 noyabrga belgilab berdi^{[iqtibos kerak ]})

2015 yil 6 oktyabrda DNR va LPR rahbariyati rejalashtirilgan saylovlarini 2016 yil 21 fevralga qoldirdilar.^[141] Bu 4 kundan keyin sodir bo'ldi Normandiya to'rt yig'ilish bo'lib, unda oktyabr oyiga kelishib olindi 2015 yil Ukrainadagi mahalliy saylovlar LPR va DPR nazorati ostidagi hududlarda 2015 yil fevral oyiga muvofiq o'tkaziladi Minsk II kelishuv.^[142] Uchrashuvda Frantsiya Prezidenti Fransua Olland ushbu saylovlarni o'tkazish uchun (LPR va DXR nazorati ostidagi hududlarda) 2016 yilda ushbu saylovlarni o'tkazish uchun "saylovlarni tashkil qilish uchun uch oy kerak" bo'lishi kerakligini aytdi.^[142] Shuningdek, uchrashuv davomida Rossiya prezidenti deb ishoniladi Vladimir Putin DPR va Lugansk Xalq Respublikasidagi saylovlarning 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda va 2015 yil 1 noyabrda bo'lib o'tishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun o'z ta'siridan foydalanishga rozi bo'ldi.^[142] 6 oktyabrdan bir necha hafta oldin va bir necha kun ichida 2015 yil 18 oktyabrda rejalashtirilgan mahalliy DPR saylovlari uchun saylov kampaniyasi avjida edi.^[143] Ushbu aksiyada reklama 90% tomonidan amalga oshirildi Donetsk Respublikasi.^[143]

2016 yil 18 aprelda rejalashtirilgan (DXR tomonidan uyushtirilgan) mahalliy saylovlar 2016 yil 20 apreldan 24 iyulgacha qoldirildi.^[144] 2016 yil 22 iyulda saylovlar yana 2016 yil 6 noyabrga qoldirildi.^[145] 2016 yil 2-oktabr kuni DXR va LPRda dastlabki saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi, saylovchilar 2016 yil 6-noyabrdagi saylovlarda qatnashish uchun nomzodlarni ko'rsatish uchun ovoz berishdi.^[146] Ukraina ushbu dastlabki saylovlarni noqonuniy deb qoraladi.^[146] 2016 yil 4 noyabrda DPR ham, LPR ham mahalliy saylovlarni "qo'shimcha xabar berishgacha" qoldirdi; DPR rahbari Zaxkarchenko "2017 yilda biz Minsk shartnomalari bo'yicha saylovlar o'tkazamiz yoki ularni mustaqil ravishda o'tkazamiz" deb qo'shimcha qildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2018 yil 11-noyabr kuni DPR ma'muriyati uyushtirilgan mahalliy saylovlar "oldindan belgilangan va muqobil nomzodlarsiz" deb ta'riflangan^[147] va tashqi tomondan tan olinmagan.^[148]

Siyosiy partiyalar

DPRda faol siyosiy partiyalar kiradi Donetsk Respublikasi, Donetsk Xalq Respublikasining Kommunistik partiyasi, Bepul Donbass va "Yangi Rossiya" partiyasi. Donetsk respublikasi va kommunistlar Bosh vazir Aleksandr Zaxarchenkoning 2014 yilda bosh vazirlikka nomzodini ma'qulladilar.^[149][150] Yilda bu saylovlar kommunistlarning taqdim etilgan hujjatlarida "juda ko'p xatolarga yo'l qo'yganliklari" uchun mustaqil ravishda qatnashishlari taqiqlandi.^[151]

Xalqaro miqyosda tan olinmagan Xalq Respublikalari tomonidan 2014 yilda o'tkazilgan saylovlar, Donetsk respublikasi 68,53% ovoz va 68 o'rin bilan DPR Xalq Sovetida ko'pchilikka ega bo'ldi. Erkin Donbass, shu jumladan rus-millatchi ekstremistik "Yangi Rossiya" partiyasidan nomzodlar 31,65% ovoz va 32 o'rinni qo'lga kiritdi.

Harbiy

2020 yil 10 yanvarda tan olinmagan rossiyaparast prezident Abxaziya DPRni o'z davlatida to'ntarish uyushtirishda aybladi. DPR qo'mondoni Axra Avidzba joyida qo'mondonlik qilayotgan edi.^[152] Aksincha Janubiy Osetiya, Abxaziya DPRni hech qachon tanimagan.^[153]

Boshqaruv muammolari

Donetsk politsiyasi Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi bilan bog'liq nishonlarni kiyib olgan, 2014 yil 20 sentyabr

Donetskdagi DPR harbiy paradi, 2018 yil 9-may

EXHT kuzatuvchilari o'zini shahar meri deb e'lon qilganlar bilan uchrashdilar Sloviansk, Volodymyr Pavlenko, 2014 yil 20-iyun.^[154] Unga ko'ra, Slovianskdagi kanalizatsiya tizimlari qulab tushdi, natijada kamida 10 000 litr tozalanmagan kanalizatsiya oqimi Suxi Torets daryosiga, uning irmog'i bo'lgan. Severskiy Donets. U buni "ekologik falokat" deb atadi va uning Rossiyaga ham, Ukrainaga ham ta'sir qilishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[154]

