Jessi Xelms - Jesse Helms - Wikipedia
Jessi Xelms | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari senatori dan Shimoliy Karolina | |
| Ofisda 1973 yil 3 yanvar - 2003 yil 3 yanvar | |
| Oldingi | B. Everett Jordan |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Elizabeth Dole |
| Kafedra Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi | |
| Ofisda 2001 yil 20 yanvar - 2001 yil 6 iyun | |
| Oldingi | Jo Bayden |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Jo Bayden |
| Ofisda 1995 yil 3 yanvar - 2001 yil 3 yanvar | |
| Oldingi | Kleyborne Pell |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Jo Bayden |
| Kafedra Senatning Qishloq xo'jaligi, ovqatlanish va o'rmon xo'jaligi qo'mitasi | |
| Ofisda 1981 yil 3 yanvar - 1987 yil 3 yanvar | |
| Oldingi | Herman Talmadj |
| Muvaffaqiyatli | Patrik Lixi |
| Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar | |
| Tug'ilgan | Jessi Aleksandr Helms Jr. 1921 yil 18 oktyabr Monro, Shimoliy Karolina, BIZ. |
| O'ldi | 2008 yil 4-iyul (86 yosh) Raleigh, Shimoliy Karolina, BIZ. |
| O'lim sababi | Qon tomir demansi |
| Dam olish joyi | Oakwood tarixiy qabristoni, Raleigh, Shimoliy Karolina, BIZ. |
| Millati | Amerika |
| Siyosiy partiya | Demokratik (1942–1970)[1][2] Respublika (1970–2008) |
| Turmush o'rtoqlar | Doroti "Dot" Helms (m. 1942) |
| Bolalar | Jeyn, Nensi, Charlz |
| Olma mater | Uyg'onish o'rmon kolleji |
| Kasb | Jurnalist |
| Harbiy xizmat | |
| Sadoqat |  Qo'shma Shtatlar |
| Filial / xizmat |  Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari |
| Xizmat qilgan yillari | 1942–1945 |
| Janglar / urushlar | Ikkinchi jahon urushi |
Jessi Aleksandr Helms Jr. (1921 yil 18 oktyabr - 2008 yil 4 iyul) amerikalik jurnalist, ommaviy axborot vositalarining boshqaruvchisi va siyosatkori edi. Ning etakchisi konservativ 1973 yildan 2003 yilgacha Shimoliy Karolinadan senator bo'lib ishlagan Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi 1995 yildan 2001 yilgacha tashqi siyosatda katta ovozga ega bo'lgan. Helms 1970-yillarda konservativ qayta tiklanishni tashkil qilish va moliyalashtirishga yordam berdi Ronald Reygan Oq uyni izlash, shuningdek ko'plab mahalliy va mintaqaviy nomzodlarga yordam berish.
Helms Shimoliy Karolina tarixidagi eng uzoq vaqt davomida xalq tomonidan saylangan senator bo'lgan. U bir partiyali davlatni raqobatdosh ikki partiyali davlatga aylantirganligi uchun keng e'tirof etilgan. U Respublikachilar partiyasiga Demokratik partiyadan - ular juda liberal deb hisoblagan konservatorlar harakatini yoqladi. Helmlar tomonidan boshqariladi Milliy Kongress klubi eng zamonaviy to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pochta Operatsiya Helms va boshqa konservativ nomzodlar uchun millionlab dollar mablag 'yig'di, bu Helmsga o'zining aksiyalarining aksariyat qismida raqiblaridan ustun bo'lishiga imkon berdi.[3] Helms 1960 yildan keyingi davrning eng konservativ siyosatchisi edi,[4] ayniqsa, u davlat ishlarini (shu jumladan, qonun chiqarishni) ko'rib chiqadigan federal aralashuvga qarshi integratsiya orqali Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun va orqali saylov huquqini ta'minlash Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun ).
Uzoq vaqt davomida Senatning qudratli tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasining raisi sifatida u Amerikaning chet eldagi do'stlarini mukofotlaydigan va uning dushmanlarini jazolaydigan qat'iy antikommunistik tashqi siyosatni talab qildi. Uning Davlat departamenti bilan munosabatlari ko'pincha murosasiz edi va u ko'plab prezident tayinlovchilarini to'sib qo'ydi.
Ichki ishlarda Helms Shimoliy Karolinaga ko'chib o'tishga Shimoliy va xalqaro korporatsiyalarni jalb qilish uchun kam soliqlar va kam sonli kasaba uyushmalarini qidirib, janubda sanoat rivojlanishiga yordam berdi. Ijtimoiy masalalarda Helms konservativ edi. U "Senator Yo'q" laqabini yoqtirgan usta obstruktsionist edi.[5] U madaniy, ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy konservatizmni birlashtirdi, bu ko'pincha uning qonunchiligi keng jamoatchilik tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishiga yordam berdi. U liberalizm deb hisoblagan narsaga qarshi chiqish bilan kurashdi inson huquqlari, nogironlik huquqlari, feminizm, gey huquqlari, tasdiqlovchi harakat, kirish abortlar, Diniy erkinlikni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun (RFRA) va San'at uchun milliy fond.[6] Helms o'zining konservatizmiga qarshi, o'zining ritorikasida bo'lgani kabi, "tajovuzkorlikni" keltirib chiqardi gomoseksualizm.[7][8] Amerika siyosati almanaxi bir marta "hech bir amerikalik siyosatchi Jessi Xelmsdan ko'ra munozarali, ba'zi joylarda sevilgan va boshqalarda nafratlanuvchi emas" deb yozgan edi.[9]
Bolalik va ta'lim (1921-1940)
Helms 1921 yilda tug'ilgan Monro, Shimoliy Karolina u erda "Katta Jessi" laqabli otasi ham o't o'chiruvchi, ham politsiya boshlig'i bo'lib ishlagan; onasi Ethel Mae Helms uy bekasi bo'lgan. Helms ikkala tomonning ingliz ajdodlaridan edi.[10] Helms Monroni qishloq xo'jaligi erlari bilan o'ralgan va uch mingga yaqin aholisi bo'lgan "bu erda siz hamma haqida bilar edingiz va deyarli hamma sizni taniydi" deb ta'riflagan.[11] Helms oilasi davrida kambag'al bo'lgan Katta depressiya, natijada bolalarning har biri yoshligidan ishlaydi. Helms o'zining birinchi ishini pollarni supurish bilan shug'ullangan Monro Enquirer 9 yoshida[11] Oila har yakshanba kuni Birinchi Baptistda xizmatlarga tashrif buyurdi, keyinchalik Helms keyinchalik haftalik xizmatlaridan so'ng onasi tomonidan oilaning hovlisida o'stirilgan tovuqlarga xizmat ko'rsatilishini hech qachon unutmasligini aytdi. U dastlab ularning tovuqlari ularning ovqatiga aylanishidan bezovta bo'lganini esladi, ammo onasining ovqatini tayyorlashga e'tibor berish uchun bu qarashdan voz kechdi.[11] Xelmsning ta'kidlashicha, uning oilasi siyosat haqida kamdan-kam gapirar edi, chunki siyosiy iqlim munozaralarni talab qilmaydi, chunki oila tanish bo'lgan odamlarning aksariyati a`zolar edi. Demokratik partiya.[12]
Link Xelmsning otasini bolaning rivojlanishiga hukmronlik ta'sirini ko'rsatgan deb ta'rifladi, bu juftlikni ekstrovert, effuziv va boshqalar bilan bahramand bo'lish xususiyatlariga o'xshash deb ta'rifladi, ikkalasi ham doimiylik, sadoqat va tartibni hurmat qilishni ma'qul ko'rdi.[13] Oqsoqol Helms Jessiga shuhratparastlik yaxshi ekanligini va yutuqlar va yutuqlar qat'iy ish odobiga rioya qilish yo'li bilan kelishini ta'kidladi.[14] Yillar o'tib Xelms otasining yoshligi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan yaxshi xotiralarini saqlab qoldi: "Men abadiy g'amxo'r, mehribon ota haqida eshitish uchun vaqt ajratgan va ko'zlarini ochgan o'g'liga tushuntirish uchun vaqt ajratgan ajoyib xotiralarim bilan qolaman".[15]
Helms qisqa vaqt ichida Wingate Junior kollejida o'qidi Vingeyt universiteti, Monro yaqinida, jo'nab ketishdan oldin Uyg'onish o'rmon kolleji. Bir yildan so'ng u Wingate-ni tark etib, o'z faoliyatini boshladi jurnalist, keyingi o'n bir yil davomida gazeta va radio muxbiri, avval Raleigh's sport muallifi va yangiliklar muxbiri sifatida ishlagan Yangiliklar va kuzatuvchi, shuningdek, shahar muharriri yordamchisi sifatida Raleigh Times. Xelms Wingate haqida keyingi yillarda ijobiy fikrini saqlab qoldi, chunki maktab unga mehr-oqibat ko'rsatadigan shaxslar bilan to'ldirilganligini va u muassasa uchun qilgan ishi uchun pul to'lashni maqsad qilib qo'yganini aytdi.[16] Uyg'onish o'rmoniga tashrif buyurganida, Xelms ishdan erta chiqib, har kuni ertalab o'z darslariga borishini ta'minlash uchun bir necha blokda yugurib poyezdga bordi.[17] Xelmsning ta'kidlashicha, u qatnashishdan maqsad hech qachon diplom olish emas, aksincha u jurnalist bo'lishni orzu qilgan paytda ish qidirish uchun zarur bo'lgan ko'nikmalarni shakllantirishdir.[18]
Nikoh va oila
Helms Doroti "Dot" Kobl bilan uchrashdi jamiyat sahifasi da Yangiliklar va kuzatuvchiva ular 1942 yilda turmush qurishdi. Xelsning siyosatga bo'lgan birinchi qiziqishi uning konservativ qaynotasi bilan suhbatlaridan kelib chiqqan.[10] 1945 yilda uning va Dotning birinchi farzandi Jeyn dunyoga keldi.
