O'lim guruhi - Death squad

Bu maqola uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Resurs manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "O'lim guruhi"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2020 yil dekabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Germaniya o'lim guruhi Sovet fuqarolarini qatl qilmoqda, 1941 yil

A o'lim guruhi asosiy faoliyati olib boriladigan qurolli guruhdir sudsiz qotillik yoki majburiy g'oyib bo'lish qismi sifatida siyosiy repressiyalar, genotsid, etnik tozalash, yoki inqilobiy terror. Ular tomonidan shakllanadigan kamdan-kam holatlar bundan mustasno qo'zg'olon, mahalliy yoki chet el hukumatlari o'lim guruhi faoliyatida faol ishtirok etish, qo'llab-quvvatlash yoki e'tiborsiz qoldirish. O'lim guruhlari ajralib turadi suiqasd ularning doimiy tashkilotlari va taniqli shaxslar bo'lmasliklari mumkin bo'lgan qurbonlarning ko'pligi (odatda minglab yoki undan ko'p). Kabi boshqa zo'ravonliklar zo'rlash, qiynoq, o't qo'yish, yoki bombardimonlar qotillik bilan birga amalga oshirilishi mumkin.^[1][2] Ular tarkibiga a maxfiy politsiya kuch, harbiylashtirilgan militsiya guruhlar, hukumat askarlari, politsiyachilar yoki ularning kombinatsiyasi. Ular, shuningdek, sifatida tashkil etilishi mumkin hushyorlar. Qachon o'lim otryadlari davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinmasa, ular qo'zg'olonchi kuchlardan iborat bo'lishi mumkin uyushgan jinoyatchilik tomonidan ishlatilgani kabi kartellar.

Tarix

Garchi "o'lim guruhi" atamasi bunday guruhlarning faoliyati keng tanilmaguncha mashhurlikka erishmadi Markaziy va Janubiy Amerika o'tgan asrning 70-80 yillari davomida o'lim otryadlari tarix davomida turli xil nomlar ostida ishlaydilar. Ushbu atama birinchi marta fashist Temir qo'riqchi yilda Ruminiya. 1936 yilda siyosiy dushmanlarni yo'q qilish uchun rasmiy ravishda temir qorovul o'lim otryadlarini o'rnatdi.^[3] Bu, shuningdek, davomida ishlatilgan Jazoirdagi jang tomonidan Pol Aussaresses.^[4]

Sovuq urushdan foydalanish

Yilda lotin Amerikasi, o'lim otryadlari birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'lgan Braziliya qaerda bir guruh qo'ng'iroq qildi Esquadrao da Morte (so'zma-so'z "O'lim jamoasi") 1960 yillarda paydo bo'lgan; keyinchalik ular tarqaldi Argentina va Chili 1970-yillarda va keyinchalik ular Markaziy Amerikada 1980-yillarda ishlatilgan. Argentina liberal va kommunistik muxolifatni tor-mor etishning bir usuli sifatida sudsiz qotilliklardan foydalangan harbiy xunta davomida "Nopok urush 1970-yillarning. Masalan, Alianza Anticomunista Argentina o'ta o'ng o'lim guruhi bo'lib, asosan "Nopok urush" paytida faol bo'lgan. 1973-1990 yillardagi Chili harbiy rejimi ham bunday qotilliklarni sodir etgan. Qarang Condor operatsiyasi misollar uchun.

Davomida Salvador fuqarolar urushi, o'lim otryadlari 1980 yil 24 martda mashhurlikka erishdilar, a mergan suiqasd qilingan arxiyepiskop Oskar Romero u aytganidek Massa monastir ibodatxonasi ichida. 1980 yil dekabrda uchta amerikalik rohibalar, Ita Ford, Doroti Kazel va Maura Klark va oddiy ishchi, Jan Donovan, edi to'da zo'rlangan va keyinchalik ma'lum bir buyruqlar asosida harakat qilganligi aniqlanib, harbiy qism tomonidan o'ldirilgan. O'lim guruhlari yuzlab haqiqiy va shubhali kommunistlarni o'ldirishda muhim rol o'ynadi. Tarqatayotgan ruhoniylar ozodlik ilohiyoti, masalan, Ota Rutilio Grande, ko'pincha nishonga olingan. Qotillar Salvador armiyasining harbiylari bo'lganligi aniqlandi, ular AQSh tomonidan mablag 'va harbiy maslahatchilar davomida Karter ma'muriyat. Ushbu voqealar AQShda g'azabga sabab bo'ldi va prezidentligi oxirida harbiy yordam vaqtincha to'xtatildi.^[5] "Death Squad" faoliyati Reygan (1981-1989) yillarida ham yaxshi tarqaldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Gondurasda 1980-yillarda faol o'lim guruhlari ham bo'lgan, ularning eng taniqli qismi armiya bo'limi edi Batalyon 316. Hukumat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan kuchlar tomonidan yuzlab odamlar, o'qituvchilar, siyosatchilar va kasaba uyushma rahbarlari o'ldirildi. 316-batalyon Qo'shma Shtatlar tomonidan katta tayyorgarlikdan o'tgan Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi.^[6]

Yilda Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo, sudsiz qotilliklarni ikkala tomon ham amalga oshirgan Vetnam urushi. Masalan, Vietnam Kong a'zo Nguyon Văn Lém, General tomonidan kamerada sudsiz ijro etilishi bilan mashhur Nguyn Ngọc qarz 1968 yil 1 fevralda Saygonda, keyinchalik o'zi o'lim guruhiga buyruq bergan deb da'vo qilingan^{[iqtibos kerak ]} davomida Janubiy Vetnam politsiyachilari va ularning oilalarini nishonga olish Tet Offensive yilda Saygon.

Yaqinda ishlatilgan

2010 yildan boshlab^[yangilash], o'lim otryadlari bir nechta joylarda, shu jumladan, o'z faoliyatini davom ettirmoqdalar Checheniston,^[7] Afg'oniston, Kongo Demokratik Respublikasi, Markaziy Afrika Respublikasi, Nigeriya, Kolumbiya, Iroq, Yaman, Misr, Saudiya Arabistoni, Sudan, Janubiy Sudan, Suriya, Somali, Keniya, Tanzaniya, Hindiston, Pokiston, Bangladesh, Myanma, Filippinlar Boshqalar orasida.

Qit'a bo'yicha

Afrika

Fil suyagi qirg'og'i

Xabarlarga ko'ra, bu mamlakatda o'lim guruhlari faol.^[8][9]

Bu AQSh tomonidan qoralandi^[10] ammo to'xtatish qiyinga o'xshaydi. Bundan tashqari, qotilliklar ortida kim turgani to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'q^[11]

Pan-afrikalik "Jeune Afrique" jurnaliga bergan intervyusida, Loran Gbagbo muxolifat liderlaridan birini aybladi, Alassane Uattara (ADO), xotinining qotil guruhlarga aloqadorligi haqidagi ommaviy axborot vositalarining asosiy tashkilotchisi bo'lish. Shuningdek, u Frantsiya sudlarida ayblovlarni e'lon qilgan frantsuz gazetalariga qarshi ishlarda muvaffaqiyatli sudga tortdi va g'olib bo'ldi.^[12]

Keniya

2014 yil dekabr oyida Keniyaning Terrorizmga qarshi politsiya bo'limi xodimlari Al-Jazeera-ga o'zlarining deyarli 500 tasi uchun javobgar ekanliklarini tan olishdi. sudsiz qotillik. Xabarlarga ko'ra, qotilliklar har yili bir necha yuz qotillik sodir etgan. Ular orasida Keniya politsiyasi tomonidan 2012 yildan beri o'ldirilgani aytilgan 21 nafar musulmon radikallari qatorida bo'lgan Keniyadan Al-Shabaab safdoshi Abubaker Sharif Ahmed "Makaburi" o'ldirilishi ham bo'lgan. Agentlarning so'zlariga ko'ra, ular Keniya politsiyasi qodir bo'lmaganidan keyin o'ldirishga murojaat qilishgan. terrorchilikda gumon qilinganlarni muvaffaqiyatli sudga tortish Bunda ofitserlar Keniya prezidenti, prezident o'rinbosari, mudofaa kuchlari boshlig'i, politsiya bosh inspektori, milliy xavfsizlik razvedka xizmati direktori, kabinet kotibidan tashkil topgan Keniya milliy xavfsizlik kengashining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri buyruqlari asosida ish yuritayotganliklarini bildirdilar. Ichki ishlar vazirligi va Ichki ishlar vazirining asosiy kotibi. Keniya prezidenti Uxuru Kenyatta va Keniya Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi a'zolari suddan tashqari suiqasd dasturini rad etishdi. Bundan tashqari, ofitserlar G'arb xavfsizlik agentliklari dastur uchun maxfiy ma'lumotlarni, shu jumladan, hukumat maqsadlari joylashgan joy va faoliyatni taqdim etishni taklif qilishdi. Ularning ta'kidlashicha, Buyuk Britaniya qo'shimcha logistika uskunalar va treninglar shaklida ta'minlagan. Kengashning umumiy xizmat bo'linmasidagi keniyalik bir zobit, shuningdek, Isroil instruktorlari ularga qanday qilib o'ldirishni o'rgatganligini aytdi. Rahbari Xalqaro advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi, Mark Ellis, chet el davlatlarining bunday aralashuvi xalqaro huquqning buzilishiga olib kelishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirdi. Birlashgan Qirollik va Isroil Keniya Milliy Xavfsizlik Kengashining o'lim guruhlarida ishtirok etishni rad etishdi, Buyuk Britaniya Tashqi ishlar vazirligi ayblovlar bo'yicha Keniya hukumatiga murojaat qilganligini ko'rsatdi.^[13]

Janubiy Afrika

1960-yillardan boshlab Afrika milliy kongressi (ANC) va uning ittifoqchisi Janubiy Afrika Kommunistik partiyasi (SACP) va Pan-afrikaliklar Kongressi (PAC), Janubiy Afrikani ag'darish kampaniyasini boshladi Milliy partiya (NP) - boshqariladi aparteid Hukumat. Ikkala ANC qurolli qanoti, Umkhonto biz Sizwe (MK) va Janubiy Afrikaning xavfsizlik kuchlari muntazam ravishda uyda va chet elda bombardimon qilish va qasddan qotillik bilan shug'ullanishgan. Ayniqsa, taniqli aparteid o'lim guruhlari Fuqarolik hamkorlik byurosi (CCB) va Janubiy Afrika politsiyasi polkovnik qo'mondonligi bo'lgan qo'zg'olonga qarshi C10 bo'limi Evgeniya de Kok va asosida Vlakplaas g'arbiy fermer xo'jaligi Pretoriya, o'zi uchun ham markaz qiynoq mahbuslar.

Apartheid tugagandan so'ng, Milliy partiya va ANC tomonidan o'lim guruhi zo'ravonligi tekshirildi Haqiqat va yarashtirish komissiyasi.

Uganda

1971 yildan 1979 yilgacha Uganda diktatori Idi Amin davlat dushmanlarini o'ldirish uchun o'lim otryadlarini tuzdi.

Shimoliy Amerika

Dominika Respublikasi

Rafael Truxillo Dominikan hukumati o'lim guruhi sifatida tanilgan la 42 va Migel Anxel Paulino boshchiligidagi "Carro de la Muerte" ("O'lim avtomobili") deb nomlangan zamonaviy qizil Packard-da ishlagan.^[14] 12 yillik rejim davomida Xoakin Balaguer, Frente Democrático Anticomunista y Antiterrorista, eng taniqli la Banda Colora, amaliyotini davom ettirdi la 42.

Gaiti

The Tonton Macoute 1959 yilda Gaiti diktatori tomonidan yaratilgan harbiylashtirilgan kuch edi François "Papa Doc" Dyuvalye 30 dan 60 ming gaitilikni o'ldirgan.

