Zulfikar Ali Bxutto - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Zulfikar Ali Bxutto
4-chi Pokiston Prezidenti
Ofisda 1971 yil 20 dekabr - 1973 yil 13 avgust
Vitse prezident	Nurul Amin (1971–72) Yo'q (1972-73)
Oldingi	Yahyo Xon
Muvaffaqiyatli	Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri
9-chi Pokiston Bosh vaziri
Ofisda 1973 yil 14 avgust - 1977 yil 5 iyul
Prezident	Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri
Oldingi	Nurul Amin
Muvaffaqiyatli	Muhammadxon Junejo
7-chi Milliy assambleya spikeri
Ofisda 1972 yil 14 aprel - 1972 yil 15 avgust
O'rinbosar	Muhammad Hanifxon
Oldingi	Abdul Jabborxon
Muvaffaqiyatli	Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri
8 va 12 Tashqi ishlar vaziri
Ofisda 1963 yil 15 iyun - 1966 yil 31 avgust
Prezident	Ayub Xon
Oldingi	Muhammad Ali Bogra
Muvaffaqiyatli	Sharifuddin Pirzada
Ofisda 1971 yil 20 dekabr - 1977 yil 28 mart
Prezident	Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri
Oldingi	Yahyo Xon
Muvaffaqiyatli	Aziz Ahmed
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	(1928-01-05)1928 yil 5-yanvar Ratodero Taluka, Bombay prezidentligi, Britaniya Hindistoni (hozirgi Sind, Pokiston )
O'ldi	1979 yil 4 aprel(1979-04-04) (51 yosh) Ravalpindi, Panjob, Pokiston
O'lim sababi	Osib o'ldirish
Dam olish joyi	Bhutto oilaviy maqbarasi, Garhi Xudo Baxsh, Sind, Pokiston
Siyosiy partiya	Pokiston Xalq partiyasi
Turmush o'rtoqlar	Shireen Amir Begum ​ (m. 1943)​ [1] Nusrat Ispaxani ​ (m. 1951)​ [2]
Munosabatlar	Qarang Bhutto oilasi
Bolalar	4 (rasm.) Benazir va Murtaza )
Ona	Xursid Begum
Ota	Shoh Navaz Bhutto
Ta'lim	Sobor va Jon Konnon maktabi
Olma mater	Janubiy Kaliforniya universiteti Berkli Kaliforniya universiteti (BA ) Xrist cherkovi, Oksford (BA, BCL, Magistr )
Kasb	Advokat, siyosatchi

Zulfikar Ali Bxutto (Sindxi: Zwاlfqاr ly zw‎; Urdu: Zwذُlfiqاr لlyy bُھٹّw; 1928 yil 5 yanvar - 1979 yil 4 aprel) a Pokiston advokat sifatida xizmat qilgan siyosatchi 9-chi Pokiston Bosh vaziri 1973 yildan 1977 yilgacha va undan oldin to'rtinchi Pokiston Prezidenti 1971 yildan 1973 yilgacha. Shuningdek, u Pokiston Xalq partiyasi (PPP) va 1979 yilda ijro etilgunga qadar uning raisi sifatida ishlagan.^[3]

Zamonaviy tug'ilgan Sind va o'qigan Berkli Kaliforniya universiteti va Oksford universiteti, Bhutto advokat sifatida o'qigan Linkolnning mehmonxonasi, kirishdan oldin siyosat Prezidentlardan biri sifatida Iskandar Mirzo Vazirlar Mahkamasining a'zolari va Prezident davrida bir nechta vazirliklarga tayinlangan Ayub Xon 1958 yildan beri harbiy hukmronlik. tayinlandi Tashqi ishlar vaziri 1963 yilda Bututto tarafdori edi Gibraltar operatsiyasi yilda Kashmir, olib boradi 1965 yilda Hindiston bilan urush. Keyin Toshkent kelishuvi Harbiy harakatlarni tugatgan Bhutto Ayub Xon bilan til topishib ketdi va hukumatdan chetlashtirildi.

Bhutto PPPga 1967 yilda a sotsialistik platforma va bahsli umumiy saylovlar Prezident tomonidan o'tkazilgan Yahyo Xon 1970 yilda Avami ligasi umuman ko'pchilik o'rinlarni qo'lga kiritgan bo'lsa, PPP ko'pchilik o'rinlarni egallagan G'arbiy Pokiston; ikki partiya, xususan, yangi konstitutsiya to'g'risida kelisha olmadi, xususan Olti nuqta harakati G'arbiy Pokistondagi ko'pchilik buni mamlakatni buzish uchun yo'l deb bilgan.^[4] Keyingi qo'zg'olonlar ajralib chiqish ning Bangladesh, va Pokiston yo'qotadi urush Bangladesh ittifoqdoshlariga qarshi Hindiston 1971 yilda. Bhutto prezidentlik lavozimini 1971 yil dekabrida topshirgan va favqulodda vaziyat qoidasi tayinlandi. Bhutto Pokistonni tiklashga kirishganida, u "ishonchni tiklash va kelajakka umidni tiklash" niyati borligini aytdi.^[5]

1972 yil iyulga qadar Bututto 43,600ni tikladi harbiy asirlar va 5000 kvadrat mil imzolaganidan keyin Hindiston nazorati ostidagi hudud Simla shartnomasi.^[6][7] U Xitoy bilan aloqalarni mustahkamladi va Saudiya Arabistoni, tan olingan Bangladesh, ikkinchisiga mezbonlik qildi Islom konferentsiyasini tashkil etish yilda Lahor 1974 yilda.^[6] Ichkarida, Bututoning hukmronligi ko'rgan parlament bir ovozdan ma'qullash a yangi konstitutsiya 1973 yilda u tayinlagan Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri Prezident va yangi vakolat berilgan Bosh vazir lavozimiga o'tdi. Shuningdek, u boshlashda ajralmas rol o'ynadi mamlakatning yadro dasturi.^[8] Biroq, Bhutto milliylashtirish Pokistonning yangi paydo bo'lgan sanoat, sog'liqni saqlash va ta'lim muassasalarining aksariyati bilan uchrashdi iqtisodiy turg'unlik. Viloyat feodal hukumatlari tarqatilgandan so'ng Balujiston tartibsizliklar bilan kutib olindi, Bututo ham buyurdi viloyatdagi armiya operatsiyasi 1973 yilda minglab tinch aholi o'limiga sabab bo'ldi.^[9]

Fuqarolik tartibsizligiga qaramay, PPP g'olib bo'ldi 1977 yildagi parlament saylovlari keng farq bilan. Biroq, muxolifat keng tarqaldi ovozlarni soxtalashtirish va zo'ravonlik butun mamlakat bo'ylab avj oldi. O'sha yilning 5 iyulida Bututto a harbiy to'ntarish u tayinlagan armiya boshlig'i Ziyo ul-Haq, tomonidan tortishuvlarga qadar sud qilinib va ​​qatl etilishidan oldin Pokiston Oliy sudi 1979 yilda a .ni o'ldirishga ruxsat berganligi uchun siyosiy raqib.^[7][10][11]

Bhutto o'z millatchiligi va dunyoviy baynalmilalist kun tartibiga loyiq deb topilgan munozarali shaxs bo'lib qolmoqda, ammo siyosiy raqiblarini qo'rqitgani va inson huquqlarini buzgani uchun tanqid qilinmoqda. U ko'pincha biri hisoblanadi Pokistonning eng buyuk rahbarlari,^[12] va uning partiyasi - PPP, qizi bilan Pokistonning eng yirik partiyalaridan biri bo'lib qolmoqda Benazir Bhutto ikki marta Bosh vazir etib saylangan,^[3] uning kuyovi va Benazirning eri, Osif Ali Zardari, prezident bo'lib ishlagan.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto a ga tegishli edi Sindxi Butto oila, u tug'ilgan Ser Shoh Navaz Bhutto va Xursid Begum yaqinida Larkana.^[13][14] Zulfikar ularning uchinchi farzandi edi - ularning birinchisi Sikandar Ali 1914 yilda etti yoshida pnevmoniyadan vafot etgan, ikkinchisi Imdad Ali vafot etgan siroz 1953 yilda 39 yoshida.^[15] Uning otasi devon ning shahzoda davlati ning Junagad va rasmiylar bilan ta'sirchan munosabatlarga ega edi Britaniyalik Raj. Bhutto yosh bolaligida ko'chib o'tdi Worli Seaface yilda Bombay da o'qish Sobor va Jon Konnon maktabi. Keyin u ham faolga aylandi Pokiston harakati. 1943 yilda uning nikohi Shirin Amir Begum bilan tuzilgan.^[2] 1947 yilda Bhutto qabul qilindi Janubiy Kaliforniya universiteti siyosatshunoslikni o'rganish.^[16]

1949 yilda, ikkinchi kursda o'qiyotgan Bhutto Berkli Kaliforniya universiteti, qaerda u a B.A. 1950 yilda siyosatshunoslik darajasi.^[3] U erda Bhutto sotsializm nazariyalari bilan qiziqib, ularning Islomiy mamlakatlarda amalga oshirilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida bir qator ma'ruzalar o'qidi. Shu vaqt ichida Bututoning otasi Junagadning ishlarida munozarali rol o'ynagan. Saroy to'ntarishida hokimiyat tepasiga kelib, u o'z davlatining Pokistonga qo'shilishini ta'minladi va bu oxir-oqibat 1947 yil dekabrida Hindiston aralashuvi bilan inkor etildi.^[17] 1950 yil iyun oyida Bhutto huquqshunoslik bo'yicha Buyuk Britaniyaga yo'l oldi Xrist cherkovi, Oksford va LLB, so'ngra huquqshunoslik bo'yicha LLM darajasi va M.Sc. siyosatshunoslik (imtiyozli) darajasi.^[3] O'qishni tugatgach, u barga chaqirildi Linkolnning mehmonxonasi 1953 yilda.^[3] U advokat Ijaz Husayn Batalvining hamkori edi, keyinchalik u o'z ishida prokuror sifatida qatnashdi.

Siyosiy martaba

1957 yilda Bhutto Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotidagi Pokiston delegatsiyasining eng yosh a'zosi bo'ldi. U murojaat qildi BMTning tajovuz bo'yicha oltinchi qo'mitasi oktabr va Pokiston delegatsiyasini birinchisiga olib bordi Dengiz huquqi bo'yicha BMT konferentsiyasi 1958 yilda. O'sha yili Bututo Pokistonning eng yosh vazirlar vaziriga aylandi Savdo vazirligi Prezident tomonidan Iskandar Mirzo, oldindanDavlat to'ntarishi hukumat.^[3] 1960 yilda u Vazir lavozimiga ko'tarildi Suv va quvvat, Aloqa va Sanoat. Bhutto Ayub Xonning ishonchli ittifoqchisi va maslahatchisiga aylandi, uning yoshligi va nisbatan tajribasizligiga qaramay nufuzi va kuchi ko'tarildi. Bhutto o'z prezidentiga muzokaralarda yordam berdi Hind suvlari to'g'risidagi shartnoma 1960 yilda Hindistonda va kelgusi yil an neft-razvedka shartnomasi Pokistonga iqtisodiy va texnik yordam ko'rsatishga rozi bo'lgan Sovet Ittifoqi bilan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Tashqi ishlar vaziri

Tashqi ishlar vaziri Bhutto G'arbiy Germaniya rasmiylari bilan uchrashadi Bonn, 1965

Zulfiqar Ali Bxutto va Jon F. Kennedi

Bhutto a Pokiston millatchi va sotsialistik,^[18] Pokiston uchun zarur bo'lgan demokratiya turiga alohida qarashlar bilan. 1963 yilda tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lgach, uning sotsialistik qarashlari unga a yaqin munosabatlar qo'shni Xitoy bilan. O'sha paytda ko'plab boshqa mamlakatlar qabul qilishdi Tayvan bir vaqtning o'zida Xitoyning qonuniy yagona hukumati sifatida ikki hukumat har biri "Xitoy" deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[19] 1964 yilda Sovet Ittifoqi va uning sun'iy yo'ldosh davlatlari uzilib qoldi mafkuraviy tafovutlar yuzasidan Pekin bilan munosabatlar va faqat Albaniya va Pokiston Xitoy Xalq Respublikasini qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Bhutto Pekinni BMTda va shu bilan birga qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatladi UNSC, shuningdek, Qo'shma Shtatlarga ko'priklar qurishni davom ettirmoqda.^[20] Bhuttoning Xitoy bilan aloqalarni rivojlantirish tarafdori ekanligi AQSh tomonidan tanqid ostiga olindi. Prezident Lyndon B. Jonson Bhuttoga yozgan xatida, Xitoyga kelayotgan ortiqcha og'ishlar Kongressning Pokistonga yordamni qo'llab-quvvatlashiga putur etkazishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirdi.^[21] Bhutto o'z ma'ruzalarida demagogik uslubda murojaat qildi va rahbarlik qildi tashqi ishlar vazirligi tajovuzkor. Uning etakchilik uslubi va tezda hokimiyat tepasiga ko'tarilishi unga milliy shon-sharaf va mashhurlikni keltirdi. Bututo va uning xodimlari Pekinga tashrif buyurishdi va xitoyliklar tomonidan iliq kutib olindi va Bututo salomlashdi Mao Szedun katta hurmat bilan.^[22] U erda Bhutto Ayubga Xitoy rejimi bilan savdo va harbiy bitimlar bo'yicha muzokaralar olib borishda yordam berdi, ular Pokistonga bir necha harbiy va sanoat loyihalarida yordam berishga kelishdilar.^[22]

Bhutto imzoladi Xitoy-Pokiston chegaraviy bitimi 1963 yil 2 martda 750 kvadrat kilometrlik hududni ko'chirib o'tkazdi Pokiston tomonidan boshqariladigan Kashmir Xitoy nazorati ostida.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}Bhutto unga ishonishini tasdiqladi qo'shilmaslik, Pokistonni bloklarga qo'shilmagan tashkilotlarning nufuzli a'zosiga aylantirish. Ishonish panislomiy birlik, Bhutto Indoneziya va Saudiya Arabistoni kabi yaqin aloqalarni rivojlantirdi. Bututo Pokistonning shu paytgacha g'arbparast tashqi siyosatini sezilarli darajada o'zgartirdi. Pokiston uchun taniqli rolni saqlab qolish bilan birga Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo shartnomasi tashkiloti va Markaziy Shartnoma Tashkiloti, Bututo Pokiston uchun mustaqil bo'lgan tashqi siyosat kursini ilgari surishni boshladi AQSh ta'siri. Ayni paytda Bhutto ikkalasini ham ziyorat qildi Sharq va G'arbiy Germaniya va ikki mamlakat o'rtasida mustahkam aloqani o'rnatdi. Bhutto Germaniya bilan iqtisodiy, texnologik, sanoat va harbiy kelishuvlarni amalga oshirdi. Bututo Pokistonning Germaniya bilan strategik ittifoqini mustahkamladi. Bhutto xayrlashuv nutqida nutq so'zladi Myunxen universiteti, u erda u Pokiston va Germaniya munosabatlarining muhimligini keltirdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Shundan keyin Bhutto Polshaga tashrif buyurdi va 1962 yilda diplomatik aloqalarni o'rnatdi.^[23] Bhutto ishlatilgan Pokiston havo kuchlari Brigada generali Wladysław Turowicz Pokiston va Polsha o'rtasida harbiy va iqtisodiy aloqalarni o'rnatish.^[24] Bhutto qidirib topdi Pokistondagi Polsha jamoasi va o'zaro hamkorlik uchun yangi yo'llar uchun juda katta kuch sarfladilar.