KXDR 16-iyul kuni harbiy holatni joriy qildi.^[155]

2014 yil may oyidan boshlab Ukraina hukumati Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi aholisi uchun ish haqi va pensiya to'layotgan edi.^{[156][157][158]} Bank filiallarining yopilishi ularni olishda muammolarga olib keldi,^{[159][160][161]} ayniqsa beri Ukraina milliy banki banklarga 2014 yil 7 avgustda Ukraina hukumati tomonidan nazorat qilinmaydigan joylarda moliyaviy operatsiyalarni to'xtatib turishni buyurdi.^[162] Faqat Oschadbank DPR tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan hududlarda ishlashni davom ettirdi, ammo 2014 yil 1-dekabrda u erda ham filiallarini yopdi.^[162][163] Bunga javoban, o'n minglab nafaqaxo'rlar hali ham ayirmachilar nazorati ostidagi hududlarda yashab, o'zlarining manzillarini Ukrainaning nazorati ostidagi hududlarda ro'yxatdan o'tkazdilar va har oy pensiyalarini yig'ish uchun ayirmachilik hududlaridan tashqariga chiqishlari kerak.^[164]

2014 yil oktyabr oyida Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi aholini o'z Donetsk Xalq Respublikasida ro'yxatdan o'tishni va unga soliq to'lashni majbur qilib, o'zining markaziy banki va soliq idorasi tashkil etilganligini e'lon qildi.^[165] Ba'zi mahalliy tadbirkorlar ro'yxatdan o'tishni rad etishdi.^[165]

Ga ko'ra Ukraina milliy xavfsizlik va mudofaa kengashi to'lanmagan ish haqi va nafaqalar tufayli bir qator mahalliy g'alayonlar sodir bo'lmoqda, Kengash 2014 yil 24 noyabrda mahalliy "Ayollarga qarshilik ko'rsatish batalyoni" Zaxarchenkoga Donetskdan ikki oy ichida chiqib ketish uchun ultimatum taqdim etganini da'vo qilmoqda.^[166]

2015 yil aprel oyidan boshlab DPR o'z avtomobil raqamlarini chiqarishni boshladi.^[167]

2015 yil iyun oyida Donetskda 500 ga yaqin odam Donbassdagi urushga qarshi va Ukraina hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatlab norozilik namoyishi o'tkazdi.^[168]

2015 yil 24 dekabrda. Maxsus monitoring missiyasi EXHT Ukrainada KXDRda "parallel" adolat tizimlari "ishlay boshlagani" haqida xabar berilgan.^[169] Ular ushbu yangi sud tizimini "shaffof bo'lmagan, doimiy o'zgarishlarga uchragan, jiddiy manbalar bilan ta'minlangan va ko'p hollarda umuman ishlamaydigan" deb topdilar.^[169]

2016 yil iyul oyida Horlivkada mingdan ortiq odam, asosan, kichik biznes egalari, korruptsiya va soliqlarga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari o'tkazdilar, bular import qilinadigan tovarlarga bojxona to'lovlarini olishni o'z ichiga olgan.^[170]

Qonuniylik va tartib

2014 yilda Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi tomonidan o'lim jazosi xiyonat, josuslik va siyosiy rahbarlarni o'ldirish holatlari uchun. Ayblovlar allaqachon bo'lgan edi suddan tashqari ijro sodir bo'lmoqda.^[171]

2015 yildan beri bir qator DPR va LPR qo'mondonlari va boshqa muhim shaxslar o'ldirilgan yoki boshqa yo'l bilan hokimiyatdan chetlatilgan.^[172][173] Bunga kazak qo'mondoni Pavel Dryomov, Xususiy harbiy kompaniya komandiri (ChVK) Dmitriy Utkin ("Vagner"), Aleksandr Bednov ("Botmon"), Aleksey Mozgovoy, Yevgeniy Ishchenko, Andrey Purgin va Dmitriy Lyamin (oxirgi ikki kishi hibsga olingan).^[174][175] 2016 yil avgust oyida Igor Plotnitskiy, rahbari LPR, avtomashinani portlatish paytida jiddiy jarohat olgan Lugansk.^[176] 2016 yil sentyabr oyida Moskva yaqinidagi restoranda bo'lginchilarning "Oplot" bo'limi rahbari Evgeniy Jilin (Yevhen Zhylin) o'ldirildi.^[177][178] 2016 yil oktyabr oyida harbiy qo'mondon Arseniy Pavlov ("Motorola") tomonidan o'ldirilgan IED uning uyiga ekilgan.^[179] 2017 yil fevral oyida ofisga o'rnatilgan bomba halok bo'ldi Mixail Tolstyx ("Givi").^[180] 2018 yil 31 avgustda DPR etakchisi Aleksandr Zaxarchenko shahridagi restoranda bomba bilan o'ldirilgan Donetsk.^[101] DNR va Rossiya aybdor Ukraina xavfsizlik xizmati; Ukraina bu ayblovlarni rad etib, Zaxarchenkoning o'limi DNRdagi fuqarolararo nizolarning natijasi ekanligini aytdi.^[173]