Meksika

Kristero isyonchilari telegraf ustunlariga ochiq osilgan Xelisko, Meksika. Jasadlar ko'pincha qutblarda bo'lib turguncha pueblo yoki shahar jamoat diniy amaliyotidan voz kechgan.

Ga o'xshash tarzda Amerika hind urushlari, Meksikaning dastlabki xalqi Apache reydlariga qarshi kurashgan. Meksika mustaqilligidan atigi 15 yil o'tgach va Texan inqilobi davrida 1835-1837 yillarda Meksika shtatlarining mahalliy hukumatlari Sonora va Chixuaxua (bu AQShning Texas, Nyu-Meksiko va Arizona shtatlari bilan chegarasi) ga mukofot berdi Apache mintaqada bo'lgan guruhlar. Chihuaxua taqdirida bu mukofot ko'pincha Anglo-amerikaliklar, qochib ketgan qullar va hattoki boshqa hind qabilalaridan bo'lgan Qo'shma Shtatlardan kelgan "mo'l-ko'l ovchilarni" jalb qildi, unga Apache sochlari, bir jangchiga 100 peso, bir ayolga 50 peso, va har bir bolaga 25 peso.^[15] Tarixchi sifatida Donald E. Worcester yozgan edi: "Yangi siyosat turli xil erkaklar guruhini, shu jumladan Seminole boshchiligidagi qochqin qullarni Anglosni jalb qildi Jon Ot va hindular - Kirker ishlatilgan Delaver va Shawnees; boshqalar, masalan, Terrazalar ishlatilgan Taraxumaralar; va Seminole boshlig'i Coacoochee Hindiston hududidan qochib ketgan o'z xalqining guruhini boshqargan. "^[16]

Meksika inqilobidan keyin

Quyidagilardan keyingi etti yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida Meksika inqilobi, Meksika shtati a bir partiyali davlat tomonidan boshqariladi Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). Ushbu davrda davlatning gumon qilingan dushmanlariga qarshi o'lim taktikasi muntazam ravishda qo'llanilib kelinmoqda.

1920-1930 yillarda PRI asoschisi Prezident Plutarco Elías Calles, Meksikaga qarshi o'lim guruhlaridan foydalangan Rim katolik ko'pchilik. Calls sabablarini Meksikaning elchisiga yuborgan shaxsiy telegrammasida aytib o'tdi Frantsiya uchinchi respublikasi, Alberto J. Pani. "... Meksikadagi katolik cherkovi siyosiy harakatdir va uni yo'q qilish kerak ... odamlarni aldayotgan diniy gipnozdan xoli ... muqaddas marosimlarsiz bir yil ichida odamlar imonni unutishadi ..."^[17]

Qo'ng'iroqlar va uning tarafdorlari Meksika armiyasi va politsiya, shuningdek, shunga o'xshash harbiylashtirilgan kuchlar Qizil ko'ylaklar, ruhoniylarni, rohibalarni va faol diniy oqimlarni o'g'irlash, qiynoqqa solish va qatl etish. Meksikalik katoliklar ham muntazam ravishda temir yo'l bo'ylab telegraf ustunlariga osib qo'yilgan. Meksika davlatining katoliklikka qarshi kampaniyasining taniqli qurbonlari orasida o'spirin ham bor Xose Sanches del Rio, Jizvit ruhoniy Ota Migel Pro, va Xristian Pasifist Anakleto Gonsales Flores. (Shuningdek qarang Kristero urushi avliyolari ).

Bunga javoban, Meksika davlatiga qarshi qurolli qo'zg'olon, Cristero urushi 1927 yilda boshlangan. Asosan dehqonlar ko'ngillilari tarkibiga kirgan va iste'fodagi general qo'mondonlik qilgan Enrike Gorostieta Velarde, Cristeros ham vahshiylik uchun javobgar edi. Ular orasida Meksikaning sobiq prezidentiga suiqasd ham bo'lgan Alvaro Obregon, poezd talonchiliklari va qishloq o'qituvchilariga qarshi zo'ravon hujumlar. Qo'zg'olon asosan keyin tugagan Muqaddas qarang va Meksika shtati murosaga kelishish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishdi. Takliflarga qaramay, qo'llarini tashlamoqchi emas amnistiya, General Gorostieta edi harakatda o'ldirilgan yilda Meksika armiyasi tomonidan Xalisko 1929 yil 2-iyunda. Harbiy harakatlar to'xtatilgandan so'ng, Meksikaning xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan 5000 dan ortiq Kristeros qatl etildi. Kristero urushi voqealari 2012 yil filmida tasvirlangan Buyuk shon-sharaf uchun.

Sovuq urush davrida

1960, 1970, 1980 va 1990 yillar davomida o'lim guruhlari anti-PRI faollariga, ham marksistlarga, ham ijtimoiy konservatorlarga qarshi qo'llanila boshlandi. Buning bir misoli - 1968 yil Tlatelolco qirg'ini, unda rejimga qarshi norozilik namoyishi xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan hujumga uchragan Mexiko. Ushbu tadbirdan so'ng, "Los Halcones" (qirg'iylar) va "Brigada blanca" (Oq brigada) kabi harbiylashtirilgan guruhlar siyosiy dissidentlarga hujum qilish, ovlash va yo'q qilish uchun ishlatilgan.

Ham jurnalistlar, ham Amerika huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari PRIning yuqori martabali davlat arboblari va meksikaliklarning til biriktirganligi to'g'risida da'vo qilishmoqda giyohvand moddalar kartellari. Hatto PRI qoidalariga ko'ra, biron bir giyohvand moddalar savdogari hech qachon Meksika shtatining ruxsatisiz muvaffaqiyatga erishmagan deb da'vo qilingan. Agar o'sha giyohvand moddalar savdogari foydasiga tushib qolsa, Meksika huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari, sodir bo'lganidek, ularning faoliyatiga qarshi harakat qilishlari kerak edi. Pablo Akosta Vilyarreal 1987 yilda.

Rejim o'zgarishi va "Giyohvandlar bilan kurash taktikasi"

1990-yillarning boshlarida PRI mutlaq siyosiy hokimiyatni qo'ldan boy berishni boshladi, ammo korruptsiya shunchalik keng tarqaladiki, Juarez Cartel boshliq Amado Karrillo Fuentes hatto Meksikaning havo hujumidan mudofaa tizimida oyna sotib olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ushbu davrda uning samolyotlariga giyohvand moddalarni Qo'shma Shtatlarga noqonuniy ravishda olib kirishga ruxsat berildi. Meksika havo kuchlari. Natijada Karillo Fuentes "Osmonlar Rabbisi" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi.

Amerikalik va meksikalik tergovchilarning fikriga ko'ra, PRI kartellardan suiqasdlar qilish uchun ham foydalanishi mumkin, ular hukmron partiyadan kelib chiqishi mumkin emas. Bunga misol sifatida ko'rilgan bitta qotillik 1993 yilda Kardinalni o'ldirishdir Xuan Jezus Posadas Okampo.

PRI Zapatista partizanlari harakatiga qarshi o'lim taktikasi taktikasini ham qo'llagan. 1997 yilda, qirq besh kishi halok bo'ldi Chenalhoda Meksika xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan, Chiapas.^[18][19]

Ammo 2000 yilda sobiq prezident Salinas va prezident Zedillo o'rtasida hokimiyatning ichki kurashida PRI hokimiyatdan tinchlik bilan ovoz chiqarib, 2013 yilgacha ular o'z ta'sirini va kuchini qisman qaytarib olguniga qadar, 2018 yilda yana mag'lubiyatga uchradi. , ular birinchi marta prezidentlikdan mahrum bo'lgan vaqtlarida, eng kuchli PRI a'zolari ayrimlari o'zlarining jinoiy va siyosiy raqiblariga qarshi o'lim guruhi sifatida foydalangan giyohvand moddalar kartellarini qo'llab-quvvatladilar va himoya qildilar, bu PAN partiya hukumati boshlashni qabul qilishining haqiqiy sabablaridan biri edi. kartellarga qarshi Meksika giyohvandlik urushi.^[20][21] Shu bilan birga, ushbu davrda hokimiyatdagi partiyalar tomonidan urush notinchligidan yanada ko'proq siyosiy dissidentlar, faollar va o'zlarining raqiblarini yo'q qilish uchun foydalanilganligi aytilmoqda. Bunga misol sifatida 2014 yildagi majburiy yo'qolish va Ayotzinapadan 43 nafar faol qishloq o'quvchilarining o'ldirilishi O'qituvchilar kolleji, politsiyachilar qo'lida "Guerreros Unidos" giyohvand moddalar karteli bilan til biriktirgan.^[22][23][24]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Davomida Kaliforniya Gold Rush, 1850 yildan 1859 yilgacha shtat hukumati militsiya bo'linmalarini moliyalashtirgan va uyushtirgan tub amerikaliklarni ovlash va o'ldirish shtatda. 1850-1852 yillarda davlat ushbu militsiyalar faoliyati uchun deyarli bir million dollar ajratdi, 1854 va 1859 yillarda esa davlat yana 500000 AQSh dollarini o'zlashtirdi, uning deyarli yarmi federal hukumat tomonidan qoplandi.^[25] Bitta taxminlarga ko'ra, 1849-1870 yillarda kamida 4500 Kaliforniyalik hindular o'ldirilgan.^[26] Zamonaviy tarixchi Benjamin Madli 1846-1873 yillarda o'ldirilgan Kaliforniyalik hindularning raqamlarini hujjatlashtirgan; u bu davrda kamida 9 492 dan 16 092 gacha Kaliforniyalik hindular hindu bo'lmaganlar tomonidan o'ldirilgan deb hisoblashadi. O'limlarning aksariyati u 370 dan ortiq deb belgilagan narsada sodir bo'ldi qirg'inlar ("jang yoki boshqa yo'l bilan bo'lsin, besh yoki undan ortiq qurolsizlantirilgan jangchilarni yoki asosan qurolsiz jangchilarni, shu jumladan ayollar, bolalar va mahbuslarni qasddan o'ldirish" deb ta'riflanadi).^[27] Ba'zi olimlar ushbu qurolli kuchlarni davlat tomonidan moliyalashtirilishi va AQSh hukumatining Kaliforniyadagi boshqa qirg'inlarda, masalan, Qonli orol va Yontoket qirg'inlari, har bir qirg'inda 400 ga qadar va undan ortiq mahalliy aholi o'ldirilgan bo'lsa, Kaliforniyaning mahalliy aholisiga qarshi genotsid aktlarini tashkil etadi.^[28][29]

Quantrillning 1863 yildagi reydi shaharni yoqib yubordi Lourens va 164 himoyachini o'ldirdi.

1850-yillardan boshlab qullik tarafdorlari Bushvakerlar va qullikka qarshi kurash Jayhawkers yilda bir-biriga qarshi urush olib bordi Kanzas o'lkasi. Ikki tomonning tinch aholiga qarshi qilgan dahshatli vahshiyliklari tufayli bu hudud nomini oldi "Kanzasdan qon ketish ". Keyin Amerika fuqarolar urushi boshlandi, birodarlik qonlari ko'paydi.

Amerika fuqarolar urushi paytida Kanzasda amalga oshirilgan eng shafqatsiz vahshiylik bu edi Lourens qirg'ini. Ning katta kuch guruhi Bushvakerlar kim tomonidan boshqarilgan Uilyam Klark Kventril va Qonli Bill Anderson hujum uyushtirgan va Ittifoq tarafdorlari shaharini yoqib yuborgan Lourens, Kanzas Jayhawkerlar tomonidan ilgari yo'q qilinganligi uchun qasos sifatida Osceola, Missuri. Bushvakerlar qariyb 150 qurolsiz erkak va o'g'il bolalarni urib tushirishdi.

