Amerika qonunchilik almashinuvi kengashi - American Legislative Exchange Council

Amerika qonunchilik almashinuvi kengashi
American Legislative Exchange Council.svg
QisqartirishALEC
Shiori"Cheklangan hukumat, Bepul bozorlar, Federalizm "
Shakllanish1973; 47 yil oldin (1973)
TuriSoliqdan ozod qilingan notijorat tashkilot
Huquqiy holat501 (c) (3)
Bosh ofis2900 Crystal Drive, 6-qavat,
Arlington, Virjiniya, BIZ.
Koordinatalar38 ° 50′49 ″ N. 77 ° 03′08 ″ V / 38.8470 ° N 77.0523 ° Vt / 38.8470; -77.0523Koordinatalar: 38 ° 50′49 ″ N. 77 ° 03′08 ″ V / 38.8470 ° N 77.0523 ° Vt / 38.8470; -77.0523
Jim Bak
Daromad (2017)
$10,352,239[1]
Xarajatlar (2017)$10,237,195[1]
Veb-saytALEC.org
Ilgari chaqirilgan
Shtat qonun chiqaruvchilarining konservativ guruhi

The Amerika qonunchilik almashinuvi kengashi (ALEC) a notijorat tashkilot ning konservativ shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari va xususiy sektor loyihani ishlab chiqadigan va baham ko'radigan vakillar namunaviy qonunchilik Qo'shma Shtatlardagi shtat hukumatlari o'rtasida tarqatish uchun.[2][3][4]

ALEC shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari va xususiy sektor a'zolari uchun hamkorlik qilish uchun forum taqdim etadi namunaviy veksellar - a'zolari o'zlarining shtat qonun chiqaruvchilarida sozlashi va muhokama qilish uchun kiritishi mumkin bo'lgan qonunchilik loyihalari.[5][6][7] ALEC tartibga solishni kamaytirish va jismoniy va yuridik shaxslarga soliq solishni kamaytirish, kurashish kabi keng ko'lamli masalalar bo'yicha namunaviy qonun loyihalarini ishlab chiqdi noqonuniy immigratsiya, yumshatish ekologik qoidalar, torting saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish qoidalari, zaiflashish mehnat jamoalari va qarshi qurolni boshqarish.[8][9][10][11] Ushbu qonun loyihalarining ba'zilari Arizona, Viskonsin, Kolorado, Michigan, Nyu-Xempshir va Meyn kabi shtatlarning qonunchilik kun tartibida ustunlik qiladi.[12] Har yili taxminan 200 ta qonun loyihasi qonun hisoblanadi.[8][13] ALEC shuningdek, ma'lum bir shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari o'rtasida tarmoq vositasi bo'lib xizmat qiladi va boshqa shtatlarda amalga oshirilgan konservativ siyosatni o'rganishga imkon beradi.[10] Ko'pgina ALEC qonunchilarining aytishicha, tashkilot saylovoldi tashviqotlari va yangi paydo bo'lgan siyosiy g'oyalarni qonun chiqaruvchi tilga aylantiradi.[5]

ALEC faoliyati qonuniy bo'lsa ham,[14] kabi nashrlardan olingan xabarlardan so'ng jamoatchilik nazorati ostida qoldi The New York Times va Bloomberg Businessweek ALECni korporativ manfaatlarga tashqi ta'sir ko'rsatadigan tashkilot sifatida tavsifladi.[8][9] Jamoatchilik bosimining natijasi qator qonun chiqaruvchilar va korporatsiyalarning tashkilotdan chiqishiga olib keldi.

Tarix

1973 yildan 2010 yilgacha

ALEC 1973 yilda tashkil etilgan Chikago shtat qonunchilarining konservativ guruhi sifatida Mark Rxads tomonidan boshlangan loyiha, an Illinoys shtatining uyi xodimga qarshi turish uchun Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi,[tushuntirish kerak ] ish haqi va narxlarni boshqarish va mag'lubiyatga javob berish Barri Goldwater ichida 1964 yil prezident saylovi.[15][16]

Konservativ qonunchilar "konservativ" so'zi o'sha paytda jamoatchilikka yoqmayotganini his qilishgan, shu bilan birga tashkilot Amerika qonun chiqaruvchi almashinuv kengashi deb o'zgartirilgan.[15] Ning ko'magi bilan 1975 yilda Amerika konservativ ittifoqi, ALEC federal notijorat agentligi sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[17][18] Bill Moyers va Greenpeace ALEC tashkil etilishini nufuzli kishilar bilan bog'lashdi Pauell Memorandumi, bu 1970-yillarda yangi ishbilarmon faollar harakati ko'tarilishiga olib keldi.[19][20]

ALEC konservativ faol tomonidan asos solingan Pol Veyrix, u ham asos solgan Heritage Foundation.[14][15] Genri Xayd, keyinchalik u AQSh kongressmeniga aylandi va keyinchalik milliy siyosiy direktorga aylangan Lou Barnet Ronald Reygan ALEC tashkil etishga siyosiy harakatlar qo'mitasi ham yordam berdi. Dastlabki a'zolar qatoriga shtat miqyosida ish olib borgan bir qator davlat va mahalliy siyosatchilar kirgan Bob Kasten, Tommi Tompson va Skott Uoker Viskonsin shtati, Jon Engler Michigan shtati, Terri Branstad Ayova shtatidan, Mitch Daniels Indiana va Jon Beyner va Jon Kasich Ogayo shtati.[21] Dastlabki yillarda tashkilotga bir nechta Kongress a'zolari, shu jumladan Rep. Jek Kemp Nyu-York, Sen. Jessi Xelms Shimoliy Karolina shtatidan, Sen. Jeyms L. Bakli Nyu-York, Rep. Fil Kren Illinoys shtati va Rep Erik Kantor Virjiniya shtati.[21][22]

1980-yillarda Metyu Lyuis Bolonya AQShga qarshi chiqdi. Janubiy Afrikadan investitsiyalar, boshlash uchun Janubiy Afrika hukumatiga bosim o'tkazish uchun harakat muzokaralar demontaj qilish maqsadi bilan aparteid.[23] 1985 yilda ALEC shuningdek, "hozirgi gomoseksual harakatga" qarshi bo'lgan eslatmani nashr etdi gomoseksualizm ongli tanlov natijasida va shunday dedi pedofiliya "gomoseksuallar dunyosidagi eng ustun amaliyotlardan biri" edi.[24] ALEC vakili Bill Meierling 2013 yilda ushbu hujjatni muhokama qilgan va ALEC ijtimoiy masalalar bo'yicha qonun loyihalarini ishlab chiqmasligini aytgan va "Men tanqidchilar vaqt o'tishi bilan tashkilotlarning o'zgarib borishini tan olmasligidan ham xafaman" dedi.[24]

Dueyn Parde 1996 yil dekabrdan 2006 yil yanvargacha ijrochi direktor bo'lib ishlagan.[25] 2006 yildan 2008 yilga qadar xuddi shu rolda ishlagan Lori Roman juda qiyin uslubga ega bo'lib, moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga va ALEC xodimlarining uchdan ikki qismining ketishiga olib keldi.[5] Ga binoan Dolores Mertz, o'shanda Demokratik Ayova shtati vakili va ALEC kengashining raisi, ALEC o'sha davrda tobora partizan bo'lib qoldi, Roman bir paytlar Mertzga "u demokratlarni yoqtirmasdi va u ular bilan ishlashni xohlamas edi" degan edi.[26] Ron Scheberle 2010 yilda lobbist sifatida ishlaganidan keyin ijrochi direktorga aylandi Verizon Communications (ilgari GTE ) va ALEC kengashi a'zosi sifatida.[14]