Ukrainadan tashqari harbiy asirlar KXDR ichidagi turli jangari guruhlar o'rtasidagi ichki janglar davomida hibsga olingan "minglab" mahbuslar haqida xabarlar mavjud.^[181]

Iqtisodiyot

Donetsk Xalq Respublikasida a aralash iqtisodiyot.^{[iqtibos kerak ][asl tadqiqotmi? ]} Katta miqyosda xususiylashtirish 90-yillarning oxiridagi jarayon, Donetsk Xalq Respublikasidagi kompaniyalarning aksariyati hozir xususiydir.^{[iqtibos kerak ][asl tadqiqotmi? ]} Iqtisodiyot aralashmaga asoslangan og'ir sanoat (po'lat ishlab chiqarish), elektr energiyasi ishlab chiqarish va ishlab chiqarish (to'qimachilik ishlab chiqarishi), bu birgalikda umumiy sanoat mahsulotining 80% ni tashkil etadi.^{[iqtibos kerak ][asl tadqiqotmi? ]}

The Donetsk People's Republic has its own central bank, the Donetsk Republican Bank.

The Republic's economy is frequently described as dependent on kontrabanda va otish,^[182] with some labelling it a mafia state. Joining DPR military formations or its civil services has become one of the few guarantees for a stable income in the DPR.^[124]

By late October 2014 many banks and other businesses in the Donetsk People's Republic were shut and people were often left without social benefits payments.^[165] Sources (who declined to be identified, citing security concerns) inside the DPR administration have told Bloomberg yangiliklari bu Rossiya transfers 2.5 billion Rossiya rubli ($37 million) for pensions every month.^[183] By mid-February 2016 Russia had sent 48 humanitarian convoys to rebel held territory that was said to have delivered more than 58,000 tons of cargo; including food, medicines, construction materials, diesel generators and fuel and lubricants.^[184] President Poroshenko called this a "flagrant violation of international law" and Valentyn Nalyvaychenko said it was a "direct invasion".^[185]

Reuters reported (late October 2014) long lines at oshxonalar.^[165] In the same month in at least one factory, factory workers did not receive wages anymore but only food rations.^[186]

By June 2015, due to logistical and transport problems, prices in DPR-controlled territory are significantly higher than in territory controlled by Ukraine.^[124] This led to an increase of supplies (of more expensive products and those of lower quality) from Russia.^[124]

Mines and heavy-industry facilities damaged by shelling were forced to close, undermining the wider chain of economic ties in the region.^[186] Three industrial facilities were under Donetsk People's Republic "temporary management" by late October 2014.^[186] By early June 2015, 80% of companies that were physically located in the Donetsk People's Republic had been re-registered on territory under Ukrainian control.^[182]

A Donetsk People's Republic official often promised financial support from Rossiya, without giving specific details.^[165] Bosh Vazir Aleksandr Zaxarchenko in late October 2014 stated that "We have the Rossiya Federatsiyasi 's agreement in principle on granting us special conditions on gas (deliveries)".^[165] Zakharchenko also claimed that "And, finally, we managed to link up with the financial and banking structure of the Russian Federation".^[165] Qachon Reuters tried to get more details from a source close to Zakharchenko its only reply was "Money likes silence".^[165] Early October 2014 Zakharchenko had stated "The economy will be completely, if possible, oriented towards the Russian market. We consider Russia our strategic partner", according to Zakharchenko this would "secure our economy from impacts from outside, including from Ukraina ".^[187] According to Yury Makohon, from the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies, "Trade volume between Russia and Donetsk viloyati has seen a massive slump since the beginning of 2014".^[188] Since Russia does not recognise the legal status of the self-proclaimed republic all the trade it does with it is on the basis of Ukrainian law.^[182]

DPR authorities have created a multi-currency zone in which both the rubl (Russia's currency) and the Grivnası (Ukraine's currency) can be used, and also the Evro va AQSh dollari.^[124][187] Cash shortages are widespread and, due to a lack of roubles, the hryvnia is the most-used currency.^[124] According to Ukraine's security services in May 2016 alone the Russian government has passed US$19 million in cash to fund the DPR administration as well as 35,000 blank Russian passports.^[189]

Since late February 2015, the DPR-controlled territory received its tabiiy gaz directly from Russia, which is opposed by Ukraine.^[190] According to Russia, Ukraine should pay for these deliveries while Ukraine claims it does not receive payments for the supplies from the DPR-controlled territory.^[190][191] On 2 July 2015, Ukrainian Energy Minister Volodymyr Demchyshyn announced that he "did not expect" that Ukraine would supply tabiiy gaz to territory controlled by separatist troops in the 2015–2016 heating season.^[192] Since 25 November 2015 Ukraine has halted all its imports of (and payments for) natural gas from Russia.^[193]

