Darfurdagi urush - War in Darfur

Darfurdagi urush
Qismi Sudan fuqarolik urushi
Sudandagi harbiy vaziyat 2016 yil 6 iyun. (Darfur eng chap tomonda)   Sudan hukumati va ittifoqchilari nazorati ostida   Nazorati ostida Sudan inqilobiy fronti va ittifoqchilar   Nazorati ostida Sudan uyg'onishi inqilobiy kengashi Sudandagi hozirgi harbiy vaziyat haqida batafsilroq ma'lumot olish uchun qarang Bu yerga.
Sana 2003 yil 26 fevral - hozirgi kunga qadar (17 yil, 9 oy va 2 kun) Manzil Darfur, Sudan Holat Davom etayotgan Bilan o'zaro bog'liq Janubiy Kordofan va Moviy Nilda Sudan mojarosi Aksariyat isyonchilar guruhlari bilan keng qamrovli tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi
Urushayotganlar
SRF[a] (2020 yilgacha) JEM SLA LJM (2010 yildan)[b] SARC (2014 yildan) SLFA (2017 yildan)[1] SLA-birlik SLMJ JEM (Jali) Qo'llab-quvvatlovchi:  Janubiy Sudan[2]  Chad (2005–2010)  Eritreya (2008 yilgacha)[3] Liviya (2011 yilgacha)[4]  Uganda (2015 yilgacha)[5]	Sudan SAF Janjavid Chad isyonchi guruhlari[6] Qo'llab-quvvatlovchi:  Xitoy  Eron (2016 yilgacha)  Rossiya  Belorussiya[7][8][9]	UNAMID (2007 yildan)
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Ahmed Dirayge Xalil Ibrohim  † Gibril Ibrohim Abdul Vohid al Nur (SLA-AW) Minni Minnavi (SLA-MM) Muso Hilol  (Asir)[10] (SARC)	Abdulfattoh al-Burhon Umar al-Bashir (2019 yil aprelgacha)[11] Muso Hilol (2017 yilgacha) Hamid Dovay Ali Kushayb Ahmed Xarun (2019 yil aprelgacha)[12][13] Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo Muhammad Nur Abdelkerim[a]	Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi[14] Frank Mushyo Kamanzi[15]
Jalb qilingan birliklar
SLA SLA-AW[10] SLA-MM[10] SLA-Ikkinchi inqilob[16] SLA-birlik[17] JEM Gibril Ibrohim fraktsiyasi Abdallah Bishir Jali fraktsiyasi[17]	Sudan qurolli kuchlari Xalq himoyasi kuchlari (2019 yil aprelgacha)[18] Tez yordam kuchlari	Muayyan birliklar yo'q
Kuch
SRF: 60,000 JEM: 35,000[19]	SAF: 109,300[c] RSF: 17,500[20] Janjavid: <25,000	UNAMID: 15 845 askar va 3 403 politsiyachi[21]
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
Noma'lum	Noma'lum	235 kishi o'ldirilgan[22]
Jami o'ldirilgan: 300,000 (BMT smeta) 10,000 (Sudan hukumati smeta)[23] Jami ko'chirilganlar: 2,850,000–3,000,000[24] (BMT smeta) 450,000 (Sudan hukumati smeta)
^ Chad isyonchilarining etakchisi va qo'zg'olonchilar militsiyasining rahbari bo'lishiga qaramay, Muhammad Nur Abdelkerim Sudan qurolli kuchlariga shunchalik yaqin ediki, u zobit sifatida xizmatga jalb qilindi. Xalq himoyasi kuchlari Uning qo'shinlari vaqtincha tashkil etilgan bo'lsa, muntazam hukumatni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi militsiyaga ega. U va uning militsiyasi aslida ishtirok etish uchun Sudan xizmatini 2005 yilda tark etishgan Chadiyadagi fuqarolar urushi (2005–2010).[6] a Nomi bilan tanilgan Milliy qutqarish fronti 2011 yilgacha. b Imzolagan Doha Darfur tinchlik shartnomasi 2011 yilda.[25] v Raqam Darfurda joylashgan askarlarning sonini emas, balki harbiy xizmatchilarning umumiy sonini anglatadi.[20][26]

Darfurdagi urush
Xronologiya Xalqaro munosabat UNMIS / AMIS / UNAMID ICC tergovi Sudan tinchlik jarayoni
Kombatantlar
SLM JEM LJM Janjavid
Boshqa maqolalar
Darfur tarixi Bibliografiya

The Darfurdagi urush, shuningdek laqabli Land Cruiser urushi,^[a] mintaqasidagi yirik qurolli mojaro hisoblanadi Darfur viloyati Sudan 2003 yil fevral oyida boshlangan Sudan ozodlik harakati (SLM) va Adolat va tenglik harakati (JEM) isyonchi guruhlari jangga kirishdilar Sudan hukumati, ular buni Darfurga tegishli bo'lmaganlarga zulm qilishda aybladilar.Arab aholi.^[28][29] Hukumat hujumlarga javoban kampaniya o'tkazdi etnik tozalash Darfurning arab bo'lmaganlariga qarshi. Bu yuz minglab tinch aholining o'limiga va Sudan prezidentining aybloviga sabab bo'ldi, Umar al-Bashir, uchun genotsid, harbiy jinoyatlar va insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlar tomonidan Xalqaro jinoiy sud.^[30]

Mojaroning bir tomoni asosan Sudan harbiylari, politsiyasi va Janjavid, sudanlik militsiya a'zolari asosan jalb qilingan guruh Arablashgan mahalliy afrikaliklar va oz sonli odamlar Badaviylar shimoliy Rizeigat; Darfurdagi boshqa arab guruhlarining aksariyati jalb qilinmasdan qoldi.^[31]Boshqa tomon isyonchi guruhlardan iborat, xususan, arab bo'lmagan musulmonlardan yollangan SLM / A va JEM. Mo'yna, Zagava va Masalit etnik guruhlar. The Afrika ittifoqi va Birlashgan Millatlar shuningdek, qo'shma tinchlikparvarlik missiyasi mintaqada, nomi berilgan UNAMID. Sudan hukumati Janjavidni qo'llab-quvvatlaganini ochiqchasiga rad etsa-da, uning moliyaviy yordam va qurol-yarog 'ko'rsatganligi va ko'pchilik tinch aholiga qarshi uyushgan hujumlarni uyushtirganligi haqidagi da'volarni tasdiqlaydi.^[32][33] Taxminiy odamlar qurbonlari soni jangovar yoki ochlikdan va kasallikdan bir necha yuz minggacha o'lganlar. Ommaviy ko'chishlar va majburiy ko'chishlar millionlab odamlarni qochqinlar lagerlariga yoki chegara ortiga majbur qilib, a gumanitar inqiroz. Sobiq AQSh Davlat kotibi Kolin Pauell vaziyatni genotsid yoki genotsid aktlari deb ta'riflagan.^[34]

Sudan hukumati va JEM 2010 yil fevralida tinchlikni ta'minlash uchun taxminiy kelishuv bilan sulh bitimini imzoladilar. JEM muzokaralardan ko'proq foyda ko'radi va shunga o'xshash yarim avtonomiyani ko'rishi mumkin Janubiy Sudan.^[35] Biroq, Sudan armiyasi Tolu kelishuvini buzgan holda bir qishloqqa qarshi reydlar va havo hujumlari uyushtirganlikda ayblab muzokaralar to'xtatildi. Darfurdagi eng yirik isyonchilar guruhi bo'lgan JEM muzokaralarni boykot qilishga va'da berdi.^[36]

The 2019 yil avgust konstitutsiyaviy deklaratsiya loyihasi, davomida harbiy va fuqarolik vakillari tomonidan imzolangan Sudan inqilobi, buni talab qiladi a tinchlik jarayoni Darfurda va Sudandagi qurolli to'qnashuvning boshqa mintaqalarida 39 oylik demokratik fuqarolik hukumatiga o'tish davrining dastlabki olti oyi davomida tinchlik bitimi tuzilishiga olib keladi.^[37][38]

2020 yil 31 avgustda Sudan hukumati va bir necha isyonchi guruhlar o'rtasida qurolli jangovar harakatlarni to'xtatish to'g'risida keng qamrovli tinchlik shartnomasi imzolandi.^[39]

Mojaroning kelib chiqishi

Darfur, Arabcha uchun "uyi Mo'yna ", yuqori qismida joylashgan davlatlarning an'anaviy qismi emas edi Nil vodiy, ammo buning o'rniga mustaqil sifatida tashkil etilgan saltanat 14-asrda. Migratsiyasi tufayli Banu Hilol eramizning XI asrida Nil vodiysidagi xalqlar og'irlashdi Arablashgan ichki adalar esa mahalliy Sudan madaniyatlariga yaqinroq bo'lib qoldi. Avvaliga u ilova qilingan Misrlik Sudan 1875 yilda va keyin uning gubernatori tomonidan taslim bo'lgan Slatin Pasha uchun Mahdia 1883 yilda Angliya-Misr g'alaba Mahdistlar urushi, Sulton Ali Dinor a sifatida qayta tiklandi Inglizlar mijoz tomonidan ishdan bo'shatilishidan oldin 1916 yilgi ekspeditsiya foydasiga uvertura qilganidan keyin kurka o'rtasida Birinchi jahon urushi. Keyinchalik, Darfur viloyatining bir viloyati bo'lib qoldi Angliya-Misr Sudan va mustaqil Sudan Respublikasi.