2011 yilga kelib ALEC qonun chiqaruvchilarining soni 2000 kishiga etdi, shu jumladan butun mamlakat qonun chiqaruvchilarining 25 foizidan ko'prog'i. Har yili ALEC tiliga asoslangan 1000 ta qonun loyihalari shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organlariga kiritilib, ushbu qonun loyihalarining taxminan 20% qabul qilindi.[5]

2011 yilgacha

2011 yilgacha ALEC amaliyoti va uning muayyan qonun hujjatlari bilan aloqalari siyosiy doiralardan tashqarida kam ma'lum bo'lgan.[27] 2011 yil iyul oyida, Millat bilan hamkorlikda tayyorlangan bir qator maqolalarni nashr etdi Media va demokratiya markazi (CMD) ba'zi bir ALEC model qonun loyihalarini namoyish qildi va ular bilan aloqalarni tasvirlab berdi Koch oilasi va CMD "ALEC Exposed" veb-saytini ishga tushirdi, unda 800 dan ortiq ALEC namunaviy qonun loyihalari, ularni ishlab chiqishda yordam bergan qonun chiqaruvchilar va korporatsiyalar va ularni qabul qilgan davlatlarni hujjatlashtirgan.[27]

Birgalikdagi sa'y-harakatlar, xususan, ALEC-ning mashaqqatli harakatlari haqida saylovchilarni tasdiqlovchi qonunlar, targ'ibot guruhiga turtki berdi O'zgarish rangi korporatsiyalarga ALEC a'zoliklaridan voz kechishlariga bosim o'tkazish uchun ommaviy kampaniya boshlash.[27]

Ommaviy axborot vositalari va siyosiy muxoliflar o'rtasidagi tanqid shundan iboratki, ALEC demokratik institutlarni maxfiy ravishda o'zining korporativ xayrixohlari maqsadlarini amalga oshirishga qaratilgan.[27] Oregon shtati vakili va ALEC a'zosi Gen Whisnant 2011 yil dekabrida aytgan edi: "Biz erni va undagi barcha narsalarni yo'q qilmoqchi ekanligimizga katta e'tibor qaratmoqdamiz".[5] ALEC xodimlari va a'zolari tashkilotni erkin bozor tamoyillarini ilgari surish uchun davlat-xususiy sherikliklarini targ'ib qilishda targ'ib qildilar.[27] ALEC-ga a'zolik va rivojlanish bo'yicha katta direktor Chaz Cirame shunday dedi: "Ba'zi bir fitna yoki ba'zi bir maxfiy tashkilotlarning aloqasi - bu shtat qonunchilarini mamlakat bo'ylab eng yaxshi tajribalar haqida gaplashish uchun birlashtirishdan ko'ra yaxshiroq hikoya."[5]

2012 yilda ALEC an Harakatni bosib oling norozilik, Ichki daromad xizmati tomonidan shikoyat Umumiy sabab va bir nechta shtatlarda bosh prokurorni tergov o'tkazishga chaqiradi.[28]

The Trayvon Martinni otib tashlash 2012 yil 26 fevralda jamoatchilik e'tiborining kuchayishiga olib keldi Qurol-yarog 'to'g'risidagi qonunlar ALEC tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan.[27] O'zgarishlarning rangi aprel oyida ALEC korporativ a'zolaridan chiqib ketishga bosim o'tkazish uchun yangi kampaniyani boshladi.[29] Oltmishdan ortiq korporatsiya va fond, shu jumladan Coca Cola, Vendi, Kraft oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari, McDonald's, Amazon.com, General Electric, olma, Procter & Gamble, Walmart, Bill va Melinda Geyts jamg'armasi va tibbiy sug'urta guruhi Moviy xoch va ko'k qalqon keyingi haftalarda ALEC-ni qo'llab-quvvatlashni to'xtatdi yoki ularning a'zoligi tugashiga yo'l qo'ydi.[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] 34 ta qonun chiqaruvchi a'zo ham ALECni tark etdi.[38]

ALEC o'z tanqidchilarining sa'y-harakatlarini "o'ta liberal faollar koalitsiyasi tomonidan boshlangan, ularning kun tartibiga rozi bo'lmaganlarning ovozini o'chirishga qaratilgan kampaniya" deb ta'riflagan bayonotni e'lon qildi.[27][39] Dag Clopp of the Common Cure "ALEC Exposed" kompaniyasini muvaffaqiyatli kampaniyani o'tkazganligini ta'kidlab, "40 yil davomida biz hozirda biz ko'rib turgan javobgarlikni ololmadingiz, chunki ALEC, uning a'zolari, qonun chiqaruvchilari, qonun loyihalari maxfiy edi".[27]

Avvalgi Visa Inc. lobbist,[40] Nyut Gingrich yordamchi va GOPAC ijrochi direktori Liza B. Nelson Scheberle'dan 2014 yilda ALEC bosh direktori lavozimiga o'tdi.[41]

2014 yil oxirida texnologiya yo'naltirilgan bir qator kompaniyalar Google, Microsoft, Facebook, eBay va Yahoo! ALEC bilan aloqalarini tugatayotganligini e'lon qildi. Ko'pgina kompaniyalar atrof-muhit muammolarini tashkilot bilan ziddiyatli nuqta sifatida keltirdilar.[42]

Google Ijroiya raisi Erik Shmidt ALEC "shunchaki so'zma-so'z yolg'on gapirayotganini" ta'kidladi so'nggi global iqlim o'zgarishi.[43][44][45][46]

Yahoo!, Uber va Lyft xuddi shu hafta oxirida pulni qaytarib olishni e'lon qildi.[46][47][48] Occidental Petroleum va Northrop Grumman shuningdek, ALEC bilan aloqalarni uzdi.[49]

Northrop Grummanning ketishiga javoban, ALEC vakili: "Boshqa har qanday a'zo guruhlar singari, ALEC ham a'zo bo'lib qoladi va 2014 yilda biz yo'qotganimizdan ko'ra ko'proq xususiy sektor a'zolarini orttirdik" dedi.[50] T-Mobile va BP 2015 yilda ALEC bilan aloqalarni uzdi.[51][52]

Tashkilot

ALEC ning bosh qarorgohi Kristal Siti, Arlington, Virjiniya
Shuningdek qarang: Amerika qonunchilik almashinuvi kengashi a'zolari ro'yxati

2013 yil dekabr oyidan boshlab ALEC tarkibida 85 dan ortiq Kongress a'zolari va 14 nafar o'tirgan yoki sobiq hokimlar bor edi, ular "bitiruvchilar" deb hisoblanardi.[39] ALEC qonun chiqaruvchi a'zolarining aksariyati Respublika partiyasi.[5][9] 2013 yilda ALEC kengashi yig'ilishida taqdim etilgan a'zolik statistikasi shuni ko'rsatdiki, 1810 a'zo AQShdagi barcha shtat qonun chiqaruvchi o'rindiqlarining 24 foizini, ALEC a'zolari esa Ayova va Janubiy Dakotadagi qonun chiqaruvchi o'rindiqlarning 100 foizini tashkil etgan.[53] Shuningdek, 300 ga yaqin korporativ, poydevor va boshqa xususiy sektor a'zolari mavjud.[42] ALEC-ga raislik rotatsion lavozim bo'lib, ushbu lavozimga har yili yangi qonun chiqaruvchi tayinlanadi. 2012 yildan boshlab, Uning 33 stulidan 28 tasi respublikachilar edi.[26]