Donetsk People's Republic is setting up its own uyali aloqa operatori called Feniks, to be fully operational at the end of the summer of 2015.^[194] Ga binoan Kyivstar Feniks illegally uses equipment that they officially gave up in territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists on 5 February 2015.^[194] Prime Minister Zakharchenko on 18 April 2015 issued a decree stating that all equipment that Kyivstar gave up falls under the control of the separatists in order to "meet the needs of the population in the communication services".^[194] The Sim cards of Feniks display the slogan "Connection for the victory".^[195]

In June 2015 the DPR authorities announced start of military pension payments in BIZ dollar.^[196]

2017 yil mart oyining o'rtalarida Ukraina prezidenti Petro Poroshenko signed a decree on a temporary ban on the movement of goods to and from territory controlled by the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic and Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi; bu shuni anglatadiki, o'sha paytdan beri Ukraina ko'mirni sotib olmaydi Donets qora ko'mir havzasi.^[197]

Antrasit mines under DPR control are reportedly supplying coal to Polsha through Russian shell companies to disguise its real origin.^[198]

According to Ukrainian and Russian media the coal export company Vneshtorgservis owned by Serhiy Kurchenko owes massive debts to (located in separatist controlled territory) coal mines and other local companies.^[199]

Sergey Zdrilyuk ("Abwehr"), former deputy of DNR militia, stated in an interview in 2020 that large scale disassembly of mining equipment for scrap metal and other forms of talon-taroj qilish took place routinely during Igor Girkin 's time as militia commander, and that Girkin took significant amounts of money with him to Moscow. Militia groups such as "Vostok" and "Oplot" as well as various "Cossack formations" were involved in looting on systematic basis.^[200][201]

The Donetsk News Agency reported in August that the DPR exported some 19 billion rubles ($256 mln) worth of industrial goods in the first half of 2020. The Donetsk News Agency reported that the DPR exported machinery, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, construction materials, nonmetallic minerals, dairy, meat, and sausage products to Russia, Lugansk Xalq Respublikasi, Kazakhstan, Poland, Belarus and Latvia. (Note: Wikipedia advises that information from Donetsk News Agency is prohibited on Wikipedia so this report is paraphrased).

Inson huquqlari

Ushbu bo'lim mumkin qarz berish ortiqcha vazn ba'zi g'oyalar, hodisalar yoki qarama-qarshiliklarga. Iltimos uni yaxshilashga yordam bering uni qayta yozish orqali muvozanatli moda bu turli xil qarashlarni kontekstlashtiradigan. (2015 yil oktyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

An early March 2016 Birlashgan Millatlar OHCHR report stated that people that lived in separatist controlled areas were experiencing "complete absence of rule of law, reports of arbitrary detention, torture and incommunicado detention, and no access to real redress mechanisms".^[202]

Harbiy jinoyatlar

An 18 November 2014 Birlashgan Millatlar haqida hisobot sharqiy Ukraina stated that the Donetsk People's Republic was in a state of "total breakdown of law and order".^[203] Hisobotda "qurolli guruhlar tomonidan inson huquqlarini jiddiy ravishda buzish holatlari, shu jumladan qiynoqlar, o'zboshimchalik bilan va aloqasiz qamoqqa olish, qisqacha qatllar, majburiy mehnat, jinsiy zo'ravonlik, shuningdek, mol-mulkni yo'q qilish va noqonuniy olib qo'yilishi mumkin insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlar ".^[203] The November report also stated "the HRMMU continued to receive allegations of sexual and gender-based violence in the eastern regions. In one reported incident, members of the pro-Russian Vostok batalyoni "arrested" a woman for violating a curfew and beat her with metal sticks for three hours. The woman was also raped by several pro-Russian rebels from the battalion. The report also states that the UN mission "continued to receive reports of torture and ill-treatment by the Ukrainian law enforcement agencies and volunteer battalions and by the (pro-Russian separatist) armed groups, including beating, death threats, cruel, g'ayriinsoniy va qadr-qimmatni kamsituvchi munosabat, and lack of access to medical assistance".^[204] 2014 yil 15 dekabrdagi matbuot anjumanida Kiyev, BMT Bosh kotibining yordamchisi uchun inson huquqlari Ivan Shimonovich stated that the majority of human rights violations were committed in areas controlled by pro-Russian rebels.^[205]

The United Nations report also accused the Ukraina armiyasi va Ukraina (ko'ngilli) hududiy mudofaa batalonlari shu jumladan neo-natsistlar Azov bataloni,^[206][207] of human rights abuses such as illegal detention, torture and ill-treatment of DPR and LPR supporters, noting official denials.^[203][208] Amnesty International reported on 24 December 2014 that pro-government volunteer battalions were blocking Ukrainian aid convoys from entering separatist-controlled territory.^[209]

On 24 July, Human Rights Watch accused the pro-Russian fighters of not taking measures to avoid encamping in densely populated civilian areas."^[210][211] It also accused Ukrainian government forces and pro-government volunteer battalions of indiscriminate attacks on civilian areas, stating that "The use of indiscriminate rockets in populated areas violates international humanitarian law, or the laws of war, and may amount to war crimes."^[210][211]