Ilk martaba (1940–1972)
Kollejdan keyin Helmsning birinchi doimiy ish kuni sifatida sport muxbiri bilan Raleigh Times.[19] Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Helms shtatda shtatlarda yollovchi sifatida xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari dengiz kuchlari.
Urushdan keyin u jurnalistika va uning egizak manfaatlarini amalga oshirdi Demokratik partiya siyosat. Helms shahar yangiliklari muharriri bo'ldi Raleigh Times. Keyinchalik u radio va televizion xabar tarqatuvchisi va sharhlovchisiga aylandi WRAL-TV, u qaerda yollagan Armistid Maupin muxbir sifatida.[20]
Siyosatga kirish
1950 yilda Helms kampaniyaning reklama bo'yicha direktori sifatida juda muhim rol o'ynadi Uillis Smit AQSh Senatining taniqli shaxsga qarshi kampaniyasida liberal, Frank Porter Grem.[21] Smit (konservativ demokrat advokat va sobiq prezident Amerika advokatlar assotsiatsiyasi ) maktabni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Grem tasvirlangan degregatsiya, "kommunistlarning dupesi" va "tarafdori sifatida"irqlarning aralashishi ".[21] Smitning varaqalari: "Uyg'oninglar, oq odamlar",[21] deyarli hamma uchun kampaniyadaoq primerlar. Qora tanlilar hali ham asosan edi huquqsiz shtatda, chunki uning 1900 yilgi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatmasi oq demokratlar tomonidan saylovchilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishni cheklovchi va saylov siyosatidagi rollarini samarali va keskin pasaytiradigan saylovchilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish bilan cheklangan.[21][22]
Smit g'olib chiqdi va Helmsni Vashingtondagi ma'muriy yordamchisi sifatida yolladi. 1952 yilda Xelms prezidentlik ustida ishlagan kampaniya ning Gruziya Senator Richard Rassel, kichik Rassel prezidentlik poygasidan chiqib ketgandan so'ng, Xelms Smitga qaytdi. 1953 yilda Smit vafot etganida, Xelms Ralega qaytib keldi.
1953 yildan 1960 yilgacha Xelms Shimoliy Karolina bankirlar assotsiatsiyasining ijrochi direktori bo'lgan. U va uning rafiqasi o'z uylarini Kasvell ko'chasida qurishdi Xeys Barton tarixiy tumani, u erda umrining oxirigacha yashagan.[23]
1957 yilda Helms demokrat sifatida o'zining birinchi saylovida g'alaba qozondi Ralei shahar kengashi o'rindiq. U ikki muddat xizmat qildi va konservativ gadfly sifatida shuhrat qozondi, u "Downtown Bulvari ustiga o'rta chiziq qo'yishdan tortib to shaharga qadar hamma narsaga qarshi kurashdi. shahar yangilanishi loyiha ".[23] Xelms boshqa barcha a'zolarning shaxsiy klub va shahar hokimi bo'lib ishlaganini his qilib, uning kengashdagi faoliyatini yoqtirmadi Uilyam G. Enlo "paroxod" edi.[24] 1960 yilda Xelms muvaffaqiyatsiz boshlang'ich gubernatorlik kampaniyasida ishladi I. Beverli ko'li, Sr. platformasida yugurgan irqiy ajratish.[25] Ko'l yutqazdi Terri Sanford, maktabga integratsiyalashgan federal siyosatni amalga oshirishga tayyor irqiy mo''tadil sifatida qatnashgan. Helms his qildi majburiy avtobus va majburiy irqiy integratsiya ikkala tomonning dushmanligini keltirib chiqardi va "aqlsizligini isbotladi".[25]
Capitol Broadcasting Company
1960 yilda Helms Raleigh-ga qo'shildi Capitol Broadcasting Company (CBC) ijrochi vitse-prezident, boshqaruv raisi o'rinbosari va bosh ijrochi direktorning yordamchisi sifatida. Uning kundalik CBC tahririyati WRAL-TV, har kuni kechqurun Raleida o'tkaziladigan mahalliy yangiliklarning oxirida berilgan, Helmsni sharqiy Shimoliy Karolina bo'ylab konservativ sharhlovchi sifatida mashhur qildi.
Helmsning tahririyatlarida ko'plab maqsadlar orasida "fuqarolik huquqlari harakati, liberal yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalari va urushga qarshi cherkovlar" ga qarshi konservativ qarashlar bilan to'qilgan xalq latifalari mavjud edi.[23] U murojaat qildi Yangiliklar va kuzatuvchi, uning sobiq ish beruvchisi, liberal qarashlarni targ'ib qilgani va afro-amerikalik fuqarolik huquqlari faoliyatini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun "bezovtalik va bezovtalanuvchi" sifatida.[26] The Chapel Hilldagi Shimoliy Karolina universiteti liberalizm obro'siga ega bo'lgan Helms tanqidining tez-tez nishoniga aylangan. Aytishlaricha, u dalillarning etishmasligiga qaramay, universitetni "Negrlar va kommunistlar universiteti" deb atagan,[27] va universitetning liberal qarashlari shtatning qolgan qismiga "yuqtirish" ni oldini olish uchun talabalar shaharchasi atrofida devor o'rnatishni taklif qildi. Xelmsning aytishicha, fuqarolik huquqlari harakati hujumga uchragan Kommunistlar va "axloqiy buzilishlar". U federal dasturini tasvirlab berdi Medicaid "sotsializatsiya qilingan tibbiyotning botqoqli sohasiga qadam qo'yish" sifatida.[23]
1963 yilgi noroziliklarni izohlash va Vashingtonda mart davomida Fuqarolik huquqlari harakati, Xelmsning ta'kidlashicha, "Negri o'zini shu qadar uzoq tutib turadigan cheklovlarga ishonolmaydi, chunki u uni ko'chalarni to'sib qo'yishi, transport harakatini buzishi va boshqa erkaklarning huquqlariga aralashishi mumkin".[28] Keyinchalik u shunday yozgan: "Negrlar orasida jinoyatchilik darajasi va mas'uliyatsizligi - bu duch keladigan hayotiy faktlar".[29]
1972 yilda Senat poygasiga da'vogarlik qilguniga qadar u Capitol Broadcasting Company-da bo'lgan.