Davomida Qayta qurish, achchiqlangan Konfederatsiya faxriylari Ku-kluks-klan va shunga o'xshash hushyorlik davomida tashkilotlar Amerika janubi. Klan va uning hamkasblari vahimaga tushib, linç qildilar linchlangan Afro-amerikaliklar, shimoliy gilam sumkachalari, va janubiy "scalawags ". Bu ko'pincha Demokratik partiya rahbariyatining norasmiy ko'magi bilan amalga oshirilgan. Tarixchi Bryus B. Kempbell KKKni" o'limning dastlabki proto-guruhlaridan biri "deb atagan. Kempbellning ta'kidlashicha, u va hozirgi o'lim o'rtasidagi farq otryadlar - bu Ku-Kluks-Klanning hukmron hukumat a'zolari emas, balki mag'lubiyatga uchragan rejim a'zolaridan iborat bo'lganligi. "Aks holda, qotillik niyatida, xususiy elita manfaatlari bilan bog'liqligi va yashirin tabiati bilan u zamonaviyga juda o'xshaydi. - kunlik o'lim otryadlari. "^[30]

Oxir oqibat, AQSh Prezidenti Uliss S. Grant e'lon qilingan favqulodda holat Amerika janubida va berdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi Klanni buzish kuchi. Ba'zi klansmenlar harbiy tribunallar oldida sud qilindi va osib o'ldirildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

2020 yil iyun oyida Los-Anjeles okrugi sherifining o'rinbosari Austreberto "Art" Gonsales okrugning Kompton stantsiyasida ishlayotgan deputatlarning taxminan yigirma foizini yashirin o'lim guruhiga tegishli deb da'vo qilib, okrugga qarshi da'vo arizasi bilan chiqdi. Gonsalesning ta'kidlashicha, "Jallodlar" deb nomlangan guruh ko'p yillar davomida suddan tashqari qotilliklarni amalga oshirgan va a'zolari tashabbus marosimlariga rioya qilishgan, shu jumladan bosh suyagi va natsistlar tasvirlari bilan tatuirovka qilishgan.^[31][32][33]

Markaziy Amerika

Salvador

Ko'plardan birini eslatuvchi lavha qirg'inlar fuqarolar urushi paytida yuz bergan

Davomida Salvador fuqarolar urushi, o'lim otryadlari (Ispaniyada Eskuadron de la Muerte nomi bilan tanilgan, "O'lim eskadroni") a mergan suiqasd qilingan arxiyepiskop Oskar Romero u ijro etayotgan paytda Massa 1980 yil martda. 1980 yil dekabrda, uchta amerikalik rohiba va oddiy ishchi edi gangraped va keyinchalik ma'lum bir buyruqlar asosida harakat qilganligi aniqlanib, harbiy qism tomonidan o'ldirilgan. O'lim guruhlari minglab dehqonlar va faollarni o'ldirishda muhim rol o'ynadi. Otryadlarni moliyalashtirish, birinchi navbatda, o'ng qanot salvadorlik ishbilarmonlar va er egalari tomonidan ta'minlandi.^[34] O'lim guruhlari Salvador harbiy xavfsizlik kuchlari askarlari ekanligi aniqlandi, chunki ular AQSh qurol-yarog ', mablag', o'qitish va maslahat olishgan. Karter, Reygan va Jorj H. V. Bush ma'muriyatlari, bu voqealar AQShda g'azabga sabab bo'ldi inson huquqlari faollari Salvador hukumatining o'lim guruhlari bilan aloqalarini rad etgani uchun AQSh ma'muriyatlarini tanqid qildilar. Veteran Human Rights Watch tadqiqotchisi Sintiya J. Arnson "ayniqsa qotillik avjiga chiqqan 1980-1983 yillarda (qotillik soni 35000 ga etishi mumkin), zo'ravonlik va inson huquqlarining buzilishi uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmamga olishim mahsulot edi" deb yozadi. Reygan ma'muriyati suiiste'mol qilish ko'lami bilan bir qatorda davlat aktyorlarining ishtirokini ham ahamiyatsiz qildi. Rad etish darajasi, shuningdek, Salvador harbiy va xavfsizlik kuchlari bilan AQShning ishtiroki darajasi, AQShning Salvadordagi roli - o'lim otryadlari haqida nima ma'lum bo'lganligi, qachon ma'lum bo'lganligi va Qo'shma Shtatlar ularning suiiste'mollarini cheklash uchun qanday harakatlar qilgan yoki qilmaganligi - Salvadorning o'lim guruhi haqidagi hikoyaning muhim qismiga aylandi. "^[35] Ba'zi o'lim guruhlari, masalan Sombra Negra, hali ham Salvadorda faoliyat yuritmoqda.^[36]

The Salvador armiyasi AQSh tomonidan o'qitilgan Atlacatl batalyoni uchun javobgar edi El Mozote qirg'ini 800 dan ortiq tinch aholi o'ldirilgan bo'lsa, ularning yarmidan ko'pi bolalardir El-Calabozo qirg'ini, va olti jizvit qotilligi 1989 yilda.^[37]

Gonduras

Gondurasda 1980-yillarga qadar o'lim guruhlari faoliyat yuritgan, ularning eng mashxurlari shu edi 3-16 batalyon. Hukumat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan kuchlar tomonidan yuzlab odamlar, o'qituvchilar, siyosatchilar va kasaba uyushma rahbarlari o'ldirildi. 316-batalyon AQSh tomonidan katta qo'llab-quvvatlandi va o'qitildi Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi.^[38] Kamida 19 a'zo bo'lgan Amerika maktabi bitiruvchilar.^[39][40] Etti a'zo, shu jumladan Billi Joya, keyinchalik Prezident ma'muriyatida muhim rol o'ynadi Manuel Zelaya 2006 yil o'rtalarida.^[41] Keyingi 2009 yilgi davlat to'ntarishi, sobiq batalyon 3-16 a'zosi Nelson Villi Mejiya Mejiya immigratsiya bosh direktoriga aylandi^[42][43] va Billi Joya edi amalda Prezident Roberto Micheletti xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchisi.^[44] Yana bir sobiq batalyonning 3-16 a'zosi, Napoleon Nassar Errera,^[41][45] Zelaya va Micheletti boshchiligidagi shimoliy-g'arbiy mintaqada politsiyaning yuqori komissari bo'lib ishlagan, shuningdek Micheletti davrida "suhbat uchun" xavfsizlik kotibi bo'lgan.^[46][47] Zelayaning ta'kidlashicha, Joya o'lim guruhini qayta faollashtirgan, o'nlab hukumat muxoliflari Michiletti va Lobo hukumatlariga ko'tarilgandan beri o'ldirilgan.^[44]

Gvatemala

Davomida Gvatemaladagi fuqarolar urushi, ham harbiy, ham "fuqarolik" hukumatlar o'lim otryadlarini qo'zg'olonga qarshi strategiya sifatida ishlatishdi. Hukumat taktikasi sifatida "o'lim otryadlari" dan foydalanish ayniqsa 1966 yildan keyin keng tarqaldi. 1966 yil davomida va 1967 yilning dastlabki uch oyida, harbiy sharhlovchilar "el-kontra terror" deb ataganlar doirasida, hukumat kuchlari taxminan 8000 kishini o'ldirdilar. "buzg'unchilik" faoliyatida ayblanayotgan fuqarolar.^[48] Bu Gvatemala xavfsizlik apparati tarixidagi burilish nuqtasini belgilab berdi va yangi davrni keltirib chiqardi, unda hukumatning "o'lim guruhlari" tomonidan haqiqiy va gumon qilingan qo'poruvchilarni ommaviy ravishda o'ldirish mamlakatda odatiy hodisa bo'lib qoldi. Gvatemalalik sotsiologning ta'kidlashicha, 1966 yildan 1974 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda hukumat tomonidan sodir etilgan qotilliklar soni yiliga taxminan 5250 kishini tashkil qildi (prezidentlik davrida umumiy o'lim soni taxminan 42000 kishini tashkil etdi) Xulio Sezar Mendez Chernogoriya va Karlos Arana Osorio ).^[49] Rasmiy va norasmiy xavfsizlik kuchlari tomonidan o'ldirilishlar 1970-yillarning oxiri va 80-yillarning boshlarida prezidentlik davrida avjiga chiqadi. Fernando Romeo Lukas Garsiya va Efraín Ríos Montt, faqat 1982 yilda 18000 dan ortiq hujjatlashtirilgan qotillik bilan.^[50]

Greg Grandinning ta'kidlashicha, "Vashington, albatta, paramilitarizmni qo'llab-quvvatlashini ochiqdan-ochiq rad etdi, ammo siyosiy yo'qolib qolish amaliyoti 1966 yilda Gvatemalada AQShning xavfsizlik bo'yicha maslahatchilari tomonidan tuzilgan va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nazorat ostida bo'lgan o'lim guruhi tug'ilishi bilan katta qadam tashladi. "^[51] Gvatemaladagi isyonchilar faolligining ko'tarilishi AQShni 1960-yillarning o'rtalari va oxirlarida Gvatemalaning xavfsizlik apparatlariga qarshi qo'zg'olonchilarga qarshi yordamni oshirishga ishontirdi. 1999 yilda e'lon qilingan hujjatlarda AQSh harbiy va politsiya maslahatchilari Gvatemala harbiy amaldorlarini repressiv usullardan foydalanishda qanday rag'batlantirganligi va ularga yordam bergani, shu jumladan, prezident saroyi ichkarisidan qo'zg'olonga qarshi harakatlarni muvofiqlashtirish uchun joy sifatida "xavfsiz uy" o'rnatishga yordam berganligi haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan.^[52] 1981 yilda Xalqaro Amnistiya tomonidan xuddi shu "xavfsiz uy" Gvatemala xavfsizlik xizmati tomonidan "o'lim guruhlari" dan foydalanish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan qo'zg'olonga qarshi tadbirlarni muvofiqlashtirish uchun foydalanilganligi haqida xabar berilgan.^[53]

Jabrlanuvchining akasi Mirtala Linaresning so'zlariga ko'ra "U bizga hech narsa demaydi; ular [Serjoni] qo'lga olishmaganligini, uning qaerdaligi haqida hech narsa bilmasligini va ehtimol mening akam Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotiga noqonuniy musofir bo'lib ketgan deb da'vo qilmoqda. Shtatlar! U bizga shunday javob berdi. "^[54]

Nikaragua

Ortega rejimi davomida, 2006 yildan boshlab, lekin bilan kuchayib boradi 2018–2020 yillarda Nikaragua noroziliklari, diktatura "Turbas" deb nomlanuvchi o'lim otryadlarini yoki demokratiya tarafdorlariga hujum qilish uchun Milliy politsiya tomonidan qurollangan va yordam berilgan harbiylashtirilgan guruhlarni ish bilan ta'minlagan. Hukumatning o'ldiruvchi kuchlarni bostirishi xalqaro hamjamiyat, Amerika Shtatlari Tashkiloti, Human Rights Watch va mahalliy va xalqaro katolik cherkovi tomonidan qoralandi.^[55][56][57]

Janubiy Amerika

Argentina

Xalqaro Amnistiya (International Amnesty International) ning xabar berishicha "Argentinada xavfsizlik kuchlari" o'lim otryadlari "dan birinchi marta 1973 yil oxirida foydalanishni boshlagan. Bir misol Alianza Anticomunista Argentina, o'ta o'ng o'lim guruhi asosan "faol"Nopok urush ". 1983 yilda harbiy hukmronlik tugaguniga qadar 1500 ga yaqin odam to'g'ridan-to'g'ri" o'lim otryadlari "tomonidan o'ldirilgan va 9000 dan ortiq ismli odamlar va ko'plab boshqa hujjatsiz qurbonlar" yo'qolib ketishgan "- o'g'irlab ketilgan va yashirincha o'ldirilgan. Yo'qolgan odamlar bo'yicha komissiya (CONADEP).^[58]