A report by the OHCHR Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy komissari boshqarmasi that was released on 2 March 2015 described media postings and online videos which indicated that the pro-Russian armed groups of the Donetsk People's Republic carried out "summary, extrajudicial or arbitrary executions" of captured Ukrainian soldiers. In one incident, corpses of Ukrainian servicemen were found with "their hands tied with white electrical cable" after the pro-Russian rebel groups captured Donetsk xalqaro aeroporti. In January one of the self-proclaimed leaders of the Donetsk People's Republic claimed that the rebel forces were detaining up to five "subversives" between the ages of 18 and 35 per day. A number of captured harbiy asirlar were forced to march in Donetsk while being assaulted by rebel soldiers and onlookers. The report also said that Ukrainian law enforcement agencies had engaged in a "pattern of enforced disappearances, secret detention and ill-treatment" of people suspected of "separatism" and "terrorism".^[212] The report also mentions videos of members of one particular pro-Russian unit talking about running a torture facility in the basement of a Luhansk library. The head of the unit in question was the pro-Russian separatist commander Aleksandr Biednov, known as "Batman" (who was later killed) and the "head" of the torture chamber was a rebel called "Maniac" who "allegedly used a hammer to torture prisoners and surgery kit to scare and extract confessions from prisoners".^[212][213]

2015 yil sentyabr oyida, EXHT published a report on the testimonies of victims held in places of illegal detention in Donbass.^[214] In December 2015, a team led by Malgorzata Gosiewska published a comprehensive report on war crimes in Donbass.^[215]

Allegations of anti-semitism

Alleged members of the Donetsk Respublikasi carrying the flag of the Russian Federation,^[216] passed out a leaflet to Jews that informed all Jews over the age of 16 that they would have to report to the Commissioner for Nationalities in the Donetsk Regional Administration building and register their property and religion. It also claimed that Jews would be charged a $50 'registration fee'.^[217] If they did not comply, they would have their citizenship revoked, face 'forceful expulsion' and see their assets confiscated. The leaflet stated the purpose of registration was because "Jewish community of Ukraine supported Bendera Xunta," and "oppose the pro-Slavic People's Republic of Donetsk".^[216] Ning haqiqiyligi varaqa mustaqil ravishda tekshirib bo'lmadi.^[218] The Nyu-York Tayms, Haaretz va Yangi respublika said the fliers were "most likely a hoax".^{[219][220][221]} Frantsiya 24 also reported on the questionable authenticity of the leaflets.^[222] Ga binoan Efraim Zuroff ning Simon Wiesenthal markazi, the leaflets looked like some sort of provocation, and an attempt to paint the pro-Russian forces as antisemitik.^[223] The chief rabbi of Donetsk Pinchas Vishedski stated that the flyer was a fake meant to discredit the self-proclaimed republic,^[224] and saying that anti-Semitic incidents in eastern Ukraine are "rare, unlike in Kiev and western Ukraine"^[225] and believes the men were 'trying to use the Jewish community in Donetsk as an instrument in the conflict;'^[226] however, he also called the DPR Press Secretary Aleksander Kriakov "the most famous anti-Semite in the region" and questioned DPR's decision to appoint him.^[227]

Din

At first the Donetsk People's Republic adopted a "constitution" which stated that the Rus pravoslav cherkovi of the Moscow Patriarchate was the official religion of the self-declared state.^[229][230] This was changed with the promulgation of a law "on freedom of conscience and religious organisation" in November 2015, backed by three deputies professing Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), whose members organised the Svarozhich Battalion (of the Vostok Brigade) and the Rusich Company.^[231][232] The new law caused the dissatisfaction of Metropolitan Hilarion of Donetsk and Mariupol of the Moscow Patriarchate church.^[233]

Donbass has been documented as being a stronghold of Rodnovery, especially Russian Rodnover groups that are reorganising local villages and society according to traditional Hind-evropa trifunksionalizm (according to which males are born to play one out of three roles in society, whether priests, warriors or farmers).^[234]

Donetsk separatists consider Christian denominations such as the Ukraina pravoslav cherkovi - Kiyev patriarxligi, Ukraina avtosefali pravoslav cherkovi, Ukraina yunon katolik cherkovi va kengroq Rim-katolik cherkovi va Protestantizm, as all being anti-Russian and see them as obstacles in the path of the separatist goal of uniting the region with Russia.^[230] To complement this emphasis on Orthodoxy against churches deemed "heretical" and anti-Russian, the separatists have been successful in enlisting the widespread support of many people in Donetsk belonging to the indigenous Yunon pravoslavlari jamiyat. Ular asosan Pontika yunonlari settled in Donetsk and elsewhere in southern Russia and Ukraine since the Middle Ages, and are in the main descendants of refugees from the Pontik Alplari, Sharqiy Anadolu, va Qrim, dating to the Ottoman conquests of these regions in the late 15th century. There have been widespread media reports of these ethnic Greeks and those with roots in southern Ukraine now living in mainly Shimoliy Yunoniston fighting with Donetsk separatist forces on the justification that their war represents a struggle for Christian Orthodoxy against the forces of what they often describe as "schismatics" and "fascists".^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