Hozirgi ziddiyatning kelib chiqishini bir necha xil tushuntirishlar mavjud. Bitta tushuntirish quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi erga oid nizolar yarim o'rtasidako'chmanchi chorvadorlar va o'troq dehqonchilik bilan shug'ullanadiganlar.^[40] Suvga kirish mojaroning asosiy manbai sifatida ham aniqlandi.^[41]Darfur inqirozi ikkinchi mojaro bilan ham bog'liq. Sudaning janubida o'nlab yillar davomida shimol, arablar hukmronlik qilgan hukumat va qora tanli xristian va animistlar o'rtasida fuqarolar urushi davom etmoqda. Yana bir kelib chiqishi islomiy, Xartumda joylashgan milliy hukumat va ikkalasi o'rtasidagi ziddiyatdir isyonchi guruhlar Darfurda joylashgan: Sudan ozodlik armiyasi va Adolat va tenglik harakati.^[42]

Aparteid haqidagi da'volar

1991 yil boshida Sudanning Zagava qabilasining arab bo'lmaganlari, ular kuchayib borayotgan arablarning qurbonlari ekanliklarini tasdiqladilar. aparteid arablar va arab bo'lmaganlarni ajratish kampaniyasi.^[43] Hukumatni nazorat qilgan sudanlik arablar Sudanning arab bo'lmagan fuqarolariga qarshi aparteid amaliyoti deb atashgan. Hukumat aparteid va etnik tozalash siyosatini olib borish uchun "mohirona arablar birdamligini manipulyatsiya qilishda" ayblandi.^[44]

Amerika universiteti iqtisodchi Jorj Ayittey Sudan Arab hukumatini amaliyotda aybladi irqchilik qora tanli fuqarolarga qarshi.^[45] Ayitteyning so'zlariga ko'ra, "Sudanda ... arablar hokimiyatni monopollashtirgan va qora tanlilarni chetlashtirgan - arablar aparteid".^[46] Ko'plab afrikalik sharhlovchilar Ayitteyga qo'shilib, Sudani arablarning aparteidini amalga oshirishda ayblamoqda.^[47]

Alan Dershovits Sudan "aparteid" apellyatsiyasiga "aslida loyiq (lar)" bo'lgan hukumatning misoli deb nomlangan.^[48] Kanadaning sobiq adliya vaziri Irvin Kotler ayblovni takrorladi.^[49]

Xronologiya

Boshlanish

Flint va de Vaal genotsidning boshlanishini 2003 yil 26 fevralda, o'zlarini "guruh" deb atagan paytda nishonladilar Darfurni ozod qilish fronti (DLF) hujum uchun ommaviy ravishda talab qilingan kredit Golo, qarorgohi Jebel Marra Tuman. Ushbu hujumdan oldin, mojaro kelib chiqqan edi, chunki isyonchilar politsiya uchastkalariga, armiya postlariga va harbiy konvoylarga hujum qildilar va hukumat isyonchilarning qal'asiga havo va quruqlik bilan katta hujum uyushtirdi. Marrah tog'lari. Isyonchilarning birinchi harbiy harakati 2002 yil 25 fevralda armiya garnizoniga muvaffaqiyatli hujum bo'ldi. Hukumat 2002 yil iyun oyida Golo politsiya bo'limiga hujum qilinganidan beri birlashgan isyonchilar harakati to'g'risida xabardor edi. Flint va de Vaal isyonning boshlanishini 2001 yil 21-iyulga, qachonki Zagava va Mo'yna uchrashdi Abu Gamra va qasamyod qildi Qur'on o'zlarining qishloqlariga hukumat homiyligidagi hujumlardan himoya qilish uchun birgalikda ishlash.^[50] Darfur aholisining deyarli barchasi musulmonlar, shu jumladan Janjavid, shuningdek, hukumat rahbarlari Xartum.^[51]

2003 yil 25 martda qo'zg'olonchilar garnizon Tine shaharchasini egallab olishdi Chad chegarasi, katta miqdordagi materiallar va qurollarni musodara qilish. Prezident tahdidiga qaramay Umar al-Bashir armiyani "bo'shatish" uchun harbiylar ozgina zaxiraga ega edilar. Armiya allaqachon janubda joylashgan edi Ikkinchi Sudan fuqarolar urushi oxirigacha va sharqqa, qaerga yaqinlashayotgan edi isyonchilar homiysi Eritreya markaziy neft konlaridan yangi qurilgan quvur liniyasiga tahdid qilar edi Sudan porti. Isyonchi partizan taktikasi xujumli reydlar cho'l operatsiyalarida o'qimagan armiyaning qarshi turishi deyarli imkonsiz edi. Biroq, uning tog'dagi isyonchilar pozitsiyasini havodan bombardimon qilishi halokatli edi.^[52]

Arab Janjavid qabilalar ziddiyatning asosiy ishtirokchisi bo'lgan.

2003 yil 25 aprel kuni soat 5:30 da Sudan ozodlik harakati va Darfurdagi eng yirik isyonchilar guruhi bo'lgan JEM kirib kelganida, Darfur genotsidi boshlandi. Al-Fashir, Shimoliy Darfur poytaxti va uxlab yotgan garnizonga hujum qildi. Keyingi to'rt soat ichida to'rt Antonov bombardimonchilar va vertolyot qurollari (hukumat ma'lumotlariga ko'ra; isyonchilarga ko'ra yettita) yerda yo'q qilindi, 75 askar, uchuvchi va texnik o'ldirildi va 32 kishi qo'lga olindi, shu jumladan aviabaza qo'mondoni General-mayor. Bosqinning muvaffaqiyati Sudanda misli ko'rilmagan edi; janubdagi urushning yigirma yilida isyonchi Sudan Xalq ozodlik armiyasi (SPLA) hech qachon bunday operatsiyani amalga oshirmagan edi.^[53]

Al-Fashir reydi harbiy va psixologik jihatdan burilish nuqtasi bo'ldi. Qurolli kuchlar reyddan xor bo'lib, hukumatni qiyin strategik holatga keltirdilar. Darfuriyadagi ko'plab ofitserlar va askarlarning sadoqati haqida xavotirga tushgan holda, qobiliyatsiz qurolli kuchlarni qayta tayyorlash va qayta joylashtirish kerak edi. Urushni qo'zg'atish uchun javobgarlik Sudan harbiy razvedkasiga berilgan. Shunga qaramay, 2003 yilning o'rtalarida isyonchilar 38 kelishuvning 34 tasida g'alaba qozonishdi. May oyida SLA bir batalyonni yo'q qildi Kutum, 500 kishini o'ldirish va 300 mahbusni olish; iyul oyining o'rtalarida Tinega qilingan ikkinchi hujumda 250 kishi halok bo'ldi. SLA urushni cho'zish bilan tahdid qilib, uzoqroq sharqqa kirib kela boshladi Kordofan.

Armiya doimiy ravishda yutqazayotganini hisobga olib, urush harakati uchta elementni ta'kidlashga o'tdi: harbiy razvedka, havo kuchlari va Janjavid. Ikkinchisi qurollangan Baggara hukumat bostirish uchun ishlatgan chorvachilar a Masalit 1986 yildan 1999 yilgacha bo'lgan qo'zg'olon. Janjavid yangilarning markaziga aylandi qarshi qo'zg'olon strategiya. Garchi hukumat ularni qo'llab-quvvatlashni doimiy ravishda rad etgan bo'lsa-da, harbiy manbalar Darfurga to'kilgan va Janjavidlar harbiy uskunalar sifatida jihozlangan va aloqa vositalari va ba'zi artilleriya bilan ta'minlangan. Harbiy rejalashtiruvchilar bunday strategiyaning yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo'lgan oqibatlaridan xabardor edilar Nuba tog'lari va 1990-yillarda janubiy neft konlari atrofida inson huquqlari katta darajada buzilgan va majburiy ko'chirish.^[54]

2004–2005

2004 yilda Chad vositachilik qildi Njamena ga olib boradi 8 aprel kuni Gumanitar Otashkesimni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi bitim Sudan hukumati, JEM va SLA o'rtasida. Aprel oyida o't ochishni to'xtatish to'g'risidagi muzokaralarda yoki kelishuvda qatnashmagan guruhlardan biri Islohot va taraqqiyot uchun milliy harakat, aprel oyida JEMdan ajralib chiqdi. Janjavid va isyonchilar hujumlari sulhga qaramay davom etdi va Afrika ittifoqi (AU) a tashkil etdi Otashkesim komissiyasi (CFC) unga rioya qilinishini nazorat qilish.

Chaddagi Darfur qochqinlar lageri, 2005 yil

Avgust oyida Afrika Ittifoqi 150 ta jo'natdi Ruanda otashkesim monitorlarini himoya qilish uchun qo'shinlar. Biroq, tez orada 150 qo'shin etarli bo'lmasligi aniq bo'ldi va ularga keyinchalik 150 qo'shildi Nigeriyalik qo'shinlar.

18 sentyabr kuni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi berilgan sana Qaror 1564 Sudan hukumati o'z zimmasiga olgan majburiyatlarni bajarmaganligini e'lon qildi va vertolyot hujumlari va janjavidlar tomonidan qilingan hujumlardan xavotir bildirdi. U Afrika Ittifoqining o'z kuzatuv missiyasini kengaytirish niyatini mamnuniyat bilan qabul qildi va barcha a'zo davlatlarni bunday harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga chaqirdi.

2005 yil aprel oyida, Sudan hukumati bilan sulh bitimi imzolanganidan keyin Sudan Xalq ozodlik armiyasi oxiriga olib keldi Ikkinchi Sudan fuqarolar urushi, Sudondagi Afrika ittifoqi missiyasi (AMIS) kuchlari 600 qo'shin va 80 harbiy kuzatuvchilar tomonidan ko'paytirildi. Iyul oyida kuch taxminan 3300 ga oshirildi (byudjeti 220 million dollar). 2005 yil aprel oyida AMIS 7000 ga ko'paytirildi.