1962 yilda Hindiston va Xitoy o'rtasida hududiy farqlar kuchayganligi sababli, Pekin sahnaga chiqishni rejalashtirgan edi bosqin Hindistonning shimoliy hududlarida. Premer Chjou Enlai va Mao Pokistonni dam olish uchun reydga qo'shilishga taklif qildi Jammu va Kashmir shtati Hindistondan. Bhutto rejani himoya qildi, ammo Ayub rejaga qarshi chiqdi: u hind qo'shinlari tomonidan qasos olishdan qo'rqdi.^[19] Buning o'rniga Ayub Hindiston bilan "qo'shma mudofaa ittifoqi" ni taklif qildi. Bhutto bunday bayonotlardan hayratda qoldi va Ayub Xonni xalqaro ishlarda o'qimaganligini his qildi. Bhutto Pokistonning antikommunistik g'arbiy ittifoqlarga a'zo bo'lishiga qaramay, Xitoy Pokistonni tanqid qilishdan tiyilganidan xabardor edi. 1962 yilda AQSh Pokistonni "Kashmir masalalari" pokistonliklar va "kashmiriylar" xohishiga ko'ra hal qilinishiga ishontirdi. Shuning uchun Ayub Xitoy rejalarida qatnashmadi.^[19] Bhutto AQShni 1962 yil Xitoy-Hind urushi paytida va undan keyin Hindistonga harbiy yordam ko'rsatayotgani uchun tanqid qildi, bu Pokistonning AQSh bilan ittifoqining bekor qilinishi sifatida qabul qilindi.^[25]

Ayni paytda Ayub Xon, Bututoning maslahati bilan, ishga tushdi Gibraltar operatsiyasi uchun taklif bilan "ozod qilish" Kashmir. Bu fiyasko va Hindiston qurolli kuchlari muvaffaqiyatli qarshi hujumni boshladi G'arbiy Pokiston (1965 yildagi Hind-Pokiston urushi ).^[19] Bu urush 1965 yil mart va avgust oylari oralig'ida xalqaro chegaralarda sodir bo'lgan qisqa to'qnashuvlarning oqibati edi Rann of Kutch, Jammu va Kashmir va Panjob. Bhutto O'zbekistondagi Ayub bilan muzokara o'tkazish uchun qo'shildi tinchlik shartnomasi Hindiston Bosh vaziri bilan Lal Bahodir Shastri. Ayub va Shastri harbiy asirlarni almashtirishga va tegishli kuchlarni urushgacha bo'lgan chegaralarga olib chiqishga kelishib oldilar. Ushbu kelishuv Pokistonda juda mashhur bo'lmagan va Ayub rejimiga qarshi katta siyosiy notinchlikni keltirib chiqardi. Bhuttoning yakuniy shartnomani tanqid qilishi u bilan Ayub o'rtasida katta ziddiyatni keltirib chiqardi. Dastlab bu mish-mishlarni rad etgan Bhutto 1966 yil iyun oyida iste'foga chiqdi va Ayub rejimiga qattiq qarshilik bildirdi.^[25]

O'zining davrida Bhutto Hindistonga qarshi agressiv geostrategik va tashqi siyosat ishlab chiqarayotgani ma'lum bo'lgan.^[26] 1965 yilda Bututoning do'sti Munir Ahmadxon holati haqida unga xabar berdi Hindistonning yadro dasturi. Xabarlarga ko'ra Bhutto "Pokiston ming yil davomida kurashadi, agar kurashadi. Agar .. Hindiston (atom) bombasini quradi .... (Pokiston) o't yoki (barg) yeydi, hatto och qoladi, ammo biz (Pokiston) o'zimiznikidan birini (atom bombasini) oling .... Bizning (Pokistonda) boshqa tanlovimiz yo'q! ". Uning 1969 yilgi kitobida Mustaqillik haqidagi afsona Bhutto Pokiston uchun bo'linadigan qurolni sotib olish va sanoati rivojlangan davlatlarga qarshi tura olish uchun va yadro quroliga ega bo'lgan Hindistonga qarshi turg'unlik dasturini boshlash "zaruriyati" ekanligini ta'kidladi. Bhutto manifestni qo'lga kiritdi va dastur qanday ishlab chiqilishi va qaysi alohida olimlar dasturni boshlashi to'g'risida kelajakda siyosat olib bordi. Bhutto Munir Ahmadxonni tanladi va Abdus Salam (Nobel mukofoti sovrindori va Ahmadiy Muslim va Bhuttoning konstitutsiyaviy nomiga qaramay Ahmadiylarning Pokistoni "musulmon bo'lmaganlar" ) Axmaan Ahmadiyua dasturning birinchi va asosiy asosi.^[26][27]

Pokiston Xalq partiyasi

Tashqi ishlar vaziri lavozimidan iste'foga chiqqandan so'ng, 1967 yil 21 iyunda Lahorga kelganida Bututoning nutqini tinglash uchun ko'p odamlar to'plandilar. Ayubga qarshi g'azab to'lqini urib, Bututo siyosiy ma'ruzalar qilish uchun Pokiston bo'ylab sayohat qildi. 1966 yil oktyabr oyida Bhutto o'zining yangi partiyasining "Islom bizning e'tiqodimiz, demokratiya bizning siyosatimiz, sotsializm bizning iqtisodiyotimiz. Barcha hokimiyat odamlar uchun" degan e'tiqodlarini aniq bayon qildi.^[28] 1967 yil 30-noyabr kuni Lahordagi qarorgohda Mubashir Hassan, Bengal kommunisti Bututoni o'z ichiga olgan yig'ilish J. A. Rahim va Jehangir shayx asos solgan Pokiston Xalq partiyasi (PPP), Panjabda, Sindda va boshqalar orasida kuchli bazani tashkil etish Muhajirlar.^[29]

Mubashir Xasanning Lahor qarorgohida, 1967 yil 30-noyabrda

Mubashir Xasan, muhandislik professori UET Lahor Bhuttoning muvaffaqiyati va ko'tarilishining asosiy miyasi va yashirin qo'li edi. Hassan rahbarligi va Bututoning rahbarligi ostida PPP butun Pokiston bo'ylab turli xil siyosiy partiyalarni qamrab olgan demokratiya tarafdorlari harakatining bir qismiga aylandi. PPP faollari mamlakatning turli hududlarida katta norozilik va ish tashlashlar uyushtirishdi, Ayubni iste'foga chiqarishga bosimni kuchaytirdi. 1969 yil 12 noyabrda doktor Xasan va Bhuttoning hibsga olinishi yanada katta siyosiy notinchlikni keltirib chiqardi. Ozodlikka chiqqandan so'ng, Bhutto, PPPning asosiy rahbarlari bilan bir qatorda, Ayub Xon chaqirgan davra suhbati konferentsiyasida qatnashdi Ravalpindi, lekin Ayubning ofisdagi davomini qabul qilishni rad etdi Sharqiy Pokiston siyosatchi Shayx Mujibur Rahmon "s Olti nuqta harakati mintaqaviy muxtoriyat uchun.^[29]

Ayub iste'foga chiqqandan keyin uning o'rnini egallagan general Yahyo Xon ushlab turishga va'da berdi parlament saylovlari 1970 yil 7 dekabrda. Bhutto rahbarligida demokratik sotsialistlar, chapchilar va marxist -kommunistlar yig'ilib, birlashdilar partiya platformasi Pokiston tarixida birinchi marta. Bhutto boshchiligidagi sotsialistik-kommunistik blok G'arbiy Pokistondagi muhojirlar va kambag'al dehqon jamoalarida qo'llab-quvvatlashni kuchaytirdi, odamlarni o'zlarining kelajagi uchun ovoz berishga o'rgatish orqali ish olib bordi.^[29] Tarqoqlashgan sotsialistik-kommunistik guruhlarni bitta markazga to'plash va birlashtirish Bhuttoning eng katta siyosiy yutug'i deb hisoblandi va natijada Bhuttoning partiyasi va boshqa chapchilar G'arbiy Pokistondagi saylov okruglaridan ko'p o'rinlarni egalladilar.^[28] Biroq, shayx Mujibnikidir Avami ligasi qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatda mutlaq ko'pchilikni qo'lga kiritdi, Buttoning PPP-sidan ikki baravar ko'proq ovoz oldi. Bhutto Avami Ligasi hukumatini qabul qilishdan qat'iyan bosh tortdi va shafqatsiz tahdid bilan "oyoqlarini sindirish"ning birinchi sessiyasida qatnashishga jur'at etgan har qanday saylangan PPP a'zosi Milliy assambleya. G'arbiy Pokistonning Sharqiy Pokiston ayirmachiligidan qo'rqishidan foydalangan holda, Bututo shayx Mujibdan PPP bilan koalitsiya tuzishni talab qildi. Va biron bir bosqichda "edhar xum, udhar tum" taklif qilindi, ya'ni u G'arbni, Mujib esa Sharqni boshqarishi kerak. Prezident Yahyo Sharqiy Pokistondagi xalq harakatini kuchaytirgan milliy assambleya yig'ilishini keyinga qoldirdi. Sharqiy Pokistondagi xalqning g'azabi ostida 1971 yil 7 martda shayx Mujib Bengaliyaliklarni "Bangladesh" uchun kurashga qo'shilishga chaqirdi. Tarixiy ma'lumotlarga va Pokistonning etakchi gazetasi tomonidan chop etilgan hisobotga ko'ra Millat, "Mujib endi Pokistonga ishonmaydi va Bangladeshni amalga oshirishga ahd qiladi". Ko'pchilik, shuningdek, Bhutto G'arbda Sharqni ajratish hisobiga hokimiyatni xohlaydi, deb hisoblar edi.^[30] Biroq, Mujib hali ham 7 martdagi nutqida qandaydir kelishuv uchun eshiklarni ochiq qoldirgan. Yahyo, Dakoda muzokaralar konferentsiyasini Bhutto va Mujib o'rtasida kelishuvga erishish uchun boshladi. Prezident 25 mart kuni kechqurun G'arbiy Pokistonga jo'nab ketguniga qadar munozaralar "samarali" bo'lishi kutilgan edi. 1971 yil 25 mart kuni kechasi armiya harbiy xunta tomonidan rejalashtirilgan "Projektor operatsiyasi" ni boshladi. Yahyo Xonning siyosiy faoliyatini bostirish uchun. Mujib hibsga olingan va G'arbiy Pokistonda qamalgan.^[31]

Bhutto 1971 yilda

Bhutto 25 martga o'tar kechasi Dakada qoldi va Pokistonni 26-kuni ketishdan oldin armiya qutqarib qoldi, deb izoh berdi. Bhutto armiyaning harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda va xalqaro qo'llab-quvvatlashga harakat qilganda, Yahyo Xon rejimidan uzoqlashdi va Yahyo Xonni vaziyatga noto'g'ri munosabatda bo'lganligi uchun tanqid qila boshladi.^[32] U Yahyo Xonning Bengaliyalik siyosatchini tayinlash rejasini qabul qilishdan bosh tortdi Nurul Amin Bosh vazir sifatida, Bhutto bosh vazir o'rinbosari sifatida.^[32] Bhuttoning rad etishidan va general Yahyo Xonning vaziyatni noto'g'ri ko'rib chiqishiga doimiy ravishda g'azablanishidan ko'p o'tmay, Xan harbiy politsiyaga Bututoni Mujibga o'xshagan xiyonat ayblovi bilan hibsga olishni buyurdi.^[32] Bhutto qamoqda o'tirgan Adiala qamoqxonasi u Mujib bilan birga, u erda u ayblovlarga duch kelishi kerak edi.^[32] Armiyaning Sharqiy Pokistonning Bengaliyasiga qarshi tazyiqlari Mukti-Bahini (mustaqil Bangladesh kampaniyasi uchun tuzilgan va Hindiston armiyasi tomonidan o'qitilgan partizan kuchlari) tomonidan qurolli qarshilikni kuchaytirdi. Pokiston g'arbiy chegarada Hindistonga havo hujumini uyushtirdi, natijada Hindistonning Sharqiy Pokistonga aralashuvi va natijada 1971 yil 16-dekabrda taslim bo'lgan Pokiston kuchlarining achchiq mag'lubiyatiga olib keldi. Binobarin, Bangladesh shtati tug'ilib, Bhutto va boshqalar Yahyo Xonni Pokiston birligini himoya qila olmaganligi uchun qoraladi.^[32] Yahyo Xon izolyatsiya qilingan, 20 dekabrda iste'foga chiqdi va hokimiyatni prezident, bosh qo'mondon va birinchi fuqarolik bosh harbiy holat ma'muri bo'lgan Bututoga topshirdi.^[28]

Bhutto 1958 yildan buyon mamlakatning birinchi fuqarolik bosh harbiy holat ma'muri va shuningdek, birinchi fuqarolik prezidenti bo'lgan.^[28] Bhutto boshqaruvni o'z zimmasiga olgandan so'ng, so'lchilar va demokrat sotsialistlar mamlakat siyosatiga kirib kelishdi va keyinchalik mamlakat siyosatida kuch ishtirokchilari sifatida paydo bo'lishdi. Mamlakat tarixida birinchi marta chap va demokratik sotsialistlar mamlakatni G'arb aholisi tomonidan o'tgan asrning 70-yilgi saylovlarida bergan xalq ovozi va keng ma'qullangan eksklyuziv mandati bilan boshqarish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldilar.^[28]

Tomonidan yozilgan ma'lumotnomada Kuldip Nayar uning kitobida "Kepçe! Bo'limdan to hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan hikoyalar", Nayarning ta'kidlashicha," Bututoning Mujibni ozod qilishi Pokiston siyosati uchun hech qanday ma'noga ega emas, go'yo ozodlik urushi bo'lmagan ".^[33] Bhuttoning siyosati va hatto bugungi kundan boshlab ham Pokiston siyosati "u Pokistonning sharafi va yaxlitligi uchun kurashni davom ettiradi. Sharqiy Pokiston Pokistonning ajralmas va ajralmas qismidir" deb davom etmoqda.^[33]