According to Bishop Jan Sobilo, in Kramatorsk a Catholic chapel was fired upon and parishioners are afraid to attend worship services.^[230] Donetsk's Yunon katolik (Uniate) Church priest, Father Tikhon Kulbaka, states he received two text messages with explicit threats. Also, the address of his chapel and his phone number have appeared on pro-Russian websites.^[229][230] Another Catholic priest, Pawel Witek, was kidnapped for a day where he was interrogated and accused of being a "Polish sniper" sent by the Polish government.^[229][230] Members of a Gospel Church were forcibly dispersed at gunpoint by Donetsk insurgents on 23 May.^[229] A Protestant clergyman Sergiy Kosyak was held at the RSA building in Donetsk and interrogated, threatened, and beaten in a room marked "NKVD " for several hours by five men and one woman with clubs, batons, and whips. His injuries included a brain concussion. Kosyak stated that "religious intolerance is on the rise" and believed his religion was a motivating factor of the attack.^[229][230]

Patriarx Filaret also spoke about "numerous death threats against the Kiev Patriarchate clergy and believers" in the Donetsk areas controlled by the rebels.^[230] Yahova Shohidlari have also faced widespread discrimination. By January 2015, rebel groups had taken possession of 14 Kingdom Halls in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions.^[235] Metropolitan of Donetsk and Mariupol, Illarion, has refused to take sides in the conflict.^[230] As of 29 August 2018, 16 Kingdom Halls were confiscated. On 26 September 2018, Jehovah's Witnesses were officially labelled as "extremist", with their activities banned in the country.^[236]

Rimliklar

Hundreds of Romani families fled Donbass in 2014.^[237] The Donbass yangiliklari reported that members of the Donbass Xalq Militsiyasi engaged in assaults and robbery on the Romani (also known as Roma or gypsies) population of Sloviansk. The armed separatists beat women and children, looted homes, and carried off the stolen goods in trucks, according to eyewitnesses.^{[238][239][240][241]} Romani have fled en masse to live with relatives in other parts of the country, fearing ethnic cleansing, displacement and murder. Some men who have decided to remain are forming militia groups to protect their families and homes.^[240] DPR Mayor Ponomarev said the attacks were only against Romani who were involved in drug trafficking, and that he was 'cleaning the city from drugs.'^[242] The US mission to the OSCE va Ukraina Bosh vaziri Yatsenyuk condemned these actions.^{[238][239][243]}

LGBT hamjamiyati

On 8 June 2014, it was reported that armed militants from the Donetsk Republic attacked a gay club in the capital of Donetsk, injuring several. Witnesses said 20 people forced their way into the club, stealing jewelry and other valuables; the assailants fired shots in the club, and several people were hurt.^[244]

In July 2015, a DPR Ministry of Information spokeswoman stated "there are no gays in Donetsk, as they all went to Kiyev ".^[245] In 2015, the Deputy Minister of Political Affairs of the Donetsk People's Republic stated: "A culture of homosexuality is spreading… This is why we must kill anyone who is involved in this."^[246]

Prejudice against Ukrainian speakers

On 18 April 2014, Vyacheslav Ponomarev asked local residents of Sloviansk to report all suspicious persons, especially if they are speaking in Ukrainian language. He also promised that the local media will publish a phone number for reporting.^[247]

An 18 November 2014 Birlashgan Millatlar haqida hisobot sharqiy Ukraina stated that the Donetsk People's Republic violated the rights of Ukrainian-speaking children because schools in rebel-controlled areas teach only in Russian and forbid Ukrainian to be spoken by pupils.^[203]

O'g'irlashlar

The Jurnalistlarni himoya qilish qo'mitasi said that separatists had seized up to ten foreign reporters during the week following the shooting down of the Malaysian aircraft.^[248] On 22 July 2014, armed men from the DPR abducted Ukrainian freelance journalist Anton Skiba as he arrived with a CNN crew at a hotel in Donetsk.^[248] The DPR often counters such accusations by pointing towards non-governmental organisations, such as Xalqaro Amnistiya 's reporting that pro-Ukrainian volunteer paramilitary battalions, such as the Aidar batalyoni, Donbas batalyoni, Azov bataloni often acted like "renegade gangs", and were implicated in torture, abductions, and summary executions.^[209][249] Amnesty International and the (OHCHR) also raised similar concerns about Radikal partiya leader and Ukrainian MP Oleh Lyashko va uning militsiyasi.^[250]

Donetsk has also observed significant rise in violent crime (homicide, rape, including underage victims) under the control of separatist forces.^[251] In July 2015 local authorities of Druzhkovka, previously occupied by separatist forces, exposed a previous torture site in one of the town's cellars.^[252]