Senatning 1972 yildagi saylovoldi tashviqoti
Helms bir o'rin uchun nomzodini e'lon qildi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 1972 yilda. Uning respublika boshlang'ich kampaniyasi tomonidan boshqarilgan Tomas F. Ellis, keyinchalik kim yordam beradi Ronald Reygan 1976 yilgi kampaniya va shuningdek, uning raisi bo'ldi Milliy Kongress klubi. Uch nomzod maydonida 92.496 ta ovozni yoki 60.1% ni qo'lga kiritgan Xelms respublikachilarning birlamchi saylovida qatnashdi.[30] Ayni paytda demokratlar kasal senatorni iste'foga chiqardi B. Everett Jordan, kim asosiy partiyasini Kongressmenga yutqazgan Nik Galifianakis. Ikkinchisi federal qonunchilikda kamsituvchi cheklovlar olib tashlanganidan beri ovoz beradigan yosh afroamerikaliklarni va saylovchilarning "yangi siyosati" ni namoyish qildi va shahar atrofida va uning atrofida joylashgan anti-tuzilma faollari. Tadqiqot uchburchagi va Pyemont uchligi. Garifianakis Shimoliy Karolina standartlari bo'yicha "liberal" bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, u qarshi chiqdi avtobus maktablarda integratsiyalashuvga erishish.[31]
So'rovlar Galifianakisni saylovoldi kampaniyasining oxirigacha ancha oldinga surib qo'ydi, ammo Helms aniq mag'lubiyatdan boshqasiga duch kelib, kampaniyaning professional menejeri F. Klifton Uaytni yolladi va unga kampaniya strategiyasi ustidan diktatorlik nazoratini berdi. Galifianakis o'z partiyasidan prezidentlikka nomzod, liberalni tilga olishdan qochgan Jorj MakGovern,[32] Helms "McGovernGalifianakis - bitta", "Jessiga ovoz bering. Nikson unga muhtoj" va "Jessi: U bizdan biri" shiorlarini ishlatgan, bu raqibining yunon merosi uni qandaydir darajada "amerikalik" qilganiga ishora qiluvchi yopiq o'yin.[1][32] Helms ko'plab demokratlarning qo'llab-quvvatlashiga sazovor bo'ldi, ayniqsa, davlatning konservativ sharqiy qismida. Galifianakis Helms bundan oldin Niksonni o'ta chapparast deb tanqid qilganini ta'kidlab, respublikachilarni o'ziga jalb qilishga urindi.[32][33]
Kelajakdagi narsalarning ta'miga qarab, poyga pullari quyildi. Helms rekord darajada 654 ming dollar sarfladi,[34] uning aksariyati puxta ishlab chiqilgan televizion reklama reklamalarida, uni yumshoq va oddiy konservativ sifatida tasvirlaydi. Kampaniyaning so'nggi olti haftasida Helms Galifianakisni uch-bittadan ustun qo'ydi.[32] Yil Senatda Demokratik yutuqlar bilan o'tgan bo'lsa-da,[33] Helms ovozlarning 54 foizini Galifianakisning 46 foizini yutdi. U senatorlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylanishidan oldin va Respublikachilar partiyasi boshqa an'ana tarafdori bo'lganida, 1903 yildan beri shtatdan birinchi respublikachi senator sifatida saylandi.[1] Helms yordam berdi Richard Nikson o'sha yilgi prezident saylovlarida ulkan yirik g'alaba;[35] Nikson Shimoliy Karolinani 40 ball bilan olib bordi.
Senatning birinchi davri (1973-79)
Senatga kirish
Berish va qabul qilish muvaffaqiyat kaliti bo'lgan dunyoda Xelms murosa o'yinidan bosh tortdi. Raqiblar bilan o'zaro kelishmovchiliklarni ishlab chiqish uchun yig'ilish o'rniga, Helms mag'lubiyatda o'z o'rnida turishni afzal ko'rdi.
— Rob Kristensen, Helmsning qat'iyatsiz ishonchi va Senat qoidalaridan mohirona foydalanganligini tushuntirib berib, Yangiliklar va kuzatuvchi (2008)[23]
Helms tezda konservativ harakatning "yulduziga" aylandi,[36] va bu masalada ayniqsa shov-shuvli edi abort. 1974 yilda AQSh Oliy sudining qaroridan keyin Roe Vadega qarshi, Helms har qanday sharoitda abort qilishni taqiqlovchi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish kiritdi,[37] konferentsiya orqali tegishli jarayon har kimga bo'lgan huquq homila.[38] Biroq, Senat taklif qilinayotgan tuzatishlarni tinglashda na Helms, na Jeyms L. Bakli Shunga o'xshash tuzatish, belgilangan maqsadga erishadi va ularni sessiyaga qo'yib yuboradi.[38] Ham Helms, ham Bakli 1975 yilda yana tuzatishlar kiritishni taklif qildilar, Helms tuzatishi bilan davlatlar "o'g'itlash paytidan" boshlab konstitutsiyaviy "yashash huquqi" ni amalga oshirishda erkin foydalanishga imkon berishdi.[39]
Helms shuningdek taniqli advokat edi erkin tadbirkorlik va byudjetni qisqartirishni ma'qulladi.[40] U dunyoga qaytishning kuchli tarafdori edi oltin standart,[41] u Senatdagi faoliyati davomida ko'plab nuqtalarda turtki beradi; 1977 yil oktyabr oyida Xelms AQSh fuqarolariga oltin bilan bog'liq shartnomalarni imzolashga imkon beradigan muvaffaqiyatli tuzatishni taklif qildi va oltin indekslangan shartnomalarga 44 yillik taqiqni bekor qildi;[42] inflyatsiya qo'rquvini aks ettiradi.[43] Helms tamaki sanoatini qo'llab-quvvatladi,[2] bu 90-yillarga qadar shtat GSP-ning 6 foizidan ko'prog'iga hissa qo'shgan (mamlakatdagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkich);[44] u federal narxlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash dasturlarini saqlab qolish kerakligini ta'kidladi, chunki ular a subsidiya lekin sug'urta.[2] 1974 yil may oyida Senat oziq-ovqat markalari va maktablarning tushlik dasturlariga federal qo'shimchalarni oshirishni ma'qullaganida, Helms ish tashlashchilarga oziq-ovqat markalarini rad etishga imkon beradigan tuzatishni taklif qildi.[45]
1973 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi o'tdi Helms-ga o'zgartirish uchun Xorijiy yordam to'g'risidagi qonun.[46] Unda "oilani rejalashtirish usuli sifatida abort qilish uchun to'lovni to'lash yoki har qanday odamni abort qilishni rag'batlantirish yoki majburlash uchun chet eldan yordam mablag'laridan foydalanish mumkin emas" deyilgan.[47]
1973 yil yanvar oyida demokratlar bilan birga Jeyms Abourezk va Floyd Xaskell, Helms tasdiqlanishiga qarshi ovoz bergan uchta senatordan biri edi Piter J. Brennan kabi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mehnat vaziri.[48]
1974 yil may oyida, Senat har bir shtatda avtoulovlarni sug'urtalash bo'yicha rejalarini o'rnatishni ma'qullaganida, Helms tomonidan aybsiz sug'urtaga qarshi bo'lgan davlatlarni ozod qilish to'g'risidagi tuzatishni rad etdi.[49]
Tashqi siyosat
Boshidanoq Xelms taniqli antikommunist sifatida tanilgan. U 1974 yilda Prezidentga berish huquqini beradigan aktni taklif qildi faxriy fuqarolik ga Sovet dissident Aleksandr Soljenitsin.[50] U Soljenitsin ishiga yaqin bo'lib qoldi va o'z kurashini butun dunyo bo'ylab ozodlik bilan bog'ladi.[51] 1975 yilda, xuddi shunday Shimoliy Vetnam kuchlar Saygonga yaqinlashdi, Helms AQShni talab qilgan barcha vetnamliklarni evakuatsiya qilishga chaqirganlar orasida birinchi o'rinda turdi, chunki u "etti kun ichida ikki million yoki undan ko'p" bo'lishi mumkin deb hisoblagan.[52] Qachon Senatning Qurolli kuchlar qo'mitasi AQShning strategik pozitsiyasini tanqid qiluvchi hisobotni bostirish uchun ovoz berdi qurollanish poygasi, Helms butun hisobotni o'qib chiqdi va uni to'liq hajmda nashr etilishini talab qildi Kongress yozuvlari.[53]