ALEC tarkibida to'qqizta "ishchi guruh" mavjud bo'lib, ular qonun loyihalarini ishlab chiqadilar, ular a'zolarni sozlashlari va o'zlarining shtat qonun chiqaruvchilarida muhokama qilishlari mumkin. Xususiy sektor a'zolari samarali faoliyat ko'rsatmoqdalar veto huquqi tezkor guruhlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan namunaviy qonun loyihalari ustidan.[13][14]

Qurol qurollari to'g'risidagi qonunlar va saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish talablarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan ALEC jamoat xavfsizligi va saylovlari bo'yicha tezkor guruhi 2012 yil aprel oyida tarqatib yuborildi. Milliy siyosatni tadqiq qilish milliy markazi ALEC tomonidan to'xtatilgan guruh o'rniga saylovchi identifikatori bo'yicha maxsus guruh tuzilganligini e'lon qildi.[54][55]

Maxsus guruhlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan qonun loyihalari namunaviy qonun loyihasi sifatida tayinlanishidan oldin faqat qonun chiqaruvchilardan iborat ALEC direktorlar kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlanishi kerak.[14] ALEC-da "Xususiy korxonalar maslahat kengashi" mavjud bo'lib, u direktorlar kengashi yig'ilishida yig'iladi.[14] Kengash a'zolari kabi taniqli korporatsiyalar vakillari kiradi ExxonMobil, Pfizer, AT & T, SAP SE, Davlat xo'jaliklarini sug'urtalash va Koch Industries.[56] ALEC bayonotlari shuni ko'rsatadiki, kengash direktorlar kengashiga maslahat beradi.[56] Sobiq ALEC hamraisi Nobel Ellington 2011 yilda aytgan edi: "Men haqiqatan ham bizni bitta taxta deb o'ylayman", dedi u, "u erda o'tirib, biznes qilmoqchi bo'lgan hamma narsani qilish bizning maqsadimiz emas", dedi.[14]

Kundalik operatsiyalar ALEC-dan ishlaydi Arlington, Virjiniya, ijro etuvchi direktor va xodimlar qariyb 30 kishilik ofis. ALEC nizomnomalarida "... to'liq a'zolik shaxsiy erkinlik, asosiy Amerika qadriyatlari va institutlari, samarali erkin tadbirkorlik va cheklangan vakolatni saqlashga bag'ishlangan shaxslar uchun ochiq bo'lishi mumkin. ALEC maqsadlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan va shtat yoki hududiy qonun chiqaruvchi organ, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi yoki Qo'shma Shtatlar tashqarisidagi shunga o'xshash organlar a'zosi sifatida xizmat qiladigan yoki ilgari xizmat qiladigan hukumat. "[57]

ALEC-da xodimlar va a'zolarga maslahat beradigan "Olimlar kengashi" mavjud. Kengash tarkibida Artur Laffer, xizmat qilgan iqtisodchi Ronald Reygan "s Iqtisodiy siyosat bo'yicha maslahat kengashi; Viktor Shvarts, Davlat siyosati kafedrasi Shook, Hardy & Bekon;[58] Richard Vedder, iqtisod professori Ogayo universiteti va yordamchi olim Amerika Enterprise Institute; va asoschisi Bob Uilyams Evergreen Freedom Foundation.[59]

ALEC-ning aloqalari ham mavjud Davlat siyosati tarmog'i (SPN), konservativ va ozodlik fikr markazlari. SPN ALEC a'zosi,[60] va ALEC SPNning assotsiatsiyalangan a'zosi.[61] SPN o'z a'zolarini ALEC-ga qo'shilishga undaydi,[62] va SPNning ko'plab a'zolari ham ALEC a'zolari. SPNdagi ba'zi tahlil markazlari namunaviy qonunchilikni yozadilar, keyinchalik ALEC-ning shaxsiy uchrashuvlarida joriy etiladi.[63] ALEC - bu "SPNning qardosh tashkiloti" The Guardian.[64]

ALEC xayriya tashkiloti sifatida 37 shtatda ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[28]

2003 yilda, Donald Rey Kennard, o'shanda Luiziana shtati vakili va ALEC milliy raisi shunday dedi: "Biz juda konservativ tashkilotmiz ... Biz shunchaki ishongan narsamizni qo'llab-quvvatlaymiz".[13] Shimoliy Karolina shtati vakili va ALEC a'zosi Kreyg Xorn 2013 yilda ALEC haqida shunday dedi: "Bu chaqmoq chaqadigan tashkilot, chunki u qat'iy konservativ tarzda egilib qolgan - bunga shubha yo'q".[65]

E'tiborga molik siyosat va qonun loyihalari

ALEC veb-saytida uning maqsadi "erkin bozor tadbirkorligi, cheklangan hukumat va federalizmning asosiy tamoyillari" ni ilgari surish ekanligi ta'kidlangan.[66] 2003 yilda, Donald Rey Kennard, o'shanda Luiziana shtati vakili va ALEC milliy raisi shunday dedi: "Biz juda konservativ tashkilotmiz ... Biz shunchaki ishongan narsamizni qo'llab-quvvatlaymiz".[13] Shimoliy Karolina shtati vakili va ALEC a'zosi Kreyg Xorn 2013 yilda ALEC haqida shunday dedi: "Bu chaqmoq chaqadigan tashkilot, chunki u qat'iy konservativ tarzda egilib qolgan - bunga shubha yo'q".[65]

Garchi ALEC dastlab ijtimoiy muammolarga e'tibor qaratgan bo'lsa ham abort So'nggi yillarda guruh ko'proq biznes va tartibga solish masalalariga e'tibor qaratdi.[5][13] Ga binoan Jon Nikols ning Millat, ALEC kun tartibini "transmilliy korporatsiyalar deyarli har qadamda belgilab qo'ygandek tuyuladi. Bu soliqlarni pasaytirish, kamroq tartibga solish, sud jarayonlaridan juda ko'p himoya qilish yo'llarini ochish uchun. [Va] ALEC ochilishida juda faol. xususiylashtirish yo'li bilan korporatsiyalar ko'proq pul ishlashlari uchun, xususan, odatda siz xalq ta'limi kabi kutmagan joylarda. "[67]

A Brukings instituti 2011-2012 yillarda kiritilgan davlat qonunchiligini o'rganish natijasida ALEC namunaviy qonun loyihalari ko'pincha munozarali ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy masalalar bilan bog'liq bo'lganligi aniqlandi. Tadqiqot natijalariga ko'ra, bu hodisa ALEC-ga zarar etkazdi, chunki "uning qo'llarini ijtimoiy masalalar bilan iflos qilish ALEC-ning fiskal narsalarga ta'sir o'tkazish qobiliyatini pasaytiradi".[68]

Kolumbiya universiteti siyosatshunosi Aleks Xertel-Fernandezning tadqiqotlariga ko'ra, 1970 yillarning oxirlarida ALEC model qonunchiligi asosan abort, giyohvand moddalar, qurol to'g'risidagi qonunlar, diniy erkinlik va avtobuslarga qarshi kurash kabi ijtimoiy masalalarga e'tibor qaratdi.[69] 1980-yillarga kelib asosiy e'tibor asosan jinoiy sudlovga qaratildi.[69] 1990-yillarga kelib, asosiy e'tibor biznesni tartibga solishga qaratildi.[69]