Inqiroz ko'lami yaqinlashib kelayotgan falokat to'g'risida ogohlantirishlarga olib keldi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh kotibi Kofi Annan genotsid xavfi to'g'risida ogohlantirish. Janjavid kampaniyasining ko'lami bilan taqqoslashga olib keldi Ruanda genotsidi, Sudan hukumati tomonidan rad etilgan parallel. Mustaqil kuzatuvchilar ta'kidlashlaricha, jangovar bo'lmaganlarni, shu jumladan yosh bolalar va chaqaloqlarni qismlarga ajratish va o'ldirish taktikaga ko'proq o'xshash edi etnik tozalash da ishlatilgan Yugoslaviya urushlari va mintaqaning uzoqligi yuz minglab odamlar yordamdan uzilib qolganligini anglatishini ogohlantirdi. Bryusselda joylashgan Xalqaro inqiroz guruhi 2004 yil may oyida 350 mingdan ortiq odam o'lishi mumkinligi haqida xabar bergan edi ochlik va kasallik.^[55]

AMIS askarlari Ruanda 2005 yilda Darfurga jo'nab ketishga tayyorgarlik ko'rmoqda.

2005 yil 10-iyulda sobiq SPLA rahbari Jon Garang Sudan vitse-prezidenti sifatida qasamyod qildi.^[56] Biroq, 30-iyul kuni Garang vertolyot halokatida vafot etdi.^[57] Xavfsizlik yaxshilanganiga qaramay, Darfur mintaqasidagi turli isyonchilar o'rtasida muzokaralar asta-sekinlik bilan rivojlanib bordi.

Chad shaharchasiga hujum Adré Sudan chegarasi yaqinida 300 isyonchi o'limiga sabab bo'ldi. Hujum uchun Sudan ayblandi, bu uch kun ichida mintaqada ikkinchi bo'lgan.^[58] Ziddiyatning keskinlashuvi sabab bo'ldi Chad hukumati Sudanga nisbatan dushmanligini e'lon qilish va chadiyaliklarni "umumiy dushman" ga qarshi safarbar qilishga chaqirish.^[59] (Qarang Chad-Sudan mojarosi )

2006

Minni Minnavi AQSh prezidenti bilan Jorj V.Bush u imzolaganidan keyin May kelishuvi.

2006 yil 5 mayda Sudan hukumati Darfur tinchlik shartnomasini imzoladi^[60] boshchiligidagi SLA fraktsiyasi bilan birga Minni Minnavi. Biroq, kelishuv kichikroq tomonidan rad etildi Adolat va tenglik harakati va boshchiligidagi SLAning raqib fraktsiyasi Abdul Vohid al Nur.^[33][61] Kelishuvni bosh muzokarachi uyushtirdi Salim Ahmed Salim (nomidan ishlash Afrika ittifoqi ), BIZ. Davlat kotibining o'rinbosari Robert B. Zoellik, AU vakillari va faoliyat yuritayotgan boshqa xorijiy rasmiylar Abuja, Nigeriya.

115 betlik kelishuvga milliy va davlat kuchlarini taqsimlash, Janjavid va boshqa qurolli kuchlarni demilitarizatsiya qilish, SLM / A va JEM qo'shinlarini Sudan qurolli kuchlari va politsiya, tizim federal Darfuriyaning iqtisodiy manfaatlarini ilgari surish uchun boyliklarni taqsimlash, a referendum Darfurning kelajakdagi maqomi va gumanitar yordam oqimini rivojlantirish bo'yicha choralar to'g'risida.^[33][62]

Afrika ittifoqi vakillari, Nigeriya, Liviya, AQSh, Buyuk Britaniya, BMT, Evropa Ittifoqi, Arab Ligasi, Misr, Kanada, Norvegiya va Niderlandiya guvoh sifatida xizmat qilishdi.^[33]

2006 yil iyul va avgust oylarida yana janglar boshlandi, xalqaro yordam tashkilotlari o'z xodimlariga qarshi hujumlar tufayli ketishni o'ylamoqda. Annan Darfurdagi 18000 xalqaro tinchlikparvar kuchlarni 7000 kishilik AMIS kuchlari o'rnini to'ldirishga chaqirdi.^[63][64] Bir voqeada Kalma, o'tin yig'ish uchun qochqinlar lageridan chiqib ketgan etti ayol, Janjavid tomonidan guruh tomonidan zo'rlangan, kaltaklangan va o'g'irlangan. Tugatib bo'lgach, tajovuzkorlar ularni yalang'och echib, qochib ketayotganlarida ularga xazil qilishdi.^[65]

18 avgust kuni bo'lib o'tgan shaxsiy uchrashuvda, Xedi Annabi, Bosh kotibning yordamchisi Tinchlikni saqlash operatsiyalari, Sudan katta harbiy hujumga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotgani haqida ogohlantirdi.^[66] Ogohlantirish bir kundan keyin keldi BMTning inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyasi maxsus tergovchi Sima Samar May kelishuviga qaramay Sudanning sa'y-harakatlari yomonligicha qolmoqda.^[67] 19 avgustda Sudan AMISni BMT kuchlari bilan almashtirishga qarshi ekanligini yana bir bor ta'kidladi,^[68] natijada AQSh Sudanga "potentsial oqibatlari" bo'yicha "tahdid" tarqatdi.^[69]

25 avgust kuni Sudan a Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi (UNSC) yig'ilishi BMTning taklif qilingan 20000 tinchlikparvar kuchi o'rniga Darfurga 10 000 sudiyalik askar yuborish.^[70] Xavfsizlik Kengashi Sudan yo'qligiga qaramay yig'ilish o'tkazishini e'lon qildi.^[71] Shuningdek, 24 avgust kuni Xalqaro qutqaruv qo'mitasi yuzlab ayollar zo'rlangani va jinsiy tajovuz oldingi bir necha hafta davomida Kalma qochqinlar lageri atrofida^[72] Xabar qilinishicha, Janjavidlar o'z jamoalari tomonidan ayollarni kamsitishi va tahqirlanishiga olib kelish uchun zo'rlashdan foydalangan.^[73] 25 avgust kuni AQSh Davlat departamenti rahbari Afrika ishlari byurosi, Kotib yordamchisi Jendayi Frazer, BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlari joylashtirilmasa, mintaqa xavfsizlik inqiroziga duch kelishi haqida ogohlantirdi.^[74]

26 avgust kuni, UNSC yig'ilishidan ikki kun oldin va Frazer kelishi kerak edi Xartum, Pol Salopek, AQSh National Geographic jurnali josuslikda ayblanib, Darfur sudiga kelgan jurnalist; u Sudan hukumatining xorijiy jurnalistlarga qo'ygan rasmiy cheklovlarini chetlab o'tib, mamlakatga noqonuniy ravishda Chaddan o'tgan. Keyinchalik u prezident al-Bashir bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri muzokaralardan so'ng ozod qilindi.^[75] Bu bir oydan keyin sodir bo'ldi Tomo Krijnar, a Slovencha josuslik qilgani uchun prezidentning vakili ikki yilga ozodlikdan mahrum etildi.^[76]

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining tinchlikparvar kuchlari

2006 yil 31 avgustda BMT Xavfsizlik qo'mitasi ushbu mintaqaga 17 ming 300 kishilik yangi tinchlikparvar kuchlarini yuborish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi.^[77] Sudan rezolyutsiyaga qattiq qarshilik bildirdi. ^[78] 1-sentabr kuni Afrika Ittifoqi rasmiylari Sudan Darfurda yirik hujumni boshlaganligi, 20 dan ortiq odamning o'limiga va 1000 dan oshiq odamning ko'chishiga sabab bo'lganligi haqida xabar berishdi.^[79] 5 sentyabr kuni Sudan mavjud AU kuchlarini oy oxirigacha tark etishni iltimos qildi va "ular ushbu topshiriqni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotiga yoki boshqa biron birovga topshirishga haqli emas. Bu huquq Sudan hukumatiga tegishli" deb qo'shimcha qildi.^[80] 4 sentyabr kuni Chad prezidenti ajablanarli emas deb hisobladi Idriss Debi BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashini bildirdi.^[81] 2006 yil 30 sentyabrda vakolat muddati tugagan AU AMISning ketishini tasdiqladi.^[82] Biroq, ertasi kuni AQSh Davlat departamentining yuqori lavozimli mulozimi jurnalistlarga AU kuchlari belgilangan muddatdan o'tib ketishi mumkinligini aytdi.^[83]

Kuz

8 sentyabr kuni, António Guterres, boshlig'i Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Qochqinlar bo'yicha Oliy Komissari, dedi Darfur "gumanitar falokat" ga duch keldi.^[84] 12 sentyabr kuni Sudanniki Yevropa Ittifoqi elchi Pekka Haavisto Sudan armiyasi "Darfurda tinch aholini bombardimon qilmoqda" deb da'vo qildi.^[85] A Butunjahon oziq-ovqat dasturi rasmiy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, oziq-ovqat yordami kamida 355 ming kishiga etib borishi taqiqlangan.^[86] Annan "Darfurdagi fojia juda muhim daqiqaga yetdi. Bu kengashning eng yaqin diqqat va shoshilinch choralariga loyiqdir" dedi.^[87]

14 sentyabr kuni Sudan ozodlik harakati rahbari Minni Minnavi, BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlariga qarshi emasligini aytib, Sudan hukumatining bunday joylashish G'arb bosqini akti bo'ladi degan fikrini rad etdi. Minnavi AMIS "hech narsa qila olmaydi, chunki AU vakolati juda cheklangan", deb da'vo qildi.^[88] Xartum BMTning aralashishiga qarshi bo'lib qoldi, Al-Bashir buni mustamlakachilik rejasi sifatida tasvirlab, "biz Sudanga aylanishini istamaymiz. boshqa Iroq."^[89]

2 oktyabrda AU o'z faoliyatini 2006 yil 31 dekabrigacha uzaytirishi haqida e'lon qildi.^[90][91] AU kuchini kuchaytirish uchun BMTning ikki yuz askari yuborildi.^[92] 6 oktabr kuni BMMK vakolat muddatini uzaytirishga ovoz berdi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Sudandagi missiyasi 2007 yil 30 aprelgacha.^[93] 9 oktyabr kuni Oziq-ovqat va qishloq xo'jaligi tashkiloti Darfurni ro'yxatdagi qirq mamlakat ichida eng dolzarb oziq-ovqat favqulodda vaziyatlari ro'yxatiga kiritdi Ekinlarning istiqbollari va oziq-ovqat holati hisobot.^[94] 10 oktyabr kuni BMTning Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy komissari, Luiza Arbor, Sudan hukumati Buramda Janjavid jangarilarining hujumlari to'g'risida oldindan ma'lumotga ega ekanligini da'vo qildi, Janubiy Darfur bir oy oldin yuzlab tinch aholi halok bo'lgan.^[95]

Oromgohdagi bolalar psixologik izlariga qarshi turishga da'vat etiladi. Loydan yasalgan raqamlar tomonidan hujum tasvirlangan Janjavid.