On 2 June 2017 the freelance journalist Stanislav Aseyev was abducted. Birinchidan amalda DNR government denied knowing his whereabouts but on 16 July, an agent of the DNR's Ministry of State Security confirmed that Aseyev was in their custody and that he was suspected of espionage. Independent media is not allowed to report from the DNR-controlled territory.^[253] Xalqaro Amnistiya, Jurnalistlarni himoya qilish qo'mitasi, Evropa Jurnalistlar Federatsiyasi, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti, Norvegiya Xelsinki qo'mitasi, Evropada Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkiloti, PEN International, Chegara bilmas muxbirlar va AQShning Evropada Xavfsizlik va Hamkorlik Tashkilotidagi Missiyasi have called for the immediate release of Aseyev.^{[254][255][256][257][258][259]} He was released as part of a prison exchange and handed over to Ukrainian authorities on 29 December 2019.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Sergey Zdrilyuk ("Abwehr"), former deputy of DNR militia, confirmed in 2020 that Igor Girkin personally executed harbiy asirlar he considered "traitors" or "spies".^[200][201] This statement was first made in Girkin's interview earlier that year, although Girkin insisted he executions were part of his "military tribunal based on laws of war". Girkin also confessed that he was involved in the murder of Volodymyr Ivanovych Rybak, vakili Horlivka who was abducted on 17 April 2014 after trying to raise a Ukrainian flag: "Naturally, Rybak, as a person who actively opposed the "militias", was an enemy in my eyes. And his death, probably, is to some extent also under my responsibility".^[260]

Ta'lim

Rossiya qo'shiqchisi Jozef Kobzon meets with school children in Donetsk, 28 May 2015

By the start of the 2015–2016 school-year DNR's authorities had overhauled the o'quv dasturi.^[261] Ukrain tili lessons were decreased from around eight hours a week to two hours; while the time devoted to Rus tili va adabiyot lessons were increased.^[261] The history classes were changed to give greater emphasis to the history of Donbass.^[261] The grading system was changed from (Ukraine's) 12-point scheme to the five-point grading system that is also used in Russia.^[261] According to the director of a College in Donetsk "We give students the choice between the two but the Russian one is taken into greater account".^[261] School graduates will receive a Russian certificate, allowing them to enter both local universities and institutions in Russia.^[261]

In April 2016 DPR authorities designed "statehood awareness lessons" were introduced in schools (in territory controlled by them).^[262]

Madaniyat

Bayramlar

The main holidays in the republic include G'alaba kuni (9 may) and Republic Day (11 May).^[263] The latter celebrates the declaration of the DPR, acting as a sort of national day. The first traditional victory day parade took place on Artem Street in 2015. The parade usually begins, when the clock of the main post office strikes 9:00 am (MSK ).

Sport

Ministry of Youth, Sports and Tourism is responsible for development of sports on territory of DPR.^[264] A Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi futbol terma jamoasi has represented the country in international games organized by ConIFA.^[265]

Reaksiyalar

Donbass

Pro-Russian separatists demonstrating during the Great Patriotic War Victory Day celebrations in Donetsk on 9 May 2014.

• Donetsk City Council (and nine district councils of the city) distanced itself from the RSA occupiers and they stated (on 7 April): "The Donetsk city council and district councils continue working in the legal field. We see ensuring the vital functions of the city as our main task".^[45]
• The Independent Trade Union of Miners in Donetsk announced it would not support the pro-Russian separatist movement.^[266]
• Etti qishloq Kengashi, shuningdek, tumanlar Dobropillia tumani va Krasnoarmiisk tumani in Donetsk Oblast requested to secede to join Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. The councils intend to hold a referendum.^[267] Dnipropetrovsk governor Ihor Kolomoisky announced that local referendums would take place to allow for his province to administer and provide service to cities in Donetsk and Luhansk which wish to secede.^[268] A vote on joining Dnipropetrovsk is scheduled for 11 May to coincide with the secessionist referendum.^[269]

Political reactions in Ukraine

• Ukraina prezidenti Petro Poroshenko raketa hujumida 19 ukrain askari halok bo'lganidan keyin rossiyaparast ayirmachilardan qasos olishga va'da berdi. "Jangarilar harbiy xizmatchilarimizning har bir hayoti uchun yuzlab hayotlarini to'laydilar. Hech bir terrorchi javobgarlikdan qochmaydi", dedi u.^[270]

Qrim

In February and March 2014 Ukrainian authorities lost control ning Qrim, keyin edi ilova qilingan tomonidan Rossiya sifatida Qrim Respublikasi.^[271]

•  Qrim Respublikasi – Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Crimea, Rustam Temirgaliyev, expressed the hope that the Donetsk Republic (as well as other south-eastern Ukrainian regions) would form a 'Ukrainian Federation' and join the Ittifoq shtati.^[272]