Braziliya

The Esquadrao da Morte (Portugal tilida "O'lim guruhi") - 60-yillarning oxirida paydo bo'lgan harbiylashtirilgan tashkilot. Braziliya harbiy diktaturasi. Bu Lotin Amerikasida "O'lim guruhi" nomini olgan birinchi guruh edi, ammo uning harakatlari an'anaviy hushyorlikka o'xshardi, chunki ko'pgina qatllar faqat siyosiy bilan bog'liq emas edi. 21 yillik harbiy diktatura davrida (1964–1985) siyosiy qatllarning katta ulushi Braziliya qurolli kuchlari o'zi. Dastlabki "O'lim guruhi" ning maqsadi harbiy hukumatning roziligi bilan jinoyatda gumon qilinganlarni ta'qib qilish, qiynoqqa solish va o'ldirish edi (marginais) jamiyat uchun xavfli deb hisoblanadi. Bu avvalgisidan boshlangan Guanabara shtati "Rio-de-Janeyro politsiyasining o'n ikki oltin kishisidan" biri bo'lgan detektiv Mariel Mariskot boshchiligida va u erdan 1970-yillarda butun Braziliya bo'ylab tarqaldi. Umuman olganda, uning a'zolari siyosatchilar, sud tizimi va politsiya amaldorlari edi. Qoida tariqasida ushbu guruhlar biznes hamjamiyati a'zolari tomonidan moliyalashtirildi.^[59]

1970-80-yillarda yana bir qancha tashkilotlar 1960-yillardan keyin modellashtirilgan Esquadrao da Morte. Eng mashhur tashkilot Scuderie Detetive Le Cocq (Inglizcha: Le Cocq detektivining qalqoni), vafot etgan detektiv Milton Le Kokning nomi bilan. Guruh ayniqsa Braziliyaning janubi-sharqiy Guanabara shtatlarida va Rio-de-Janeyro, va holatida faol bo'lib qoladi Espírito Santo. Shtatida San-Paulu, "Justiceiros" deb nomlangan o'lim otryadlari va yakka qurollanganlar keng tarqalgan bo'lib, ularni qatl qilish faqat ishdan tashqari politsiyachilarning ishi edi. 1983 yilda "Kabo Bruno" laqabli politsiya xodimi 50 dan ortiq qurbonlarni o'ldirgani uchun sudlangan.^[60]

Harbiy diktatura hukmronligi ostida faol bo'lgan "o'lim otryadlari" Braziliya politsiyasining madaniy merosi sifatida davom etmoqda. 2000-yillarda politsiyachilar o'lim guruhi kabi qatl qilish bilan bog'liq bo'lib qolmoqdalar. San-Paulu va Rio-de-Janeyroda 2003 yilda taxminan 2000 ta suddan tashqari qotillik sodir bo'ldi, Xalqaro Amnistiya esa bu raqamlar bundan ham kattaroq deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[61][62] Braziliyalik siyosatchi Flavio Bolsonaro, Braziliya prezidentining o'g'li Jair Bolsonaro, o'lim guruhlari bilan aloqada bo'lganlikda ayblangan.^[63][64]

Chili

Tomonidan boshqariladigan eng taniqli qotillik guruhlaridan biri Chili armiyasi edi O'lim karvoni, uning a'zolari 1973 yil 30 sentyabr va 22 oktyabr kunlari orasida Chili bo'ylab vertolyotda sayohat qildilar. Ushbu hujum paytida otryad a'zolari ushbu garnizonlarda armiya hibsxonasida bo'lgan kamida 75 kishini qatl qilishni buyurdilar yoki shaxsan o'zlari bajardilar.^[65] NNT ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Memoria y Justicia, otryad Janubda 26 kishini va Shimolda 71 kishini o'ldirdi, jami 97 kishini qurbon qildi.^[66] Augusto Pinochetga nisbatan ayblov e'lon qilindi 2002 yil dekabrida bu ishda, ammo u to'rt yil o'tib sudlanmasdan vafot etdi. Ammo sud jarayoni 2007 yil sentyabr oyidan boshlab davom etmoqda^[yangilash]Ushbu ishda boshqa harbiylar va sobiq harbiy ruhoniy ayblanmoqda 2006 yil 28 noyabrda ushbu ishda ayblanayotgan Vektor Montiglio Pinochetni uy qamog'ida saqlash to'g'risida qaror chiqardi.^[67] Chili hukumatining o'z haqiqati va yarashishi (Rettig) hisobotiga ko'ra, Pinochet rejimi operatsiyalarida 2279 kishi o'ldirilgan.^[68] 1999 yil iyun oyida sudya Xuan Guzman Tapia iste'fodagi besh generalni hibsga olishga buyruq berdi.

Kolumbiya

The Qo'shma Shtatlar 1980-yillarda Kolumbiya, Salvador va Gvatemalada o'lim guruhlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[69] 1993 yilda, Xalqaro Amnistiya 1978 yilda yashirin harbiy qismlar yashirin ravishda o'lim guruhlari sifatida ishlay boshlaganligi haqida xabar berishdi. Hisobotga ko'ra, 1980 yillar davomida siyosiy qotilliklar 1988 yilda 3500 avjiga ko'tarilib, o'shandan beri yiliga o'rtacha 1500 ga yaqin qurbon bo'lgan va "1500 dan ortiq tinch aholi ham ishoniladi. 1978 yildan beri "g'oyib bo'lgan". "^[70] The AUC 1997 yilda tashkil topgan, eng taniqli harbiylashtirilgan guruh edi.

Tomonidan chop etilgan 2014 yilgi hisobotga ko'ra Human Rights Watch tashkiloti (HRW) yoqilgan Buenaventura Kolumbiyadagi port shahri, "butun mahallalarda kuchli harbiylashtirilgan voris guruhlar hukmronlik qilgan" HRW xabar berishicha, guruhlar "aholining harakatlarini cheklaydi, o'z farzandlarini yollaydi, biznesni tortib oladi va ularning irodasiga qarshi bo'lgan har qanday kishiga qarshi muntazam ravishda dahshatli zo'ravonlik harakatlarini amalga oshiradi. . " Ma'lum bo'lishicha, yillar davomida shaharchada ko'plab odamlar "g'oyib bo'lgan". Jasadlar utilizatsiya qilinishidan oldin parchalanadi va aholi mavjudligini xabar berishadi casas de pique, odamlar so'yiladigan "chop etilgan uylar". Ko'pgina aholi qochib ketgan va "majburan ko'chirilgan" deb hisoblanmoqda: 2011 yilda 22028, 2012 yilda 15191, 2013 yil yanvar va oktyabr oylari orasida 13 468 kishi qochib ketgan.^[69]

Kolumbiyada "o'lim guruhlari", "harbiy xizmatchilar "yoki"o'zini himoya qilish guruhlari "deb nomlanuvchi bitta hodisaga ishora qilib, bir-birining o'rnida va boshqacha tarzda ishlatilgan paramilitarizm, yoki bir xil narsaning turli xil, ammo bog'liq tomonlariga.^[71] Bu haqda xabarlar mavjud Los Pepes, birodarlar boshchiligidagi o'lim guruhi Fidel va Karlos Kastino, ba'zi a'zolari bilan aloqada bo'lgan Kolumbiya milliy politsiyasi, ayniqsa Blokni qidirish (Bloque de Busqueda) bo'limi.^[72]

Mamlakat prokuratura idorasining 2009 yil oxiridagi hisobotida harbiylashtirilgan va partizan guruhlari tomonidan yo'qolgan 28000 kishi haqida xabar berilgan. 2008 yildan boshlab^[yangilash] faqat 300 ta jasad va 2009 yilda 600 ta jasad aniqlangan. Prokuratura ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, qayta tiklangan barcha jasadlarni aniqlash uchun yana ko'p yillar kerak bo'ladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Milliy qonunchilik organlarining kamida 40% i harbiylashgan guruhlar bilan aloqada ekanligi aytiladi.^[69] 2018 yil avgust oyida Kolumbiyadagi prokuratura 13 ga ayblov e'lon qildi Chiquita yuzlab odamlarni o'ldirgan o'ng qanot o'lim guruhini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi brendlar Uraba Antioquia 1996 yildan 2004 yilgacha bo'lgan mintaqa.^[73][74] Salvatore Mancuso, qamoqdagi harbiylashtirilgan rahbar, aybladi Del Monte, Dole va Chikuita o'ng qanot o'lim guruhlarini moliyalashtirish. Olti yil davomida harbiy xizmatchilarga 1,7 million dollar to'laganliklarini tan olgan Chikuita 25 million dollar jarimaga tortildi; to'lovlarning sababi munozarali masala bo'lib qolmoqda, Chiquita bu pulni ishchilarni himoya qilish uchun harbiylashtirilgan guruhlarga to'lanadigan muntazam tovlamachilik pullari deb da'vo qilmoqda. Boshqa tomondan, faollar Chikuita tomonidan to'langan pulning bir qismi siyosiy suiqasdlarni moliyalashtirishga sarflanganini ta'kidlamoqda.^[75]

Peru

Peru hukumati o'lim guruhlari radikallar va tinch aholiga qarshi kurashda qirg'inlarni amalga oshirdilar Yorqin yo'l va Túpac Amaru inqilobiy harakati.^[76][77][78]

Venesuela

2003 va 2002 yilgi dunyo hisobotlarida, Human Rights Watch tashkiloti bir nechta o'lim guruhlari mavjudligini xabar qildi Venesuela shtatlar, mahalliy politsiya a'zolarini jalb qilgan holda, DISIP va Milliy gvardiya. Ushbu guruhlar tinch aholini va qidirilayotgan yoki taxmin qilingan jinoyatchilarni, shu jumladan ko'cha jinoyatchilarini, talon-taroj qiluvchilarni va giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiluvchilarni sudsiz o'ldirish uchun javobgardilar.^[79][80]

2019 yilda Bolivariya Venesuelasidagi inqiroz, hukumati Nikolas Maduro BMTning inson huquqlari bo'yicha hisoboti tomonidan o'lim guruhlaridan minglab sudsiz qatllarni amalga oshirishda foydalanishda ayblangan. Hisobotda ko'plab guvohlarning xabarlari keltirilgan, hukumatning maxsus harakat kuchlari (FAES) tez-tez uylariga markasiz transport vositalarida kelayotgani, erkak gumonlanuvchilarni joyida qatl qilgani, keyin jasadga jabrlanuvchi vafot etgani ko'rinib turishi uchun giyohvand moddalar yoki qurol-yaroqlar ekkanligi tasvirlangan. . Hisobotga ko'ra, qatllar "siyosiy raqiblarni va hukumatni tanqid qiluvchi odamlarni zararsizlantirish, repressiya qilish va jinoiy javobgarlikka tortish" ga qaratilgan kampaniyaning bir qismi bo'lgan.^[81] Maduro hukumati hisobotni "ochiq-oydin xolislik" deb qoraladi.^[82]

Osiyo

Bangladesh

Zamonaviy vaqtlarda Bangladeshning "Tezkor harakatlar bataloni" huquqni himoya qilish guruhlari tomonidan tanqid qilingan sudsiz qotillik.^[83] Bundan tashqari, batalyon faoliyati bilan bog'liq qiynoqlar haqida ko'plab xabarlar bo'lgan.^[84][85] Batalonning bir nechta a'zolari qotillik va odil sudlovga to'sqinlik qilishda ayblanmoqda Narayanganj Yetti qotillik.^[86][87] Ular sud jarayonlaridan qochish maqsadida fuqarolik gumon qilinuvchilarini o'ldirishgani ma'lum bo'lgan.^[88] Shuningdek, ular kampaniyani o'tkazishda ayblangan majburiy g'oyib bo'lish.^[89]