12 oktyabrda Nigeriya tashqi ishlar vaziri Joy Ogvu Darfurga ikki kunlik tashrif bilan keldi. U Sudan hukumatini BMT taklifini qabul qilishga chaqirdi. Nigeriya prezidenti Olusegun Obasanjo "Darfurda yuz berayotgan genotsidga qarshi turing va qarshi turing" degan fikrga qarshi chiqdi.^[96] 13 oktyabrda AQSh Prezidenti Jorj V.Bush ostida sodir etilgan vahshiyliklarga sherik deb topilgan shaxslarga nisbatan qo'shimcha sanktsiyalar joriy etdi Darfurdagi tinchlik va javobgarlik to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil. Ushbu choralar AQSh fuqarolarining Sudan bilan neft bilan bog'liq operatsiyalarni amalga oshirishni taqiqlash (garchi AQSh kompaniyalariga Sudan bilan 1997 yildan beri savdo qilish taqiqlangan bo'lsa ham), sherik bo'lgan tomonlarning aktivlarini muzlatish va ularning AQShga kirishini taqiqlash orqali mavjud sanksiyalarni kuchaytirishga qaratilgan. .^[97]

AU missiyasi uchun mablag 'va asbob-uskunalarning etishmasligi Darfurdagi yordamchilar ishi janglar bilan keskin cheklanganligini anglatardi. Ba'zilar, BMT rasmiylari Darfurni dunyodagi eng og'ir gumanitar inqiroz deb ataganida, 2003 va 2004 yillarda ko'rilgan gumanitar vaziyat yomonlashishi mumkinligidan ogohlantirdi.^[90]

22 oktyabrda Sudan hukumati BMT vakiliga aytdi Jan Pronk uch kun ichida mamlakatni tark etish. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining mamlakatdagi yuqori lavozimli mulozimi Pronk o'zining shaxsiy blogiga Darfurdagi so'nggi harbiy mag'lubiyatlarning tavsifini joylashtirgandan so'ng, Sudan armiyasi tomonidan qattiq tanqid qilingan edi.^[98] 1-noyabr kuni AQSh Sudan hukumati yanada mazali deb topishini umid qilgan xalqaro rejani ishlab chiqishini e'lon qildi.^[99] 9-noyabr kuni Sudan prezidentining katta maslahatchisi Nafie Ali Nafie jurnalistlarga uning hukumati so'zsiz muzokaralarni boshlashga tayyorligini aytdi. Milliy qutqarish fronti (NRF) isyonchilar ittifoqi, ammo u yangi tinchlik shartnomasi uchun ozgina foyda ko'rganligini ta'kidladi. May kelishuvini rad etgan va yangi tinchlik shartnomasini izlagan NRF bu borada izoh bermadi.^[100]

2006 yil oxirida Darfur arablari o'zlarining qo'zg'olonchilar guruhini - Xalq kuchlari qo'shinlarini boshladilar va 6-dekabr kuni Sudan armiyasining Kas-Zallingidagi hujumini qaytarganliklarini e'lon qildilar. Ular 2003 yildan beri hukumatga qarshi bo'lgan ko'plab Darfur arab guruhlarining so'nggi a'zolari edi, ularning ba'zilari isyonchilar harakati bilan siyosiy kelishuvlarga imzo chekdilar.

Xuddi shu davrda arab kuchlari tarkibida qabilalarga asoslangan bo'linishning misoli ko'rildi, bu dehqonchilik o'rtasidagi munosabatlar Terjem va ko'chmanchi, tuya boqish Mahriya qabilalar taranglashdi. Terjem rahbarlari Mahriyani Terjem bolasini o'g'irlashda ayblashdi, Mahria rahbarlari esa Terjem ularning hayvonlarini o'g'irlash bilan shug'ullangan. Janubiy Darfurning vali yoki gubernatori Ali Mahamud Muhammadning aytishicha, janglar dekabr oyida Mahriya o'z tuyalarini mavsumiy ko'chib o'tishda janubga haydab, Terjem hududini oyoq osti qilib bosib o'tgandan keyin boshlangan. Bulbul daryosi. Janglar 2007 yil iyul oyida qayta boshlangan.^[101]

Tavsiya etilgan kelishuv BMT kuchlari va Sudanning hujumi

17 noyabrda Darfurda "kelishuvli tinchlikparvar kuchlarni" joylashtirish bo'yicha potentsial bitim to'g'risida xabarlar e'lon qilindi,^[102] ammo keyinchalik Sudan tomonidan rad etilgan ko'rinadi.^[103] BMT 18-noyabr kuni Sudan BMT tinchlikparvar kuchlarini joylashtirishga rozi bo'lganligini da'vo qildi.^[104] Sudan tashqi ishlar vaziri Lam Akol "aralash kuch haqida hech qanday gap bo'lmasligi kerak" va BMTning rolini texnik qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan cheklash kerakligini ta'kidladi. Shuningdek, 18-noyabr kuni AU Sudan harbiylari va Sudan tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan qurolli kuchlar mintaqada quruqlik va havo operatsiyasini boshlaganligi, natijada 70 ga yaqin tinch aholi o'limiga sabab bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi. AU bu "xavfsizlik shartnomalarini qo'pol ravishda buzish" ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[105]

25-noyabr kuni BMT vakili Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Oliy Komissar Sudan hukumatini 11-noyabr kuni Sirbada kamida 30 kishining hayotiga zomin bo'lgan tinch aholiga qarshi "qasddan va asossiz hujum" uyushtirganlikda aybladi. Komissar bayonotida "hukumatning da'volariga zid ravishda, Sudan qurolli kuchlari Sirbadagi tinch aholiga va ularning mol-mulkiga qasddan va asossiz hujum uyushtirganga o'xshaydi" va bu "fuqarolik mulkini keng va istalmagan ravishda yo'q qilish va talon-taroj qilish" bilan bog'liqligini ta'kidladi. .^[106]

2007

Suv idishi bo'lgan ko'chirilganlar Geneina, G'arbiy Darfur 2007 yilda

Ga ko'ra Darfur koalitsiyasini qutqaring, Nyu-Meksiko Gubernator Bill Richardson va al-Bashir o't ochishni to'xtatish to'g'risida kelishib oldilar, bu orqali Sudan "hukumati va isyonchi guruhlar uzoq muddatli tinchlik yo'lida harakat qilayotganlarida 60 kunlik jangovar harakatlarni to'xtatadilar".^[107] Bundan tashqari, Darfurni saqlash to'g'risidagi press-relizda "kelishuvda" insonparvarlik yordami va ommaviy axborot vositalarining Darfurga kirishini yaxshilash bo'yicha bir qator imtiyozlar berilganligi "ta'kidlangan. Otashkesimni rasmiylashtirganiga qaramay, ommaviy axborot vositalarida qotillik va boshqa zo'ravonliklar haqida xabarlar kelmoqda.^[108][109] 2007 yil 15 aprel yakshanba kuni Afrika Ittifoqining tinchlikparvar kuchlari nishonga olindi va o'ldirildi.^[110] The New York Times "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining maxfiy hisobotida Sudan hukumati Darfurga qurol-yarog 'va og'ir harbiy texnikani Xavfsizlik Kengashining qarorlarini buzgan holda uchirayotgani va Sudanning harbiy samolyotlarini Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti yoki Afrika Ittifoqi samolyotlari niqobiga solish uchun oq rangga bo'yalgani" aytilgan.^[111]

28 fevral kuni Sudanning gumanitar ishlar vaziri, Ahmed Xarun va Janjaweed militsiyasining rahbari, Ali Kushayb tomonidan ayblangan Xalqaro jinoiy sud 51 ta harbiy jinoyatlar va insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlar bilan. Ahmed Xaroun "o'zini aybdor his qilmaganini", vijdoni toza ekanligini va o'zini himoya qilishga tayyorligini aytdi.^[112]

31 mart kuni Janjavid militsionerlari Sudan yaqinidagi sharqiy chegara mintaqasida 400 kishini o'ldirdilar. Chegaradagi Tiero va Marena qishloqlari o'rab olingan va keyin o'qqa tutilgan. Ayollar o'g'irlangan, erkaklar esa so'zlariga ko'ra otilgan UNHCR. Dastlabki hujumdan omon qolganlarning aksariyati charchash va suvsizlanish tufayli o'lishdi, ko'pincha qochish paytida.^[113] 2007 yil 14 aprelda UNHCR Tiero va Marena shaharlarida.^[114]