Pokiston Prezidenti

A Pokiston xalqaro aviakompaniyalari Bhuttoni Nyu-Yorkdan olib kelish uchun jo'natishgan, u o'sha paytda Pokiston ishini taqdim etgan Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi Sharqiy Pokiston inqirozlari to'g'risida. Bhutto 1971 yil 18-dekabrda uyiga qaytib keldi. 20-dekabrda u Ravalpindidagi Prezident uyiga olib borildi va u erda Yahyo Xondan ikkita lavozimni egallab oldi, biri prezident, ikkinchisi birinchi fuqarolik harbiy holat ma'muri sifatida. Shunday qilib, u parchalanib ketgan Pokistonning birinchi harbiy urush ma'muri edi. Bhutto Pokistonda qolganlarni boshqarishni o'z zimmasiga olgan paytga kelib, xalq butunlay yakkalanib, g'azablandi va ruhiy tushkunlikka tushib qoldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Richard Nikson va Bhutto 1973 yilda

Prezident sifatida Bututo ichki va tashqi jabhada juda katta muammolarga duch keldi. Pokistonda travma og'ir bo'lgan, bu Pokiston uchun ruhiy tushkunlik va hissiy tushkunlik. The ikki millat nazariyasi - Pokistonni yaratish uchun nazariy asos - obro'sizlantirildi va Pokiston tashqi siyosati hech qanday ma'naviy qo'llab-quvvatlash topilmaganda, shu jumladan AQSh va Xitoy singari azaliy ittifoqchilarni yo'q qildi. Ammo bunga Bangladeshlik akademiklar ham qarshi bo'lib, ikki millat nazariyasi obro'sizlantirilmaganligini ta'kidlaydilar^[35] Uning yaratilishidan buyon Pokistonning jismoniy va ma'naviy hayoti katta xavf ostida edi. Ichki jabhada, Baloch, Sindxi, Panjob va Pashtun millatchiligi Pokistondan mustaqil bo'lishga chaqirib, eng yuqori cho'qqilarida edi. Pokistonni birdamlikda saqlash qiyin bo'lgan Bhutto har qanday bo'lginchi harakatlarni to'xtatish uchun to'laqonli razvedka va harbiy operatsiyalarni boshladi. 1978 yil oxiriga kelib, ushbu millatchi tashkilotlarni Pokiston Qurolli kuchlari shafqatsizlarcha bostirishdi.^[36]

Bhutto darhol Yahyo Xonni uy qamog'iga oldi, sulhga vositachilik qildi va Pokiston armiyasi asirida bo'lgan shayx Mujibni ozod qilishga buyruq berdi. Buni amalga oshirish uchun Bhutto Mujibning avvalgi harbiy sud sudi qarorini bekor qildi, unda Brigada general Rahimuddinxon Mujibni o'limga mahkum etgan edi. Yangi kabinetni tayinlagan Bututo general-leytenantni tayinladi Gul Hasan kabi Armiya shtabining boshlig'i. 1972 yil 2-yanvarda Bututto barcha yirik sanoat tarmoqlarini, shu jumladan temir va po'lat, og'ir mashinasozlik, og'ir elektrotexnika, neft-kimyo, tsement va kommunal xizmatlarni milliylashtirilishini e'lon qildi.^[37] Ishchilarning huquqlari va kasaba uyushmalarining kuchini oshiradigan yangi mehnat siyosati e'lon qilindi. U o'zi feodal kelib chiqishiga qaramay, Bhutto er egaligini cheklaydigan islohotlar va hukumati ersiz dehqonlarga tarqatish uchun million gektardan ortiq maydonni egallab olish to'g'risida e'lon qildi. 2000 dan ortiq davlat xizmatchilari korrupsiyada ayblanib ishdan bo'shatildi.^[37] Shuningdek, Bhutto 3 martda Panjabda politsiyaning yirik ish tashlashini bostirish to'g'risidagi buyruqni rad etganidan keyin harbiy boshliqlarni ishdan bo'shatdi. U generalni tayinladi Tikka Xon 1972 yil mart oyida armiya shtabining yangi boshlig'i sifatida general siyosiy masalalarga aralashmasligini va Pokiston armiyasini tiklashga e'tiborini qaratganini sezgan edi. Bhutto 14 aprelda Milliy assambleyani chaqirdi, 21 aprelda harbiy holatni bekor qildi va qonun chiqaruvchilarga yangi konstitutsiya yozishni yukladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Bhutto Hindistonga tashrif buyurib, Bosh vazir bilan uchrashdi Indira Gandi va rasmiy tinchlik shartnomasi va 93 ming pokistonlikni ozod qilish to'g'risida muzokaralar olib bordi harbiy asirlar. Ikki rahbar imzoladilar Simla shartnomasi, bu ikkala xalqni yangi-hali vaqtincha o'rnatishga majbur qildi Boshqarish liniyasi Kashmirda bo'lib, ularni kelishmovchiliklarni ikki tomonlama muzokaralar orqali tinch yo'l bilan hal qilishga majbur qildi.^[37] Bhutto, shuningdek, Kashmir mojarosini tinch yo'l bilan hal qilish uchun kelajakda sammit o'tkazishga va'da berdi va Bangladeshni tan olishga va'da berdi. U Hindiston tomonidan ushlab turilgan Pokistonlik askarlarning ozod qilinishini ta'minlagan bo'lsa-da, Bututoni Pokistonda ko'pchilik Hindistonga juda ko'p imtiyozlar bergani uchun tanqid qildi. Bhutto Pokiston askarlarini ozod qilish va hind kuchlari tomonidan bosib olingan hududni qaytarib berishni ta'minlay olmasa, uning qulashidan qo'rqqan degan nazariya mavjud.^[38] Bhutto atom energetikasini rivojlantirish dasturini tuzdi va birinchi Pokistonni ochdi atom reaktori, yilda Kanada bilan hamkorlikda qurilgan Karachi 28 noyabrda. 30 martda 59 harbiy zobitlar o'sha paytda brigadir tayinlagan Bututoga qarshi to'ntarish uyushtirganlikda ayblanib armiya qo'shinlari tomonidan hibsga olingan. Muhammad Ziyo-ul-Haq gumondorlarni tergov qilish va sudlash uchun harbiy tribunalga rahbarlik qilish. Milliy assambleya tomonidan tasdiqlangan 1973 yilgi yangi Konstitutsiya Bhutto 12 aprelda kuchga kirdi. Konstitutsiya "deb e'lon qildiIslom Respublikasi "parlament boshqaruv shakli bo'lgan Pokistonda.^[39] 10 avgustda Bututo prezident lavozimini unga topshirdi Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri, o'rniga Bosh vazir lavozimini egallash.^[37]

Yadro qurollari dasturi

Bututoning Eron bilan uchrashuvi Empress Farah Pahlaviy, 1972

Zulfiqar Ali Bxutto asoschisi bo'lgan Pokistonning atom bombasi dasturi, va uning ma'muriyati va ushbu dasturning tajovuzkor rahbarligi tufayli u tez-tez yadro dasturini to'xtatuvchi dastur sifatida tanilgan.^[36][40][41] Bhuttoning yadro texnologiyasiga qiziqishi uning AQShdagi kollej yillarida Bhutto siyosatshunoslik kursida qatnashganda, AQShning birinchi yadro sinovining siyosiy ta'sirini muhokama qilish paytida boshlangan edi. Uchbirlik, global siyosat to'g'risida.^[42] Berklida bo'lganida Bututo Sovet Ittifoqi birinchi marta o'zlarining bombalarini portlatganda jamoat vahimasiga guvoh bo'ldi, kod nomi Birinchi chaqmoq 1949 yilda AQSh hukumatini o'z tadqiqotlarini boshlashga undadi "vodorod" bombalari.^[42] Biroq, ancha oldin 1958 yilda, yoqilg'i vaziri sifatida, Quvvat va Milliy manbalar, O'rnatishda Bhutto asosiy rol o'ynagan Pokiston Atom energiyasi komissiyasi (PAEC) ma'muriy tadqiqot organlari va institutlari.^[43] Ko'p o'tmay, Bhutto 1958 yilda PAECda Munir Ahmadxonga texnik lavozimni taklif qildi va Abdus Salamning 1960 yilda ilmiy maslahatchi etib tayinlanishiga da'vogarlik qildi.^[43] Ko'tarilishdan oldin Tashqi ishlar vaziri, Bhutto mablag'larni yadro quroli va unga oid ilm-fan sohasida asosiy tadqiqotlar uchun yo'naltirdi.^[43]

1965 yil oktyabr oyida tashqi ishlar vaziri Bhutto Venaga tashrif buyurdi, u erda yadro muhandisi bor Munir Ahmadxon da katta texnik postda ishlash IAEA. Munir Xon unga maqomi to'g'risida xabar berdi Hindiston yadro dasturi va Pokiston o'z yadroviy imkoniyatlarini rivojlantirishga majbur bo'lgan variantlar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ikkalasi ham Hindistonga qarshi turish uchun Pokiston yadroviy to'xtatuvchini ishlab chiqishi zarurligi to'g'risida kelishib oldilar.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Munirxon Ayub Xonni ishontira olmagan bo'lsa, Bututo Munirxonga: "Xavotir olmang, bizning navbatimiz keladi".^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 1965 yilgi urushdan ko'p o'tmay Bututo matbuot anjumanida "o't yeyishimiz kerak bo'lsa ham, atom bombasini yaratamiz. Boshqa ilojimiz yo'q."u Hindistonning bomba ishlab chiqarishga ketayotganini ko'rganida.^[26] 1965 yilda Bhutto Salamni qo'llab-quvvatladi va Salamni IAEA-da Pokiston delegatsiyasining rahbari etib tayinladi va Salamga atom elektr stantsiyalarini sotib olish uchun yordam berdi.^[43] 1972 yil noyabrda Bhutto Salamga urushdan qochish uchun Qo'shma Shtatlarga borishni maslahat berdi va unga asosiy adabiyotlar bilan qaytishni maslahat berdi. yadro qurollari tarixi. 1972 yil dekabr oyining oxiriga kelib, Salam Pokistonga qaytib keldi va u erda adabiyotlarni yukladi Manxetten loyihasi ulkan chamadonlarda. 1974 yilda Bhutto AQSh va G'arb dunyosiga yadroviy masalalar bo'yicha yanada tajovuzkor va jiddiy diplomatik hujumni boshladi. Butun dunyo va G'arb rahbarlariga yozgan xatida Bhutto buni aniq va davom ettirdi:

Pokiston boshqa joylarda misli ko'rilmagan "yadro tahdidi va shantaji" ta'siriga duchor bo'ldi .... Agar dunyo hamjamiyati Pokiston va boshqa mamlakatlarga yadroviy shantajdan siyosiy sug'urta qila olmasa, bu mamlakatlar o'zlarining atom bombalari dasturlarini boshlashga majbur bo'lishadi. o'z! ... [A] Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tomonidan berilgan kafolatlar "Yetarli!" emas edi ...

— Zulfikar Ali Bxutto, ichida yozilgan bayonot Grassni iste'mol qilish, manba^[44]

Tajribasini boshlaganidan taxminan ikki hafta o'tgach 1971 yilgi qish urushi, 1972 yil 20-yanvarda Bututo yadroviy olimlar va muhandislar konferentsiyasini yig'di Multon.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Multon yig'ilishida olimlar nima uchun o'sha mashaqqatli kunlarda qo'lida juda ko'p narsa bo'lgan Prezident, yadro sohasidagi olimlar va muhandislarga bu qadar e'tibor berayotgani haqida hayron bo'lishdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Uchrashuvda Bhutto yaqinda bo'lib o'tgan urush va mamlakat kelajagi to'g'risida asta-sekin gapirib, mamlakat mavjudligini o'lik xavf ostida ekanligini ta'kidladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Akademiklar Bututoni diqqat bilan tinglashganda, Butto shunday dedi: "Mana, bizda shunday bo'ladi bomba ". Bhutto ulardan so'radi:" Menga bera olasizmi? Bomba yasash uchun qancha vaqt ketadi? "^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ko'plab keksa olimlar urushni guvohi bo'lishgan va hissiy va psixologik bezovtalikka duch kelishgan, shuning uchun katta akademik olimlar: "Oh ... Ha .. Ha ... Sizda bo'lishi mumkin" deb javob berishganda, ijobiy javob berilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bomba tayyorlash uchun zarur bo'lgan vaqt haqida qizg'in bahs-munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi va nihoyat bir olim buni besh yil ichida amalga oshirish mumkin deb aytishga jur'at etdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bosh vazir Bhutto jilmayib, qo'lini ko'tardi va keskin ravishda uchta barmog'ini oldinga cho'zdi va dedi: "Uch yil, men buni uch yilda istayman". Atmosfera to'satdan elektrga aylandi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} O'shanda kichik olimlardan biri Siddiq Ahmad Butt (a nazariy fizik ), kim bo'linadigan qurolni yaratishda katta rol o'ynaydigan Munir Xonning rahbarligi ostida kelgan bo'lsa - o'rnidan sakrab o'rnidan turdi va etakchisining diqqatini jalb qildi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Siddiq Ahmad Butt javob berdi: "Buni uch yil ichida amalga oshirish mumkin". Butning javobini eshitgan Bututo juda xursand bo'ldi va dedi: "Xo'sh .... Men sizning g'ayratingizni qadrlaganimdek, bu o'ta jiddiy siyosiy qaror, albatta, Pokiston qabul qilishi kerak. Uchinchi dunyo mamlakatlar bir kun qilishlari kerak, chunki u keladi. Xo'sh, bolalar buni qila olasizmi? ". Deyarli barcha katta olimlar bir ohangda javob berishdi: Ha ... Biz buni imkoniyat va imkoniyatlarni hisobga olgan holda qila olamiz." Bhutto uchrashuvni shunchaki: "Men sizga resurslarni topaman va sizga imkoniyatlarni topaman", deb yakunladi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1970-yillarga qadar yadro to'xtatuvchisi uzoq vaqt hukumat davrida tashkil etilgan Husayn Shahid Suxravardiy, lekin butunlay tinch va sodiq edi fuqarolik hokimiyatining ehtiyojlari. Bhutto, o'z kitobida Mustaqillik haqidagi afsona 1969 yilda shunday deb yozgan edi:

Agar Pokiston uni cheklasa yoki to'xtatib qo'ysa yadroviy tiyilish, bu nafaqat Hindistonga imkon beradi shantaj Pokiston u bilan yadro afzalligi, ammo Pokistonning rivojlanishiga nogiron cheklov qo'yadi fan va texnika.... Bizning mohiyatimizdagi muammo, inqiroz boshlanishidan oldin o'z vaqtida bunday qurolni qanday olish ...