"O'zingizning ustuningiz bo'ling" qonunlari

'Joyingda tur 2005 yilda Florida qonuni qabul qilingandan so'ng, qurol to'g'risidagi qonunlar ALEC ko'magida 30 ta shtatgacha kengaytirildi.[70][71][72] Florida qonuni qabul qilingandan so'ng, ALEC xuddi shu tahrirda namunaviy qonun loyihasini qabul qildi.[3] Izidan Trayvon Martinni otib tashlash 2012 yilda ALEC-ning Stand Your Ground qonunlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashi oxir-oqibat Coca-Cola, Microsoft, Bank of America va General Motors kabi taniqli korporativ a'zolarning ketishiga olib keldi.[39]

Saylovchilarni tasdiqlovchi qonunlari

Obamaning g'alabasidan keyin 2008 yilgi prezident saylovi, ALEC ning ichki nashrida (u pul to'laydigan a'zolarga taqdim etiladi), saylovchilarning firibgarligi uning g'alabasiga hissa qo'shganligi haqida dalilsiz tasdiqlangan. ALEC guruhlarga yoqishini aytdi ACORN saylovchilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishda firibgarliklar bilan shug'ullangan va shu bilan soxta saylovchilar ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[73]

2012 yilgacha ko'plab davlatlarda ALEC namunaviy qonun loyihalariga asoslangan qonunchilik saylovchilar tomonidan davlat tomonidan chiqarilgan fotosurat identifikatsiyasini ishlab chiqarishni talab qilish yoki kuchaytirish uchun joriy qilingan. Qonun loyihalari oltita shtatda qabul qilindi va imzolandi.[5] 34 shtatda kiritilgan saylovchilarni identifikatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihalari talabalar, qariyalar va kambag'allar uchun ovoz berishni qiyinlashtirar edi.[14] Kolumbiya universiteti siyosatshunosi Aleks Xertel-Fernandesning tadqiqotlariga ko'ra, "2011 va 2012 yillardagi qonunchilik sessiyalari davomida ko'rib chiqilgan 62 ta ID qonunlarining yarmidan ko'pi ... Amerika qonun chiqaruvchi almashinuv kengashining ishtirokchilari bo'lgan, Yoki ALEC. Yiliga $ 50 miqdorida a'zolik badallari to'lashlari evaziga ushbu qonunchilar saylovchilarning shaxsiy guvohnomalarini qat'iy talab qilish bo'yicha taklif loyihasini olish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ldilar ".[74]

Immigratsiya

"Bizning huquqni muhofaza qilish va xavfsiz qo'shnilar to'g'risidagi qonunni qo'llab-quvvatlang "," SB 1070 "nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan Arizona qonuni, 2009 yil dekabr oyida ALEC yig'ilishi paytida ishlab chiqilgan va ALEC namunaviy qonun loyihasiga aylangan.[75] 2010 yilda qabul qilingan SB 1070 eng qiyin deb ta'riflangan noqonuniy immigratsiya AQShda qonun[76] SB 1070-ning ayrim qismlari Oliy sud tomonidan 2012 yilda federal qonun bilan oldindan ko'rib chiqilgan.[77]

SB 1070 ga o'xshash veksellar Alabama, Jorjiya, Indiana va Yuta shtatlarida qabul qilingan va 17 ta boshqa shtatlarda joriy qilingan.[14]

2018 yildagi tadqiqotlar ALEC ni jilovlashga qaratilgan siyosat tarqalishida juda ta'sirli deb ta'rifladi muqaddas shaharlar (immigratsiya qonunchiligi huquqni muhofaza qilishning ustuvor vazifasi bo'lmagan yurisdiktsiyalar).[78]

Hayvonlar va ekologik terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun

ALEC tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan qonun loyihalaridan biri "Hayvonlar va ekologik terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun" bo'lib, u mulkni yo'q qilish, qo'rqitish va fuqarolik itoatsizligi atrof-muhit bo'yicha va hayvonlarning huquqlari kabi faollar terrorizm. Ushbu qonun loyihasi AQShda 2003 yilda ishlab chiqilganidan beri turli shakllarda paydo bo'lgan. Federal "Hayvonlar korxonalari terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun "ALEC-ning" Hayvonlar va ekologik terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun "modeliga o'xshash o'xshashliklarga ega va deyarli so'zma-so'z tilda. Senatning versiyasi"Hayvonlar korxonalari terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun "homiysi senator Jeyms Inxof, uzoq vaqtdan beri ALEC a'zosi.[79]

Ko'pchilik ag-gag qonun loyihalari, shuningdek, ALEC-ning "Hayvonlar va ekologik terrorizm to'g'risidagi qonun" modeliga o'xshashdir, bu chorvachilik fermer xo'jaliklarida "ob'ektni yoki uning egasini obro'sizlantirish" maqsadida filmga, videotasvirga yoki fotosuratga olishga qonunchilikka zid keladi. Qoidabuzarlik aniqlangan odamlar "terrorchilar ro'yxatiga" kiritiladi.[80][81]

Jinoiy jazo tayinlash va qamoqxonani boshqarish

Ga binoan Boshqarish jurnali, "ALEC davlat qamoqxonalarini xususiylashtirish va qamoqxonalarni to'ldirish uchun katta kuch bo'ldi."[13] ALEC tomonidan namunaviy qonun loyihalari ishlab chiqildi "jinoyatchilikka qarshi kurashish "tashabbuslar, shu jumladan"hukm chiqarishda haqiqat "va"uchta zarba "qonunlar.[82] Tanqidchilar ta'kidlashlaricha, ALEC ning Jinoyat Adliya Vazifasini moliyalashtirish va ishtirok etish orqali, xususiy qamoqxona kompaniyalar qonunchilikka to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qattiqroq, uzoqroq muddatlarga ta'sir qilishadi. Amerika tuzatishlar korporatsiyasi va Vackenxutdagi tuzatishlar, AQShdagi eng katta foyda keltiradigan qamoqxona kompaniyalaridan ikkitasi (2004 yil holatiga ko'ra)), ALEC-ga hissa qo'shganlar.[83] ALEC, shuningdek, xususiy sektorning daromad olish uchun qamoqxonalarini yaratishga ruxsat berish uchun davlat qonunlarini qabul qilish bo'yicha ish olib bordi.[84][85]

Mari Gottschalk, Pensilvaniya universiteti siyosatshunoslik professori, ALEC "xususiy sektorni ozodlikdan mahrum qilish ishlarida ozod qilish va tuzatishlarni xususiylashtirishni kengaytirishda" katta rol o'ynaganligini aytdi.[86] Iqtisodchi Pol Krugman 2012 yilda ALEC "xususiylashtirishga, ya'ni davlat xizmatlarini ko'rsatishni, maktablardan qamoqxonalarga, foyda keltiradigan korporatsiyalarga o'tkazishga alohida qiziqish bildirganini" va shunga o'xshash tarzda "muhim rol o'ynaganligini" yozgan.jazo-sanoat kompleksi ". Masalan, Krugman shunday deb yozgan edi Amerika garov koalitsiyasi ALEC-ni "hayotni saqlovchi" deb ochiq e'lon qildi.[87]