Chet el

•  Kanada - Bosh Vazir Stiven Xarper said that the events are "strictly the work of Russian provocateurs sent by the Putin regime". Canadian foreign affairs minister John Baird described events in Ukraine as "brazen and co-ordinated actions" by Russia. He said: "I don't know who the Russian Federation thinks it's kidding when it tries to pretend that it has nothing to do with them," and that there are "very clear and disconcerting parallels between the developments in eastern Ukraine and those that took place before moved to annex Crimea." He said to reporters "there's no doubt, for a good number of weeks, provocateurs and frankly thugs have been crossing the border" into Ukraine.^[273]
•  Rossiya Federatsiyasi – On 7 April 2014, Russia's foreign ministry said that Ukrainian authorities keep blaming the Russian government for all its troubles and stated that "Ukrainians want to get a clear answer from Kiev to all their questions. It's time to listen to these legal claims".^[43][274] Shuningdek, u Ukrainaning sharqida va janubida sodir bo'lgan voqealarni "diqqat bilan kuzatayotgani" ni bildirgan va yana Ukrainani "haqiqiy konstitutsiyaviy islohot" ga chaqirgan. federatsiya.^[275] 7 aprelda fikr qismi yilda Guardian, Rossiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Sergey Lavrov wrote that it was the west, and not Russia, that was guilty of destabilising Ukraine and that "Russia is doing all it can to promote early stabilisation in Ukraine".^[275][276] The Rossiya tashqi ishlar vazirligi Donetskka qarshi qurolli tajovuz uchun Kiyevning "jinoiy buyrug'i" ni qoralagan, "to'ntarish natijasida o'zini o'zi e'lon qilgan Kiyev ma'murlari norozilik namoyishlarini zo'ravonlik bilan harbiy bostirishga kirishdilar" deb qat'iy bayonot chiqardi. "qonuniy prezidentni ag'darib tashlagan Maydan shoxlari o'z xalqiga qarshi urushni darhol to'xtatadilar, 21 fevraldagi kelishuv bo'yicha barcha majburiyatlarni bajaring."^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Rossiya Federatsiyasi rasmiy ravishda DPR hukumatidan ajralib turadi va uni tan olmagan,^[277] ammo ko'p marta Sergey Lavrov o'z siyosati to'g'risida aniq bayonotlar berar edi, masalan. xalqaro tinchlikparvarlik missiyasini KXDRda joylashtirish.^[278]
•  Birlashgan Qirollik - Buyuk Britaniya tashqi ishlar vaziri Uilyam Xeyg Ukraina sharqidagi beqarorlik ortida Moskva turganiga shubha yo'q, dedi. "Bu Rossiya rejalashtirgan va olib kelgan narsa ekanligiga haqiqatan ham hech qanday shubha bo'lishi mumkin emas", dedi u va Rossiya atayin "Ukrainaning mustaqilligi va suverenitetini buzmoqda" va "men bunday qilmayman" Rossiyaning ishtirokini rad etish ishonchga ega emas. "^[279]
•  Qo'shma Shtatlar – AQSh davlat kotibi Jon Kerri 2014 yil 7 aprelda voqealar "o'z-o'zidan paydo bo'lmaganligini" aytdi va Rossiyani hamkasbi Sergey Lavrovga telefon orqali qo'ng'iroq qilib, Rossiyani "bo'lginchilar, diversantlar va provokatorlar faoliyatidan ommaviy ravishda voz kechishga" chaqirdi.^[43] Oq uy Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi vakili ayirmachilarni Rossiya qo'llab-quvvatlayotganga o'xshaydi, deb da'vo qildi. "Biz Qrimda shunga o'xshash norozilik harakatlarini Rossiyaning qo'shib olinishidan oldin ko'rganmiz", dedi u va "Prezident (Vladimir) Putin va uning hukumatini Ukrainani beqarorlashtirish uchun barcha harakatlarni to'xtatishga chaqiramiz va bundan keyin ham ehtiyot bo'lamiz" harbiy aralashuv ».^[280] AQSh-Ukraina elchisi Geoffrey R. Pyatt rossiyaparast jangarilarni terrorchilar sifatida tavsifladi.^[281]

Siyosiy ekspertlar

• Ukrain-amerikalik Aleksandr J. Motil, siyosatshunoslik professori Rutgers universiteti Rossiyaning Sharqiy Ukrainadagi zo'ravonliklarga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va bilvosita aloqadorligi a davlat homiyligidagi terrorizm va unga aloqador bo'lganlar "terroristik guruhlar" safiga qo'shilishadi.^[282] Motil shuningdek, bergan intervyusida Ozod Evropa / Ozodlik radiosi 2014 yil 20 fevralda Ukrainaning "muammoli uchta viloyat - Donbasdagi ikkitasi - Lugansk va Donetsk - va hattoki Qrim bo'lmasdan" "farovonligi" yaxshi bo'lar edi.^[283]
• Etnik nizolar bo'yicha mutaxassis Metyu Parish Rossiyaning Donbassdagi mojaroni davom ettirishining asl sababi g'arbiy ta'sir doirasiga joylasha olmasligi uchun Ukrainani beqarorlashtirishdir.^[284]

Shuningdek qarang

• Ukrainadagi ruslar
• Ukrainadagi rus tili
• Evropadagi faol separatistik harakatlar ro'yxati
• Donetskning diplomatik vakolatxonalari ro'yxati
• Hududni boshqaradigan isyonchi guruhlar ro'yxati
• Novorossiya (konfederatsiya)
• Novorossiyaning xalqaro tan olinishi
• Ukraina demografiyasi
• Rossiya Federatsiyasi tomonidan Qrimning qo'shib olinishi
• Malaysia Airlines aviakompaniyasining 17-reysi
• Donetsk Xalq Respublikasida COVID-19 pandemiyasi

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Donetsk Xalq Respublikasi kuni Twitter