Xelms dastlab Isroilning kuchli tarafdori emas edi; Masalan, 1973 yilda u Isroildan qaytarishni talab qiladigan rezolyutsiya taklif qildi G'arbiy Sohil ga Iordaniya va 1975 yilda Falastinlik arablardan "shikoyatlarini adolatli hal etilishini" talab qilishdi.[54] 1977 yilda Helms Amerika kompaniyalarining ushbu tashkilotga qo'shilishini taqiqlashga qarshi ovoz bergan yagona senator edi Arab Ligasi Isroilni boykot qilmoqda,[55] ammo bu, birinchi navbatda, qonun loyihasida kommunistik mamlakatlarga nisbatan kamsitishni yumshatgani uchun edi.[56] 1982 yilda Helms AQShni Isroil bilan diplomatik munosabatlarni buzishga chaqirdi 1982 yil Livan urushi.[57] U yaqinda yadroviy qurolni portlatgan mamlakatlarga tashqi yordamni taqiqlashni ma'qulladi: bu butun Hindistonga qaratilgan edi, ammo bu Isroilga ham ta'sir qildi yadro sinovi.[58] U 1984 yilda Karter va Reygan prezidentlari davrida AQShning arab ittifoqchilariga qurol etkazib berishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlagan.[54]
Helms va Bob Dole 1973 yilda bombardimon qilish uchun mablag 'ajratishni kechiktiradigan tuzatishni taklif qildi Kambodja agar Prezident Kongressga Shimoliy Vetnam yo'qolgan AQSh harbiy xizmatchilarining "imkoni boricha" buxgalteriya hisobotini o'tkazmasligini ma'lum qilgan bo'lsa Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo. Tuzatish 56 dan 25 ga qarshi ovoz bilan mag'lub bo'ldi.[59]
Niksonning iste'fosi
Xelms Senat nutqida liberal ommaviy axborot vositalarini Uotergeytni buzib ko'rsatishda aybladi va 1973 yil aprel oyida janjal bilan bog'liq tafsilotlar oshkor qilingandan va Nikson ma'muriyatining iste'foga chiqishiga oid yordamchilar aniqlaganidan keyin Prezident Niksonning aybsizligi isbotlanmaguncha konstitutsiyaviy huquqiga egami, degan savolni berdi. U noqonuniy xatti-harakatlarni bir vaqtning o'zida ommaviy axborot vositalari tomonidan tarqatilayotgan "yarim haqiqat va ayblovlar" bilan qabul qilinishidan himoya qildi. 1973 yil aprel va may oylarida Xelms prezident Nikson bilan to'rt marta alohida uchrashuv o'tkazgan, u erda u prezidentni ko'nglini ko'tarishga harakat qilgan va hatto Shimoliy Karolinadan bo'lgan respublikachilar Niksonni tanqid qilgani kabi, Oq uyni ham tanqidchilariga qarshi chiqishga chaqirgan. Xelms 1973 yil yozida Senat saylov kampaniyasi amaliyotini o'rganish uchun tanlangan qo'mita tuzilishiga qarshi chiqdi, hattoki uni Shimoliy Karolina shtatidagi senator ham boshqardi. Sem Ervin, bu Demokratlar tomonidan Niksonni obro'sizlantirish va uni haydab chiqarish hiyla-nayrangidir, deb bahslashdi.[60]
1974 yil avgustda, Newsweek Oq uyning ro'yxatini e'lon qildi, shu jumladan Helms o'ttiz oltita senatordan biri sifatida, ma'muriyat Prezident Niksonni impichmenti va Senat sudiga tortilgan taqdirda uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi deb ishongan. Maqolada ta'kidlanishicha, ba'zi tarafdorlar to'liq ishonishmagan va bu ma'muriyatni xavf ostiga qo'yishi kerak, chunki sudlanishning oldini olish uchun 34 ta.[61] Nikson bir necha kundan keyin iste'foga chiqdi va prezidentlikdan keyingi davrda Xelms bilan aloqada bo'lib, Xelmsni suhbatga yoki maslahat berishga chaqirdi.[60]
1976 yil prezident saylovi
Helms qo'llab-quvvatlandi Ronald Reygan uchun 1976 yilda prezidentlikka nomzod, Reygan o'z nomzodini e'lon qilishidan oldin ham.[62] Uning hissasi 1980 yilda Reyganning prezidentlik saylovlariga yo'l ochib bergan Shimoliy Karolina shtatidagi asosiy g'alabada juda muhim edi. Helmni qo'llab-quvvatlashi, Raleidagi saylov kampaniyasi vakili Tomas F. Ellis, Reyganning Shimoliy Karolina shtatida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda g'olib bo'lishida muhim rol o'ynadi va keyinchalik amaldagi Prezidentga katta qiyinchilik tug'dirdi Jerald Ford da 1976 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani. Muallifning fikriga ko'ra Kreyg Shirli, bu ikki kishi "o'layotgan Reygan kampaniyasida hayotni nafas olgani uchun" munosib.[63] Birlamchi saylovga o'tib, Reygan barcha boshlang'ich saylovlarda, shu jumladan, unga ma'qul bo'lgan Nyu-Xempshirda yutqazdi va ikki million dollar qarzga botdi, respublikachilar rahbarlari soni ortib bormoqda.[64] Ford kampaniyasi Shimoliy Karolinada g'alaba qozonishini taxmin qilar edi, ammo Reyganning shtatdagi kuchini shunchaki baholadi: Helmsning yordami.[65] Ford Gubernatorni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsa-da Jeyms Xolshouzer,[66] Shimoliy Karolinada Ellis tomonidan tashkil qilingan va Helms tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan ommaviy harakat 53% dan 47% gacha g'alaba qozondi.[67] Shimoliy Karolinada paydo bo'lgan tezlik, Ronald Reyganni Texas, Kaliforniya va boshqa muhim shtatlarda asosiy g'alabalarga olib bordi, kechqurun Reygan va Ford o'rtasidagi musobaqa va deklaratsiyalangan delegatlarni 1976 yilgi anjumanda tanlashga majbur qildi.
Keyinchalik, Xelms Reygan, agar nomzod bo'lsa, 1976 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy konventsiyasidan mo''tadil bo'lishini so'raydi degan e'lonni mamnun qilmadi Pensilvaniya Senator Richard Shvayker uning umumiy saylovlarda qatnashadigan sherigi,[68] ammo o'sha paytda o'z e'tirozlarini o'zida saqlab qoldi.[69] Helmsning so'zlariga ko'ra, Reygan unga qaror haqida aytgandan so'ng, Helms soatni belgilab qo'ydi, chunki: "Men hayotimning shokini olgan vaqtimni avlodlarga yozib qo'yishni xohladim".[69] Helms va Strom Thurmond Reyganni Shvaykerni konservatorga, ehtimol Jeyms Bakliga tushirishiga urindi[70] yoki uning akasi Uilyam F. Bakli, kichik va Xelms vitse-prezidentlikka o'zi nomzodini qo'yishi mumkinligi haqida mish-mishlar tarqaldi,[71] ammo Shvayker saqlanib qoldi. Oxir oqibat, Reagan anjumanda Fordga ozgina yutqazdi, Helms esa vitse-prezident nomzodini faqatgina token qo'llab-quvvatladi, garchi uni ikkinchi o'ringa qo'yish uchun bo'lsa ham, Fordning tanlovidan ancha ortda qoldi. Bob Dole. Konventsiya keng konservativ platformani qabul qildi va konservativ fraksiya g'oliblar kabi harakat qildi; Jessi Xelmsdan tashqari.[72]
Xelms Konvensiyada qabul qilingan konservativ platforma bo'yicha Fordni olib borishga va'da bergan "mandat" haqida Ford uchun faol ravishda Janubiy bo'ylab kampaniya olib borishga va'da berdi. Biroq, u nishonga oldi Genri Kissincer Aleksandr Soljenitsinni "dunyo tinchligiga tahdid" deb atagan bayonot berganidan so'ng, Helms Kissincerdan platformani quchoqlashini yoki zudlik bilan iste'foga chiqishini talab qildi.[73] Helms Reyganni qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirdi va ikkalasi ham Reyganning siyosiy faoliyati davomida yaqin do'st va siyosiy ittifoqdosh bo'lib qolishdi, garchi ba'zan bir-birini tanqid qilsalar ham.[74] Reyganning anjumanda mag'lub bo'lishiga qaramay, Helms va Ellisning aralashuvi, shubhasiz, Respublikachilar partiyasi tarixidagi eng muhim konservativ asosiy g'alabaga olib keldi. Ushbu g'alaba Reyganga 1976 yilgi respublikachilar prezidentligiga nomzodni namoyish qilish va keyingi nominatsiyani qo'lga kiritish imkonini berdi 1980 yilgi respublikachilarning milliy anjumani va oxir-oqibat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining prezidentligi.