2013 yilga kelib, ALEC qattiq jazoni ma'qullaydigan va qisqartirishni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan ishchi guruhni tarqatib yubordi qamoqxonalarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi jinoiy adliya tizimi bilan bog'liq xarajatlarni kamaytirish.[82] O'sha paytda ALEC soliq to'lovchilarning pullarini ozodlikdan mahrum qilishning muqobil variantlariga, masalan, elektron kuzatuvga investitsiya qilishni targ'ib qildi.[82]

Energiya va atrof-muhit

ALEC itarib yubordi tartibga solish 1990-yillarda elektr sanoatining. Energiyaning sobiq savdogari bo'lgan ikki xususiy sektor a'zolari o'rtasida manevralar Enron va kommunal xizmatlar savdo uyushmasi, Edison elektr instituti (EEI), natijada EEI o'zining ALEC a'zoligini qaytarib oldi. Enronning bu boradagi pozitsiyasi ALEC tomonidan qabul qilingan va keyinchalik ko'plab shtat qonun chiqaruvchilari tomonidan qabul qilingan.[13]

2011 yilda ALEC jamoatchilik bilan bog'liq bo'lgan namunaviy qonunchilikni qabul qildi.bilish huquqi "qaysi suyuqliklarda ishlatilishiga oid qonunlar gidravlik sinish (shuningdek, "fracking" deb nomlanadi) iste'molchilarning potentsial haqida bilish huquqining g'alabasi sifatida targ'ib qilingan ichimlik suvi ifloslantiruvchi moddalar, qonun loyihasida "energetika kompaniyalariga ba'zi bir suyuqlik tarkibidagi nomlarni, shu jumladan ularni tijorat siri deb hisoblash sabablarini yashirishga imkon beradigan bo'shliqlar" mavjudligiga qaramay.[9]

ALEC 2011 yilda federal tomonidan rejalar deb nomlangan qonun loyihasini ilgari surdi Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi tartibga solish issiqxona gazlari chiqindilari, iqtisodiyotga zarar etkazadigan "poezd halokati" va u turli davlatlarning mintaqadan chiqib ketish harakatlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi Iqlim o'zgarishi ixcham.[5] 2013 yilda ularning qarori "Alec issiqxona gazini tartibga solishning elektr narxlariga potentsial iqtisodiy ta'siridan va EPA qoidalarining iqtisodiy tiklanishiga etkazadigan zararlaridan juda xavotirda" deb aytilgan.[88] ALEC, shuningdek, federal hukumatni taklifni ma'qullashga chaqiradigan qonun loyihasini ilgari surdi Keystone XL kengaytiradigan loyiha sintetik xom neft quvur liniyasi dan yog 'qumlari Alberta, Kanadadan Nebraskaga.[89][90]

2013 yilda ALEC davlatning toza energiya qoidalarini susaytiradigan va o'zining quyosh batareyalarini o'rnatgan uy egalarini jazolaydigan qonunchilikni rejalashtirdi. elektr energiyasini tarmoqqa qayta taqsimlash, ular ALEC tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan quvvatni qayta aylantirish uchun infratuzilma xarajatlarini to'lamaganligi sababli "freeriders" deb ta'riflagan.[88]

Shuningdek, 2013 yilda ALEC namunaviy qonun loyihasini qabul qildi Iqlim o'zgarishi texnogen iqlim o'zgarishi "zararli, neytral yoki ehtimol foydali" bo'lishi mumkinligi va uni tartibga solish xarajatlari noaniq edi issiqxona gazlari chiqindilari "katta iqtisodiy dislokatsiya" ga olib kelishi mumkin. ALEC ham taklif qildi iqlim o'zgarishini inkor etuvchilar, kabi Kreyg Idso, uning milliy yig'ilishlarida nutq so'zlash. 2015 yilda Umumiy sabab va Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha saylovchilar ligasi ALEC-ni ayblash uchun bunday xatti-harakatga ishora qildi iqlim o'zgarishini inkor etish. ALEC, tahdid soluvchi qonuniy choralar bilan javob berdi va ALEC iqlim o'zgarishini inkor etishini qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda va yaqinda ushbu mavzu bo'yicha munozaralarni mamnuniyat bilan qabul qildi va qo'llab-quvvatladi qayta tiklanadigan energiya va uglerod solig'i global isishni to'xtatish siyosati.[91]

Bir nechta korporatsiyalar guruhning iqlim o'zgarishiga qarshi kurashga qarshi chiqishlari bilan kelishmovchilik tufayli ALEC bilan aloqalari tugashiga yo'l qo'yilishini e'lon qildi. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Ford Motor Company,[92] British Petroleum,[93] Microsoft, Google va Dutch Dutch Shell. Shell tomonidan berilgan bayonotda "uning iqlim o'zgarishiga bo'lgan munosabati aniq o'zimiznikiga mos kelmaydi ... Biz uzoq vaqt davomida iqlim muammosining ahamiyatini ham, butun dunyo bo'ylab odamlar hayot sifatini belgilashda energiyaning muhim rolini ham anglab etganmiz". ALEC vakili "Iqlim o'zgarishlari faollari hukumat g'oliblar va yutqazuvchilarni tanlab olishga qarshi bo'lganimiz bilan iqlim o'zgarishini inkor etishgani sababli birlashdilar" deb javob berdi.[94]

2016 yil dekabr oyida, Tesla Motors (ALEC a'zosi emas) Vashingtonda ALEC tadbirini o'tkazdi, u erda ALEC o'zining "Energiya innovatsiyasi loyihasi" ni ilgari surdi, uni qisman moliyalashtirdi. ClearPath fondi. Loyiha davlatlarni AQShning energiya manbalari atrofidagi innovatsiyalar va tadbirkorlikka yo'naltiradi.[95][96]

ALEC cheklovlar uchun qonun loyihalarini ilgari surdi bitta ishlatiladigan plastik somon ichish. Loyiha loyihasida imtiyozlar mavjud tez tayyorlanadigan ovqat va tez tasodifiy restoranlar va munitsipalitetlarni yanada qat'iy qoidalarni joriy etishdan ozod qiladi.[97]

Telekommunikatsiya va axborot texnologiyalari

AT&T va Verizon keng polosali ulanish xizmatlarini va "quyosh botishini" taqiqlovchi ALEC namunaviy qonunchiligini ishlab chiqdilar Umumiy telefon tarmog'i (PSTN).[98][ishonchli manba? ] Uning 172 kishilik ishchi guruhining nomlari, 2010 yil dekabrdagi yig'ilish kun tartibi va tegishli qaror qabul qilingan bayonnomalari avtoulovni haydash tomonidan nashr etilgan Umumiy sabab.[99] 2014 yil fevral oyida Kanzas shtatidagi 304-sonli Senat Bill "shahar va tumanlarga umumiy keng polosali tarmoqlarni qurish va korxonalar va fuqarolarga internet xizmatini ko'rsatishni taqiqlovchi" qonunni kiritdi.[100] Qonun loyihasida jamoat wi-fi uchun "kam ta'minlangan hudud" imtiyozi mavjud, ammo ozod qilish mezoniga Kanzasning biron bir joyida javob berilmaydi. Shahar Chanute, Kanzas 1980-yillardan boshlab keng polosali ulanishni boshqarib kelayotgan, elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqaruvchi davlat kompaniyasi, shu jumladan kollej, shifoxona va jamoat joylarida bepul wi-fi va 4g mobil ma'lumotlar tarmog'i orqali moliyalashtirildi.[100] Hisob-kitob amalga oshmadi.[101]