Kambodja

The Kxmer-ruj 1975 yilda mamlakatni egallab olganidan keyin Kambodjani kommunist bo'lmaganlardan tozalash uchun o'lim otryadlarini ishga solishni boshladilar. Ular qurbonlarini yig'ib, so'roq qilishdi va keyin ularni o'ldirish dalalariga olib chiqishdi.^[90]

Hindiston

Assamning yashirincha o'ldirilishi (1998-2001), ehtimol Assamning siyosiy tarixidagi eng qorong'i bob bo'lib, uning qarindoshlari, do'stlari, hamdardlari ULFA isyonchilar muntazam ravishda noma'lum hujumchilar tomonidan o'ldirilgan. Ushbu sudsiz qotilliklar Assamda 1998-2001 yillarda sodir bo'lgan. Ushbu sudsiz qotilliklar shtat hukumati tomonidan amalga oshirilgan SULFA qo'zg'olonga qarshi operatsiya nomi bilan xavfsizlik kuchlari va a'zolari. Ushbu qotilliklar qurbonlari qarindoshlari, do'stlari va hamkasblari bo'lgan ULFA jangarilar. Butun mashqlar uchun eng aniq asos bu ULFA homiyligidagi terrorizmga, xususan ularning eski o'rtoqlari - SULFAlarning o'ldirilishiga qarshi javob edi.^{[91][92][93][94][95]}

Indoneziya

1965–1966 yillarda yuz minglab chapchilar va ularga ishonganlar Indoneziya Kommunistik partiyasi (PKI) muvaffaqiyatsiz to'ntarish tashabbusidan so'ng kommunistlar aybdor deb topilgan Indoneziya harbiy va o'ng yarim harbiylashtirilgan o'lim guruhlari tomonidan qirg'in qilindi. Bir necha oy davomida kamida 400,000 dan 500,000gacha, ehtimol 3 milliongacha odam o'ldirilgan, minglab odamlar o'ta g'ayriinsoniy sharoitlarda qamoqxonalar va kontsentratsion lagerlarga joylashtirilgan. Zo'ravonlik Prezidentning qulashi bilan yakunlandi Sukarno va boshlanishi Suxarto o'ttiz yillik avtoritar hukmronlik.^{[96][97][98][99]}

Filippinlar

Prezident Rodrigo Duterte

Filippinda, xususan, faol bo'lgan ba'zi hushyor o'lim guruhlari mavjud Davao shahri qayerda mahalliy o'lim guruhlari jinoyatchilarni ov qilish uchun shahar atrofida aylanib yurish.

2016 yil iyun oyida Prezidentlikni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, Rodrigo Duterte "Agar siz biron bir giyohvandni bilsangiz, ularni o'zingiz o'ldiring, chunki ularning ota-onalarini majburlash bu juda achinarli bo'lar edi", deb da'vat etgan edi.^[100] 2017 yil martiga kelib, qurbonlar soni Filippinda giyohvand moddalar urushi 8000 kishidan o'tdi.^[101]

Janubiy Koreya

Koreyada o'lim guruhlaridan foydalanish to'g'risidagi yangiliklar 20-asrning o'rtalarida paydo bo'lgan Jeju qirg'ini^[102] va Dajeon.^[103] Bundan tashqari, 1980 yilda yangiliklarga sabab bo'lgan ko'plab o'limlar ham bo'lgan Kvanju.^[104]

Tailand

Davomida Sovuq urush, Tailandda demokratiyaning qisqa davrida (1973-1976) uchta o'ng yarim harbiy guruh, Navafon, Qizil Gaurs va Qishloq skautlari tomonidan tashkil etilgan va qo'llab-quvvatlangan Ichki xavfsizlik operatsiyalari buyrug'i va Chegara-patrul politsiyasi milliy birlik, sadoqatni targ'ib qilish Tailand qirol oilasi va antikommunizm. Ular, shuningdek, katta mablag 'bilan ta'minlangan va qo'llab-quvvatlangan Qo'shma Shtatlar hukumat va qirol oilasi homiyligida edi. Ularning qatorida sobiq askarlar, faxriylar ham bor edi Vetnam urushi, Laosdagi sobiq yollanma xizmatchilar va zo'ravonlik kasb-hunar talabalari.

Ushbu guruhlar birinchi navbatda demokratiya tarafdori va chap qanot talabalari harakatining noroziliklariga qarshi kurashish, ularga qurol va granatalar bilan hujum qilish uchun ishlatilgan. Mafkuraviy mojaro avj olgach, ular mehnat va dehqonlar kasaba uyushmasi amaldorlari va ilg'or siyosatchilarga suiqasd qilishni boshladilar, eng taniqli doktor edi. Boonsanong Punyodyana, bosh kotibi Tailand sotsialistik partiyasi. Ziddiyat eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi Thammasat universiteti qirg'ini 1976 yilda, qaysi Tailand qirollik qurolli kuchlari va Tailand qirollik politsiyasi, yuqorida aytib o'tilgan uchta harbiylashtirilgan guruh tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, hujumga o'tdilar universitet va asosan qurolsiz talaba namoyishchilarni tartibsiz ravishda otib tashlashdi, natijada kamida 46 kishi o'ldi. Xuddi shu kuni harbiy to'ntarish amalga oshirildi. Harbiy hukmronlik davrida harbiylashtirilgan guruhlarning mashhurligi pasayib ketdi.

Zamonaviy Tailandda ko'pchilik suddan tashqari qotillik 2003 yilda giyohvandlikka qarshi kurash davomida sodir bo'lgan Tailand bosh vaziri Taksin Shinavatra hukumat homiyligidagi o'lim guruhlariga tegishli edi. Hukumat, yolg'onchi harbiy ofitserlar va radikal o'ng qanot / giyohvandlikka qarshi o'lim otryadlari o'rtasida kelishuv mavjud degan mish-mishlar davom etmoqda,siamexpats.comTailand: "Buzilgan Media Mogul va Salib Jurnalisti"MajburiyatO'lim guruhi havolalari. Giyohvandlar urushi va boshqalar. Butun dunyo bo'ylab. Ko'pincha AQSh tomonidan boshqariladigan yoki AQSh yordamidagi terrorizm. O'nlab yillar davomida millionlab odamlar o'ldirildi. Sanoat miqyosidagi qiynoqlar. "Nopok urushlar", qotillik, korruptsiya, beqarorlashtirish, dezinformatsiya, demokratiyani buzish va boshqalar. YuqoridaTailandning narkotiklarga qarshi o'lim guruhlari | Nasha madaniyati jurnaliMarihemp Tarmoq Galereyasi :: Tailand. 2500 sudsiz giyohvandlik urushida begunoh odamlarni o'ldirish.Tailandda giyohvand moddalarga qarshi urush qotillikni keltirib chiqarmoqda, bu oyda 600 kishi o'ldirilgan - Inson huquqlari bo'yicha guruhlar o'lim guruhlarini, qatl etishni rad etishmoqdaJanubi-sharqiy Osiyo: Tailanddagi giyohvand moddalar urushidagi qotilliklar jarayoni ostiga | StoptheDrugWar.org ikkalasi ham musulmon bilan^[105] va Buddaviy^{[iqtibos kerak ]} mamlakat janubida hanuzgacha mazhablararo o'lim guruhlari faoliyat yuritmoqda.

Usmonli imperiyasi

Davomida Arman genotsidi, Maxsus tashkilot o'lim guruhi sifatida ishlagan.^[106]

Evropa

Frantsiya

Davomida frantsuz harbiylari o'lim otryadlaridan foydalanganlar Jazoir urushi (1954–1962).^[107]

Germaniya

Veymar Respublikasi

O'lim guruhlari birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'ldi Germaniya oxiridan keyin Birinchi jahon urushi va ag'darish ning Hohenzollern uyi. Oldini olish maqsadida Davlat to'ntarishi Sovet tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan nemis kommunistlari tomonidan SPD - hukmronlik qilgan hukumat Veymar Respublikasi e'lon qilingan favqulodda holat va urush faxriylarini militsiyalar tarkibiga jalb qilishni buyurdi Freikorps. Mudofaa vaziriga rasmiy ravishda javob bergan bo'lsa-da Gustav Noske, the Freikorps tended to be drunken, trigger happy, and loyal only to their own commanders. However, they were instrumental in the defeat of the 1919 Spartakchilar qo'zg'oloni and the annexation of the short-lived Bavariya Sovet Respublikasi. The most famous victims of the Freikorps were the Communist leaders Karl Libbekt va Roza Lyuksemburg, who were captured after the suppression of the Spartacist Uprising and shot without trial. After the Freikorps units turned against the Republic in the monarxist Kapp Putsch, many of the leaders were forced to flee abroad and the units were largely disbanded.

Some Freikorps veterans drifted into the o'ta millatchi Tashkilot konsuli, which regarded the 1918 yilgi sulh va Versal shartnomasi as treasonous and assassinated politicians who were associated with them. Among their victims were Mattias Erzberger va Valter Rathenau, both of whom were cabinet ministers in the Weimar regime.

In addition, the city of Myunxen remained a headquarters of Russian Oq muhojir hit teams, which targeted those who were believed to have betrayed podshoh. Their most infamous operation remains the 1922 attempt on the life of Rossiya Muvaqqat hukumati davlat arbobi Pavel Miliukov Berlinda. When newspaper publisher Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov attempted to shield the intended victim, he was fatally shot by assassin Pyotr Shabelskiy-Bork.

During the same era, the Germaniya Kommunistik partiyasi also operated its own assassination squads. Titled, the Rotfrontkämpferbund they carried out assassinations of carefully selected individuals from the Weimar regime as well as assassinations of members of rival political parties. The most infamous operations of Weimar-era Communist death squads remain the 1931 slayings of Berlin police Captains Pol Anlauf va Franz Lenck. Those involved in the ambush either fled to the Sovet Ittifoqi or were arrested and prosecuted. Among those to receive the death penalty was Max Matern, who was later glorified as a shahid tomonidan Sharqiy nemis Shtat. The last surviving conspirator, former Sharqiy Germaniya maxfiy politsiyasi bosh Erix Mielke, was belatedly tried and convicted for the murders in 1993. The evidence needed to successfully prosecute him had been found in his personal safe after Germaniyaning birlashishi.

Natsistlar Germaniyasi

Einsatzgruppen murder Jews in Ivanhorod, Ukraina, 1942 yil

Between 1933 and 1945, Germany was a bir partiyali davlat tomonidan boshqariladi fashist Natsistlar partiyasi va uning rahbari, Adolf Gitler. During this period, the Nazis made extensive use of death squads and targeted killings.

In 1934, Hitler ordered the extrajudicial killings of Ernst Ruh va barcha a'zolari Sturmabteilung who remained loyal to him. Simultaneously, Hitler also ordered a mass purge of the German armed forces, targeting officers who, like General Kurt von Shleyxer, had opposed his drive for absolute power. These massacres have gone down in history as, "The Uzoq pichoqlar kechasi."

Istilasidan keyin Sovet Ittifoqi in 1941, the German military was followed by four travelling death squads called Einsatzgruppen to hunt down and kill Jews, Communists and other so-called undesirables in the occupied areas. Bu birinchisi edi qirg'inlar tarkibiga kiradi Holokost. Typically, the victims, who included women and children, were forcibly marched from their homes to open graves or ravines before being shot. Many others suffocated in specially designed poison trucks called gazli furgonlar. 1941 yildan 1944 yilgacha Einsatzgruppen killed some two million people, including about 1.3 million Jews, as well as tens of thousands of suspected political dissidents, most of the Polish upper class and intelligentsia, Asirlar, and uncounted numbers of Romany.^[108]

Another use of death squad tactics in Natsistlar Germaniyasi took place after the failure of the July 20th Plot, which had aimed to assassinate Hitler and dismantle the Nazi Party. More than 4,000 members and sympathizers of the Germaniya qarshiligi and their families were either killed out right or subjected to sud qotilligi sudya tomonidan Roland Freisler ning Xalq sudi. Those whom Freisler sentenced to death were routinely hanged from pianino tel nooses within hours of their trials.