Kreyg Shirlining so'zlariga ko'ra,
Agar Reygan Shimoliy Karolinani yo'qotganida, jamoat bayonotlariga qaramay, uning Fordga qarshi inqilobiy chaqiruvi va siyosiy karerasi tantanali ravishda tugagan bo'lar edi. U xushchaqchaq chiqish nutqi bilan chiqish qilar edi, Ford kuchlari bilan saylov kampaniyasidagi qarzdorligini yo'qotish uchun bitimni bekor qilar edi, o'sha yil oxirida Kanzas-Siti konvensiyasida kichik nutq so'zlab, yana Santa-Barbardagi fermasiga qaytib borar edi. Ehtimol, u faqat daromadlarini to'ldirish uchun nutq so'zlash va radio reklamalarni qisqartirish bilan shug'ullangan bo'lar edi. Va Reygan siyosiy unutilishga aylanib qolgan bo'lar edi.[64]
Torrixos-Karter shartnomalari
Helms uzoq vaqtdan beri to'pni egalik qilishga qarshi bo'lib kelgan Panama kanali ga Panama, uning qurilishini "Amerikaning tarixiy yutug'i" deb atadi.[75] Uning qo'liga tushishini ogohlantirdi Omar Torrixos "kommunistik do'stlar". Kanalni o'tkazish masalasi 1976 yilgi prezidentlik poygasida muhokama qilingan edi, unda o'sha paytdagi prezident Ford konservativ muxolifatni tinchlantirish uchun suverenitetni o'tkazish to'g'risidagi muzokaralarni to'xtatgan. 1977 yilda Prezident Jimmi Karter qayta tayinlangan muzokaralar, tayinlash Sol Linovits Senatning tasdiqisiz birgalikda muzokarachi sifatida qatnashgan va Helms va Strom Thurmond ushbu transferga qarshi chiqqan.[76] Helms Linovitsning aloqasi bor deb da'vo qildi Dengiz Midlend tashkil etganligini ta'kidlab, manfaatlar to'qnashuvini tashkil etdi yordam Amerika bank manfaatlari.[77] U har qanday shartnomani Kongressdan oldin tasdiqlashini va keyin Kongressning har ikkala palatasi tomonidan roziligini talab qilib, ikkita federal da'vo arizasi bilan murojaat qildi. Shuningdek, Xelms Reyganni yig'ib, unga Panama bo'yicha muzokaralar uning konservativ bazasi haqida gap ketganda "ikkinchi Shvayker" bo'lishini aytdi.[75]
Karter e'lon qilganida, 1977 yil 10 avgustda, xulosa shartnomalar, Helms buni e'lon qildi a konstitutsiyaviy inqiroz, Lotin Amerikasidagi Qo'shma Shtatlar ittifoqchilarining ko'magi zarurligini ta'kidlab, AQShni Panamadagi shantajga bo'ysunganlikda aybladi va ushbu qaror Evropada urush bo'lgan taqdirda milliy xavfsizlikka tahdid solayotganidan shikoyat qildi. Xelms aksariyat amerikaliklar shartnomalarga qarshi ekanligini va agar ratifikatsiya ovozi saylovlar arafasida kelsa, ularga ovoz bergan kongressmenlarni jazolashini bilgan holda, AQSh jinoyat kodeksini qayta ko'rib chiqishga 200 ta o'zgartirish kiritishni taklif qilib, Senat ishiga to'sqinlik qilish bilan tahdid qildi. Helms 78 foiz jamoatchilik qarshiligini ko'rsatgan ijtimoiy so'rov natijalarini e'lon qildi.[78] Biroq, Helms va Thurmondning oppozitsiyani boshqarishi Karter uchun siyosiy jihatdan osonlashtirdi,[76] ularning o'rnini yumshoq so'zlar bilan almashtirishga olib keladi Pol Laksalt.[79]
1978 yilgi qayta saylov kampaniyasi
1977 yil fevralida Xelms qayta saylanish uchun tashviqotni boshladi va o'zini o'zi boshlang'ich sayloviga qadar 15 oy berib yubordi. U asosiy raqibga duch kelmagan bo'lsa-da, Demokratlar nomzodini ilgari surishdi Sug'urta komissari Jon Ingram,[80] ikkinchi bosqichda g'alaba qozonish uchun dastlabki bosqichning birinchi bosqichida orqadan kelgan. Ingram eksantrik sifatida tanilgan populist va kam byudjetli tashviqotdan foydalanilgan,[81][82] xuddi u birlamchi g'alabada bo'lgani kabi.[80][83] U deyarli faqat sug'urta tariflari masalasida va "semiz mushuklar va maxsus manfaatlar" ga qarshi tashviqot olib bordi,[83] u Helmsni o'z ichiga olgan.[84] Xelms konservator tomonidan 100% reyting berilgan uchta senatordan biri edi Amerikaliklar konstitutsiyaviy harakat uchun 1977 yil uchun,[85] va boshqalar tomonidan to'rtinchi eng konservativ o'rinni egallagan.[34] The Demokratik milliy qo'mita Ingram nomidan ikki marta Shimoliy Karolinaga tashrif buyurgan prezident Karter kabi Helmsni ham nishonga oldi.[82]
1978 yil iyun oyida, shu bilan birga Strom Thurmond, Helms kongressning "Nopok o'nlab" qismi sifatida ekologik guruh tomonidan nomlangan ikkita senatordan biri edi, chunki guruh ekologik muammolar bo'yicha o'z pozitsiyalari tufayli qayta saylanish harakatlarida mag'lub bo'lishi kerak; ro'yxatdagi a'zolik "asosan Senatning 14 ta ovozi va Vakillar palatasining 19 ta ovoziga, shu jumladan, havo va suv ifloslanishini nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonunlarga tuzatishlar, konlarni boshqarish, avtomashinalar chiqindilari va suv loyihalariga" asoslangan edi.[86]
Uzoq davom etgan kampaniya davomida Helms 7,5 million dollar yig'di, bu butun mamlakat bo'ylab eng qimmat ikkinchi o'rinni egallaganidan ikki baravar ko'p (Jon minorasi Texasda),[87] Rahmat Richard Vigueri va Aleks Kastellanos kashshoflik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pochta strategiyalar.[88] Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, Helmsning kamida 3 million dollarlik hissasi mablag 'yig'ish uchun sarflangan.[89] Helmlar Ingramdan bir necha bor osonlikcha chiqib ketishdi, chunki ikkinchisi 150 ming dollar sarflagan.[90] Teshik tufayli bel disk, Helms sentyabr va oktyabr oylarida olti hafta davomida saylovoldi tashviqotini to'xtatishga majbur bo'ldi.[91] Kam ishtirok etgan saylovlarda Helms 619 151 ovozni (54,5 foiz) Ingramning 516 663 (45,5 foiz) ovozini oldi.[30] G'alabasini nishonlagan Xelms o'z tarafdorlariga bu "butun Amerika bo'ylab konservativ va erkin tadbirkorlik g'alabasi" ekanligini aytib, "Men senator Yo'q va bu erda bo'lganimdan xursandman!"[91]
Senatning ikkinchi davri (1979–1985)
Senatning yangi muddati
1979 yil 3 yanvarda, birinchi kuni yangi Kongress, Helms abort qilishni taqiqlovchi konstitutsiyaviy tuzatish kiritdi,[92] u konservativ senatorlarga rahbarlik qildi.[93] Senator Xilms 1981 yilda Oq uyga nomzod ko'rsatilishiga noroziligini bildirish uchun chaqirgan bir necha respublikachi senatorlardan biri edi. Sandra Day O'Konnor AQSh Oliy sudiga; ularning qarshiligi O'Konnorning bekor qilishni istamaganligi masalasi bilan bog'liq edi Roe Vadega qarshi hukm qilish.[94] Xelms, shuningdek, Senatdagi konservatorlarning etakchisi edi maktab namozi.[93] Senat tomonidan Helms tomonidan ixtiyoriy ravishda ibodat qilishga ruxsat berilgan o'zgartirish kiritildi,[95] ammo uy qo'mitasida vafot etdi.[96] Ushbu harakatga, Helms shuningdek, taqiqlashni o'zgartirishni taklif qildi jinsiy tarbiya ota-onaning yozma roziligisiz.[97] 1979 yilda Helms va Demokrat Patrik Lixi federalni qo'llab-quvvatladi Soliq to'lovchilar to'g'risidagi qonun hujjati.[98]