18 aprelda Prezident Bush AQSh Holokost yodgorlik muzeyida Sudan hukumatini tanqid qilgan nutq so'zladi va bundan keyin ham tahdid qildi sanktsiyalar agar vaziyat yaxshilanmasa.^[115]

Al-Bashir va Debi 2007 yil 3 mayda o'z mamlakatlaridagi keskinlikni kamaytirishga qaratilgan tinchlik bitimini imzoladilar.^[116] Ushbu kelishuvga Saudiya Arabistoni vositachilik qilgan. Unda ta'kidlanishicha, na biron bir davlat boshqasiga qarshi qurolli harakatlarni joylashtirmaydi, o'qitmaydi yoki moliyalashtirmaydi. Reuters xabar berishicha, «Debi bundan qo'rqadi Nuri UFDD Saudiya Arabistonini qabul qilgandir, shuningdek Sudanning ko'magi uni Bashir bilan Saudiya vositachiligidagi paktni imzolashga undashi mumkin edi ". Kolin Tomas-Jensen, Chad va Darfur bo'yicha ekspert Xalqaro inqiroz guruhi fikr markazi "ushbu yangi kelishuv munosabatlardagi har qanday haqiqiy muzlashishga yoki xavfsizlik bilan bog'liq vaziyatni yaxshilashga olib keladimi" degan savolga shubha bildirdi. 2006 yildan beri Sharqiy Chadda Debi kuchlariga qarshi urish va urush olib borgan Chadiyalik isyonkor Demokratiya va taraqqiyot uchun kuchlar ittifoqi, Saudiya Arabistoni tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan tinchlik bitimi uning harbiy kampaniyasini to'xtatmasligini aytdi.^[117]

Oxfam 17 iyunda butunlay chiqib ketishini e'lon qildi Gereida, 130 mingdan ortiq kishini qamrab olgan eng katta qochqinlar lageri. Agentlik mintaqani nazorat qiluvchi Sudan Ozodlik Harakati (SLM) mahalliy ma'muriyatining xavfsizlik muammolari va yordam ishchilariga qarshi zo'ravonliklarni hal qilishda harakatsizligini keltirdi. Ning xodimi NNT Birgalikda cherkovlar harakati G'arbiy Darfurda iyun oyida o'ldirilgan. Avtoulovlarni olib qochish ham ularni ketishni o'ylashga majbur qildi.^[118]

BBC yangiliklari ulkan yer osti ko'l topilganligi haqida xabar berdi. Ushbu topilma suv resurslari uchun raqobatni yo'q qilishi mumkin.^[119]

Frantsiya va Buyuk Britaniya yuborilishi uchun BMT rezolyutsiyasini talab qilishlarini e'lon qilishdi Afrika ittifoqi va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining tinchlikparvar kuchlari Darfurga va Darfurda zudlik bilan sulhni to'xtatishni talab qiladi va sulh imkoni boricha darhol "katta" iqtisodiy yordam ko'rsatishga tayyor. "^[120]

2007 yil 14 iyuldagi maqolada so'nggi ikki oy ichida Chad va Nigerdan 75 minggacha arablar Darfurga o'tganligi ta'kidlangan. Ularning aksariyati Sudan hukumati tomonidan ko'chirilgan arab bo'lmagan boshqa odamlarning sobiq qishloqlariga ko'chirilgan.^[121]

31-iyul kuni BMT / AU gibrid kuchlari bir ovozdan ma'qullangan holda tasdiqlandi Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Xavfsizlik Kengashining 1769-sonli qarori. UNAMID eng kechi 31 dekabrga qadar AMISni egallashi kerak edi va 2008 yil 31 iyulgacha dastlabki vakolatiga ega edi.^[122]

31 iyulda Mahria qurolli shaxslari muhim Terjem shayxining dafn marosimida motam qatnashchilarini qurshab olishdi va 60 kishini o'ldirishdi raketa bombalari (RPG) va kamar bilan oziqlangan avtomatlar.^[101]

3-5 avgust kunlari konferentsiya bo'lib o'tdi Arusha hukumat bilan keyingi tinchlik muzokaralarini tartibga solish uchun isyonchilar guruhlarini birlashtirish. Isyonchilarning yuqori martabali rahbarlarining aksariyati ishtirok etdi, faqat Abdul Vohid al Nur bundan mustasno edi, u dastlab 2003 yilda asos solgan SLA / M ning mayda-chuyda guruhini boshqargan,^[123] ko'chirilganlarning katta qismining vakillari deb hisoblangan Mo'ynali kiyimlar. Uning yo'qligi tinchlik muzokaralariga zarar etkazdi.^[124] Xalqaro rasmiylar "yo'q" deb ta'kidladilar Jon Garang muzokaralar guruhi etakchisini nazarda tutgan holda, Darfurda Janubiy Sudan Janubiy Sudanning turli xil isyonchilar guruhlari tomonidan umume'tirof etilgan.^[125]

Ishtirokchilar Gamali Galaleiddine,^[126] Xalil Abdalla Odam, Saloh Abu Surra, Xamis Abdallah Abakar, Ahmed Abdelsafiy, Abdalla Yahyo, Xalil Ibrohim (ning Adolat va tenglik harakati ) va Ahmed Ibrohim Ali Dirayge. AU-BMT va isyonchilar rahbarlari hamda isyonchilar rahbarlari o'rtasida yopiq uchrashuvlar bo'lib o'tdi.^[127] 4 avgust kuni yana sakkizta ishtirokchi tashrif buyurdi (shu jumladan Jar el-Nebi, Salah Adam Ishoq va Sulaymon Marajan^[128]), SLM Birlik fraktsiyasi muzokaralarni boykot qilgani sababli, Sudan hukumati Sulaymon Jamousni kasalxonadan chiqsa hibsga olish bilan tahdid qilgan.^[129] Isyonchilar rahbarlari o'zlarining pozitsiyalarini va talablarini birlashtirishni maqsad qildilar, bularga qurbonlar uchun tovon puli va Darfur uchun avtonomiya kiradi.^[126] Oxir-oqibat ular kuch va boyliklarni taqsimlash, xavfsizlik, er va gumanitar masalalar bo'yicha qo'shma talablar bo'yicha kelishuvga erishdilar.^[130]

Bir necha oydan avgustgacha Janjavid militsiyasida birga ishlagan arab qabilalari o'zaro nizolarni boshladilar va yanada tarqoq bo'ldilar. Strategik Bulbul daryosi vodiysida jang qilish uchun minglab Terjem va Mahriya qurolli shaxslari yuzlab chaqirim yo'l bosib o'tdilar. Keyinchalik janubda Habanniya va Salamat qabilalari to'qnashdilar. Janglar 2003 va 2004 yildagidek o'ldirishga olib kelmadi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti rasmiylarining ta'kidlashicha, guruhlar tinchlikparvar kuchlar kelguniga qadar erlarni egallab olishga urinayotgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[101]

18 sentyabr kuni JEM agar tinchlik muzokaralari bo'lsa Xartum muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan taqdirda, ular o'z taqdirlarini mustaqillikdan mustaqillikka qadar talablarini kuchaytiradilar.^[131]

30 sentyabrda isyonchilar AMISdan ustun keldi bazasida, kamida 12 nafar tinchlikparvarning o'ldirilishi va "Afrika missiyasiga qilingan eng katta hujum" natijasida Ramazon mavsum.^[132]

SLM jangchilar

Tinchlik bo'yicha muzokaralar 27 oktyabrda boshlandi Sirt, Liviya. Quyidagi guruhlar ishtirok etishdi:^[133]

• Adolat va tenglik harakati parchalanadi:
  • Adolat va tenglik harakati - Kollektiv etakchilik Bahr Idriss Abu Garda
  • Idris Ibrohim Azraq boshchiligidagi Adolat va tenglik harakati - Azraq
  • Islohot va taraqqiyot uchun milliy harakat, Xalil Abdulloh boshchiligida
• Saloh Abu Surrah boshchiligidagi Inqilobiy Demokratik kuchlar jabhasi
• Alhadi Agabeldour boshchiligidagi Birlashgan inqilobiy kuchlar fronti
• Sudan ozodlik harakati - G19, Xames Abdulla boshchiligida
• Ahmed Ibrohim Dirayge boshchiligidagi Sudan Federal Demokratik Ittifoqi

Quyidagi guruhlar qatnashmadi:

• Adolat va tenglik harakati, Xalil Ibrohim boshchiligida; ular saylov okrugi va stolda joy yo'q deb aytgan isyonchi guruhlar mavjudligiga qarshi.
• Sudan ozodlik harakati (Abdel Vohed), Abdel Vohid Muhammad al-Nur boshchiligida; guruh kam sonli kuchlarga ega, ammo uning rahbari juda hurmatga sazovor; Darfurdagi zo'ravonlikni to'xtatish uchun kuch safarbar etilgunga qadar qatnashishdan bosh tortdi.
• Dastlab Abdallah Yehya boshchiligidagi Sudan Ozodlik Harakati - Birlik boshqa ko'plab taniqli arboblarni o'z ichiga oladi (Sherif Harir, Abu Bakr Kadu, Ahmed Kubur); eng ko'p isyonchi jangchilarga ega guruh; JEM bilan bir xil sababga ko'ra ob'ekt.
• Ahmad Abdel Shofi, isyonchi tomonidan kuchli qo'llab-quvvatlanmoqda Mo'ynali qabila.