Sog'liqni saqlash

ALEC qarshi shaxsiy tibbiy sug'urta vakolati tomonidan qabul qilingan Bemorlarni himoya qilish va arzon narxlarda parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun (odatda "ACA" yoki "Obamacare" deb nomlanadi). ALEC ariza topshirdi amicus qisqacha yilda Milliy mustaqil mustaqil biznes federatsiyasi - Sebeliusga qarshi, ga undaydi Oliy sud urmoq individual mandat ACA. 2011 yilda ALEC "ObamaCare-ni bekor qilish bo'yicha davlat qonun chiqaruvchilari uchun qo'llanma" ni nashr etdi, u yo'l xaritasi bo'lib xizmat qildi. harakatlarni bekor qilish.[5] ALEC shuningdek, turli xil qonun loyihalarini ishlab chiqdi qonunning bajarilishini blokirovka qilish.[5]

2013 yil avgust oyida ALEC "Sog'liqni saqlash sohasida erkinlik to'g'risidagi qonun" ni qonun loyihasi sifatida tasdiqladi sog'liqni sug'urtalovchilar federal biznesni olib borish uchun ularning litsenziyalari sog'liqni saqlash birjalari agar ular tizim bo'yicha biron bir subsidiyani qabul qilsalar, ACA. ALEC Sog'liqni saqlash va aholiga xizmat ko'rsatish bo'yicha ishchi guruh rahbari Shon Raylining ta'kidlashicha, taklif qilinayotgan qonunchilikdan maqsad biznesni OAKdan himoya qilishdir. ish beruvchi vakolati.[6] Slate jurnalist Devid Vaygel qonun loyihasini ACAga qarshi "yashirin hujum" deb atadi.[102] Tibbiy sug'urta bo'yicha mutaxassislar, agar ushbu qonun loyihasi respublika tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan davlatlar tomonidan keng qabul qilinadigan bo'lsa, bu almashinuvni jiddiy ravishda buzadi va ACAga tahdid soladi.[6] Vendell Potter, sobiq tibbiy sug'urta boshqaruvchisi va CMD xodimi, "Agar sizda dotatsiyalar bo'lmasa, siz sog'liqni saqlash tizimini erkin bozor asosida qura olmaysiz. Agar ular olib qo'yilsa, hamma narsa qulaydi", dedi.[6]

1989 yilda ALEC tomonidan "OIVga qarshi hujum to'g'risida" gi qonun loyihasi e'lon qilindi, unda OIV infeksiyasini oshkor qilmasdan bila turib OIV (OITSni keltirib chiqaradigan virus) yuqtirgan odam bilan jinsiy aloqada bo'lish jinoyat deb topildi. Qonun loyihasida bunday jinsiy aloqa, hatto OIV yuqtirilmasa ham, jinoiy javobgarlik aniqlandi. Loyiha ustida ishlagan Alan Smitning ta'kidlashicha, taklif qilinayotgan qonun OITSga chalingan odamlarning atrofdagilarga ataylab yuqtirishidan xavotirga javob bo'lib, "ko'proq odamlarning uni yuqtirishiga ishonch hosil qilish uchun tadqiqot pullari davolanishga sarflanishi mumkin".[7]

LGBT huquqlari

1980-yillarda ALEC geylarga qarshi targ'ibotni olib bordi va qonun chiqaruvchilarni "jamiyatni gomoseksualizatsiya qilish" urinishlariga qarshi turishga chaqirdi.[103] ALECning ta'kidlashicha, gomoseksual munosabatlar "bugungi kunda Amerikadagi eng vayronkor va tahqirlovchi institutlardan biri bo'lgan". ALEC, gomoseksualizm psixologik zarar etkazganini, pedofiliyani keltirib chiqarganini va gomoseksuallar yoshlarni yollashga intilganliklarini da'vo qilishdi.[103]

Boshqa masalalar

ALEC xalq ta'limi tizimini xususiylashtirish bo'yicha ish olib bordi.[104] U tez-tez ta'lim sohasida davlat-xususiy sherikligini kengaytiradigan qonun loyihalarini ilgari suradi.[5]

U qabul qilinishiga olib keladigan namunaviy qonunchilikni taqdim etdi 2012 yilda Kanzasda shaxsiy va korporativ daromad solig'ini agressiv ravishda kamaytirish.[105] Hokim Sem Braunbek, qonunlarni targ'ib qilgan va imzolagan, tomonidan maslahat berilgan ta'minotchi iqtisodchi va ALEC boshqaruv kengashi a'zosi, Artur Laffer, o'sha paytda kim qisqartirishlar o'zlarini to'laydi va o'sishni ko'payishiga olib keladi deb aytgan.[106] 2014 yilning kuzida soliqlarning pasayishi byudjet profitsitining pasayishiga olib keldi va Kanzasda 2010 yildan 2013 yilgacha ish joylarining 6,6% o'sishi kuzatilgan bo'lsa-da, bu ko'rsatkich mamlakatning o'sha davrdagi ish joylarining 8,8% o'sishidan ortda qoldi. .[107]

Shuningdek, u qonun loyihasini ilgari surdi javobgarlikni cheklaydi uchun bosh kompaniyalar sotib oladiganlar filiallar javobgar asbest - tegishli jarohatlar.[14]

Chekish

1986 yilda ALEC tamaki sanoati tomonidan moliyalashtirilsa-da, u tamaki tutunini sog'liqqa zarar etkazishi bilan bog'laydigan ilm-fanga qarshi chiqdi.[108]

2012 yil iyul oyida, The Guardian ALEC qarshi chiqish choralarini ko'rganligi haqida xabar berdi oddiy sigareta qadoqlari Qo'shma Shtatlar tashqarisidagi qonunlar, shu jumladan Buyuk Britaniya va Avstraliya.[109] ALEC ishchi guruhi direktori Karla Jonsning ta'kidlashicha, brendlar korporatsiyalarning eng qimmatbaho boyliklari bo'lgan. ALEC umumiy sigareta qadoqlari chekishni emas, aksincha iste'molni ko'paytirganini ta'kidladi.[109] ALEC-ning tamaki mahsulotlarini "oddiy qadoqlash" ga qarshi targ'iboti oddiy qadoqlash samaradorligi bo'yicha akademik tadqiqotlar uchun qisman turtki sifatida keltirilgan bo'lib, unda "oddiy qadoqlash chekishni ijobiy tushunchalarini kamaytirishi va tamakidan foydalanishni rad qilishi mumkin".[110]

O'qitish va yordam

OLEC osonlikcha moslashishi mumkin bo'lgan namunaviy qonun hujjatlarini ishlab chiqish uchun forum taqdim etishdan tashqari, qonun chiqaruvchi a'zolariga yordam va treninglar o'tkazadi. Oregon shtatidagi ALEC hamraisi, Gen Whisnant, 2012 yilda tashkilotni cheklangan shtat resurslariga ega bo'lmagan yarim kunlik qonun chiqaruvchilar uchun "ajoyib manba" sifatida tavsifladi.[28] Mark Pokan, Viskonsin shtatidan Demokratik kongressmen va sobiq a'zosi Viskonsin Assambleyasi, 2012 yilda ALEC a'zolarga "'Faqat bitta qonunchilikni joriy qilmang, balki 14ni kiriting' 'deb maslahat bergan. Shunday qilib odamlar biron bir qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqa olmaydi. "[16] ALEC-ning bir yig'ilishida ommaviy axborot vositalari mutaxassislari xabar almashish bo'yicha maslahat berishdi va qonun chiqaruvchilardan qanday foydalanishni o'rgatishdi Twitter ALEC veksellarini o'z xonalari orqali o'tkazish.[16] Xizmatchilar ham yozishni taklif qilishdi op-ed mahalliy gazetalarda qonun chiqaruvchilar uchun maqolalar va qonun chiqaruvchilarni boshqa mavzular bo'yicha mutaxassislar bilan aloqada bo'lish.[16]