U qo'shildi Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi, qo'mitaga yangi kelgan Karterni tanqid qilgan to'rt kishidan biri.[99] Pro-ning rahbariTayvan Kongress qabulxonasi,[100] Helms Xitoy Xalq Respublikasidan qarshi kuch ishlatishni rad etishni talab qildi Xitoy Respublikasi,[101] ammo, Karter ma'muriyati uni hayratda qoldirgan holda, buni rad etishni iltimos qilmadi.[102]
Helms ham hukumatni tanqid qildi Zimbabve Rodeziya uchun etakchi yordam Ichki aholi punkti hukumat[103] ostida Abel Muzoreva, va bilan birga targ'ibot Samuel Xayakava Muzoreva hukumatiga qarshi sanktsiyalarni darhol bekor qilish uchun.[104] Helms sanktsiyalarni bekor qilish mos kelmasligidan shikoyat qildi Uganda darhol keyin Idi Amin ketishi, lekin Zimbabve Rodeziya emas Yan Smit.[105] Vashingtonga tashrif buyurganida va 1979 yil iyul oyida Karter bilan uchrashganida Helms Muzorevani qabul qildi.[106] U ikkita yordamchisini yubordi Lancaster House konferentsiyasi chunki u "bu masalada Davlat departamentiga ishonmagan",[107] shu bilan Britaniya diplomatik shikoyatlarini qo'zg'atdi.[108] Uning yordamchisi Jon Carbaugh Smitni sanktsiyalarni kelishuvsiz bekor qilish uchun etarlicha qo'llab-quvvatlash borligini nazarda tutib, Smitni "osib qo'yishga" va qattiqroq pozitsiyani egallashga undashda ayblashdi.[107][108] Helms sanktsiyalarni darhol bekor qilishni talab qiladigan qonunchilikni joriy qildi;[109] muzokaralar davom etar ekan, Xelms senator bo'lishiga qaramay, ma'muriyatning ko'rsatmalariga ko'proq rioya qildi Ted Kennedi Karterni Helmsning Zimbabve Rodeziyasiga qo'shilishi evaziga yangi samolyot tashuvchisi qurilishini tan olganlikda aybladi, ikkala tomon ham buni rad etishdi.[110] Helmsning Zimbabve Rodeziyasiga qarshi sanktsiyalarni bekor qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlashi Shimoliy Karolina shtatining tamaki savdogarlari tomonidan asoslantirilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ular tamaki eksport qiladigan Zimbabve Rodeziyasiga nisbatan sanktsiyalarni bir tomonlama bekor qilishdan foyda ko'rgan asosiy guruh bo'lishi mumkin edi.[111]
1980 yilgi prezident saylovi
1979 yilda Helms ushbu musobaqada ishtirok etishi mumkin bo'lgan da'vogar sifatida tan olingan Respublika nominatsiyasi uchun 1980 yilgi prezident saylovi,[112] ammo saylovchilarni tanib olish qobiliyati yomon edi va u oldingi safdoshlardan ancha orqada qoldi.[112][113] U hujjat topshirgan yagona nomzod edi Nyu-Xempshir shtati vitse-prezidentlik saylovi.[114] 1980 yilga kelib, u potentsial sifatida taklif qilingan yugurish jufti Reygan uchun va agar u "o'z odami" bo'lishi mumkin bo'lsa, qabul qilishini aytdi.[115] U nomzodlik uchun kurashayotgan uchta konservativ nomzoddan biri edi.[116] Biroq, uning Reygan bilan mafkuraviy kelishuvi mo''tadil ovozlarni yo'qotish xavfini tug'dirdi, ayniqsa Repning mustaqil nomzodi tufayli. Jon B. Anderson,[115][117] va Reygan lageri bo'lindi:[118] oxir-oqibat belgilash Jorj H. V. Bush uning afzal nomzodi sifatida. Qurultoyda Xelms Reyganning tanloviga qaramay vitse-prezidentlikka nomzodini ilgari surish g'oyasini o'ynadi, ammo Bushning partiya platformasini ma'qullashi va Xelmsga konvensiyada chiqish qilishiga imkon berish evaziga uni qo'yib yubordi.[119][120] Kutilganidek,[121] Xelms baribir konservatorlar tomonidan tayyorlandi va 54 ovozga ega bo'lib, ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi. Helms "konservativ konvensiyaning ma'naviy etakchisi" edi,[119] va Respublikachilar partiyasining 36 yillik platformasini qo'llab-quvvatlashni muvaffaqiyatli ravishda o'zgartirgan harakatga rahbarlik qildi Teng huquqlarga o'zgartirish.[122][123][124]
1980 yilning kuzida Helms buni rad etgan boshqa qonun loyihasini taklif qildi Oliy sud yurisdiktsiya tugadi maktab namozi, ammo bu qo'mitada kam qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Bunga qattiq qarshilik ko'rsatildi asosiy protestant cherkovlar,[125][126] Uyda uning hamkasbi mag'lubiyatga uchradi.[127] Senatorlar Helms va Jeyms A. Makklur federal qurol cheklovlarini yumshatmagan, o'lim jazosini tayinlagan va amaldagi qonunlarni qayta tiklagan Ted Kennedining keng qamrovli jinoiy kodini to'sib qo'ydi. pornografiya, fohishalik va giyohvandlik.[128] 1977 yilda oltin bilan indekslangan shartnomalarni qayta tiklashdagi muvaffaqiyatlaridan so'ng, 1980 yil oktyabr oyida Xelms shartnomaga qaytishni taklif qildi oltin standart,[129] va oltin bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan valyutani ko'rib chiqish uchun komissiya tuzadigan tuzatishdan muvaffaqiyatli o'tdi.[130] Prezidentlik saylovlaridan keyin Helms va Strom Thurmond a Senatning tuzatilishini homiylik qildi Adliya vazirligi mablag 'ajratish to'g'risidagi qonun, bo'limda ishtirok etish huquqini rad etadi avtobus, federal aralashuvga qarshi e'tirozlar tufayli, ammo, Kongress tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lsa-da, a tomonidan veto qo'yilgan oqsoq o'rdak Karter.[131][132] Xelms Reygan prezidentlikka kelishi bilanoq avtobuslarga qarshi yanada kuchliroq qonun loyihasini kiritishga va'da berdi.[133]
Respublikachilar Senatni qabul qilishadi
In 1980 yilgi Senat saylovi, respublikachilar kutilmaganda ko'pchilik ovozni qo'lga kiritishdi,[134] ularning yigirma olti yil ichida birinchi, shu jumladan Jon Porter Sharq, ijtimoiy konservativ va Helms protégé tez orada "Helms on Wheels" deb nomlandi,[135] boshqa Shimoliy Karolina o'rindig'ini yutib olish. Xovard Beyker bo'lish uchun o'rnatildi Ko'pchilik rahbari, lekin Bakerning Panama shartnomasini qo'llab-quvvatlashidan g'azablangan konservatorlar, Tuz II va Teng huquqlar to'g'risidagi tuzatish, Reygan Beykerni qo'llab-quvvatlamaguncha, uni Helms bilan almashtirishga intildi.[136] Garchi, ular Helmni liberal o'rniga Tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasiga mas'ul qilishadi deb o'ylashgan edi Charlz H. Persi,[136] u o'rniga raisi bo'ldi Senatning Qishloq xo'jaligi, ovqatlanish va o'rmon xo'jaligi qo'mitasi yangi Kongressda.