Eng muhim isyonchi guruhlarning boykotiga duch kelgan muzokaralar "ilg'or maslahatlashuv bosqichi" deb o'zgartirildi, rasmiy muzokaralar noyabr yoki dekabrda boshlanishi mumkin edi.^[134]

15 noyabrda to'qqizta isyonchilar guruhi - SLMning oltita fraktsiyasi, Demokratik Xalq fronti, Sudan inqilobiy jabhasi va Adolat va tenglik harakati - Dala inqilobiy qo'mondonligi - Birlashish Xartiyasini imzoladilar va bundan buyon SLM / A nomi ostida ishlashga kelishdilar.^[135] 30-noyabrda Darfurning isyonchi harakatlari ikki katta guruhga birlashgani va endi hukumat bilan tartibli ravishda muzokaralar olib borishga tayyor ekanliklari e'lon qilindi.^[136]

2008

Yangi hukumat / militsiya hujumi minglab qochqinlarni qamoqqa oldi Chad chegara, deydi isyonchilar va gumanitar ishchilar 20 fevral kuni.^[137]21-fevral holatiga ko'ra, Darfurda o'liklarning umumiy soni 450 ming kishini tashkil etdi, ularning taxminlariga ko'ra 3 million 245 ming kishi ko'chirilgan.

2008 yil 10 mayda Sudan hukumat askarlari va Darfur shahrida isyonchilar to'qnashdilar Omdurman, ning poytaxti qarshisida Xartum, harbiy shtab boshqaruvi ustidan.^[138] Ular, shuningdek, politsiya transport vositalarini o'g'irlagan politsiya bazasiga reyd o'tkazdilar. Sudan politsiyasi vakili hujumda hujum qilganlar rahbari Muhammad Solih Garbo va uning razvedka xizmati rahbari Muhammad Nur Al-Din to'qnashuvda o'ldirilganini aytdi.

Guvohlarning aytishicha, Sudan poytaxtining g'arbiy qismida kuchli o'q ovozlari eshitilgan. Tanklar, artilleriya va vertolyot qurollari bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Sudan qo'shinlari darhol Omdurmanga joylashtirildi va bir necha soat davomida janglar davom etdi. Vodiy-Sayednadagi strategik harbiy aviabazani egallab olgandan so'ng, Sudan askarlari isyonchilarni mag'lubiyatga uchratdilar. JEM kuchi Al-Ingaz ko'prigiga o'tish uchun yo'l oldi Oq Nil Xartumga. Kunning ikkinchi yarmiga kelib, Sudan televideniyesi isyonchilar "to'liq daf qilindi" deb da'vo qilmoqda, shu bilan birga ko'chalarda yonib ketgan transport vositalari va jasadlarning jonli tasvirlarini namoyish qildi.^[139]

Hartumda hukumat kechki soat 5 dan ertalab 6 gacha komendantlik soati o'rnatgan, yordam tashkilotlari esa poytaxtdagi ishchilariga uyda qolmasliklarini aytgan.

Darfur erkaklar 2008 yilda

Xartum va Omdurmanga qilingan hujumda 93 nafar askar va 13 politsiyachi va 30 nafar fuqaro halok bo'ldi. Sudan kuchlari 90 isyonchining jasadini topganliklarini va shahar chegaralaridan tashqarida sochilib yotgan yana o'nlab odamlarni ko'rganliklarini tasdiqladilar. Sudan hukumati 400 nafargacha isyonchi o'ldirilishi mumkin deb da'vo qilar ekan, isyonchilar 45 jangchini o'lgan yoki yarador bo'lganlarini aytishdi. Sudan hukumati, shuningdek, isyonchilarning 40 ta mashinasini yo'q qilgan va 17 tasini qo'lga olganini da'vo qilmoqda.

2009

Abu Shouk IDP lageridagi BMT tinchlikparvar kuchi, 2009 yil sentyabr

General Martin Agvay, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Darfurdagi qo'shma missiyasi rahbari, mintaqada urush tugagan bo'lsa-da, past darajadagi nizolar saqlanib qolganiga qaramay. Hali ham "Banditizm, mahalliy muammolar, odamlar suv va er bilan bog'liq muammolarni mahalliy darajada hal qilishga urinishgan. Ammo haqiqiy urush, menimcha, biz buni tugatdik", dedi u.^[140]

2010 yildan 2012 yilgacha

2010 yil dekabrda Ozodlik va adolat harakati, an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups formed in February 2010,^[141] yilda Sudan hukumati bilan yangi muzokaralarni boshladi Doha. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur was formed and JEM planned further talks.^[142] Talks ended on 19 December with agreement only on basic principles; these included a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was discussed.^[143][144]

In January 2011, the leader of the Liberation and Justice Movement, Dr. Tijani Sese, stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document as proposed by the mediators in Doha. The proposals included a $300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to conduct trials of persons accused of human rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were included. This authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would continue to exist during this period.^[145][146] In February, the Sudanese Government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.^[147]

On 29 January, the LJM and JEM leaders issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and intention to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government postponed decision to attend the forum due to beliefs that an internal peace process without the involvement of rebel groups might be possible.^[148] Later in February, the Sudanese Government agreed to return to Doha with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month.^[149] On 25 February, both LJM and JEM announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. Darfuri vitse-prezidenti va jabrlanganlarga tovon puli masalalari asosiy muammo bo'lib qoldi. The Sudanese government did not comment on the peace document.^[150]

On 9 March, it was announced that two more states would be established in Darfur: Markaziy Darfur atrofida Zalingei and Eastern Darfur around Ed Daein. The rebel groups protested and stated that this was a bid to further divide Darfur's influence.^[151]

Advising both the LJM and JEM during the Doha peace negotiations was the Xalqaro ommaviy huquq va siyosat guruhi (PILPG). Led by Dr. Pol Uilyams and Matthew T. Simpson, PILPG's team provided legal support.

In June, a new Darfur tinchlik shartnomasi (2011) was proposed by the Doha mediators. This agreement was to supersede the Abuja Agreement of 2005 and when signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum.^[152] The proposed document included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that included three davlatlar va strategik mintaqaviy hokimiyat Darfur viloyati hokimligi.^[153] The agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement on 14 July 2011.^[154]

Little progress occurred after September 2012 and the situation slowly worsened and violence was escalating.^[155] The population of displaced Sudanese in IDP camps also increased.^[156]

2013

Pro-government militia in Darfur. (2013)

A donors conference in Doha pledged US$3.6 billion to help rebuild Darfur. The conference was criticised in the region that the Sudan Liberation Army (Minni Minnawi) rebels had taken. According to the group's Hussein Minnawi, Ashma village and another town were close to the Janubiy Darfur poytaxti Nyala.^[157]

On 27 April, following weeks of fighting, a coalition that included SLA and JEM said that they had taken Um Rawaba in North Kordofan, outside Darfur, and that they were headed for Khartoum to topple the president. The head of an SLA faction, Abdel Wahid Mohammed al-Nur, called it "a significant shift in the war".^[158] An estimated 300,000 were displaced by violence from January through May.^[159]

In North Darfur, the Rezeigat tribe and the Beni Hussein group signed a peace deal during July after an eruption of violence between the two groups killed hundreds. Later in July, the Misseriya and Salamat Arab tribes announced a ceasefire after battles killed over 200 people. The UN security counsel also announced a review of its UNAMID mission.^[159]

During the first week of August, the Maaliya claimed the Rezeigat had killed five members of their tribe in the southeastern region of Adila. They responded by seizing 400 Rizeigat cattle on 6 August. Community leaders intervened to prevent escalation. When the Maalia failed to return the cattle, violence broke out on 10 August.^[160] The Rezeigat attacked and reportedly destroyed a Maaliya compound.^[159] In the battle, 77 Maaliya and 36 Rezeigat were killed, and another 200 people were injured.^[160] Both sides said Land Cruiser vehicles were used in the battle. The Maaliya accused the Rezeigat of attacking and burning villages while employing "heavy weaponry". On 11 August, the fighting spread to several other areas in southeastern Darfur. The violence reportedly arose over a land dispute.^[159]

2014

On 19 March, peacekeepers said they had received recent reports of villages that were attacked and burned after the UN expressed concern over the increasing number of internally displaced persons. UNAMID said that the attacks were in Hashaba, about 100 kilometers north-west of the city Al-Fashir, davlat poytaxti Shimoliy Darfur.^[161]

In November, local media reported that 200 women and girls had been raped by Sudanese soldiers in Tabit. Sudan denied it and did not permit the UN (who said their first inquiry was inconclusive "in part due to the heavy presence of military and police") to make another inquiry.^[162] Tomonidan tergov Human Rights Watch tashkiloti (HRW) released in February said 221 were raped by government soldiers in "a mass rape that could constitute crimes against humanity". Witnesses reported three separate operations were carried out in one and a half days. Property was looted, men arrested, residents beaten and women and girls raped. Most of the town's population are Fur people. It had been controlled by rebel forces previously but HRW found no evidence that the rebel fighters were in or close to the village when it was attacked.^[163]

3,300 villages were destroyed in 2014 in attacks on civilians according to the UN Panel of Experts. Government forces or those aligned with them were behind most attacks. There were more than 400,000 attacks during the first ten months of the year. The report said that it was "highly probable that civilian communities were targeted as a result of their actual or perceived affiliations with armed opposition groups" and that "such attacks were carried out with impunity".^[164]

2015

Ushbu bo'lim bo'sh. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (2016 yil sentyabr)

2016

In September 2016, the Sudanese government reportedly launched kimyoviy qurol attacks on civilian populations in Darfur, killing at least 250 people; the majority of the victims were children. It is believed that the munitions contained xantal gazi yoki boshqa pufakchalar.^[165]

2017

Ushbu bo'lim bo'sh. Siz yordam berishingiz mumkin unga qo'shilish. (2018 yil sentyabr)

2018

Dan hisobotlar UNAMID va African Center for Justice and Peace Studies suggest that low-level violence continued in Darfur through early 2018, with Sudanese government forces attacking communities in the Jebel Marra area.^[166] As UNAMID forces began to be drawn down with an eye to exiting Darfur, there were competing views on the levels of unrest in the region: UN officials pointed to a significant reduction in the scale and distribution of violence in Darfur,^[167] while other NGOS such as HRW highlighted persistent pockets of unrest.In 2018, Darfur was bombed and peace was signed. See 2019.