— Zulfikar Ali Bxutto^[45]

Hindiston yadroviy sinovidan so'ng - kod nomi Tabassum qiladigan Budda - 1974 yil may oyida Bhutto ushbu sinovni Pokiston o'limi uchun so'nggi kutish deb bildi va ko'rdi.^[36] Hindistonning yadroviy sinovidan ko'p o'tmay o'tkazilgan matbuot anjumanida Bhutto "Hindistonning yadro dasturi Pokistonni qo'rqitish va barpo etish uchun mo'ljallangan", dedi.subkontinentdagi gegemonlik".^[46] Pokistonning moliyaviy imkoniyatlari cheklanganiga qaramay, Bututo atom energetikasi loyihasini shu qadar jonkuyar ediki, u aytganidek "Pokistonliklar o't yeyishadi, ammo yadroviy bomba yasaydilar."^[47]

The Pokiston Atom energiyasi komissiyasi Harbiylashtirish 1972 yil 20 yanvarda boshlangan va dastlabki yillarda Pokiston armiyasi tomonidan amalga oshirilgan Armiya shtabining boshlig'i Umumiy Tikka Xon. The Karachi atom elektr stantsiyasi (KANUPP-I) 1972 yil oxirida Pokiston Prezidenti vazifasini bajarishi paytida Bututo tomonidan ochilgan.^[43] Yadro qurollari dasturi erkin asosda tashkil etilgan Manxetten loyihasi Bxuttoning ma'muriy nazorati ostida bo'lgan 40-yillarning.^[42] Va katta akademik olimlar Bhutto bilan bevosita aloqada bo'lishdi, ular uni rivojlanishning har bir dyuymidan xabardor qilib turishdi. Bhuttoning ilmiy maslahatchisi, Abdus Salam Shuningdek, Buttoning Bosh vaziri kotibiyatida ish yuritgan.^[42] Bhuttoning iltimosiga binoan Salam yadroviy tiyilish dasturining boshlanishini nazarda tutgan Nazariy fizika guruhini (TPG) tashkil etdi va unga rahbarlik qildi. TPG yadro qurolini hamda butun dasturni ishlab chiqdi va ishlab chiqdi.^[42] Keyinchalik, Munir Ahmad Xon unga shaxsan dasturni ishlab chiqish uchun byudjetni tasdiqladi.^[42]

Bhutto qobiliyatli ma'murni istab, general-leytenantni izladi Rahimuddinxon Rahimuddin rad etgan komissiyani boshqarish uchun 1971 yilda.^[48] Buning o'rniga 1972 yil yanvar oyida Bututo AQShda o'qitilganlarni tanladi atom muhandisi, Munir Xon, raisi sifatida Pokiston Atom energiyasi komissiyasi (PAEC) Bhutto ushbu texnologik shuhratparast dasturning ilmiy va iqtisodiy ehtiyojlarini tushunadigan ma'murni xohlashini tushunganida. 1965 yildan buyon Munirxon Bhutto bilan nihoyatda yaqin va ishonchli munosabatlarni rivojlantirgan, vafotidan keyin ham Benazir va Murtazo Bxuttoga otalari tomonidan Munirxon bilan aloqada bo'lishni buyurishgan. 1976 yil bahorida, Kahuta tadqiqot muassasasi, keyin sifatida tanilgan Muhandislik tadqiqotlari laboratoriyalari (ERL), kod nomining bir qismi sifatida Loyiha-706, shuningdek, Bhutto tomonidan tashkil etilgan va yadroshunos olim tomonidan boshqarilgan Abdulqodir Xon va Pokiston armiyasi muhandislari korpusi ' General-leytenant Zohid Ali Akbar.^[42]

Pokiston, Bhutto boshchiligida, uni imzolagan yoki tomoni bo'lmagan Yadro qurolini tarqatmaslik to'g'risidagi Shartnoma (NPT), Yadro etkazib beruvchilar guruhi (NSG), Komissariyat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) va Britaniya yadro yoqilg'isi (BNFL) zudlik bilan PAEC bilan yoqilg'ini qayta ishlash zavodi loyihalarini bekor qildi. Va, ko'ra Causar Nyäzie Pokiston Atom energiyasi bo'yicha komissiyasi rasmiylari Bututoni yo'ldan ozdirishdi va u uzoq safarga Frantsiyadan yadro yoqilg'isini qayta ishlash zavodini olishga harakat qildi.^[49] Aynan A. Q. Xonning maslahati bilan qayta ishlash uchun hech qanday yoqilg'i mavjud emas edi va Bututoni uranni boyitish yo'lida yurishga undaydi.^[49] Bhutto hali ham o'sha qimmatbaho marshrutga qiziqishini ko'rsatishga urinib ko'rdi va Kissincer frantsuzlarni kelishuvni bekor qilishga ko'ndirgach, yengil tortdi.^[49] Bhutto Munir Ahmad Xonning dasturni mohirlik bilan ishlab chiqish rejalariga ishongan edi va Frantsiyaning qayta ishlash zavodiga bunday qiziqishni ko'rsatishning asosiy maqsadi PAEC olimlariga o'zlarining qayta ishlash zavodlarini qurish bo'yicha tajribaga ega bo'lishlari uchun vaqt berish edi. Frantsiyaning CEA loyihasini bekor qilganida, PAEC zavod va materiallarning batafsil rejalarining 95 foizini sotib oldi.^[36]

Munir Ahmadxon va Ishfoq Ahmad believed that since PAEC had acquired most of the detailed plans, work, plans, and materials, the PAEC, based on that 95% work, could build the plutonium reprocessing reactors on its own, Pakistan should stick to its original plan, the plutonium route.^[36] Bhutto did not disagree but saw an advantage in establishing another parallel programme, the uranium enrichment programme under Abdul Qadeer Khan.^[36] Both Munir Khan and Ahmed had shown their concern over on Abdul Qadeer Khan's suspected activities but Bhutto backed Khan when Bhutto maintained that: "No less than any other nation did what Abdul Qadeer Khan (is) doing; the Soviets and Chinese; the British and the French; the Indians and the Israelis; stole the nuclear weapons designs previously in the past and no one questioned them but rather tend to be quiet. We are not stealing what they (illegally) stole in the past (as referring the nuclear weapon designs) but we're taking a small machine which is not useful for making the atomic bomb but for a fuel".^[42] International pressure was difficult to counter at that time, and Bhutto, with the help of Munir Ahmad Khan and Aziz Ahmed, tackled the intense heated criticism and diplomatic war with the United States at numerous fronts—while the progress on nuclear weapons remained highly classified.^[42][50] During this pressure, Aziz Ahmed played a significant role by convincing the consortium industries to sell and export sensitive electronic components before the United States could approach to them and try and prevent the consortium industries to export such equipments and components.^[42] Bhutto slowly reversed and thwarted United States' any attempt to infiltrate the programme as he had expelled many of the American diplomatic officials in the country, under Operation Sun Rise, authorised by Bhutto under ISI.^[42] On the other hand, Bhutto intensified his staunch support and eye-blindly backed Abdul Qadeer Khan to quietly bring the Urenko 's weapon-grade technology to Pakistan, keeping the Kahuta Laboratories hidden from the outside world.^[42] Regional rivals such as India and Soviet Union, had no basic intelligence on Pakistan's nuclear energy project during the 1970s, and Bhutto's intensified clandestine efforts seemed to be paid off in 1978 when the programme was fully matured.^[42]

In a thesis written in Mustaqillik haqidagi afsona, Bhutto argued that nuclear weapons would allow India to use its Havo kuchlari warplanes with small battlefield nuclear devices against the Pakistan Army cantonments, armoured and infantry columns and PAF bases and nuclear and military industrial facilities.^[51] The Indian Air Force would not meet with an adverse reaction from the world community as long as civilian casualties could be kept to a minimum.^[51] This way, India would defeat Pakistan, force its armed forces into a humiliating surrender and occupy and annexe the Shimoliy hududlar Pokiston va Ozod Kashmir. India would then carve up Pakistan into tiny states based on ethnic divisions and that would be the end of the "Pakistan problem" once and for all.^[51]

By the time Bhutto was ousted, this crash programme had fully matured in terms of technical development as well as scientific efforts.^[42] By the 1977, PAEC and KRL had built their uranium enrichment and plutonium reprocessing plants, and selection for test sites, at Chagay tepaliklari, was done by the PAEC.^[9] The feasibility reports were submitted by both organisations on their works.^[9] In 1977, the PAEC's Theoretical Physics Group had finished the designing of the first fission weapon, and KRL scientists succeeded in elektromagnit izotoplarni ajratish of Uranium fissile isotopes.^[9] In spite of this, still little had been done in the development of weapons, and Pakistan's nuclear arsenal were actually made by General Zia-ul-Haq's military regime, under the watchful eyes of several Naval admirals, Army and Air Force's generals including G'ulom Ishoq Xon.^[49] In 1983, Bhutto's decision later proved to be right, when PAEC had conducted a cold test, near Kirana Hills, evidently made from non-fissioned plutonium. It has been speculated recently in the press that Dr. Khan's uranium enrichment designs were used by the Chinese in exchange for uran geksaflorid (UF₆) and some highly enriched weapons grade uranium.^[49] Later on this weapons grade uranium was offered back to the Chinese as the Pakistanis used their own materials.^[49] In all, Bhutto knew that Pakistan had become a nuclear weapon state in 1978 when his friend Munir Ahmad Khan paid a visit to him in his jail cell.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} There, Munir Ahmad Khan told Bhutto that the process of weapon designing is finished and a milestone in the complex and difficult enrichment of weapon-grade fuel has been achieved by the PAEC and dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan of ERL.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bhutto called for an immediate nuclear test to be conducted, no response was issued by General Zia or any member of his government.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

We (Pakistan)...know that (Israel) and (South Africa) have full nuclear capability—a Christian, Jewish and Hindu civilization have this [nuclear] capability ... the Islamic civilization is without it, but the situation (is) about to change!...

— Zulfikar Ali Bhutto—called for a test from his jail cell, 1978^[52]

Pokiston Bosh vaziri

Bhutto was sworn in as the prime minister of the country on 14 August 1973, after he had secured 108 votes in a house of 146 members. Fazal Ilaxi Chaudri was elected as the president under the new constitution.^[53] During his five years of government, the Bhutto government made extensive reforms at every level of government.^[54] Pakistan's capital and Western reforms that were begun and built in 1947 throughout the 1970s, were transformed and replaced with Socialist system.^[54] His policies were seen people friendly, but it did not produce long-lasting effects as the civil disorder against Bhutto began to take place in 1977.^[54]

Konstitutsiyaviy islohotlar

Bhutto is considered the main architect of 1973 constitution as part of his vision to put Pakistan to road to parlament demokratiyasi.^[55] One of the major achievements in Bhutto's life was drafting of Pakistan's first ever consensus constitution to the country.^[55] Bhutto supervised the promulgation of 1973 constitution that triggered an unstoppable constitutional revolution through his politics wedded to the emancipation of the downtrodden masses, by first giving people a voice in the Parliament, and introducing radical changes in the economic sphere for their benefit .^[55]

During his period in office the government carried out seven major amendments to the 1973 Constitution.^[56] The First Amendment led to Pakistan's recognition of and diplomatic ties with Bangladesh.^[53] The Second Amendment in the constitution declared the Ahmadiylar as non-Muslims, and defined the term non-Muslim.^[53][57] The rights of the detained were limited under the Third Amendment while the powers and jurisdiction of the courts for providing relief to political opponents were curtailed under the Fourth Amendment.^[53] The Fifth Amendment passed on 15 September 1976, focused on curtailing the power and jurisdiction of the Judiciary.^[53] This amendment was highly criticised by lawyers and political leaders.^[53] The main provision of the Sixth Amendment extended the term of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and the High Courts beyond the age of retirement.^[53] This Amendment was made in the Constitution to favour the then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who was supposed to be a friend of Bhutto.^[53]

Industrial reforms

The Bhutto government carried out a number of reforms in the industrial sector. His reforms were twofold: nationalization, and the improvement of workers' rights.^[58] In the first phase, basic industries like steel, chemical and cement were nationalized. This was done in 1972.^[58] The next major step in nationalization took place on 1 January 1974, when Bhutto nationalised all banks.^[58] The last step in the series was the nationalization of all flour, rice and cotton mills throughout the country.^[58] This nationalisation process was not as successful as Bhutto expected.^[58] Most of the nationalized units were small businesses that could not be described as industrial units, hence making no sense for the step that was taken.^[58] Consequently, a considerable number of small businessmen and traders were ruined, displaced or rendered unemployed. In the concluding analysis, nationalisation caused colossal loss not only to the national treasury but also to the people of Pakistan.^[58]

The Bhutto government established a large number of rural and urban schools, including around 6,500 elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate colleges and 21 junior colleges.^[59] Bhutto also abandoned the Western education system and most of the literature was sent back to Western world; instead his government encouraged the local academicians to publish books on their respected fields. Though the local books were made cheaper to the public, these reforms came with controversy. His government made Islomiy va Pokiston o'qiydi compulsory in schools. Book banks were created in most institutions and over 400,000 copies of text-books were supplied to students.^[60]

Bhutto is credited for establishing the world class Quaid-e-Azam universiteti va Allama Iqbal Open University in Islamabad in 1974, as well as establishing Gomal University Dera Ismail Khan in 1973.^[61] In his role as Foreign Minister, and in 1967 with the help of Abdus Salam, established the Institute of Theoretical Physics. As Prime Minister, Bhutto made revolutionary efforts to expand the web of education. Bhutto established the Allama Iqbal Medical College 1975 yilda.^[62] In 1974, with the help of Abdus Salam, Bhutto gave authorisation of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Contemporary Physics (INSC) at the Nathiagali and as even as of today, INSC conference is still held on Pakistan, where thousands of scientists from all over the world are delegated to Pakistan to interact with Pakistan's academic scientists. In 1976, Bhutto established the Muhandislik kengashi, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pokiston adabiyotlar akademiyasi and Cadet college Razmak in North Waziristan. A further four new Universities which have been established at Multan, Bahawalpur, and Khairpur. The People's Open University is another innovative venture which has started functioning from Islamabad. The Government's Education Policy provides for the remission of fees and the grant of a number of scholarships for higher education to the children of low-paid employees^[60]

Seven thousand new hostel seats were planned to be added to the existing accommodation after the 1977 election. Bhutto said in 1975 he was aware "of the difficulties and deficiencies faced by college students in many of the existing hostels. Directions have, therefore, been issued that fans, water-coolers and pay-telephones must be provided in each and every hostel in as short a time as physically possible."^[60]

Land, flood and agriculture reforms

During his period as prime minister, a number of land reforms were also introduced.^[58] The important land reforms included the reduction of land ceilings and introducing the security of tenancy to tenant farmers.^[58] The land ceiling was fixed to 150 acres (0.61 km²) of irrigated land and 300 acres (1.2 km²) of non-irrigated land. Another step that Bhutto took was to democratise Pakistan's Civil Service.^[58] Yilda Balujiston, the pernicious practice of Shishak and Sardari System was abolished. In 1976, the Bhutto government carried out the establishment of Federal Flood Commission (FFC), and was tasked to prepare national flood protection plans, and flood forecasting and research to harness floodwater.^[63][64] Bhutto later went on to upgrade a number of dams and barrages built in Sind viloyati.