These tactics ended only with the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945.

Sharqiy Germaniya

Between the end of World War II and 1989, Germany was divided into the democratic and capitalist Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi va kommunist Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi, a one-party state under the Sotsialistik birlik partiyasi va uning maxfiy politsiya, Stasi. During these years, kangaroo courts and cavalier use of the o'lim jazosi were routinely used against suspected enemies of the State.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} In order to prevent East German citizens from defecting to the West, orders were issued to border guards to shoot suspected defectors on sight. During the 1980s, the Stasi carried out a mission to hunt down and assassinate West Germans who were suspected of smuggling East Germans.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

On the orders of the Party leadership and Stasi chief Erix Mielke, the East German Government financed, armed, and trained, "urban guerrillas," from numerous countries. According to ex-Stasi Colonel Rainer Wiegand, ties to terrorist organizations were overseen by Markus Bo'ri and Department Three of the Stasi's foreign intelligence wing.^[109] Members of the West German Rote Armee Fraktion,^[110] The Chili Manuel Rodriges vatanparvarlik fronti,^[111] va Janubiy Afrika Umkhonto biz Sizwe^[112] were brought to East Germany for training in the use of military hardware and, "the leadership role of the Party."^[113] Similar treatment was meted out to Palestinian terrorists from the Falastinni ozod qilish uchun Xalq jabhasi, Abu Nidal va Qora sentyabr.^[114]

Other Stasi agents worked as harbiy maslahatchilar to African Marxist guerrillas and the governments they later formed. Ular tarkibiga kiritilgan Namibiya SWAPO va Angola MPLA davomida Janubiy Afrikadagi chegara urushi, FRELIMO davomida Mozambik mustaqilligi urushi va Fuqarolar urushi va Robert Mugabe "s ZANLA davomida Rodeziya Bush urushi.^[115]

Colonel Wiegand revealed that Mielke and Wolf provided bodyguards from the Stasi's counter-terrorism division for Senior PLO terrorist Karlos Shokal^[116] va Qora sentyabr rahbar Abu Dovud^[117] during their visits to the GDR. Col. Wiegand had been sickened by the 1972 Myunxendagi qatliom and was horrified that the GDR would treat the man who ordered it as an honored guest. When he protested, Wiegand was told that Abu Daoud was, "a friend of our country, a high-ranking political functionary," and that there was no proof that he was a terrorist.^[118]

During the 1980s, Wiegand secretly recruited a Libyan diplomat into spying on his colleagues. Wiegand's informant told him that the La Belle bombing and other terrorist attacks against western citizens were being planned at the Libyan Embassy in East Berlin. When Wiegand showed him a detailed report, Mielke informed the SED's Politburo, which ordered the Colonel to continue surveillance but not interfere with the plans of the Libyans.^[119]

Bir oz oldin Germaniyaning birlashishi, West Germany's Federal Konstitutsiyaviy sud indicted former Stasi chief Erich Mielke for collusion with two Qizil armiya fraktsiyasi terrorist attacks against U.S. military personnel. Birinchisi avtomashinada bomba hujum qilish Ramshteyn aviabazasi on 31 August 1981. The second was the qotillikka urinish ning Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi Umumiy Frederik Kroesen da Geydelberg on 15 September 1981.^[120][121] The latter attack, which was carried out by RAF members Brigitte Mohnhaupt va Kristian Klar, involved firing an RPG-7 tankga qarshi raketa into the General's armored Mercedes.^[122][123] Due to reasons of qarilik demansi, Mielke was never placed on trial for either attack.

Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi

Keyingi Germaniyaning birlashishi, death squads linked to foreign intelligence services have continued to operate in Germany. The most infamous example of this remains the 1992 Mykonos restoranidagi suiqasdlar, in which a group of anti-Islamist Iranians were fatally machine-gunned in a Greek restaurant in Berlin. A German court ultimately convicted the assassins and exposed the involvement of intelligence services of the Eron Islom Respublikasi. The murder and subsequent trial has been publicized in the nonfiction bestseller The Assassins of the Turquois Palace tomonidan Roya Hakakian.

Vengriya

Ko'pchilik uchun Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Hungary was an ally of Natsistlar Germaniyasi. However, the Regency Council of Admiral Miklos Xorti refused to permit the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Nazi death camps.

Then, in October 1944, Horthy announced a cease-fire with the Allies and ordered the Vengriya armiyasi qo'llarini qo'yish. Bunga javoban fashistlar Germaniyasi ishga tushdi Panzerfaust operatsiyasi, a covert operation which forced Horthy to abdicate in favour of the Fascist and militantly racist Arrow Cross Party, which was led by Ferenc Slasi. This was followed by an Arrow Cross to'ntarish in Budapest on the same day. Szálasi was declared "Leader of the Nation" and prime minister of a "Milliy birlik hukumati ".

Arrow Cross rule, despite lasting only three months, was brutal. Death squads killed as many as 38,000 Hungarians. Arrow Cross officers helped Adolf Eyxmann re-activate the deportation proceedings from which the Jews of Budapest had previously been spared, sending some 80,000 Jews out of the city on slave labor details and many more straight to death camps. Many Jewish males of conscription age were already serving as slave labor for the Hungarian Army's Forced Labor Battalions. Most of them died, including many who were murdered outright after the end of the fighting as they were returning home. Quickly formed battalions raided the Yellow Star Houses and combed the streets, hunting down Jews claimed to be partisans and saboteurs since Jews attacked Arrow Cross squads at least six to eight times with gunfire.^[124] These approximately 200 Jews were taken to the bridges crossing the Danube, where they were shot and their bodies borne away by the waters of the river because many were attached to weights while they were handcuffed to each other in pairs.^[125]

Qizil Armiya troops reached the outskirts of the city in December 1944, and the Budapesht jangi began, although it has often been claimed that there is no proof that the Arrow Cross members and the Germans conspired to destroy the Budapest ghetto.^[124] Days before he fled the city, Arrow Cross Interior Minister Gabor Vájna commanded that streets and squares named after Jews be renamed.^[126]

As control of the city's institutions began to decay, the Arrow Cross trained their guns on the most helpless possible targets: patients in the beds of the city's two Jewish hospitals on Maros Street and Bethlen Square, and residents in the Jewish poorhouse on Alma Road. Arrow Cross members continually sought to raid the ghettos and Jewish concentration buildings; the majority of Budapest's Jews were saved only by a handful of Jewish leaders and foreign diplomats, most famously the Swedish Raul Uollenberg, Papa Nuncio Monsignor Angelo Rotta, Swiss Consul Karl Lyuts va Francoist Ispaniya "s bosh konsul, Jorjio Perlaska.^[127] Szálasi knew that the documents used by these diplomats to save Jews were invalid according to international law, but ordered that they be respected.^[128]

The Arrow Cross government effectively fell at the end of January 1945, when the Soviet Army took Pest and their enemies forces retreated across the Danube to Buda. Szálasi had escaped from Budapest on December 11, 1944,^[128] taking with him the Vengriya qirollik toji, while Arrow Cross members and German forces continued to fight a rear-guard action in the far west of Hungary until the end of the war in April 1945.

After the war, many of the Arrow Cross leaders were captured and tried for harbiy jinoyatlar. Many were executed, including Ferenc Szálasi. Fr. Andras Kun, a Rim katolik priest who commanded an Arrow Cross death squad while dressed in his kassok, was also convicted and hanged after the war. Fr. Kun's cassock remains on permanent display at the Terror uyi yilda Budapesht.

Irlandiya

Irlandiya mustaqillik urushi

A group of British intelligence agents (reputedly either the Qohira to'dasi yoki Igoe Gang ) formed to counter IRA actions during the Irish War of Independence.

Davomida Irlandiya mustaqillik urushi, Irlandiya respublika armiyasi ostida Maykl Kollinz made use of death squads and targeted killings. At the beginning of the conflict, Collins recruited a group of men from the IRA's Dublin Brigade, who were dubbed "O'n ikki havoriy ". At Collins' orders, the Twelve Apostles strategically assassinated members of Crown security forces, Britaniya razvedkasi spymasters va mollar within IRA ranks. Collins was assisted in this by IRA moles within Qirollik Irlandiya konstabulary (RIC) and the Dublin Metropolitan Politsiyasi. Furthermore, several secretaries working for the British Army High Command in Dublin were also working as spies for Collins.

As British authority in Ireland began to disintegrate, Bosh Vazir Devid Lloyd Jorj e'lon qilingan favqulodda holat. In order to defeat the IRA, Uinston Cherchill, Urush bo'yicha davlat kotibi, suggested the recruitment of Birinchi jahon urushi faxriylar into paramilitary law enforcement. Lloyd George agreed to the proposal, and advertisements were filed in British newspapers. Groups of formerly enlisted men were formed into the Qora va tans, so called because of their mixture of Britaniya armiyasi and police uniforms. Veterans who had held officers rank were formed into the Yordamchi bo'lim, the members of which were higher paid and received better supplies. Members of both units, however, were despised by Irish civilians, against whom the "Tans" and "Auxies" routinely retaliated against for IRA raids and assassinations.

To make matters worse, it was also far from unheard of for the Muntazam armiya, the RIC, or the Dublin Metropolitan Police to use the same tactics. In many cases, mixed forces of army, policemen, and paramilitaries would abduct, torture, and summarily execute Irish civilians who were suspected of being connected with the IRA or IRA members. This further eroded support for British rule among the Irish populace.

Bir guruh Qora va tans in Dublin, April 1921.

On 20 March 1920, Tomas Mac pardasi, millatchi Lord Mayor ning Cork, was shot dead in front of his wife and son by a group of RIC officers with blackened faces.^[129]

Enraged, Collins ordered the Twelve Apostles to hunt down and assassinate every one of the RIC officers involved in Mac Curtain's murder. On 22 August 1920, RIC District Inspector Oswald Swanzy, who had ordered the assassination, was shot dead with Mac Curtain's revolver while leaving a Protestant church service in Lissurn, Antrim okrugi. This sparked a "pogrom "shaharning katolik aholisiga qarshi.^[130][131]

Yoqilgan Qonli yakshanba, Collins' men set out to assassinate members of a British army intelligence group known as the Qohira to'dasi, killing or fatally wounding fifteen men, some of whom were unconnected to the Gang. In one incident, the IRA group was heard to scream, "May the Lord have mercy on your souls", before opening fire.^[132]

Collins later said of the incident,

My one intention was the destruction of the undesirables who continued to make miserable the lives of ordinary decent citizens. I have proof enough to assure myself of the atrocities which this gang of spies and informers have committed. If I had a second motive it was no more than a feeling such as I would have for a dangerous reptile. By their destruction the very air is made sweeter. For myself, my conscience is clear. There is no crime in detecting in wartime the spy and the informer. They have destroyed without trial. I have paid them back in their own coin.^[133]

That afternoon, British security forces opened fire into the crowd during a Gal futboli match at Croke Park, killing 14 and wounding 68 players and spectators.

The hostilities ended in 1921 with the signing of the Angliya-Irlandiya shartnomasi, which guaranteed the independence of the Irlandiyaning Ozod shtati.

Irlandiya fuqarolar urushi

Irish Army soldiers escorting a captured IRA member

After independence, Irish nationalist movement divided over the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which granted a partitioned Ireland Dominion ichidagi holat Britaniya imperiyasi. Furthermore, all officials of the new Irish State were required to take an sadoqat qasamyodi ga Qirol Jorj V.