Maxfiylik va shaffoflik

Garchi Boshqarish jurnali 2003 yilda ALEC yig'ilishlari an'anaviy ravishda jamoatchilik uchun ochiq bo'lganligi haqida xabar bergan,[13] yangiliklar tashkilotlari o'shandan beri ko'plab uchrashuvlar yopiq tarzda o'tkazilayotgani haqida xabar berishdi. ALEC siyosatiga bag'ishlangan seminarlar muxbirlar va boshqa a'zo bo'lmaganlar uchun ochiq, ammo jamoat konferentsiyasi kun tartibiga, a'zolarga tarqatilganidan farqli o'laroq, taqdimotchilarning ismlari, qonun chiqaruvchi va xususiy sektor kengashlari raislari ro'yxatlari, shuningdek seminarlarning korporativ homiylari kiritilmagan.[12][14] Tezkor guruhlarning yig'ilishlari va qonun loyihalarini tayyorlash sessiyalari yopiq eshiklar ortida o'tkaziladi.[12][14] Bloggerlar ThinkProgress va AlterNet bunday sessiyalarning fotosuratlarini olishga urinishlari uchun konferentsiyalardan chetlashtirildi va tvit yozish ishtirok etgan ALEC a'zolarining ismlari.[14] 2013 yilda, Washington Post sharhlovchi Dana Milbank ALEC yillik "siyosat sammiti" dan yuz o'girildi va matbuot kotibi Bill Mayerling tomonidan quyi qo'mita yig'ilishlari va ishchi guruhlar uchrashuvlari yopiq tarzda o'tkazilganligini aytdi. Meierlingning ta'kidlashicha, ALEC shaffoflikni asta-sekinlik bilan joriy qilmoqda, ammo u "shunchaki eshiklarni tepib bo'lmaydi".[111] Milbankdagi voqeadan ko'p o'tmay, Brukings instituti yopiq eshiklar ostida o'tkazilgan yig'ilishlar paytida ALEC faoliyati "hanuzgacha sir bo'lib qolayotgani" va "ALEC Amerika shtatlaridagi qonun ijodkorligi ustidan ulkan ta'sirga ega bo'lishi yoki umuman yo'q bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida xabar bergan edik.[68] 2014 yilda Nebraska qonun chiqaruvchisi va sobiq ALEC a'zosi Jeremi Nordquist ALEC-ni "yuzsiz tashkilot" deb ta'riflab, "bu korporativ manfaatlarga shunchaki o'rdak berkitib qo'yish va jamoat maydoniga kirib borish va o'z g'oyalarini ilgari surishdan yashirish imkonini beradi" dedi.[112]

ALEC a'zolik ro'yxatini va uning namunaviy qonun loyihalarining kelib chiqishini oshkor qilmaydi.[8][42] Qonun chiqaruvchilar odatda o'z davlatlarida ALEC tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan qonun loyihalarini ALEC muallifligini oshkor qilmasdan taklif qiladilar.[5][13] Masalan, 2012 yilda Yulduzli kitob tomonidan ilgari taklif qilingan 100 dan ortiq qonun loyihalari va qoidalar tahlil qilindi Nyu-Jersi hokim Kris Kristi va "tasodifan juda kuchli" bo'lgan ALEC namunaviy veksellari bilan o'xshashlik namunasini topdi. Aloqalar "keng fikrlarning o'xshashligiga emas, balki aniq raqamlarga, vaqt chegaralariga, mezonlarga va tilga" asoslangan edi. Christie ma'muriyatidagi qonunchilik xodimlari "ALEC-ni byudjet masalalari, Medicaid-ning o'zgarishi va davlat xizmatlarini xususiylashtirish bo'yicha maslahat olish uchun minalashtirgan ... Christie gubernatorligining dastlabki kunlaridan boshlab". Uilyam Shluter, Nyu-Jersi axloq komissiyasi raisining o'rinbosari va sobiq respublikachi shtat senatori, "ALEC va Nyu-Jersi qonunchiligi o'rtasida aniq bog'liqlik" mavjudligini aytdi. Kristi vakili ikkalasi o'rtasidagi aloqani rad etdi.[12]

Ushbu namunadagi istisnolardan biri 2011 yil noyabr oyida, Florida shtatining sobiq vakili bo'lgan Reychel Burgin federal hukumatni korporativ soliq stavkasini pasaytirishga chaqirish uchun qonunchilikni joriy qildi. U xato bilan kiritilgan qozon "BUNGA, Amerika qonunchilik almashinuvi kengashining vazifasi Jeffersonian erkin bozor, cheklangan hukumat, federalizm va shaxsiy erkinlik tamoyillarini ilgari surishdir ..."[27][113] ALEC missiyasining bayonoti kiritilganligi aniqlanganda, qonun loyihasi bekor qilindi va iborasiz qayta taqdim etildi. Amerika istiqboli jurnalist Ebbi Rapoportning yozishicha, bu hodisa "ko'pchilik taxmin qilgan narsalar shtat qonun chiqaruvchi idoralarida ro'y berganini tasdiqlamoqda - va Burginning loyihasi deyarli qonunchilik hujjati bo'lmaganda, ALECning muhim siyosiy sohalarda erishgan yutuqlarini baholash qiyin".[114]

Ba'zida tanqidchilar ta'kidlashlaricha, ALEC namunaviy qonun loyihalarini oshkor qilmasdan qabul qilish orqali, davlat amaldorlari o'z ishlarini bajarish vazifasini biznesga asoslangan qabulxonaga topshirmoqdalar.[12] 2012 yil boshida Arizona va Viskonsin shtatlaridagi demokrat qonunchilar "ALECning 2012 yilgi hisobot to'g'risidagi qonuni" ni joriy qildilar, bu korporatsiyalardan ALEC mablag'larini oshkor qilishni talab qilishi kerak edi.[115] Arizona Vakillar palatasi ozchiliklar etakchisining yordamchisi Stiv Farli, Arizona qonun loyihasining homiysi, korporatsiyalar dalillarni taqdim etish huquqiga ega, ammo yashirincha emas.[116]

2013 yilgacha ALEC namunaviy veksellariga kirish cheklangan edi va uning veb-saytida ularga kirish uchun parol kerak edi.[12][13] 2011 yil 13 iyulda Media va demokratiya markazi bilan hamkorlikda Millat, 30 yillik davrda yaratilgan 850 ta namunaviy qonun loyihalarini joylashtirdi va veb-loyihani yaratdi, ALEC fosh qilindi, to host these model bills.[5][117][118][119] The leak has been credited with triggering critical coverage about ALEC in both left-wing and mainstream media outlets.[5] ALEC subsequently published its model bills on its website,[iqtibos kerak ] although the Brookings Institution wrote in 2013 that there was "reason to believe" its list was incomplete.[68]