Bhutto was a strong advocate of empowering small farmers. He argued that if farmers were weak and demoralised then Pakistan's agricultural strength would be fragile, believing that farmers would not feel psychologically safe unless the country achieved self-sufficiency in food.^[65] Therefore, the Bhutto government launched programs to put the country on road to self-sufficiency in rice hulling, sugar-milling and wheat husking industries.^[65] Bhutto's government intensified the control of rice hulling, shakar and wheat husking factories, initially believing that public sector involvement would reduce the influence of multi-national corporations creating monopolies.^[65] The Government initiated schemes for combating water logging and salinity.^[65] Tax exceptions were also introduced for small landowners to encourage the growth of agriculture.^[65] His nationalisation of Sindh-based industries heavily benefited the poor, but badly upset the influential feudal lords.

Iqtisodiy siyosat

Bhutto introduced socialist economics policies while working to prevent any further division of the country. Major heavy mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering industries were immediately nationalised by Bhutto, and all of the industries came under direct control of government. Industries, such as KESC were under complete government control with no private influence in KESC decision. Bhutto abandoned Ayub Khan's davlat kapitalizmi policies, and introduced socialist policies in a move to reduce income inequality. Bhutto also established the Port Qosim, Pokiston Chelik Mills, the Heavy Mechanical Complex (HMC) and several cement factories.^[58][66] However, the growth rate of economy relative to that of the 1960s when East Pakistan was still part of Pakistan and large generous yordam from the United States declined, after the global oil crises in 1973, which also had a negative impact on the economy.^[67] Despite the initiatives undertaken by Bhutto's government to boost the country's economy, the economical growth remained at equilibrium level.^[58] But Bhutto's policy largely benefited the poor and working class when the level of absolute poverty was sharply reduced, with the percentage of the population estimated to be living in absolute poverty falling from 46.50% by the end of 1979–80, under the General Zia-ul-Haq's military rule, to 30.78%.^[58][68] The land reform programme provided increased economic support to landless tenants, and development spending was substantially increased, particularly on health and education, in both rural and urban areas, and provided "material support" to rural wage workers, landless peasants, and urban wage workers.^[58][69]

Bhutto's nationalisation policies were initiated with an aim to put workers in control of the tools of production and to protect workers and small businesses.^[70] However, economical historians argued that the nationalisation program initially effected the small industries and had devastating effects on Pakistan's economy shrunk Bhutto's credibility.^[70] Conservative critics believed the nationalisation policies had damaged investor's confidence and hukumatdagi korruptsiya in nationalised industries grew, although no serious corruption cases were ever proved against Bhutto by the military junta.^[70] In 1974, Bhutto maintained that foreign companies and industries in Pakistan were except from nationalisation policies and his government would be willing to receive foreign investment to put up factories.^[71] While commenting on his policies in 1973, Bhutto told the group of investors that belonged to the Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) that "activity of public sector or state sector prevents the concentration of economic power in few hands, and protects the small and medium entrepreneurs from the clutches of giant enterprises and vested interests."^[67]

Bhutto's shift away from some socialist policies badly upset his democratic socialist alliance and many in the Pokiston Xalq partiyasi, many of his colleagues, most notable Malik Mirage left Bhutto and departed to Soviet Union after resigning from Law Minister.^[72] Continuous disagreement led the government's socialist alliance to collapse and further uniting with secular Mustaqillik harakati boshchiligidagi Asgar Xon.^[72]

As part of his investment policies, Bhutto founded the National Development Finance Corporation (NDFC). In July 1973, this financial institute began operation with an initial government investment of 100 million PRs. It aim was finance public sector industrial enterprises but, later on, its charter was modified to provide finance to the private sector as well. The NDFC is currently the largest development finance institution of Pakistan performing diversified activities in the field of industrial financing and investment banking. 42 projects financed by NDFC have contributed Rs. 10,761 million to Pakistan's GDP and generated Rs. 690 million after-tax profits and 40,465 jobs. By the mid-1990s NDFC had a pool of resources amounting to US$878 million The Bhutto government increased the level of investment, private and public, in the economy from less than Rs. 7,000 million in 1971–72 to more than Rs. 17,000 million in 1974–75.

Banking and Export expansion

Banking reforms were introduced to provide more opportunities to small farmers and business such as forcing banks to ensure 70% of institutional lending should be for small land holders of 12.5 acres or less, which was a revolutionary idea at a time when banks only clients were the privileged classes.^[67] The number of bank branches rose by 75% from December 1971 to November 1976, from 3,295 to 5,727.^[66] It was one of the most radical move made by Bhutto, and the Bank infrastructure was expanded covering all towns and villages with a population of 5,000 in accordance with targets set after the nationalisation of banks.^[66]

By end of the Bhutto government concentration of wealth had declined compared to height of the Ayub Khan era when 22 families owned 66% of industrial capital, and also controlled banking and 97% of insurance.^[67]

Measures taken in the first few months of 1972 set a new framework for the revival of the economy. The diversion of trade from East Pakistan to international markets was completed within a short period. By 1974, exports exceeded one billion dollars, showing a 60% increase over the combined exports of East and West Pakistan before separation, it was achieved and benefited with world was in the midst of the major 1973 yilgi neft inqirozi and in the middle of global recessionthe national income of Pakistan increased by 15% and industrial production by as much as 20% in four years.^[60]

Balujiston

Harbiy operatsiya

Following the secession of East Pakistan, calls for the independence of Balujiston tomonidan Baloch nationalists grew immensely. Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and forty-four MNAs va MPAs, obtained an order from the Oliy sud banning the Milliy xalq partiyasi tavsiyasiga binoan Akbar Bugti, and charged everyone with high treason to be tried by a specially constituted Hyderabad tribunal of hand-picked judges.

In January 1973, Bhutto ordered the Pakistan Armed Forces to suppress a rising insurgency in the province of Balochistan. He dismissed the governments in Balochistan and the Shimoliy-G'arbiy chegara viloyati yana bir marta.^[37] Following the alleged discovery of Iraqi arms in Islamabad in February 1973, Bhutto dissolved the Balujiston viloyat assambleyasi. The operation, under General Tikka Xon, soon took shape in a five-year conflict with the Baloch separatists. The sporadic fighting between the qo'zg'olon and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974. Later on, Pakistan Navy, under Vice-Admiral Patrick Julius Simpson, also jumped in the conflict as it had applied naval blockades to Balochistan's port. The Navy began its separate operations to seized the shipments sent to aid Baloch separatists. Pakistan Air Force also launched air operations, and with the support of navy and army, the air force had pounded the mountainous hidden heavens of the Separatists. The Iranian military, also fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran, aided the Pakistani military as well.^[73] Among Iran's contribution were 30 Huey cobra attack helicopters and $200 million in aid.^[74]

Iraqi intervention

Iroq under Sunni President Saddam Xuseyn sent Iraqi made weapons to Pakistan's warm water ports.^[75] Pakistan's navy mounted an effective blockade.^[76] Saddam's government provided support for Baluchi separatists in Pakistan, hoping their conflict would spread to rival Iran.^[75] In 1973, Iraq provided the Baluchis with conventional arms, and it opened an office for the Baluchistan Liberation Front (BLF) in Baghdad. This operation was supposed to be covert, but in 1973, the operation was exposed by M.I. when senior separatist leader Akbar Bugti defected to Bhutto, revealing a series of arms stored in the Iraqi Embassy.^[75] On the midnight of 9 February 1973, Bhutto launched an operation to seize control of the Iraqi Embassy, and preparation for siege was hastily prepared. The operation was highly risky and a wrong step could have started a war between the two countries. The operation was carefully analysed and at 0:00hrs (12:00 am), the SSG Division bilan birga Army Rangers stormed the Embassy. Harbiy politsiya arrested the Iraqi Ambassador, the military attaché, and Iraq's diplomatic staff.^[75] Following the incident, authorities discovered 300 Soviet sub-machine guns with 50,000 rounds of ammunition and a large amount of money that was to be distributed amongst Baluchi separatist groups.^[75] Bhutto was angered and frustrated. Without demanding an explanation, he ordered the Military Police to immediately expel the Iraqi Ambassador and his staff as persona non grata on the first available flight.^[75]

The government announced the Iraqi plan to further dismember the country, and Bhutto's successful diplomatic offensive against Iraq isolated Saddam internationally with global condemnation.^[75] This incident caused Pakistan to support Iran during the Eron-Iroq urushi 1980-yillarda va U.S. invasion of Iraq against Saddam Hussein in 2003.^[75]

Natijada

In order to avoid a replay of the Bangladeshni ozod qilish urushi, Bhutto launched economic and political reforms in the midst of the conflict. Bhutto government abolished the feodal tuzum, the feudal lords continued to appropriate to themselves a generous share of government developmental funds whilst at the same time, they opposed and blackmailed the government whenever they could.^[9] Gradually the tribesmen started coming out of the Sardars' quarantine.^[9] Modern amenities, for instance medical aid, automobiles for passenger transport and schooling of children became available in the interior of Baluchistan for the first time, since 1947.^[9] The Bhutto government also constructed 564 miles of new roads, including the key link between Sibi and Maiwand creating new trade and commerce centres.^[9]

Passport reforms

Bhutto government gave the right of a pasport to every citizen of Pakistan and facilitated millions of skilled and non-skilled Pakistanis to seek employment in the Middle Eastern countries through a signing a number combination of bilateral agreements.^[77] Kimdan Xayber Paxtunxva, alone 35,000 workers were given the opportunity to work in the United Arab Emirates and Saudiya Arabistoni.^[55] Bhutto used the Londonning Pokiston hamjamiyati ga lobby and influence European governments to improve the rights of expatriate Pakistani communities in Europe.^[78] The remittances from overseas Pakistanis, which now total around $US25 billion per annum, constitute a dependable source of foreign exchange for Pakistan.^[55]

Labour policy and social security

The labour policy was among the most important cornerstones of Bhutto's government and a comprehensive labour reforms initiated by the Bhutto government.^[54] Shortly after assuming control, Bhutto's government imposed some conditions on the dismissal of workers. In 1973, the government instituted Labour Courts for the speedy redress of workers' grievances and the government also introduced a scheme for workers' participation in management, through the nationalisation policy.^[54] This scheme provided for 20% participation by workers in management committees set up at factory level. The Government abolished the workers' contribution to the Social Security Fund; instead, the employers were made to increase their contribution from 4 to 6%. The government enhanced compensation rates under the Worker's Compensation Act.^[54]

In 1972 the Bhutto government initially provided for some old age benefits for workers through group insurance, increased rates of compensation and higher rates of gratuity.^[54] However, the policy did not benefited immediately, therefore, the government introduced a pension scheme of old age benefits which would provide a payment of Rs.75 a month to workers after retirement at the age of 55 for men and 50 for women, on condition that the worker had completed a minimum of 15 years insurable employment.^[54] This applied to all factories, industries, and establishments employing ten or more workers drawing monthly wages up to Rs. 1,000.^[54] Skilled workers who become invalid after five years of insurable employment were also made entitled to benefits under this scheme.^[54]

Bhutto did not want to go for the western model where workers generally contribute along with the employers towards their old age benefits.^[54] In view of Pakistan's conditions, Bhutto's government did not wish the financial burden of this scheme to fall even partly on the worker.^[54] It was decided that the scheme be founded through a contribution from employers to the extent of 5% of the wage bill.^[54]

Tashqi siyosat

After assuming power, Bhutto sought to diversify Pakistan's relations away from the United States and, soon Pakistan left CENTO va SEATO. Bhutto developed close and strengthened the Arab relations va Sino-Pak relations.^[79] Bhutto in believed an independent Foreign Policy which had hitherto been the hand maiden of the Western Power, particularly independent from the United States' ta'sir doirasi.^[80] With Bhutto as Foreign minister, and Prime minister, Pakistan and Iran had cemented a special relationship, as Iran had provided military assistance to Pakistan.^[80] The Sino-Pak relations were immensely improved, and Pakistan, under Bhutto, had built a strategic relationship with People's Republic of China, when PRC was isolated.^[79] In 1974, Bhutto hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in 1974 where he delegated and invited leaders from the Musulmon olami ga Lahor, Panjob viloyati Pokiston^[6] Bhutto was a strong advocate of Afro-Asian Solidarity and had cemented ties with Afro-Asian and Islamic countries and by 1976 had emerged as the Leader of the Third World .^[81]

Bhutto with Nikson in the Oval Office, 1971

Bhutto sought a peace agreement—Simla shartnomasi —with Indira Gandi, Premier of India, and brought back 93,000 P.O.Ws to Pakistan and secured 5,000 sq mi (13,000 km²) held by India without compromising on Kashmir stance or recognising Bangladesh which were the key Indian demands.^[6] Negotiating with a power that has dismembered the country was an open-challenge to Bhutto who smoothly convinced India to return the territory and the POWs back to Pakistan.^[82] Before this conference, Bhutto and his colleagues did the comprehensive homework as Bhutto had realised that Arablar had still not succeeded in regaining territory lost ichida 1967 yilgi urush Isroil bilan.^[82] Therefore, capturing of land does not cry out for international attention the same way as the prisoners do.^[82] According to Benazir Bhutto, Bhutto demanded the control of the territory in the first stage of the Agreement which surprised and shocked the Indian delegation.^[82] In Bhutto's point of view, the POW problem was more of a humanitarian problem that could be tackled at any time, but the territorial problem was something that could be integrated in India as time elapses.^[82] Indian Premier Gandhi was stunned and astonished at Bhutto's demand and reacted immediately by refusing Bhutto's demand.^[82] However, Bhutto calmed her and negotiated with economic packages dealt with Gandhi.^[82] Bhutto's knowledge and his intellectualism impressed Gandhi personally that Gandhi agreed to give the territory back to Bhutto in a first stage of the agreement. Signing of this agreement with Pakistan paying small price is still considered Bhutto's one of the huge diplomatic success.^[82]

His vast knowledge, intelligence, and keen awareness of Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin, va nuclear history, enabled him to craft the foreign policy which brought unmatched undivideds in Pakistan's foreign policy history.^[83] Elements of his policy were continued by the successive governments to play a vital role in world's politics.^[83] In 1974, Bhutto and his Foreign minister Aziz Ahmed brought a U.N. resolution, recommending and calling for the establishment of nuclear-weapon free zone in South Asia, whilst he and Aziz Ahmed aggressively attacked the Indian nuclear programme.^[83] While Abdul Qadeer Khan was tasked with bringing the gas-centrifuge technology through the means of atomlarning ko'payishi, the goal of the resolution was achieved when Bhutto put India on the mudofaa position and promoted Pakistan as a non-proliferationist.^[83]