Natijada Irlandiya fuqarolar urushi was fought between those Irish nationalists who accepted the Treaty and those who considered it treasonous. Although fought between men who had recently served together against the British, the fighting was often without quarter and brutal atrocities were committed by both sides.

In IRA communications, the Irish State was referred to as,"The Imperial Gang", the "Murder Government", and as "a British-imposed Dáil". Therefore, Irish men and women who supported the Free State were regarded as traitors. At the orders of IRA Chief of Staff Liam Linch, Shartnomaga qarshi IRA began raising money for their cause via qurolli talonchilik of banks and post offices. On 30 November 1922, Liam Lynch issues what were dubbed the "orders of frightfulness", in which he ordered IRA members to assassinate members of the Irish Parliament, or Dáil Éireann, and Senators whenever possible. This General Order sanctioned the assassination of certain judges and newspaper editors. The IRA also launched a concerted o't qo'yish campaign against the homes of members of the Dáil, or TDs. Among these attacks were the burning of the house of TD James McGarry, resulting in the death of his seven-year-old son and the murder of Free state minister Kevin O'Higgins elderly father and burning of his family home at Stradbally 1923 yil boshida.

TDdan keyin Shon Xeyls was assassinated, the Dáil began to treat the civil war as a favqulodda holat. They voted to retaliate by qisqacha ijro etilmoqda four captured members of IRA Executive -- Rori O'Konnor, Liam Mellus, Richard Barret va Djo McKelvey. After the motion passed, all four men were executed by otishma otryadi on December 8, 1922. During the conflict, at least 73 other captured IRA men were treated in the same fashion—some following harbiy sud, others without trial. There are no conclusive figures for the number of unofficial executions of captured IRA insurgents, but Republican officer Todd Endryus estimated 153.^[134] (qarang Irlandiya fuqarolar urushi davrida qatl etilish ).

At the beginning of the Civil War, the Irish State formed a special terrorizmga qarshi kurash police, which was called the Jinoyat qidiruv bo'limi. Based in Dublin's Oriel House, the CID were despised by the Anti-Treaty IRA, which referred to them as "The Murder Gang". Davomida Dublin jangi, the CID is known to have shot 25 Anti-Treaty militants, officially while, "resisting arrest." Ultimately, the Irish State disbanded CID upon the cessation of hostilities in 1923.

Despite the best efforts of the Anti-Treaty forces, both the Irlandiya armiyasi and the CID proved highly effective in both combat and intelligence work. One tactic involved placing IRA message couriers under surveillance, which routinely led the Irish security forces to senior members of the insurgency.

Tarixchining fikriga ko'ra Tom Mahon, the Irish Civil War "effectively ended" on 10 April 1923, when the Irish Army tracked down and mortally wounded Liam Lynch during a skirmish in the Knockmealdown tog'lari ning County Tipperary. Yigirma kundan so'ng, Linchning vorisi, Frank Ayken, "Taslim bo'ling va qurol tashlang" buyrug'ini berdi.^[135]

Rossiya

Rossiya imperiyasi

Oprichniki, tomonidan rasm Nikolay Nevrev

The first organized use of death squad violence in Russia dates from the 16th century reign of Ivan dahshatli, the first Russian monarch to claim the title of Tsar. Nomi berilgan Oprichniki, they wore quiverlar which contained brooms, symbolizing their mission to ferret the enemies of the Tsar. They dressed in black garb, which was similar to a Rus pravoslavlari monastir odati, and bore the insignia of a severed dog's head (to sniff out xiyonat and the enemies of the Tsar) and a broom (to sweep them away). The dog's head was also symbolic of their "nipping at the heels of the Tsar's enemies." They were sometimes called the "Tsar's Dogs" on account of their loyalty to him. They also rode black horses in order to inspire a greater level of terror.

Their oath of allegiance was:I swear to be true to the Lord, Grand Prince, and his realm, to the young Grand Princes, and to the Grand Princess, and not to maintain silence about any evil that I may know or have heard or may hear which is being contemplated against the Tsar, his realms, the young princes or the Tsaritsa. I swear also not to eat or drink with the zemshchina, and not to have anything in common with them. On this I kiss the cross.^[136]

Boshchiligidagi Malyuta Skuratov, the Oprichniki routinely tortured and executed whomever the Tsar suspected of treason, including boyarlar, merchants, clergymen, commoners, and even entire cities. Ning xotiralari Geynrix fon Staden, provide a detailed description of both the Tsar's motivations and the inner workings of the Oprichniki.

The most famous victims of the Oprichniki remains Kyr Filipp Kolychev, Metropolitan episkopi ning Moskva. The Metropolitan gave a sermon in the Tsar's presence in which he rebuked Ivan for terrorizing and murdering large numbers of innocent people and their families. Enraged, Tsar Ivan convened a Church council which declared Metropolitan Philip defrocked and imprisoned in a monastery for delinquent clergy. Years later, Tsar Ivan sent an emissary demanding Metropolitan Philip's blessing on his plans for the Novgorod massacre. Metropolitan Philip said, "Only the good are blessed."

Enraged, Tsar Ivan sent Skuratov to personally strangle the Metropolitan in his monastic cell. Metropolitan Philip was subsequently glorified as a Saint by the Russian Orthodox Church.

In later centuries, Russian Tsars would declare a favqulodda holat and use death squad tactics in order to suppress domestic uprisings like Pugachevning qo'zg'oloni va 1905 yildagi Rossiya inqilobi. During the latter, Tsar Rossiya Nikolay II buyurdi Imperator Rossiya armiyasi to ally itself with the Qora yuzlar, an o'ta millatchi harbiylashtirilgan guruh. Those captured in arms against the Tsar's forces were tried by military tribunals before being hanged or shot. Ga binoan Simon Sebag Montefiore, being caught wearing similar clothing to Anti-Tsarist militias was often enough for court martial followed by execution. These tactics were continued by the antikommunist Oq harakat davomida Rossiya fuqarolar urushi (1917-1920).

Opponents of the Romanov uyi also carried out targeted killings of those deemed as enemies of Socialism, which was referred to as individual terror. Ular orasida Xalq irodasi, Bolshevik Battle Squad, and the Combat Brigade of the Sotsialistik inqilobiy partiya. Among the victims of Marxist death squads were Tsar Rossiyalik Aleksandr II, Rossiyaning Buyuk knyazi Sergey Aleksandrovich, va Gruzin tili shoir va noshir Ilia Chavchavadze. These tactics were drastically accelerated following the Oktyabr inqilobi.

Sovet Ittifoqi

Keyingi Bolsheviklar inqilobi, the former Russian Empire spent 73 years as a one party state ruled by the Sovet Ittifoqi Kommunistik partiyasi. Especially between 1917 and 1953, the CPSU routinely ordered the abduction, torture, and execution of massive numbers of real and suspected anti-communists. Those with upper class origins were routinely targeted in this way during the early years of the Soviet Union.

Most of the repression was committed by the regular forces of the state, like the army and the police, but there were also many cases of clandestine and covert operations.

Urushlararo davrda NKVD routinely targeted anti-Stalinists in the West for abduction or murder. Among them were the CPSU's former Commissar of War, Leon Trotskiy, kim o'ldirilgan Mexiko on 21 August 1940 by NKVD officer Ramon Mercador. Bundan tashqari, avvalgi Oq armiya Generallar Aleksandr Kutepov va Evgeniy Miller were abducted in Paris by the NKVD. Kutepov is alleged to have had a yurak xuruji before he could be smuggled back to Moscow, and shot. General Miller was not so fortunate and died in Moscow's Lubianka qamoqxonasi. Yevhen Konovalets, asoschisi Ukraina millatchilari tashkiloti, was blown to bits by NKVD officer Pavel Sudoplatov yilda Rotterdam on 23 May 1938.

In the post-war period, the Russian Orthodox Church collaborated with the Soviet State in a campaign to eliminate Sharqiy marosim katolikligi in the newly annexed regions of Soviet-ruled Ukraine.^[137] Priests and laity who refused to convert to Orthodoxy were either assassinated or deported to the GULAGs yilda Qarag'anda.^[138] On 27 October 1947, the NKVD staged a car accident in order to assassinate the Ukraina yunon-katolik Episkop Teodor Romja ning Mukachevo.^[139] When the "accident" failed to kill the Bishop, the NKVD poisoned him in his hospital bed on 1 November 1947.^[140]

Even in the post-Stalin era, the Soviet secret police continued to assassinate antikommunistlar G'arbda. Two of the most notable victims were Lev Rebet va Stepan Bandera, Ukraina millatchilari who were assassinated by the KGB yilda Myunxen, G'arbiy Germaniya. Both deaths were believed to be accidental until 1961, when their murderer, Bohdan Stashynskiy, defected to the West with his wife and voluntarily surrendered to West German authorities.

Rossiya Federatsiyasi

The Russian military has been accused of using death squads against Chechen qo'zg'olonchilari.^[141] After defecting to the United States in October, 2000, Sergey Tretyakov, an SVR agent, accused the Government of the Rossiya Federatsiyasi of following Soviet-era practices by routinely assassinating its critics abroad.

Ispaniya

Prior to World War II, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union fought a war by proxy during the Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi. There were death squads used by both the Falangistlar and Republicans during this conflict. Prominent victims of the era's death squad violence include the poet Federiko Gartsiya Lorka, Xose Robles va jurnalist Ramiro Ledesma Ramos. (Shuningdek qarang Ispaniya fuqarolar urushi shahidlari ).

The Republican death squads were heavily staffed by members of Jozef Stalin "s OGPU and targeted members of the Catholic clergy and the Ispan zodagonlari for assassination (see Qizil terror ).

Muallifning fikriga ko'ra Donald Reyfild,

Stalin, Yejov va Beriya distrusted Soviet participants in the Spanish war. Military advisors like Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, jurnalistlar yoqadi Koltsov were open to infection by the heresies, especially Trotskiy 's, prevalent among the Republic's supporters. NKVD agents sent to Spain were therefore keener on abducting and murdering anti-Stalinists among Republican leaders and Xalqaro brigada commanders than on fighting Franko. The defeat of the Republic, in Stalin's eyes, was caused not by the NKVD's diversionary efforts, but by the treachery of the heretics.^[142]

Jon Dos Passos keyinchalik yozgan,

I have come to think, especially since my trip to Spain, that civil liberties must be protected at every stage. In Spain I am sure that the introduction of GPU methods by the Communists did as much harm as their tank men, pilots and experienced military men did good. The trouble with an all powerful secret police in the hands of fanatics, or of anybody, is that once it gets started there's no stopping it until it has corrupted the whole body politic.^[143]

The ranks of the Republican assassination squads included Erix Mielke, the future head of the East German Davlat xavfsizlik vazirligi. Walter Janka, a veteran of the Republican forces who remembers him described Mielke's career as follows,

While I was fighting at the front, shooting at the Fascists, Mielke served in the rear, shooting Trotskiylar and Anarchists.^[144]

In the modern era, death squads, including the Batallon Vasko Espanol, Uchlik A, Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL) were illegally set up by officials within the Spanish government to fight ETA. They were active from 1975 until 1987, operating under Ispaniya sotsialistik ishchilar partiyasi cabinets from 1982.