2019

The August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration, signed by military and civilian representatives during the 2018–19 Sudanese Revolution, requires that a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government.^[37][38]

2019 yil dekabrda, Guardian reported that irrigation projects built around community-based vorislar are enabling "green shoots of peace" to appear, helping to end this conflict. This project was conducted with funding from the Yevropa Ittifoqi and was overseen by the Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Atrof-muhit dasturi.^[168]

2020

Janjaweed militia leader Ali Kushayb was arrested in the Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi on 9 June 2020, thirteen years after he was charged by the International Criminal Court with 51 crimes against humanity and war crimes.^[169]

Three mass shootings took place in Darfur in July 2020.

On 31 August 2020, a peace deal was signed in Juba, South Sudan, between the Sudan suverenitet kengashi and several rebel groups, including the Sudan inqilobiy fronti (SRF), Sudan ozodlik harakati / armiyasi (SLM), Adolat va tenglik harakati, Transitional Revolutionary Council, and Sudan Xalq ozodlik harakati-Shimol (SPLM–N).

Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed will be entitled to three seats on the sovereignty council, a total of five ministers in the transitional cabinet and a quarter of seats in the transitional legislature. At a regional level, signatories will be entitled between 30 and 40% of the seats on transitional legislatures of their home states or regions.^[170][171]

Notably absent were rebel factions led by Abdul Vohid al Nur va Abdelaziz al-Hilu who refused to be part of the agreement.^[39] On 3 October 2020, the SRF, SPLM–N led by Malik Agar and SLM led by Minni Minnawi signed another peace deal with the Sudanese government,^[172] with the absence of both al Nur and al-Hilu.^[173] However, the deal included terms to integrate rebels into the security forces, and to grant them political representation and economic and land rights, in addition to a 10-year plan to invest $750 million to develop southern and western regions, and to guarantee the return for displaced people.^[174]

Janjaweed participation

Destroyed villages (August 2004)

The well-armed Janjaweed quickly gained an advantage over rebel factions. By the spring of 2004, several thousand people – mostly from the non-Arab population – had been killed and as many as a million more had been driven from their homes, causing a major humanitarian crisis. The crisis took on an international dimension when over 100,000 refugees poured into neighboring Chad, pursued by militiamen who clashed with Chadian government forces along the border. More than 70 militiamen and 10 Chadian soldiers were killed in one gun battle in April. A United Nations observer team reported that non-Arab villages were singled out, while Arab villages were left untouched:

The 23 Fur villages in the Shattaya Administrative Unit have been completely depopulated, looted and burnt to the ground (the team observed several such sites driving through the area for two days). Meanwhile, dotted alongside these charred locations are unharmed, populated and functioning Arab settlements. In some locations, the distance between a destroyed Fur village and an Arab village is less than 500 meters.^[175]

A 2011 study examined 1,000 interviews with black African participants who fled from 22 village clusters to various refugee camps in 2003 and 2004. The study found: 1) the frequency of hearing racial epithets during an attack was 70% higher when it was led by the Janjaweed alone compared to official police forces; it was 80% higher when the Janjaweed and the Sudanese Government attacked together; 2) the risk of displacement was nearly 110% higher during a joint attack compared to when the police or Janjaweed acted alone, and 85% higher when Janjaweed forces attacked alone compared to when the attack was only perpetrated by government forces; 3) attacks on food and water supplies made it 129% more likely for inhabitants to be displaced compared to attacks that involved house burnings or killings; 4) perpetrators knew and took "special advantage" of the susceptibility of Darfur residents to attacks focused on basic resources. This vulnerability came against the backdrop of increased regional desertification.^[176]

Rape of women and young girls

Ichki ko'chirilganlar ' camp

Immediately after the Janjaweed entered the conflict, the rape of women and young girls, often by multiple militiamen and often throughout entire nights, began to be reported at a staggering rate.^[177] Children as young as 2 years old were reported victims, while mothers were assaulted in front of their children.^[178] Young women were attacked so violently that they were unable to walk following the attack.^[179]

Non-Arab people were reportedly raped by Janjaweed militiamen as a result of the Sudanese government's goal of completely eliminating the presence of black Africans and non-Arabs from Darfur.^[180] The Washington Post Foreign Service interviewed verified victims of the rapes and recorded that Arabic terms such as "abid" and "zurga" were used, which mean slave and black. One victim, Sawelah Suliman, was told by her assailant, "Black girl, you are too dark. You are like a dog. We want to make a light baby."^[181] In an 88-page report, victims from Darfur have also accused the Rapid Support Forces of rape and assault as recently as 2015.^[182]

Mortality figures

A mother with her sick baby at Abu Shouk IDP camp in Shimoliy Darfur

Multiple casualty estimates have been published since the war began, ranging from roughly 10,000 civilians (Sudan government) to hundreds of thousands.^[183]

In September 2004, 18 months after the conflict began, the Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti estimated that there had been 50,000 deaths in Darfur, mostly due to ochlik. An updated estimate published the following month put the number of deaths for the 6-month period from March to October 2004 due to starvation and disease at 70,000; These figures were criticized because they only considered short periods and did not include deaths from violence.^[184] A more recent British Parliamentary Report estimated that over 300,000 people had died ^[185] and others have published even higher death toll estimates.

In March 2005, the UN's Emergency Relief Coordinator Jan Egeland estimated that 10,000 people were dying each month, excluding deaths due to ethnic violence.^[186] An estimated 2.7 million people had at that time been displaced from their homes, mostly seeking refuge in camps in Darfur's major towns.^[187] Two hundred thousand had fled to neighboring Chad. Reports of violent deaths compiled by the UN indicate between 6,000 and 7,000 fatalities from 2004 to 2007.^[188]

2005 yil may oyida Tabiiy ofatlar epidemiologiyasini tadqiq qilish markazi (CRED) of the School of Public Health of the Luvayn universiteti in Brussels, Belgium published an analysis of mortality in Darfur. Their estimate stated that from September 2003 to January 2005, between 98,000 and 181,000 persons died in Darfur, including 63,000 to 146,000 excess deaths.^[189]

In August 2010, Dr. Eric Reeves argued that total mortality from all violent causes, direct and indirect, at that point in the conflict, exceeded 500,000. His analysis took account of all previous mortality data and studies, including that by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster.^[190][191]

The UN disclosed on 22 April 2008 that it might have underestimated the Darfur death toll by nearly 50%.^[192]

2009 yil iyul oyida, Christian Science Monitor published an op-ed stating that many of the published mortality rates have been misleading because they include a large number of people who had died of disease and malnutrition, as well as those who died from direct violence.^[193]

2010 yil yanvar oyida Tabiiy ofatlar epidemiologiyasini tadqiq qilish markazi published an article in a special issue of Lanset. The article, entitled "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict", estimated with 95% confidence that the excess number of deaths is between 178,258 and 461,520 (with a mean of 298,271), with 80% of these due to disease.^[194]

Xalqaro munosabat

AQSh prezidenti Jorj V.Bush bilan gaplashish BMT Bosh assambleyasi on the crisis in Darfur, September 21, 2004

International attention to the Darfur genocide largely began with reports by Xalqaro Amnistiya in July 2003 and the Xalqaro inqiroz guruhi in December 2003. However, widespread media coverage did not start until the outgoing United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan, Mukesh Kapila, called Darfur the "world's greatest humanitarian crisis" in March 2004.^[195] Kabi tashkilotlar STAND: Talabalarning genotsidga qarshi koalitsiyasi, later under the umbrella of Genotsid aralashuvi tarmog'i, va Darfur koalitsiyasini qutqaring emerged and became particularly active in the areas of engaging the United States Congress and President on the issue and pushing for divestment, initially launched by Adam Sterling under the auspices of the Sudan Divestment Task Force.

The Darfur koalitsiyasini qutqaring advocacy group coordinated a large rally in New York in April 2006. Depicted here is a discarded protest sign littering the street.

In May 2009 the Mandate Darfur was canceled because the "Sudanese government is obstructing the safe passage of Darfurian delegates from Sudan."^[196] The Mandate was a conference that would have brought together 300 representatives from different regions of Darfur's civil society.^[196] The conference planned was to be held in Addis Ababa sometime in early May.