Sharqiy Osiyo

Since the 1960s, Bhutto had been an anti-SEATO and preferred a non-aligned policy.^[84] Soon after assuming the office, Bhutto took a lengthy foreign trip to Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyo, seeking closer and tighter relations with Vetnam, Tailand, Laos, Burma, and Shimoliy Koreya.^[84] His policy largely followed a tight and closer relations with China, normalised relationships with Soviet Union, built an Islamic bloc, and advocated a creation of new economical alliance largely benefiting the third and second world countries.^[84]

All of these initiations and implications had disastrous effects on Japan, prompting Japan to oppose Bhutto, although Bhutto was a great admirer of Japan even though Japan was not a constituent part of Bhutto's foreign policy.^[84] In the 1970s, Japan made several attempts to get close to Bhutto, sending its military officials, scientists, and parliamentary delegations to Pakistan.^[84] Hence Japan went far by condemning India for carrying out a nuclear test, Tabassum qiladigan Budda, in 1974, and publicly supported Pakistan's non-nuclear weapon policy and pledged to build several new atom elektr stantsiyalari.^[84] In 1970, Bhutto advised Japan not to be party of NPT, but Japan signed it but later regretted for not being properly progressed.^[85]

In Bhutto's view, Japan had been under the United States' influence, and much bigger role of Japan in Asia would only benefit American interests in the region.^[84] By the 1970s, Japan completely lost its momentum in Pakistan as Pakistan followed a strict independent policy.^[84] Bhutto envisioned Pakistan's new policy as benefiting the economic relations rather than the military alliance which also affected Japan's impact on Pakistan.^[84] However, much of the foreign policy efforts were reverted by General Zia-ul-Haq and ties were finally restored after Bhutto's execution.^[84]

Arab world and Israel

Bhutto sought to improve Pakistan's ties with the Arab world, and sided with the Arab world during the Arab-Israeli conflict.^[83] Polkovnik Qaddafiy avvalgi Socialist Libya considered Bhutto as one of his greatest inspirations and was said to be very fond of Bhutto's intellectualism.^[83] In 1973, during the Yom Kippur urushi, Pakistan's relations with the Arab world represented a watershed.^[83] In both Pakistan and the Arab world, Pakistan's swift, unconditional and forthright offer of assistance to the Arab states was deeply appreciated.^[83]In 1974, pressured by other Muslim nations, Pakistan eventually recognised Bangladesh as Mujib stated he would only go to the OIC conference in Lahore if Pakistan recognised Bangladesh.^[83][86] Pakistan established full diplomatic relations with Bangladesh on 18 January 1976 and relations improved in the following decades.^[80] Bhutto aided the Suriyalik va Misr havo kuchlari by sending the Pokiston havo kuchlari va Dengiz kuchlari 's top fighter pilots where they flew combat missions against Israel. However, Iraq was not benefited with Bhutto policies.

In early 1977, Bhutto decided to use ISI to provide the credible intelligence on Iraqi nuclear program that Pakistan and the ISI had secretly gained.^[75] The government passed intel that identified Iraqi nuclear program and the Osirak Nuclear Reactor da Osirak to Israel's Mossad.^[75] Helping Israel to infiltrate Iraqi nuclear program was also continued by General Zia-ul-Haq as their policy to teach Iraq and Saddam Hussein a lesson for supporting the Baloch liberation fronts and movements.^[75]

United States and Soviet Union

In 1974, India carried out a nuclear test, codenamed Tabassum qiladigan Budda, near Pakistan's eastern border. Bhutto unsuccessfully lobbied for the United States to impose economic sanctions on India.^[87] However, at the request of Bhutto, Pakistan's Ambassador to the United States convened a meeting with Secretary of State Genri Kissincer. Kissinger told Pakistan's ambassador to Washington that the test is "a fait accompli and that Pakistan would have to learn to live with it," although he was aware this was a "little rough" on the Pakistanis.^[87] In 1976, the ties were further severed with Bhutto as Bhutto had continued to administer the research on weapons, and in 1976, in a meeting with Bhutto and Kissinger, Kissinger had told to Bhutto, "that if you [Bhutto] do not cancel, modify or postpone the Reprocessing Plant Agreement, we will make a horrible example from you".^[88] The meeting was ended by Bhutto as he had replied: For my country's sake, for the sake of people of Pakistan, I did not succumb to that black-mailing and threats.^[88]

After this meeting, Bhutto intensified Pakistan's foreign policy towards more onto Qo'shilmaslik mamlakatlari harakati, and sought to developed relations with both Soviet Union and the United States. Bhutto was keenly aware of Great Britain's policy ning "bo'l va hukmronlik qil ", va American policy of "unite and rule".^[79] In 1974, Bhutto, as Prime minister, visited Soviet Union.^[89] Prime Minister Bhutto deliberately undertook to improve relations with the Soviet Union and the Communist bloc.^[89] Bhutto sought to developed and alleviated the Soviet–Pakistani relations, with Soviet Union established Pokiston Chelik Mills 1972 yilda.^{[90][tushuntirish kerak ]} The foundation stone for this gigantic project was laid on 30 December 1973 by Bhutto. Integral po'lat fabrikasini montaj qilish bo'yicha tajribasizlikka duch kelgan Bututo Sovet Ittifoqidan o'z mutaxassislarini yuborishni iltimos qildi.^[90] Sovet Ittifoqi ushbu mega-loyihani moliyalashtiradigan bir qator sanoat va konsortsium kompaniyalari bilan ushbu birlashgan Po'lat tegirmonlari qurilishiga rahbarlik qilgan rus olimi Mixail Koltokof boshchiligida o'nlab maslahatchilar va ekspertlarni yuboradi.^{[90][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]}

The relationship with United States was at low point and severed as United States was opposing Pakistan's nuclear detterrence programme.^[79] Garchi, Richard Nikson Butto bilan mustahkam aloqalarda bo'lgan va Butoning yaqin do'sti bo'lgan, munosabatlar grafigi sezilarli darajada pasaygan Jimmi Karterning prezidentligi.^[91] Carter tightened the embargo placed on Pakistan and placed a pressure through the AQShning Pokistondagi elchisi, Brigadier-General Genri Byurad.^[91] The socialist orientation, and Bhutto's proposed left-wing theories, had badly upset the United States, further ringing bells of alarm in the United States as fearing Pakistan's loss as an ally in the Cold war.^[91] The leftists and Bhutto's policy towards Soviet Union was seen sympathetic and had built a bridge for Soviet Union to have gain access in Pakistan's warm water ports, that something both United States and Soviet Union had lacked.^[91] Davomida 1976 yil prezident saylovi, Carter was elected as U.S. president, and his very inaugural speech Carter announced the determination to seek the ban of nuclear weapons.^[91] Karter saylanishi bilan Bhutto barcha aloqalarni yo'qotdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ma'muriyati u prezident Nikson orqali edi.^[91] Bututo o'zining kelgusi rejalari uchun qo'ygan siyosiy maqsadlariga mutlaqo qarshi bo'lgan Amerika prezidentining embargosiga va bosimiga duch kelishi kerak edi. Karter bilvosita Bhuttoga qarshi bo'lganligini, ambitsiyalari va saylovlarga qarshi ekanligini e'lon qildi.^[91]

Although, Carter placed an embargo on Pakistan, Bhutto under the technical guidance and diplomatic though Aziz Ahmed, succeeded to buy sensitive equipments, common metal materials, and electronic components, marked as "common items", hide the true nature of the intentions, greatly enhance the atom bombasi loyihasi Garchi Karterning embargosi ​​uchun to'liq muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchragan bo'lsa-da.^[91] In a thesis written by historian Abdul Ghafoor Buhgari, Carter keenly sabotaged Bhutto credibility, but did not wanted favoured his execution as Carter made a call to General Zia-ul-Haq to stop the act.^[91] Shuning uchun Pokiston Xalq partiyasining yuqori darajadagi rahbariyati turli mamlakatlardagi elchilar va yuqori komissarlarga murojaat qildi, ammo AQSh elchisi bilan uchrashmadi, chunki rahbariyat Karter va uning ma'muriyati o'ynagan "olijanob" qismni bilar edi.^[91] When Carter administration discovered Bhutto's act, the programme was reached to a well advanced level, and furthermore, had disastrous effect on Tuz I shartnomasi tez orada qulab tushdi, Prezident Karterning to'xtashi atomlarning ko'payishi and arm race between Soviet Union and United States heightened.^[91]

Afghanistan and Central Asia

Zulfiqar with Afghan King Zohirshoh

In 1972, Bhutto initially tried to build friendly ties with Afghanistan but such attempts where rebuffed in 1973.^[92] In 1974, Afghanistan began covert involvement in Pakistan's Xayber Paxtunxva Bhutto hukumati uchun bu tobora bezovtalanmoqda.^[93] Afg'oniston prezidenti Dovud Xon munozarali Pashtunlashtirish siyosat natijasida Pokiston dahshatli zo'ravonlik va fuqarolik tartibsizliklariga olib keldi.^[93] The ISI Prezident Daud Pokistonga qarshi jangarilarni xavfsiz joylar va o'quv lagerlari bilan ta'minlaganini va uning razvedka agentligi Pokiston ichidagi harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashning asosiy qo'li bo'lganligini tezda ta'kidladi. Baloch separatistlariga yordam berish.^[94] Shuning uchun Bhutto hukumati qasos olishga qaror qildi va Bhutto 1974 yilda general-mayor buyrug'i bilan yashirin qarshi operatsiyani boshladi. Nosirulloh Babar, qachon Bosh direktori bo'lgan M.I. G'arbiy jabhalar bo'yicha Bosh Direktsiya (DGWI).^[93] General Baberning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu juda yaxshi g'oya edi va bu Afg'onistonga qattiq ta'sir qildi.^[93] Ushbu operatsiyadan maqsad Islomiy fundamentalistlarni qurollantirish va Afg'onistonning turli hududlariga hujum uyushtirish edi.^[93] 1974 yilda Bututo yashirin operatsiyani amalga oshirishga ruxsat berdi Kobul va Pokiston havo kuchlari va a'zolari A.I. va ISI muvaffaqiyatli topshirildi Burhonuddin Rabboniy, Jan Muhammad Xon, Gulbadin Hekmatyor va Ahmad Shoh Massud ga Peshovar, Rabboniga suiqasd qilish xavfi ostida.^[95] 1974 yil oxiriga kelib, Bututo afg'on mujahəddinni Daudxon hukumatini egallashga o'rgatish bo'yicha yashirin operatsiyaga yakuniy ruxsat berdi. Ushbu operatsiya yakuniy muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.^[96]

1976 yilga kelib Daud o'z mamlakatining Sovet Ittifoqiga qaramligi va qo'zg'olon ko'tarilishidan xavotirga tushdi. 1976 yil 7 iyunda Bhutto Afg'onistonga uch kunlik davlat tashrifi bilan, undan keyin 1976 yil avgustda Daud Xonning Pokistonga besh kunlik tashrifi bilan tashrif buyurdi. 1977 yil 2 martda Afg'oniston va Pokiston o'rtasida havo aloqalarini tiklash to'g'risida kelishuv imzolandi. aloqalar yaxshilanishda davom etdi.^[97] Bhutto va Daud Afg'onistonni qabul qilishga majbur qilish uchun rasmiy tashriflar bilan almashdilar Durand chizig'i doimiy chegara sifatida.^[92][94] Biroq, bu o'zgarishlar Bhutto olib tashlangani va ko'p o'tmay Dovud Xan harbiy to'ntarish natijasida ag'darilganligi sababli to'xtatildi.^[92] G'arb ekspertlari Bhuttoning siyosatini chegara masalasida "astoydil siyosat" deb hisoblashdi, chunki bu Afg'onistonga bosimni kuchaytirdi va afg'on hukumatining turar joy tomon harakatlanishini rag'batlantirdi. Afg'oniston tashqi ishlar vazirining o'rinbosari Abdul Samad Ghaus ham murosaga kelishdan oldin Afg'oniston Pokiston ichida jiddiy ishtirok etganini tan oldi.^[92]

Rad etish

Ommaviy notinchlik

Bhutto muddat o'tishi bilan katta tanqidlarga duch keldi va ommalashib ketmadi. Dastlab muxolifat etakchisini nishonga olish Abdul Valixon va uning Milliy Avami partiyasi (NAP), demokratik sotsialistik partiya, Bututo boshchiligida to'plangan sotsialistik va kommunistik massa parchalana boshladi, shu bilan dunyoviy jabhalarda bo'linib, ittifoqlashdi. Ikki partiyaning g'oyaviy o'xshashligiga qaramay, ular o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvlar tobora keskinlashib bordi. Bu federal hukumatning Belujistondagi NAP viloyat hukumatini bo'linish faoliyati uchun quvib chiqarilishi bilan boshlandi,^[98] va NAPni taqiqlash bilan yakunlandi. Keyinchalik, Bhuttoning ishonchli odamidan keyin YAP yuqori rahbariyatining katta qismi hibsga olingan Hyatt Scherpaoi Peshovar portlashi natijasida halok bo'lgan. Yana bir e'tiborli shaxs, Bosh sudya Hamoodur Rahmon ofisda yuragi to'xtab qolishi sababli vafot etdi. 1974 va 1976 yillar orasida Buttoning asl a'zolarining ko'plari siyosiy farqlar yoki tabiiy o'lim sabablari tufayli Buttoni tark etishgan. 1974 yilda Bututoning ishonchli ilmiy maslahatchisi Abdus Salam Parlament Ahmadiya musulmonlarini musulmon bo'lmagan deb e'lon qilganida, shuningdek Pokistonni tark etdi. Salamning ketishi bilan yadroviy qurollar bo'yicha tadqiqotlar doktorning taraqqiyotini sekinlashtirdi. Mubashir Hassan Endi Bhuttoning ilmiy maslahatchisi etib tayinlangan, ilmiy tadqiqotlardan ko'ra ko'proq siyosatga e'tibor qaratadi. Bhuttoga sodiq bo'lgan ko'plab fuqarolik byurokratlari va harbiy ofitserlar yangi yuzlar bilan almashtirildi. Bhutto yangi maslahatchilar va hamkorlar bilan uchrashdi.^[99]

Shuningdek, PPP-da norozilik kuchaygan va dissident liderning o'ldirilishi Ahmad Raza Casuri otasi jamoat g'azabiga va partiyadagi dushmanlikka olib keldi, chunki Bhutto jinoyatni uyushtirishda ayblangan. Panjobning sobiq gubernatori G'ulom Mustafo Xar singari kuchli PPP rahbarlari Bhuttoni ochiqchasiga qoralashdi va uning rejimiga qarshi norozilik namoyishlariga chaqirishdi.^[99] Fuqarolik erkinliklari to'xtatib turilgani va u erga joylashtirilgan taxminan 100,000 harbiylar inson huquqlarini buzishda va ko'plab tinch aholini o'ldirishda ayblanayotgani sababli Shimoliy-G'arbiy Chegara viloyati va Balujistondagi siyosiy inqiroz kuchayib ketdi.^[37]