Birlashgan Qirollik

Davomida muammolar yilda Shimoliy Irlandiya accusations of collusion between the British state and Sadoqatli terror groups have been longstanding, with several army units implicated in accusations of collusion. The Harbiy reaktsiya kuchlari (MRF) was a covert intelligence-gathering unit of the British Army active in Northern Ireland during muammolar, a former member described it as a "legalised death squad".^[145] Another former MRF soldier said: "If you had a player who was a well-known shooter who carried out quite a lot of assassinations... then he had to be taken out. "[They were] killers themselves, and they had no mercy for anybody."^[146]

During the 30 years of Muammolar yilda Shimoliy Irlandiya, Vaqtinchalik Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) have also been accused of operating such squads. Suspected informers were dealt with by the IRA's Ichki xavfsizlik bo'limi, which carried out an investigation and interrogated the suspects.^[147] Following this a harbiy sud would take place, with any o'lim jazosi needing to be ratified by the IRA Armiya Kengashi.^[148]

Yugoslaviya

The Srebrenitsa qirg'ini, deb ham tanilgan Srebrenitsa genotsidi,^{[149][150][151]} was the July 1995 killing of an estimated 8,000 Bosniya men and boys, as well as the ethnic cleansing of 1,000–2,000 refugees in the area of Srebrenitsa in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by units of the Srpska Respublikasining armiyasi (VRS) under the command general Ratko Mladić davomida Bosniya urushi. In addition to the VRS, a paramilitary unit from Serbia known as the Chayonlar participated in the massacre.^[152]

In Potočari, some of the executions were carried out at night under arc lights, and industrial bulldozers then pushed the bodies into mass graves.^[153] According to evidence collected from Bosniaks by French policeman Jean-René Ruez, some were buried alive; he also heard testimony describing Serb forces killing and torturing refugees at will, streets littered with corpses, people committing suicide to avoid having their noses, lips and ears chopped off, and adults being forced to watch the soldiers kill their children.^[153]

2004 yilda "Prokurorga qarshi Krstich" ishi bo'yicha bir ovozdan chiqarilgan qarorda Apellyatsiya palatasi Sobiq Yugoslaviya uchun Xalqaro jinoiy sud (ICTY) joylashgan Gaaga Srebrenitsa qirg'ini bo'lgan deb qaror qildi genotsid.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Yaqin Sharq

Misr

The Misrning temir gvardiyasi saroyparast siyosiy harakat yoki suiqasd qilgan maxfiy saroy tashkiloti edi Misrning Faroki dushmanlari yoki o'ldirish uchun litsenziyaga ega bo'lgan maxfiy birlik, bu Farukdan shaxsan buyruqlar olishiga ishonishgan. Bu bir nechta halokatli hodisalarda ishtirok etgan.

Eron

Shoh hukmronligi davrida Muhammad Rizo Pahlaviy (1941-1979) va SAVAK (Xavfsizlik va razvedka xizmati) tashkil etilgan. 1960-70 yillarda bu o'lim otryadlaridan foydalanishda ayblangan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Keyin Islom inqilobi Shohni ag'darib tashladi, Xalqaro Amnistiya Eronda inson huquqlari buzilishidan shikoyat qilishni davom ettirdi.^[154] Gumon qilingan dushmanlar Oyatulloh Xomeyni, qamoqqa olingan, qiynoqqa solingan, sud qilingan kenguru sudlari va ijro etilgan. Davrdagi o'lim guruhi zo'ravonligining eng mashhur qurboni bo'lib qolmoqda Amir-Abbos Xoveida, Shoh davrida Eronning bosh vaziri. Biroq, Eron armiyasidagi yuqori martabali ofitserlarga ham xuddi shunday muomala ko'rsatildi. Chet elda ta'qib qilingan va o'ldirilgan Islom Respublikasiga qarshi bo'lgan eronliklar orasida boshqa holatlar mavjud. Buning eng taniqli misollaridan biri 1992 yil bo'lib qolmoqda Mykonos restoranidagi suiqasdlar yilda Berlin, Germaniya.

Eron hukumati qurbonlari orasida hukumat agentlari nazorati ostida ishlaydigan "o'lim guruhlari" tomonidan o'ldirilgan tinch aholi ham bor, ammo bu o'ldirish operatsiyalari Eron hukumati tomonidan rad etilgan. Bu, ayniqsa, 1990-yillarda 80 dan ortiq yozuvchi, tarjimon, shoir, siyosiy faol va oddiy fuqarolarni hukumatni tanqid qilgan, g'oyib bo'ldi yoki o'ldirilgan deb topildi.^[155] 1983 yilda amerikalik Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi (Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi) Eron rahbarlaridan biriga bergan Xomeyni kommunistik ma'lumot KGB Eronda agentlar. Ushbu ma'lumot deyarli aniq ishlatilgan. Keyinchalik, Eron rejimi vaqti-vaqti bilan 1970-80 va 90-yillarda o'lim otryadlaridan foydalangan. Biroq, 2000-yillarga kelib, deyarli o'z faoliyatini to'xtatmaganga o'xshaydi. Bu qisman G'arblashtirish mamlakatning voqealarini shunga o'xshash voqealar bilan parallel deb ko'rish mumkin Livan, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari va Shimoliy Iroq 1990-yillarning oxiridan boshlab.

Iroq

Iroq inglizlar tomonidan uchta viloyatidan tashkil topgan Usmonli imperiyasi Birinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin imperiya parchalanishi ortidan uning aholisi aksariyat musulmon, ammo shialar va sunniylarga bo'lingan, shimolda esa oz sonli kurdlar. Poytaxtdagi yangi davlat rahbariyati Bag'dod ilgari, asosan, eskidan iborat bo'lgan Sunniy Arab elita.

Keyin Saddam Xuseyn tomonidan ag'darildi AQSh boshchiligidagi Iroqqa bostirib kirish 2003 yilda dunyoviy sotsialistik Baatist etakchilik shia va kurdlar uchun etakchilik rollarini o'z ichiga olgan vaqtinchalik va keyinchalik konstitutsiyaviy hukumat bilan almashtirildi. Bu shia, sunniy va kurdlarning etnik qurolli kuchlari rivojlanishiga parallel edi Peshmerga.

Davomida Iroq urushi mamlakat tobora uchta zonaga bo'linib bormoqda: a Kurdcha shimolda etnik zona, sunniylar markazi va Shia janubdagi etnik zona.

Uchala guruh ham o'lim guruhlarini boshqargan bo'lsa-da,^[156]Bag'dod milliy poytaxtida hozirgi shia politsiya bo'limi va armiyasining ba'zi a'zolari norasmiy, ruxsatsiz, ammo uzoq vaqtdan beri toqat qilayotgan o'lim otryadlarini tuzdilar.^[157] Ular, ehtimol, Ichki ishlar vazirligi bilan aloqada bo'lib, xalq orasida "qora qarg'alar" nomi bilan tanilgan. Ushbu guruhlar tunda ham, kunduzi ham faoliyat yuritgan. Ular odatda odamlarni hibsga olishgan, keyin qiynoqqa solishgan^[158] yoki ularni o'ldirgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Ushbu hujumlarning qurbonlari asosan yosh erkaklar bo'lib, ular sunniy a'zolari deb gumon qilingan qo'zg'olon. Abdul Razoq al-N'as, doktor Abdullateef al-Maya va doktor Vissam al-Hashimi kabi ajitatorlar ham o'ldirilgan. Ayollar va bolalar ham hibsga olingan yoki o'ldirilgan.^[159] Ushbu qotilliklarning ba'zilari oddiy talonchilik yoki boshqa jinoiy harakatlar ham bo'lgan.

Jurnalining 2005 yil may oyidagi sonidagi xususiyat The New York Times AQSh harbiylarini Iroq ichki ishlar vazirligi politsiyasining qo'mondonligi bo'lgan "Bo'rilar brigadasi" ni 1980-yillarda o'ldirish otryadlarida ishlatishda ayblagan. Marksistik Salvadorda qo'zg'olon.^[160]

2004 yilda AQSh jo'natdi Jeyms Stil Iroqning elchisi va maxsus tayyorgarlik bo'yicha maslahatchisi sifatida Maxsus politsiya qo'mondonlari keyinchalik qiynoq va o'lim guruhi faoliyatida ayblangan. Stil 1980-yillarda Salvadorda xizmat qilgan va u erda inson huquqlarini buzish bilan shug'ullanadigan hukumat bo'linmalariga qarshi urushda o'lim guruhlarini tayyorlashga yordam bergan. FMLNF.^[161]

Livan

O'lim guruhlari davomida faol edi Fuqarolar urushi 1975 yildan 1990 yilgacha. Mojaro paytida g'oyib bo'lganlar soni 17000 atrofida.^[162][163]

Saudiya Arabistoni

kurka

Kulrang bo'rilar (tashkilot) polkovnik tomonidan tashkil etilgan Alparslan Turkesh 1960-yillarda u asosiy millatchi kuch edi 1976–80 yillarda siyosiy zo'ravonlik Turkiyada. Ushbu davr mobaynida tashkilot "o'lim guruhi" ga aylandi^[164] shug'ullangan "ko'chalarda o'ldirish va qurolli janglar ".^[165] Hokimiyat ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, uning 220 a'zosi 694-ni amalga oshirgan^[164][166] chap va liberal faollar va ziyolilarning qotilliklari.^[167] Universitet talabalariga hujumlar odatiy hol edi. Ular yuzlab odamlarni o'ldirdilar Alevilar ichida Marash qatliomi 1978 yil^[168][169] va orqasida turganligi taxmin qilinmoqda Taksim maydonidagi qirg'in 1977 yil^[170][171] Buning ortida bo'lganlar urinish kuni Papa Ioann Pavel II 1981 yilda Gray Wolves a'zosi tomonidan hayot Mehmet Ali Ağca aniqlanmagan va tashkilotning roli aniq emas.^[A]

Inson huquqlarini himoya qilish guruhlari

Ko'pchilik inson huquqlari kabi tashkilotlar Xalqaro Amnistiya qarshi kampaniya olib bormoqda suddan tashqari jazo bilan birga BMT.^{[70][173][174]}

Shuningdek qarang

• O'zboshimchalik bilan hibsga olish va hibsga olish
• Manxunt (harbiy)
• Yarim tunda odam (Teleserial)
• Qonundan tashqari
• Salvador varianti
• Tanlab o'ldirish
• Vigilante

Agentliklar

• DIM Venesuela
• DINA Chili
• Einsatzkommandos fashistlar Germaniyasining
• PIDE Portugaliya
• Securitat Ruminiya Sotsialistik Respublikasi
• Inteligencia kotibi | TARAFIDA Argentina
• SNI
• SULFA
• ZOMO Polsha Xalq Respublikasining

Adabiyotlar

Manbalar

• Rods, Richard (2002). O'lim ustalari: SS-Einsatzgruppen va Holokost ixtirosi. Nyu-York: Amp kitoblar. ISBN  978-0-375-70822-0.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• O'lim guruhi: davlat terrorining antropologiyasi Jeffri Sluka (tahr.), Pensilvaniya universiteti matbuoti, 1999 y
• Global nuqtai nazardan o'lim guruhlari: rad etish bilan qotillik Bryus Kempbell va Artur Brenner (tahr.), Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 y
• O'lim guruhlarining siyosiy iqtisodiyoti: Davlat tomonidan tasdiqlangan terrorizmning ta'siri nazariyasiga T Devid Meyson va Deyl A Kran, Xalqaro tadqiqotlar chorakda (33: 2), 1989, 175-198 betlar.
• Jallad: Janubiy Osiyodagi o'lim guruhlari va davlat terrorizmi^{[doimiy o'lik havola ]} Tasneem Khalil, Pluton Press, 2015 yil
• Assamni yashirin ravishda o'ldirish: Qizil daryo va Moviy tepaliklar o'lkasidagi dahshatli voqealar Mrinal Talukdar, Utpal Borpujari, Kaushik Deka, Nanda Talukdar Foundation, 2009 y

Tashqi havolalar

• Escadrons de la mort, l'école française (O'lim guruhlari, frantsuz maktabi - video frantsuz tilida, ispancha subtitr bilan)
• Gvatemaladagi o'lim guruhi kundaligi qurbonlari qoldiqlarining hayratlanarli kashfiyoti