Xalqaro jinoiy sud

2005 yil mart oyida BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Xalqaro jinoyat sudi prokurori, taking into account the report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashining 1564-sonli qarori of 2004, but without mentioning specific crimes.^[197] Two permanent members of the Security Council, the Qo'shma Shtatlar va Xitoy, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution.^[198]

In April 2007, the Judges of the Xalqaro jinoiy sud issued arrest warrants against the former Minister of State for the Interior, Ahmed Xarun, and a Janjaweed leader, Ali Kushayb, uchun insoniyatga qarshi jinoyatlar va harbiy jinoyatlar.^[199] The Sudan Government said that the ICC had no jurisdiction to try Sudanese citizens and that it would not surrender the two men.^[200]

On 14 July 2008, the Prosecutor filed ten charges of war crimes against Sudan's incumbent President Umar al-Bashir, including three counts of genotsid, five of crimes against humanity and two of qotillik. The Prosecutor claimed that Mr. al-Bashir "masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy in substantial part" three tribal groups in Darfur because of their millati. Leaders from three Darfur tribes sued ICC prosecutor Luis Moreno Okampo for libel, defamation, and igniting hatred and tribalism.^[201]

After an arrest warrant was issued for the Sudanese president in March 2009, the Prosecutor appealed to add genocide charges. However, the Pre-Trial Chamber found that there was no reasonable ground to support the contention that he had a specific intent to commit genocide (dolus specialis), which is an intention to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group. The definition adopted by the Pre-Trial Chamber is the definition of the Genotsid konvensiyasi, Rim nizomi va ba'zilari AKT holatlar. On 3 February 2010 the Appeals Chamber of the ICC found that the Pre-Trial Chamber had applied "an erroneous standard of proof when evaluating the evidence submitted by the Prosecutor" and that the Prosecutor's application for a warrant of arrest on the genocide charges should be sent back to the Pre-Trial Chamber to review based on the correct legal standard.^[202] In July 2010, al-Bashir was charged with three counts of genocide in Darfur by the Xalqaro jinoiy sud for orchestrating the Darfur genocide.^[203]

Al-Bashir was the first incumbent davlat rahbari charged with crimes under the Rome Statute.^[204] He rejected the charges and said, "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."^[205]

It is expected that al-Bashir will not face trial in Gaaga until he is apprehended in a nation which accepts ICC jurisdiction, as Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, which it signed but did not ratify.^[206] Payam Akhavan, a professor of international law at McGill universiteti in Montreal and a former war crimes prosecutor, says although he may not go to trial, "He will effectively be in prison within the Sudan itself...Al-Bashir now is not going to be able to leave the Sudan without facing arrest."^[207] The Prosecutor warned that authorities could arrest the President if he enters international airspace. The Sudanese government has announced that the Presidential plane would be accompanied by jet fighters.^[208] Biroq, Arab Ligasi announced solidarity with al-Bashir. Since the warrant, he has visited Qatar and Egypt. The Afrika ittifoqi also condemned the charges.

Some analysts think that the ICC indictment is counterproductive and harms the peace process. Only days after the ICC indictment, al-Bashir expelled 13 international aid organizations from Darfur and disbanded three domestic aid organizations.^[209] In the aftermath of the expulsions, conditions in the displaced camps deteriorated.^[210] Previous ICC indictments, such as the arrest warrants of the LRA leadership in the ongoing war in northern Uganda, were also accused of harming peace processes by criminalizing one side of a war.^[211]

Foreign support for the Sudanese government

Al-Bashir sought the assistance of non-western countries after the West, led by America, imposed sanctions against him. He said, "From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward, toward China, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and even Korea and Japan, even if the Western influence upon some [of these] countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China."^[212]

2007 yilda, Xalqaro Amnistiya issued a report^{[213][214][215]} accusing China and Russia of supplying arms, ammunition and related equipment to Sudan, some of which the government may have transferred to Darfur in violation of a UN arms embargo. The report claims that Sudan imported 10–20 combat aircraft from China in the early-mid-2000s, including three A-5 Fantan fighters that have been sighted in Darfur.^[216] The report provides evidence that the Sudan havo kuchlari conducted indiscriminate aerial bombings of villages in Darfur and eastern Chad using ground attack fighters and repurposed Antonov transport planes. However, it does not specify whether the ground attack fighters in question are those purchased from China in the early-mid-2000s, and the Antonovs' origin remains unclear. The report also lists seven Soviet- or Russian-made Mi-24 Hind gunships that had been deployed to Darfur, though without specifying which country sold them to Sudan, or when.^[217] While noting that Russia sold arms worth tens of millions of dollars to Sudan in 2005 alone,^[218] the report does not specifically identify any weapons sold to Sudan by Russia after the outbreak of the Darfur conflict or after the imposition of the UNSC ban on arms transfers to Darfur, and it does not provide any evidence that any such weapons were deployed to Darfur.

NNT Avvalo inson huquqlari claimed that over 90% of the light weapons currently being imported by Sudan and used in the conflict are from China.^[219] Human rights advocates and opponents of the Sudanese government portray China's role in providing weapons and aircraft as a cynical attempt to obtain oil, just as colonial powers once supplied African chieftains with the military means to maintain control as they extracted natural resources.^[220][221] According to China's critics, China threatened to use its veto on the U.N. Security Council to protect Khartoum from sanctions and was able to water down every resolution on Darfur in order to protect its interests.^[222] Accusations of the supply of weapons from China, which were then transferred to Darfur by the Sudanese government in violation of the UN qurol embargosi, continued in 2010.^[223]

Sarah Wykes, a senior campaigner at Global guvoh, an NGO that campaigns for better natural resource governance, says: "Sudan has purchased about $100m in arms from China and has used these weapons against civilians in Darfur."^[221]

According to the report Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan, released in May 2014 by the Swiss research group Kichik qurollarni o'rganish, "Over the period 2001–12, Khartoum's reports to UN Comtrade reveal significant fluctuation in annual conventional arms imports. The majority of the Sudanese government's total self-reported imports of small arms and light weapons, their ammunition, and ‘conventional weapons’ over the period originated in Xitoy (58 per cent), followed by Eron (13 foiz), Sent-Vinsent va Grenadinlar (9 per cent), and Ukraina (8 per cent)."^[224] The report found that Chinese weapons were pervasive among most parties to the Sudanese conflicts, including the war in Darfur, but identified few if any weapons of Russian origin. (The section "Chinese weapons and ammunition" receives 20 pages in the report, whereas the only mention of Russian arms is to be found in the sentence "the majority of...mines [in South Sudan] have been of Chinese and Soviet/Russian origin.").

China and Russia denied they had broken UN sanctions. China has a close relationship with Sudan and increased its military co-operation with the government in early 2007. Because of Sudan's plentiful supply of oil, China considers good relations with Sudan to be a strategic necessity.^{[225][226][227]} China has direct commercial interests in Sudan's oil. China's state-owned company CNPC controls between 60 and 70 percent of Sudan's total oil production. Additionally, it owns the largest single share (40 percent) of Sudan's national oil company, Buyuk Nil Petrol Operatsion Kompaniyasi.^[228] China consistently opposed economic and non-military sanctions on Sudan.^[229]

In March 2007, threats of boycotting the Olympic games came from French presidential candidate Fransua Bayru, in an effort to stop China's support.^[230][231] Sudan divestment efforts concentrated on PetroChina, the national petroleum company with extensive investments in Sudan.^[232]

Criticism of international response

Jerar Prunier, a scholar specializing in African conflicts, argued that the world's most powerful countries have limited themselves to expressing concern and demand for the United Nations to take action. The UN, lacking funding and military support of the wealthy countries, initially left the African Union to deploy a token force without a mandate to protect civilians.^[195]

On 16 October 2006, Ozchilik huquqlari guruhi (MRG) published a critical report, challenging that the UN and the buyuk kuchlar could have prevented the crisis and that few lessons appeared to have been drawn from the Ruanda genotsidi. MRG's executive director, Mark Lattimer, stated that: "this level of crisis, the killings, rape and displacement could have been foreseen and avoided ... Darfur would just not be in this situation had the UN systems got its act together after Rwanda: their action was too little too late."^[233] On 20 October 120 genocide survivors of Holokost, va Kambodja and Rwandan Genocides, backed by six aid agencies, submitted an open letter to the European Union, calling on them to do more, proposing a UN peacekeeping force as "the only viable option."^[234]

Ommaviy axborot vositalarida

Watchers of the Sky, a 2014 documentary by Edet Belzberg, interviews former journalist and Qo'shma Shtatlarning BMTdagi elchisi Samanta Kuch about the war in Darfur. Shuningdek, taniqli Luis Moreno Okampo, avvalgi ICC huquqshunos and lead prosecutor on the ICC investigation in Darfur.^[235][236]Brutality of militias, violence used by armed forces, corruption and human right abuse were also shown in ER teleseriallar (e.g. episodes 12x19, 12x20), and in Iblis ot ustida keldi,^[237] a documentary made in 2007.

Shuningdek qarang

• Banu Hilol
• Darfur mojarosi bibliografiyasi
• Boswells School
• Breidjing lageri
• Chadiyadagi fuqarolar urushi (2005–10)
• Buyruq javobgarligi
• Darfur genotsidi
• Tarixda genotsidlar
• Fuqarolik urushlari ro'yxati
• Ochlik ro'yxati
• 2003 yilgi urushlar ro'yxati
• Qurbonlar soni bo'yicha urushlar va antropogen falokatlar ro'yxati
• Sudaning yo'qolgan o'g'illari
• Ikkinchi Sudan fuqarolar urushi
• Sudandagi qullik
• Darfur jamoasi

Izohlar

^a Nomi bilan tanilgan Milliy qutqarish fronti prior to 2011.

^b Imzolagan Doha Darfur Peace Agreement 2011 yilda.^[25]

^v Number does not represent the number of soldiers stationed in Darfur, but the total number of military personnel.^[20][26]

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Debos, Marielle (2016) [1-pub. 2013]. Chadda qurol bilan yashash. Jangovarlar, jazosiz qolish va davlat tuzilishi. Endryu Braun tomonidan tarjima qilingan (Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan, yangilangan va tarjima qilingan.). London: Zed kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-78360-532-3.
• Flint, Juli; de Vaal, Aleksandr (2005). Darfur: Uzoq urushning qisqa tarixi. Zed kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-84277-696-4.
• Nevill, Ley (2018). Texnik vositalar: Buyuk Toyota urushidan tortib to zamonaviy maxsus kuchlargacha bo'lgan nostandart taktik vositalar. Oksford, Nyu-York shahri: Osprey nashriyoti. ISBN  9781472822512.

Tashqi havolalar

• Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Darfur mojarosi Vikimedia Commons-da
• Fotosuratchi qaydnomasi - "Sukunat narxi: Sayohat ko'rgazmasi"