1977 yil 8 yanvarda oppozitsiya Pokiston milliy alyansi (PNA).,^[37] Bhutto hukumati va uning ittifoqchilariga qarshi to'qqiz partiyadan iborat koalitsiya. Bhutto yangi saylovlarni tayinladi, ammo PNA aniq ko'pchilikni qo'lga kirita olmadi. PNA mag'lubiyatga duch keldi, ammo natijalarini qabul qilmadi, raqiblarini saylovlarni soxtalashtirishda aybladi. Nihoyat dissidentlar milliy assambleyadagi 40 o'rin soxtalashtirilgan deb da'vo qilishdi va viloyat saylovlarini boykot qilishdi. Olingan saylovchilarning past faolligi oldida PNA yangi saylangan Bhutto hukumatini noqonuniy deb e'lon qildi. Kabi qattiqqo'l islomiy rahbarlar Maulana Maududi Bhutto rejimini ag'darishga chaqirdi.^[99] Mubashir Hassan, Bututoning Ilmiy maslahatchisi, Bututoga qarshi to'ntarishdan qo'rqdi.^[100] Hassan nizoga kirib, PNA bilan kelishuvga erishishga muvaffaq bo'lmagan. Aksariyat islomchilar Xassan bilan uchrashishdan bosh tortdilar, chunki uni Bututoning muvaffaqiyati me'mori deb bildilar. Xuddi shu yili, qattiq tazyiq boshlandi Pokiston musulmonlar ligasi, konservativ front.^[101] The Xalq milliy partiyasi Prezident va sobiq Muxolifat lideri Xon Vali Xon Bhuttoning harakatlarini PNAga qarshi so'nggi qarama-qarshilik sifatida ko'rdi, Qurolli Kuchlar va Bututo, shu jumladan uning hamkasblari izolyatsiya qilindi.^{[102][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]} Vali Xon ochiq jamoat seminarida "Ikki kishining qabri bo'lishi mumkin ... keling, kim birinchi bo'lib kirishini ko'rib chiqaylik" degan so'zlarini keltiradi.^[102] The Federal xavfsizlik kuchlari go'yoki hibsga olingan yoki musulmonlar ligasi a'zolari sudsiz o'ldirilgan.^[101] Buning ortidan norozilik va fuqarolik tangligi o'rtasida Lahor va Xalq partiyasi shahar ustidan ma'muriy nazoratni yo'qotdi.^[101]

Harbiy to'ntarish

1977 yil 3-iyulda o'sha paytdagi general-mayor K.M. Orif yashirin ravishda Bututto bilan uchrashib, to'ntarishni rejalashtirish Bosh jangovar shtabda (GHQ) amalga oshirilganligini oshkor qildi.^[72] Ushbu maxfiy yig'ilishda general Arif Bhuttoni "PNA bilan muzokaralarni kechiktirmasdan tezda bajarishga" da'vat etdi.^[72] Siyosiy va fuqarolik tartibsizligining kuchayishi Bhuttoni PNA rahbarlari bilan muzokaralar olib borishga majbur qildi, natijada yig'ilishlarni tarqatish va milliy birlik hukumati ostida yangi saylovlar o'tkazish to'g'risida bitim imzolandi.^[103] Biroq 1977 yil 5-iyulda Bhutto va uning kabinet a'zolari general Ziya buyrug'i bilan qo'shinlar tomonidan hibsga olingan.^[37] Odatda to'ntarish Bututonning oppozitsiya bilan kelishuvga erishganiga qaramay, notinchlik bahonasida sodir bo'lgan deb hisoblashadi.^[101]

Bhutto armiyada yaxshi razvedkaga va general-mayor kabi zobitlarga ega edi Tajamul Husayn Malik oxirigacha unga sodiq edi.^[101] Biroq general Ziya-ul-Haq zobitlar bilan o'quv dasturini buyurdi Maxsus havo xizmati (SAS).^[101] General Ziya-ul-Haq Bututoning ko'plab sodiq zobitlarini birinchi kursga borishni buyurdi.^[101] Biroq, katta ofitserlar uchun darslar yarim tungacha qoldirildi.^[101] Zobitlarning hech biriga to'ntarishdan oldin kechqurungacha ketishga ruxsat berilmagan. Shu vaqt ichida davlat to'ntarishi uchun chora-tadbirlar amalga oshirildi.^[101]

General Ziya harbiy holat joriy qilinganligini, konstitutsiya to'xtatilganini va barcha majlislar tarqatib yuborilishini va to'qson kun ichida saylovlar o'tkazilishini va'da qildi. Ziyo shuningdek, PPP va PNA-ning yuqori darajadagi rahbarlarini hibsga olishga buyruq berdi, ammo oktyabrda saylovlar o'tkazilishini va'da qildi. Bhutto 29 iyulda ozod qilingan va uning tug'ilgan shahri Larkanada ko'plab tarafdorlari tomonidan qabul qilingan. U darhol Pokiston bo'ylab sayohat qilishni boshladi, juda ko'p olomonga nutq so'zladi va o'zining siyosiy qaytishini rejalashtirdi. Bhutto 3 sentyabrda yana hibsga olingan, 13 sentyabrda garov puli evaziga ozod etilgunga qadar. Bhutto yana bir hibsga olinishdan qo'rqib, xotiniga ism berdi, Nusrat, Pokiston Xalq partiyasining prezidenti. Bhutto 16 sentyabrda qamoqqa tashlandi va ko'p sonli PPP rahbarlari, xususan Dr. Mubashir Hassan faollar hibsga olingan va saylovlarda qatnashish huquqidan mahrum qilingan. Kuzatuvchilarning ta'kidlashicha, 1977 yil iyul oyida Bhutto hokimiyatdan chetlatilgach, minglab pokistonliklar quvonishgan va xursand bo'lishgan.^[104]

Hibsga olish va sud jarayoni

1977 yil 5 iyulda general boshchiligidagi harbiylar Muhammad Ziyo-ul-Haq, to'ntarish uyushtirdi. Ziyo bosh vazir Bututoni hokimiyatdan ozod qildi va uni bir oy hibsda ushlab turdi. Ziyo 90 kundan keyin yangi saylovlar o'tkazilishini va'da qildi. U saylovlarni kechiktirib turdi va ketma-ket o'tkazilgan matbuot anjumanlari paytida, agar saylovlar Bututoning huzurida o'tkazilsa, uning partiyasi yana hokimiyatga qaytmasligini aytdi.

Ozodlikka chiqqandan so'ng, Butut PPP tarafdorlarining adulyatsion olomoni orasida mamlakat bo'ylab sayohat qildi. U poezdni janubdan shimolga olib borar edi va yo'lda turli stantsiyalarda jamoat yig'ilishlarida nutq so'zlar edi. Ushbu poezdlarning bir nechtasi o'z manzillariga etib borishda bir necha kun kechikkan va natijada Bututoga poezdda sayohat qilish taqiqlangan. Shaharga so'nggi tashrifi Multon Panjob viloyatida Bhuttoning siyosiy faoliyati va pirovardida uning hayotidagi burilish nuqtasi bo'ldi. Yig'ilishni blokirovka qilishga qaratilgan ma'muriyatning sa'y-harakatlariga qaramay, olomon shunchalik ko'p ediki, tartibsizliklar paydo bo'ldi va ma'muriyatga Bhutto doktor Xasan bilan birga hibsga olinganini e'lon qildi, chunki odamlar unga qarshi edi va o'z xavfsizligi uchun uni ommadan himoya qilish zarur bo'lib qoldi.

3 sentyabrda armiya Bhuttoni 1974 yil mart oyida siyosiy raqibini o'ldirishga ruxsat berganlikda ayblanib yana hibsga oldi.^[105] 35 yoshli siyosatchi Ahmed Raza Kasuriy va uning oilasi pistirmaga tushib, Kasurining otasi Navab Muhammad Ahmadxon Kasurini o'ldirgan. Kasuri Bhuttoni hujumni uyushtirganlikda ayblab, uni asl nishon ekanligini aytdi. Keyinchalik Kasuri o'zini 15 ta suiqasd nishoniga aylanganini ta'kidladi. Buttoning rafiqasi Nusrat Bhutto boshchiligidagi Bututoni himoya qilish uchun eng yaxshi pokistonlik advokatlar guruhini yig'di Faxruddin G. Ibrohim, Yahyo Baxtiyor va Abdulhafiz Pirzada. Sudya KMA Samdani sudyasi dalillarni "ziddiyatli va to'liqsiz" deb topgandan so'ng, Bhutto hibsga olinganidan 10 kun o'tgach ozod qilindi. Natijada, Adliya Samdani zudlik bilan zaxira o'rindig'idan chiqarilib, qonun vazirligi ixtiyoriga berildi. Uch kundan keyin Ziyo yana shu ayb bilan Bhuttoni hibsga oldi va bu safar "harbiy holat" asosida. PPP Bututoning tarafdorlari o'rtasida namoyishlar uyushtirganda, Ziya bo'lajak saylovlarni bekor qildi.

Bhutto sud oldida sudga tortilgan edi Oliy sud ning Lahor pastki sudda emas, shu tariqa uni apellyatsiyaning bir darajasidan mahrum qilish. Unga garov puli bergan sudya olib tashlandi. Lahor Oliy sudi sudyasi boshchiligida beshta yangi sudya tayinlandi Maulvi Mushtaq Husayn.^[106] Hussain ilgari 1965 yilda Bututoning tashqi ishlar vaziri bo'lib ishlagan va u Bututoni qattiq yoqtirmaganligi va unga ishonmaganligi iddao qilingan.^[106] Husayn nafaqat Zia tomonidan tayinlangan, balki uning uyi Jullundur tumanidan salomlashdi.^[107]

Sud jarayoni besh oy davom etdi va Bhutto sudda sud uchun maxsus qurilgan dokda paydo bo'ldi. Ish yuritish 1977 yil 24 oktyabrda boshlandi. Masud Mahmud, Federal xavfsizlik kuchlarining bosh direktori (nomi o'zgartirilganidan beri) Federal Tergov Agentligi ), Bhuttoga qarshi ko'rsatma bergan. Mahmud Ziyoning to'ntarishidan so'ng darhol hibsga olingan va bu lavozimni egallashidan oldin ikki oy qamoqda bo'lgan. U o'z guvohligida Bututoning Kasurini o'ldirishga buyruq berganini va Federal xavfsizlik kuchining to'rt a'zosi Bututoning buyrug'iga binoan pistirmani uyushtirganini da'vo qilgan. Qotillikda gumon qilingan to'rt kishi hibsga olingan va keyinchalik ayblarini tan olgan. Ular sudga "birgalikda ayblanuvchi" sifatida jalb qilingan, ammo ulardan biri o'z ko'rsatmalaridan qiynoq ostida tortib olinganligini aytib, voz kechgan. Ertasi kuni guvoh sudda bo'lmagan va prokuratura uni to'satdan "kasal bo'lib qolgan" deb da'vo qilgan.

Bhuttoning mudofaa jamoasi bu ish bilan samarali kurashishdi va prokuratura tomonidan taqdim etilgan armiya jurnalidan olingan dalillar bilan prokuraturaga qarshi chiqishdi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Bu shuni ko'rsatdiki, Kasuriga hujum paytida haydalgan jip o'sha paytda Lahorda ham bo'lmagan. Prokuratura jurnalni "noto'g'ri" deb hisobga olmagan. Guvohlarning himoyasi bilan so'roq paytida, skameyka ko'pincha so'roq qilishni to'xtatib qo'ydi. 706 betlik rasmiy stenogrammada himoya tarafi ko'rsatgan dalillarda hech qanday e'tiroz yoki nomuvofiqlik bo'lmagan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Avvalgi AQSh Bosh prokurori Ramsey Klark uni chaqirdi a soxta sud bilan kurashgan Kenguru sudi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Sud jarayoniga guvoh bo'lgan Klark keyinchalik shunday deb yozgan edi:

Prokuratura ishi butunlay tan olinganiga qadar hibsda ushlab turilgan, har bir takrorlash bilan o'zlarining tan olishlari va ko'rsatuvlarini o'zgartirgan va kengaytirgan, o'zlariga va bir-biriga zid bo'lgan, Masud Mahmuddan tashqari ... boshqalarning aytganlari bilan bog'liq bo'lgan bir nechta guvohlarga asoslangan edi. uning guvohligi sodir bo'lgan voqealar to'g'risida guvoh, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillar yoki ashyoviy dalillar bilan mutlaqo tasdiqlanmagan to'rt xil nazariyani keltirib chiqardi.^[108]

Bhutto 1978 yil 25-yanvarda guvohlik berishni boshlaganda, bosh sudya Maulvi Mushtaq sud zalini barcha kuzatuvchilar uchun yopib qo'ydi. Bxutto bunga javoban boshqa gap aytishni rad etdi. Mushtoq Buttoning uyi provinsiyasini haqorat qilganidan keyin Bhutto Bosh sudyani xolislikda ayblab, ishni qayta ko'rib chiqishni talab qildi. Sud uning talabini rad etdi.^[106]

O'lim jazosi va apellyatsiya shikoyati

Zulfikar Ali Bxuttoning maqbarasi va Sindning Garhi Xuda Baxshdagi Bhutto oilasining boshqa a'zolari

1978 yil 18 martda Bhutto qotillikda aybdor emas deb e'lon qilindi, ammo o'limga mahkum etildi.^[109][110]1978 yil 12 martda Butoning sobiq yuridik vaziri, Abdul Hofiz Pirzada Buttoning Ilmiy maslahatchisi Mubashir Xasanni ozod qilish va ikkiga bo'lingan qaror asosida Bhuttoning o'lim jazosini qayta ko'rib chiqish to'g'risida Oliy sudga murojaat qildi.^[110] Oliy sud Hassanning ozod qilinishini rad etdi, chunki u harbiy politsiyada edi, ammo sud bu dalillarni tinglashga rozi bo'ldi.^[110] 12 kunlik sud jarayonidan so'ng, Oliy sud Pokiston Prezidenti o'lim jazosini umrbod qamoq jazosiga o'zgartirishi mumkin degan xulosaga keldi.^[110] Pirzada o'sha paytdagi harbiy holat ma'muriga ariza yozdi.^[110] Ammo general Ziya-ul-Haq darhol harakat qilmadi va ariza yo'qolgan deb da'vo qildi.^[110]

Hissiy ravishda parchalanib ketgan Pirzada Bhuttoga rivojlanish va general Ziyo-ul-Haqning maqsadi to'g'risida xabar berdi.^[110] Shuning uchun Bhutto apellyatsiya shikoyatini izlamadi.^[110] U kameraga ko'chirilayotganda Ravalpindi markaziy qamoqxona, uning oilasi uning nomidan apellyatsiya bergan va Oliy sudda sud majlisi may oyida boshlangan. Bhuttoga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun bir hafta vaqt berildi. Bhutto ayblovlarni to'liq rad etdi, garchi Zia uning nashr etilishiga to'sqinlik qildi. Bosh sudya S. Anvarul Haq apellyatsiya sudining to'qqiz sudyasidan beshtasi Lahor hukmini bekor qilishni xohlaganligi sababli, sudni 1978 yil iyul oyining oxirigacha qoldirdi. Bututto tarafdorlaridan biri iyul oyida nafaqaga chiqishi kerak edi.