1981 yilning birinchi olti oyi Xelms tomonidan o'tkazilgan ko'plab Tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi tomonidan tasdiqlangan tinglovlar bilan o'tkazildi, ular Kissincer bilan hamkorlikda tayinlanganlarning aksariyati juda liberal yoki juda ifloslangan,[137][138] va uning "Reygan dasturi" ni belgilashga etarli darajada bag'ishlanmagan: Janubiy Afrika, Tayvan va Lotin Amerikasi o'ng qanot rejimlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash (Qora Afrika va "Qizil" Xitoydan farqli o'laroq).[139] Ushbu nominatsiyalarga kiritilgan Aleksandr Xeyg,[140] Chester Kroker,[138] Jon J. Lui, kichik va Lourens Eagleburger,[141] barchasi qat'iy nazar tasdiqlangan,[142] Helmsning barcha nomzodlari rad etildi.[140][143] Helms ham, muvaffaqiyatsiz, nomzodlarga qarshi chiqdi Kaspar Vaynberger, Donald Regan,[140] va Frank Karluchchi.[141] Biroq, u ikki yil o'tgach, nomzodini blokirovka qilish uchun kichik konservatorlar guruhini boshqarganida sezilarli to'ntarishni amalga oshirdi Robert T. Grey to'qqiz oy davomida,[144] va shu bilan otishma sodir bo'lishiga olib keladi Evgeniy V. Rostov.[145]
Oziq-ovqat muhri dasturi
Ning raqibi Oziq-ovqat muhri dasturi, Helms allaqachon o'z doirasini qisqartirish uchun ovoz bergan edi,[146] va buni Qishloq xo'jaligi qo'mitasi raisi sifatida kuzatishga qat'iy qaror qildi.[147] Bir vaqtning o'zida u ularni moliyalashtirishni 40 foizga qisqartirishni taklif qildi.[148] Instead, Helms supported the replacement of food stamps with workfare.[149] He then proposed that food stamp benefits be dropped by $11.50 per month per child for each youngster enrolled in the school lunch program. He maintained that "free lunches" duplicate food stamps. The outcry against his proposal was so strong that he was compelled to back down. Helms also challenged fraud in the food stamp program. He said that the public had "grown legitimately resentful about the abuses which they themselves have observed".[150]
As a freshman lawmaker in 1973, Helms tried to reverse the 1968 congressional vote which had permitted workers on strike to qualify for food stamps. Though he failed to gain reversal, his position drew the support of future Minority and Majority Leader Xovard Beyker ning Tennessi and twelve Senate Democrats. Helms's position was upheld in 1988, when the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi decreed 5–3 that a law denying food stamps to strikers was constitutional unless the worker otherwise qualified for food stamps before going on strike. adolat Bayron Uayt said that the government must maintain neutrality in labor dispute and not subsidize strikers.[151]
As the Agriculture Committee chairman, Helms proposed repeal of the 1977 amendment which had deleted the purchase requirement for food stamps. With that position he ran afoul of fellow Republican Bob Dole, who claimed that the purchase requirement had contributed to fraud and administrative difficulties in the program. Helms cited a Congressional Budget Office report which showed that 75 percent of the increase in stamp usage had occurred since the purchase requirement was dropped. When Helms's ally, Stiv Symms ning Aydaho, proposed to reinstitute the purchase requirement, the motion was defeated, 33–66.[152]
The Helms bloc also failed to secure other limits to the program, including a motion to delete alcohol and drug residential treatment patients from benefits. House and Senate conferees dropped a Helms-backed provision requiring families disqualified from the program to repay double the amount of any benefits received improperly. Uyning demokratik qamchi Tom Fuli ning Vashington insisted that such a penalty would violate the Beshinchi o'zgartirish huquqlari tegishli jarayon. Instead families repay the actual amount of improperly obtained benefits.[153]
Iqtisodiy siyosat
Helms supported the oltin standart through his role as the Agriculture Committee chairman, which exercises wide powers over commodity markets.[41] During the budget crisis of 1981, Helms restored $200 million for school lunches by instead cutting foreign aid,[154] and against increases in grain and milk price support,[155][156] despite the importance of the dairy industry to North Carolina. He warned repeatedly against costly farm subsidies as chairman.[157] However, in 1983, he used his position to lobby to use the country's strategic dairy and wheat stocks to subsidize food exports as part of a trade war bilan Yevropa Ittifoqi.[158][159] Helms heavily opposed cutting food aid to Poland after harbiy holat e'lon qilindi,[160] and called for the end of grain exports to (and arms limitation talks with) the Soviet Union instead.[161]
In 1982, Helms authored a bill to introduce a federal yagona soliq of 10% with a shaxsiy nafaqa of $2,000.[162] He voted against the 1983 budget: the only conservative Senator to have done so,[163] and was a leading voice for a balanced budget amendment.[164] Bilan Charli Rose, he proposed a bill that would limit tobacco price supports, but would allow the transfer of subsidy credits from non-farmers to farmers.[165] He co-sponsored the bi-partisan move in 1982 to extend drug patent duration.[166] Helms continued to pose obstacles to Reagan's budget plans. Oxirida 97-kongress, Helms led a filibuster against Reagan's increase of federal gasoline tax by 5-cents per gallon:[167] mirroring his opposition to Hokim Jim Xant 's 3-cent increase in the North Carolina gasoline tax, but alienating the White House from Helms.[167]
Ijtimoiy muammolar
Although Helms recognized budget concerns and nominations as predominant, he rejected calls by Baker to move debate on social issues to 1982,[168] with conservatives seeking to discuss abortion, school prayer, the eng kam ish haqi, va "fair housing " policy.[169] With the new Congress, Helms and Robert K. Dornan again proposed an amendment banning abortion in all circumstances,[170] and also proposed a bill defining fetuses as human beings, thereby taking it out of the hands of the federal courts,[171] along with Illinois Republican Genri Xayd and Kentucky Democrat Romano Mazzoli.[172] More successfully, Helms passed an amendment banning federal funds from being used for abortion unless the woman's life is in danger.[173][174] His support was key to the nomination of C. Everett Koop kabi Bosh jarroh, by proposing lifting the age limit that would otherwise have ruled out Koop.[175] He proposed an amendment taking school prayer out of the remit of the Supreme Court, which was criticized for being unconstitutional; despite Reagan's endorsement, the bill was eventually rejected, after twenty months of dispute and numerous filibusters, in September 1982, by 51–48.[176] Helms and Strom Thurmond sponsored another amendment to prevent the Department of Justice filing suits in defence of federal busing, which he contended wasted taxpayer money without improving education;[177] this was filibustered by Louell Vayker for eight months, but passed in March 1982.[178] However, Democratic Palata spikeri Maslahat O'Nil blocked the measure from being considered by the House of Representatives.[179][180]
In 1981, Helms started secret negotiations to end an 11-year impasse and pave the way for desegregation of historically white and historically black colleges in North Carolina.[181] In response to a rival anti-discrimination bill in 1982, he proposed a bill outlawing granting tax-free status to schools that discriminated racially, but allowing schools that discriminate on the grounds of religion to avoid taxes.[182] Qachon Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun came up for amendment in 1982, Helms and Thurmond criticized it for bias against the South, arguing that it made Carolinians "second-class citizens" by treating their states differently,[183] and proposed an amendment that extended its terms to the whole country, which they knew would bury it.[184][185] However, it was extended anyway, despite Helms's filibuster, which he promised to lead "until the cows come home ".[186] In 1983, Helms hired Klod Allen, an African American, as his press secretary. Despite his publicly aired belief that he was one of the best-liked senators amongst black staff in Congress, it was pointed out that he did not have any African-American staff of his own, prompting the hiring of the twenty-two-year-old,[187] who had switched parties when he was press secretary to Bill Kobey in the previous year's campaign.[188]
In 1983, Helms[189] led the 16-day filibuster in the Senate opposing the proposed establishment of Martin Luther King Day kabi federal bayram. Helms and others claimed, "another federal holiday would be costly for the economy." Although the Congressional Budget Office cited a cost of $18 million, Helms claimed it would cost $12 billion a year.[190] Helms "distributed a 300-page packet claiming that the civil rights leader was a political radical who adopted "action-oriented Marxism"[190] and detailing Dr. King's supposed treachery"[191] in which he accused King of "appear[ing] to have welcomed collaboration with Communists,"[191] Stenli Levison va Jek O'Dell.[190] Helms ended the filibuster in exchange for a new tobacco bill. President Reagan signed the bill on October 19, 1983.[189][191] Helms then demanded that FBI surveillance tapes allegedly detailing philandering on King's part be released, although Reagan and the courts refused. The conservatives attempted to rename the day "National Equality Day" or "National Civil Rights Day", but failed, and the bill was passed.[189] Yozish Washington Post bir necha yil o'tgach, Devid Broder attributed Helms opposition to the MLK holiday to racism on Helms's part.[192]
lotin Amerikasi
Upon the Republican takeover of the Senate, Helms became chairman of the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, promising to "review all our policies on Latin America", of which he had been severely critical under Carter.[193] He immediately focused on escalating aid to the Salvadoran government in its Fuqarolar urushi, and particularly preventing Nikaragua va Kuba uchun qo'llab-quvvatlash partizanlar yilda Salvador.[194] Within hours, the subcommittee approved military aid to El Salvador,[193] and later led the push to cut aid to Nicaragua.[195] Helms was assisted in pursuing the foreign policy realignment by John Carbaugh, whose influence the Nyu-York Tayms reported "[rivalled] many of [the Senate's] more visible elected members".[196][197]
In El Salvador, Helms had close ties with the right-wing Salvador Milliyatchi respublikachilar alyansi and its leader and o'lim guruhi asoschisi Roberto D'Aubuisson.[198][199][200] Helms opposed the appointment of Tomas R. Pickering kabi Salvadordagi elchi.[201] Helms alleged that the CIA had interfered in the Salvadoran election March and May 1984, in favor of the incumbent centre-left José Napoleón Duarte instead of D'Aubuisson,[202] claiming that Pickering had "used the cloak of diplomacy to strangle freedom in the night".[201] A CIA operative testifying to the Senatning razvedka qo'mitasi was alleged by Helms to have admitted rigging the election, but senators that attended have stated that, whilst the CIA operative admitted involvement, they did not make such an admission.[202] Helms disclosed details of CIA financial support for Duarte, earning a rebuke from Barri Goldwater, but Helms replied that his information came from sources in El Salvador, not the Senate committee.[203]
In 1982, Helms was the only senator who opposed a Senate resolution endorsing a pro-British policy during the Folklend urushi,[204] ga ishora qilmoqda Monro doktrinasi,[205] although he did manage to weaken the resolution's language.[206] Nonetheless, Helms was a supporter of the Chili diktator Umumiy Augusto Pinochet,[207] who supported the United Kingdom in the Falklands conflict. Helms was steadfastly opposed to the Castro regime in Cuba, and spent much of his time campaigning against the lifting of sanctions. In 1980, he opposed a treaty with Cuba on sea chegara delimitatsiyasi unless it included withdrawal of the Soviet brigade stationed on the island.[128] The following year, he proposed legislation establishing Radio Free Cuba,[208] which would later become known as Radio Martí.