On October 1, 2012, Common Cause, a liberal political advocacy group bilan birga Center for Media and Democracy (CMD), filed a lawsuit under a Wisconsin open records law alleging five Republican lawmakers did not disclose whether they had used personal e-mail accounts for correspondence with ALEC.[120] In one instance, a Wisconsin legislative representative had requested of ALEC in June 2012 that all correspondence be sent to his personal account.[121] According to CMD, the legislators settled the suit in late October 2012, allowing their personal e-mails to be searched for such contacts and paying $2,500 in court costs as part of the settlement.[122]

In 2013, ALEC's North Carolina state chairman Jason Saine described the organization as "a resource for experts you can tap that follow a philosophy that you do from a less government viewpoint", and said, "It's not just some big secretive organization that it's been portrayed."[65]

Corporate influence and allegations of lobbying activity

Corporate influence

The level of influence that the ALEC private-sector members hold over its public-sector members has been controversial. Ga binoan The New York Times, special interests have effectively turned ALEC's lawmaker members into "stealth lobbyists" for conservative causes.[9] The Guardian has described ALEC as "a dating agency for Republican state legislators and big corporations," to set rightwing legislative agendas.[6] The Bepul Lance-Star has reported that ALEC had become "one of Big Business's most effective lobbying tools".[123] Bloomberg Businessweek described the organization as a "bill laundry" that "offers companies substantial benefits that seem to have little to do with ideology."[14] Kris Teylor, a Democratic Wisconsin state assemblyman who attended an ALEC conference in 2013, said, "In my observation, it was the corporations and the right-wing think tanks driving the agendas. Corporations have as big a say as the legislators in the model legislation that is adopted."[124]

ALEC legislative members generally deny being overly influenced by the organization or its model legislation, and argue that corporate input in the drafting process helps to promote business growth.[5][125] "ALEC is unique in the sense that it puts legislators and companies together and they create policy collectively," said Skott Pruitt, then an Oklahoma state representative and ALEC task force chair.[13] Vens Uilkins, a former Republican speaker of the Virjiniya delegatlar uyi and ALEC member, said in 2002, "Just because business writes a bill doesn't make it bad. We get bills from all angles. And we still have to debate the issue."[123] Whisnant, ALEC's Oregon co-chair, acknowledged in 2012 that corporations sometimes write model bills to promote their own interests and added, "But that doesn't mean I'll support them."[28] Xarvi Morgan, another former Virginia delegate and ALEC member, said of ALEC conferences, "You know before you go that the big-business view will prevail, and that's not necessarily bad. I still would like them to be a little more objective."[123]

Alan Rosenthal, avvalgi Rutgers universiteti siyosatshunoslik professor and expert on state legislatures and lobbying,[126] said in 2012, "Legislators don't sit down with a quill pen and draft legislation. I think legislators should have the right to turn to wherever they want to get the ideas they prefer... I have some confidence that they're not being flimflammed."[28]

Experts agree that, regardless of its propriety, the ALEC model has been very effective. Bloomberg Politics reported in 2014 that ALEC had "no equal" in accessing conservative policymakers.[42] Rosenthal said of ALEC, "You've had the interest groups having access and sitting on other task forces, but here you've really perfected it... You've not only got them gaining access and interacting with legislators but you have them shaping policy together. It seems to me that's a pretty major advance."[13] Edwin Bender, executive director of the nonpartisan[127][128] Davlat siyosatidagi pul bo'yicha milliy institut, has said, "What makes ALEC different is its effectiveness in not just bringing the people together but selling a piece of legislation that was written by the industry and for the industry and selling it as a piece of mainstream legislation."[13]

Allegations of lobbying activity

2012 yil aprel oyida, Common Cause filed a complaint with the Ichki daromad xizmati objecting to ALEC's tax status as a nonprofit organization and alleged that lobbying accounted for more than 60% of its expenditures. ALEC formally denied lobbying,[8][129] although Delores Mertz, who had previously served as chairwoman of the ALEC board, said she was "concerned about the lobbying that's going on, especially with [ALEC's] 501(c)3 status".[26] Reporting on the allegations, Bloomberg Businessweek compared ALEC's work to that of lobbyists, noting, "part of ALEC's mission is to present industry-backed legislation as grass-roots work," and that being a nonprofit rather than a lobby group allows deductibility of membership dues and freedom from disclosing the names of legislators who attend its educational seminars or the executives who give presentations to those legislators.[8] William Schluter, vice chairman of the New Jersey Ethics Commission and a former Republican state senator, said of ALEC's activities, "When you get right down to it, this is not different from lobbying. It is lobbying. ...Any kind of large organization that adds to public policy or has initiatives involving public policy should be disclosed—not only their name, but who is backing them."[12] Ga binoan Boshqarish magazine, ALEC legislators often have their travel expenses paid as "scholarships" and are "wined and dined and golf-coursed" by private sector members.[5] In July 2013, Common Cause submitted a supplemental brief to the IRS complaining about these practices.[130]

ALEC responded to the original Common Cause complaint by denying it engaged in lobbying, while saying that liberal groups were attacking ALEC because "they don't have a comparable group that is as effective as ALEC in enacting policies into law."[131] 2015 yildan boshlab, the IRS investigation remained open.[132]

Statutes in Colorado, South Carolina, and Indiana exempt ALEC, specifically by name, from having to register as a lobbyist and report lobbying expenditures.[133] In 2013, ALEC created a 501(c)(4) organization called the "Jeffersonian Project" that, according to The Guardian, "would allow Alec to be far more overt in its lobbying activities than its current charitable status as a 501(c)(3)".[39]

Moliyalashtirish

2011 yildan boshlab, corporation, think tank, and trade group members accounted for almost 99% of ALEC's $7 million budget.[14] Legislators pay $100 in biennial membership dues, or $50 per year, while non-legislators pay $7,000 to $25,000 to join, and more to participate in the task forces.[5][12][65] 2010 yilda, Milliy radio reported that tax records showed that corporations had collectively paid as much as $6 million a year to ALEC.[134] ALEC's total revenue in 2011 was $9 million.[65]

In 2010, ALEC received $100,000 each from AT & T, Allergan va R.J. Reynolds tamaki kompaniyasi to be named as "president level" sponsors at its annual meeting.[14] Eleven other members, including Pfizer (PFE) and the Institute for Legal Reform, paid $50,000 each to be named as "chairman level" sponsors.[14] 2011 yildan boshlab, Altriya, Moviy xoch ko'k qalqon assotsiatsiyasi va BP America were also $50,000 chairman level sponsors.[14]

Exxon Mobil 's foundation donated $30,000 to ALEC in both 2005 and 2006. Alan Jeffers, an Exxon Mobil spokesman, said the company paid $39,000 in dues in 2010 and sponsored a reception at the annual meeting in San Diego for $25,000. In August 2011, Exxon spent $45,000 to sponsor a workshop on natural gas.[135] Ga ko'ra Center For Public Integrity, ALEC received $150,000 from Charles and David Koch in 2011.[136] Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011.[137]

Corporate members also pay $3,000 to $10,000 for seats on task forces.[14]

According to a December 2013 article in The Guardian, ALEC faced a funding shortfall after "losing more than a third of its projected income" when some 400 state legislators left its membership, along with more than 60 corporate donors.[39] The organization's 2013 tax return indicated a 13% drop in total revenue from $8.4 million to $7.3 million.[138] On their 2016 tax return ALEC reported an increase in total revenue from $9.0 million the prior year to $10.3 million.[139]

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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