Bosh sudya S. Anvarul Haq Ziya bilan yaqin bo'lishiga qaramay, hatto Ziyo mamlakatdan tashqarida bo'lganida ham Prezident vazifasini bajaruvchi sifatida ishlaganiga qaramay, sud jarayonini boshqargan. Bhuttoning advokatlari Bhuttoni Oliy sud oldida o'zini himoya qilish huquqini ta'minlashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. 1978 yil 18-dekabrda Bhutto Ravalpindidagi sud majlisi zalining oldida omma oldida paydo bo'ldi. Bu vaqtga kelib u 9 oy davomida o'lim jazosida edi va oldingi 25 kun davomida toza suvsiz qoldi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} U to'rt kun davomida sudda nutq so'zlagan holda gapirdi.

Apellyatsiya shikoyati 1978 yil 23 dekabrda yakunlandi. 1979 yil 6 fevralda Oliy sud aybdor hukm chiqardi,^[112] yalang'och 4 dan 3 gacha ko'pchilik tomonidan qabul qilingan qaror. Bhutto oilasi etti kun ichida shikoyat arizasi bilan murojaat qildi. Sud arizani o'rganayotganda ijro etishni to'xtatib qo'ydi. 1979 yil 24-fevralga qadar sudning navbatdagi muhokamasi boshlanganda, ko'plab davlatlar rahbarlaridan avf etish to'g'risidagi arizalar kelib tushdi. Ziyoning ta'kidlashicha, murojaatnomalar siyosatchilar o'rtasida "kasaba uyushmalari faoliyati" ni tashkil etadi.

1979 yil 24 martda Oliy sud shikoyatni rad etdi. Ziya o‘lim jazosini o‘z kuchida qoldirdi. Bhutto osilgan Ravalpindi markaziy qamoqxonasi, 1979 yil 4 aprelda va Garhi Xudo Bakshdagi qishloq qabristoniga dafn etilgan.^[113]

Qamoq paytida Bhuttoning bolalari Murtaza va Benazir otalarini ozod qilish uchun xalqaro yordamni namoyish qilishda ishladilar.^[114] Liviya "s Polkovnik Qaddafiy bosh vazirini yubordi Abdus Salam Jalloud Bututoni ozod qilish uchun Pokiston harbiy muassasasi bilan muzokaralar olib borish uchun Pokistonga favqulodda safarda.^[114] Matbuot anjumanida Jalloud jurnalistlarga Qaddafiy general Ziyani Liviyaga surgun qilishni taklif qilganini va Bosh vazir Jallod bu erda qolganini aytdi Islomobod xalqaro aeroporti qaerda maxsus belgilangan Prezident samolyoti Bututoni kutdi.^[114] Biroq, bir hafta aeroportda bo'lganidan so'ng, general Ziya Bosh vazir Jalloudning talabini rad etdi va o'lim jazosini o'z kuchida qoldirdi.^[114] Ko'p narsa Musulmon olami Butoning qatl etilishidan hayratda qoldi.^[114] Butto osib qo'yilishidan oldin yakuniy nutq so'zladi va uning so'nggi so'zlari: "Yo Rabbiy, menga yordam ber ... Men aybsizman".^[115]

Bhutto sudining qayta ochilishi

2011 yil 2 aprelda, Bhutto sud qilingan va qatl etilganidan 32 yil o'tib PPP (the hukmron partiya o'sha paytda) da ariza bilan murojaat qilgan Oliy sud Bhuttoning sudini qayta ochish uchun. Da Geo News, katta jurnalist Iftixor Ahmad efirga uzatildi Bhuttoning o'limida katta va ko'pincha munozarali rol o'ynaganlar bilan bir qator televizion intervyular. Bosh vazir tomonidan huquqiy guruh tashkil etildi Yusuf Raza Gillani "s kabinet sud jarayonini qayta boshlashga intilmoqda.^[116] Prezident Osif Ali Zardari Konstitutsiyaning 186-moddasi deb nomlangan prezident buyrug'iga rozilik berdi, Oliy sud 2011 yil 13 aprelda murojaatni ko'rib chiqdi.^[117] Bosh sudya Iftixar Chaudri oxir-oqibat uchta sudyani boshqargan (garchi u huquq ekspertlari bilan kengaytirilgan bo'lsa ham) to'rt viloyat Pokiston), esa Qonun vaziri Babar Avan Bhuttoning ishiga maslahat berdi.^[118]

Zudlik bilan, Babar Avan sifatida iste'foga chiqdi Qonun vaziri, hatto Adliya vazirligi Buttoning ishini qonuniy ravishda mustaqil ravishda mustaqil ravishda ta'minlash uchun. Bosh sudya o'zining ta'kidlagan so'zlarida Chaudri PPP-ning yuqori rahbariyatining harakatini maqtadi va qadrladi va bu ishorani "tarixiy" deb ta'kidladi.^[119] Halojatli yutuqlarda Oliy sud Bhuttoning qatl etilishining huquqiy maqomi to'g'risidagi qarorni tuziladigan katta skameykaga topshirdi.^[120]

Oliy sudda o'tkazilgan bir qator sud majlislaridan so'ng, PPP to'xtatishni to'xtatishni ma'qullagandan so'ng, ish to'xtatildi va bekor qilindi. Babar Avan 2012 yil 2 mayda.^[121]

Shaxsiy hayot

Bhutto ikki marta turmushga chiqdi. Uning birinchi nikohi 1943 yilda, uning amakivachchasi Shireen Amir Begumga uylanganda bo'lgan, ammo ular ajralib ketishgan. Bhuttoning ikkinchi turmushi Nusrat Ispaxani, eronlik-kurd ayol,^[122] 1951 yil 8 sentyabrda Karachida. Ularning birinchi farzandi, Benazir, 1953 yilda tug'ilgan. U ergashgan Murtaza 1954 yilda, Sanam 1957 yilda va Shohnavoz 1958 yilda Bhutto Husna Shayx bilan ham aloqada bo'lgan, u bilan Shaxmin ismli qizi bor.^[123][124]

Meros

The poydevor toshi tomonidan qurilgan Gomal universiteti pokistonlik Zulfiqar Ali Bxutto sharafiga.

Bhutto munozarali va ko'p muhokama qilingan shaxs bo'lib qolmoqda Pokiston. U millatchiligi uchun olqishlanayotgan bo'lsa, Bututo siyosiy raqiblarini qo'rqitgani uchun har doim tanqid qilindi. Bhuttoga 1971 yilda o'z mamlakatini boshqarish huquqi berilgan paytda, Pokiston achchiq raqibidan psixologik va achchiq mag'lubiyatdan so'ng ajralib ketgan, ajratilgan, ruhiy tushkunlikka tushgan va hissiy jihatdan buzilgan Hindiston.^[125] Uning siyosiy raqiblari uning sotsialistik siyosatini Pokiston iqtisodiy taraqqiyotining sustlashuvida ayblashdi, chunki ular past mahsuldorlik va yuqori xarajatlarni keltirib chiqardi. Ammo Bhutto va uning hamkorlari^{[JSSV? ]} ular shunchaki yuzaga kelgan katta tengsizlikni hal qilmoqdalar Ayub Xon yil.^[29]

Bhutto ba'zi sabablarga ko'ra aybdor Bangladeshni ozod qilish urushi. 1977 yilda general Ziyo ul-Haq sobiq generalni ozod qildi Yahyo Xon qamoqdan va uning general-leytenantidan Fazle Haq sobiq general 1980 yilda vafot etganda unga faxriy qorovulni topshirdi.^[29] 1977 yilgi to'ntarishdan keyin Yahyo "Pokistonni buzgan Mujib emas, Bhutto edi. Bhuttoning 1971 yildagi pozitsiyasi va uning qaysarligi shayx Mujibning olti bandli talabidan ko'ra ko'proq Pokistonning birdamligiga zarar etkazdi. Bu uning yuqori ambitsiyalari edi. Sharqiy Pokistonda isyonga olib kelgan qat'iy pozitsiya. U Bengaliyani buzib tashladi va Pokistonning birdamligiga chek qo'ydi. Sharqiy Pokiston ajralib chiqdi. "^[126] Bhuttoni 1971 yilda aybdor deb bilgan boshqa armiya vakillari orasida bo'lajak Prezident ham bor Parvez Musharraf va Sharqiy Pokistonning harbiy holat bo'yicha sobiq ma'muri Seyid Muhammad Ahsan.^[127] Shuningdek, Bhutto Belujistondagi inson huquqlari buzilishi uchun tanqid qilinadi qattiq islomchilar shu qatorda; shu bilan birga konservatorlar.^[37] Bhuttoning harakatlar paytida 1970 yil Balujistondagi operatsiya mintaqada barqaror tinchlikni o'rnatolmagani uchun ham tanqid qilinmoqda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Bhuttoning xalqaro qiyofasi ijobiyroq, uni dunyoviy deb tan olgan internatsionalist. Ichkarida, tanqidlarga qaramay, Bututo baribir Pokistonning eng mashhur rahbari bo'lib qolmoqda.^[37] Bosh vazirlik davrida Bhutto 1973 yil konstitutsiyasini qabul qilishda barcha partiyalarni birlashtira oldi.^[125] Pokiston uchun yadro qurolining qat'iyatli va tajovuzkor quchog'i uni Pokistonning cheklangan moliyaviy imkoniyatlariga va AQShning qattiq qarshiliklariga qaramay, uni amalga oshirgan Pokistonning yadroviy qurollarni oldini olish dasturining otasi deb bilishga majbur qildi.^{[40][43][125]} 2006 yilda, Atlantika Bhuttoni demagogik va o'ta populist, ammo baribir Pokistonning eng buyuk fuqarolik rahbari deb ta'riflagan.^[36] Garchi; .. bo'lsa ham Genri Kissincer Bhutto bilan 1979 yilgi xotirasida farqlarni rivojlantirdi Oq uy yillari u Bhuttoning "porloq, maftunkor, o'z qarashlariga ko'ra global miqyosdagi, favqulodda qobiliyatlarga ega, Pokiston milliy manfaatlariga xizmat qiladigan har qanday mamlakatga yaqinlashishga qodir odam" ekanligini tan oldi.^[128]

Bhuttoning sobiq qonun vaziri Merayj Muhammad Xon Bhuttoni "buyuk odam, ammo shafqatsiz" deb ta'riflagan.^[129] Uning oilasi siyosatda faol va ta'sirchan bo'lib qoldi, birinchi navbatda uning rafiqasi^{[iqtibos kerak ]} va keyin uning qizi PPP siyosiy partiyasining etakchisiga aylandi.^[130] Uning katta qizi, Benazir Bhutto, Pokistonning ikki marta Bosh vaziri bo'lgan va shunday bo'lgan suiqasd qilingan 2007 yil 27 dekabrda saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida 2008 yilgi saylovlar.^{[130][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]} O'g'li esa, Murtaza Bhutto, Pokiston parlamenti a'zosi bo'lib ishlagan va politsiyaning bahsli uchrashuvida ham o'ldirilgan.^{[130][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]}

Roedad ​​Xon, Bhutto davrida xizmat qilgan sobiq davlat arbobi, o'z kitobida, Pokiston - Bir orzu xiralashgan, 1971 yildan so'ng, Bututo juda yaxshi boshlandi, izolyatsiya qilingan, g'azablangan, qo'lga olingan va parchalanib ketgan xalqni oyoqqa turg'azdi va qisqa vaqt ichida dunyodagi obro'li joyni berdi ... Millatga parlament berish sovg'asi bilan tizim va bundan tashqari, shiddatli muvaffaqiyatli rivojlanish atom bombasi dasturi rekord vaqt ichida bu uning hayotidagi eng katta yutug'i, Pokiston va uning xalqi uchun, ammo afsuski oxirida yomonlashdi ".^[131] Bhutto mamlakat jamoat, ilmiy va siyosiy doiralarida yuqori nufuzga ega bo'lib qolmoqda; uning nomi hali Pokiston jamoaviy xotirasida jarangdor bo'lib kelmoqda.^[104]

Butun tanqid va qarshiliklarga qaramay, Bututo o'lganidan keyin ham juda ta'sirli va obro'li shaxs bo'lib qoldi. Bututo Pokiston tarixidagi eng nufuzli insonlardan biri sifatida tan olingan.^[12] Unga uning tarafdorlari unvon berishdi Quaid-e-Avam (Xalq rahbari)^{[130][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]}

Eponimlar

• Shahid Zulfiqar Ali Bxutto nomidagi Fan va Texnologiya Instituti, Pokistonning Sind shahridagi Karachi shahrida joylashgan Zulfikar Ali Bxutto nomidagi ilmiy va muhandislik instituti.
• ZA Bhutto qishloq xo'jaligi kolleji, Pokistonning Sind shahri, Larkana shahrida joylashgan Zulfikar Ali Bxutto nomidagi qishloq xo'jaligi muhandislik va ilmiy kolleji.
• Zulfiqorobod, Pokistonning Sind shahridagi Tetta tumanida rejalashtirilgan shahar. Shahar Zulfikar Ali Bxutto xotirasiga bag'ishlangan.

Kitoblar

Shuningdek qarang

• Jinva Bhutto
• Jumo Faqir
• Pokiston prezidentlari ro'yxati
• Pokiston Bosh vazirlarining ro'yxati
• Demokratiyani tiklash harakati

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali (1969). Mustaqillik haqidagi afsona. Oksford universiteti matbuoti., a primary source
• Khan, Imran, and Syed Karim Haider. "Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi: A Brief Comparison." Journal of Pakistan Vision 19.2 (2018) onlayn.
• Korson, J. Henry. "Bhutto's Educational Reform." Journal of Asian and African Studies 8.3-4 (1973): 279-306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685217_008_03-04-09
• Raza, Syed Rasul (2008). Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto; The Architect of New Pakistan. Karachi, Sindh Province, Pakistan: Printwise publication. ISBN  978-969-8500-00-9.
• Saiyidain, Syeda. Born to Be Hanged: Political Biography of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (2017) parcha
• Wolpert, Stanley A. Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: his life and times (Oxford Univ. Press, 1993), in Urdu
• Zahoor, Muhammad Abrar. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: Political Behaviour And Ouster from Power." Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society 5.2 (2017): 99-110 onlayn.

Tashqi havolalar

• Official web site of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
• Biography with brief video clip from TV address on 18 November 1970
• Farewell speech to the UN Security Council on 15 December 1971 kuni YouTube
• Interview of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto kuni YouTube