1984 re-election campaign
Halfway through Reagan's term, Helms was talked about as a prospective presidential candidate in 1984 in case Reagan chose to stand down after his first term.[209][210] There was also speculation that Helms would run for the Gubernatorlik, being vacated by Jim Xant.[211] However, the President stood for re-election, and Helms ran once more for his Senate seat—facing Governor Hunt—and becoming the top target amongst the incumbent Senate Republicans.[134]
Unlike in 1978, Helms faced an opponent in the primary, George Wimbish, but won with 90.6% of the vote, while Hunt received 77% in his.[30] During the general election campaign, Hunt accused Helms of having the most "anti-Israel record of any member of the U.S. Senate".[54] Helms pledged during the campaign that he would retain his chairmanship of the Agriculture committee.[212]
In the most expensive Senate campaign up to that time, Helms narrowly defeated Hunt, taking 1,156,768 (51.7%) to Hunt's 1,070,488 (47.8%).[30]
Third Senate term (1985–1991)
In 1989, Helms hired Jeyms Meredit, most famous as the first African American ever admitted to the Missisipi universiteti, as a domestic policy adviser to his Senate office staff.[213] Meredith noted that Helms was the only member of the Senate to respond to his offer.[214]
In 1989, Helms successfully lobbied for an amendment to the Nogironligi bo'lgan amerikaliklar to'g'risidagi qonun, legislation protecting nogironlik huquqlari that exempted pedofiliya, shizofreniya va kleptomaniya from the conditions against which discrimination was barred. Even though the Helms amendment was kept in the final ADA bill that passed Congress in 1990, Helms twice voted against the bill.[215][216]
Tashqi siyosat
Although Helms was returned to office, and became the senior Republican on the Foreign Relations Committee, Richard Lugar ning Indiana became its chair,[217] after Helms and Lugar cut a deal to keep liberals out of top committee posts.[218] Despite pressure to claim the Foreign Relations chair, Helms kept the Agriculture chair, as he had pledged in his campaign.[218]
A "purge" of the State Department by Jorj P. Shultz in early 1985, replacing conservatives with moderates,[219] was heavily opposed by the Helms-led conservatives. They unsuccessfully attempted to block the appointment of Rozanne L. Ridgvey, Richard Burt va Edvin G. Korr as ambassadors, arguing that Shultz was appointing diplomats that were not loyal to President Reagan's philosophy,[220] particularly in Latin America.[219] In August, Helms threatened to lead a filibuster against a bill imposing sanctions on South Africa, delaying it until after summer recess.[221]
In early 1986, Panamanian dissident Uinston Spadafora visited Helms and requested that the Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs hold hearings on Panama. Ignoring Elliott Abrams ' request for a softer line towards Panama, Helms—a long-time critic of Noriega —agreed, and the hearings uncovered the large degree of leeway that the U.S. government, and particularly the Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi, had been giving to Noriega.[222] Keyin Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi kurash boshqarmasi encountered opposition from Oliver Shimoliy in investigating Noriega's role in drug trafficking, Helms teamed up with Jon Kerri to introduce an amendment to the Intellektni avtorizatsiya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun demanding that the CIA investigate the Panama Defense Forces ' potential involvement.[223] In 1988, after Noriega was indicted on charges including drug trafficking,[224] a former Panamanian bosh konsul and chief of political intelligence testified to the subcommittee, detailing Panama's compiling of evidence on its political opponents in the United States, including Senators Helms and Ted Kennedi, with the assistance of the CIA and Milliy xavfsizlik kengashi.[224][225] Helms proposed that the government suspend the Carter-Torrijos treaties unless Noriega were extradited within thirty days.[226]
In July 1986, after Rodrigo Roxas DeNegri was burned alive during a street demonstration against the dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet in Chile,[227][228] Helms stated that DeNegri and his companion Carmen Quintana Arancibia were "Communist terrorists" that had earlier been sighted setting fire to a barricade.[229] Helms also criticized Qo'shma Shtatlarning Chilidagi elchisi Garri G. Barns Jr. for attending DeNegri's funeral, saying Barnes "planted the American flag in the midst of a Communist activity" and President Reagan would have sent him home were he there.[230] The following month, the Justice Department disclosed information to Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that linked Helms and a sensitive intelligence matter of the Chile government.[231] Helms responded to the disclosure by telling reporters that the Justice Department "want to intimidate me and harass me, and it's not going to work" and said that both the Justice Department and himself were aware he had "violated no rules of classification."[231] In a letter to Attorney General Edvin Miz, Helms made a request of the Justice Department to investigate if he or members of his staff had been spied on during the Chile visit and called the charges against him "frivolous and false indictment."[232]
Helms became interested in the Vetnam urushi POW / IIV masalasi, and in October 1990 his committee staff chief and longest-serving aide, Jeyms P. Lusier, prepared a report stating that it was probable there were live American prisoners still being held in Vietnam and that the Jorj H. V. Bush ma'muriyati was complicit in hiding the facts.[233] The report also alleged that the Soviet Union had held American prisoners after the end of Ikkinchi jahon urushi and more may have been transferred there during the Koreya urushi and during the Vietnam War.[233] (Lucier also believed that survivors of the 1983 shoot-down of Korean Air Lines-ning 007-reysi were being held prisoner by the Soviets.[233]) Helms stated that the "deeper story" was a possible "deliberate effort by certain people in the government to disregard all information or reports about living MIA-POWs".[233] This was followed up in May 1991 by a minority report of the Foreign Relations Committee, released by Helms and titled An Examination of US Policy Toward POW/MIAs, which made similar claims and concluded that "any evidence that suggested an MIA might be alive was uniformly and arbitrarily rejected ..."[234] The issuing of the report caused other Republicans on the committee to become angry, and charges were made that the report contained errors, innuendo, and unsubstantiated rumors.[233][235] This and other personnel matters led to Helms firing Lucier and eight other staff members in January 1992.[235][236][237] Helms subsequently distanced himself from the POW/MIA issue.[233][237] (The aides claimed vindication later in 1992 when Russian President Boris Yeltsin said that the Soviet Union had kept some U.S. prisoners in the early 1950s.[237])
HIV legislation
I didn't come to Washington to be a 'yes man' for any president, Democrat or Republican. I didn't come to Washington to get along and win any popularity contests.
— Jesse Helms, Washington D.C. in 1989, The New York Times[74]
In 1987, Helms added an amendment to the Supplemental Appropriations Act, which directed the president to use executive authority to add HIV infection to the list of excludable diseases that prevent both travel and immigration to the United States.[238] The action was opposed by the U.S. Public Health Service. Congress restored the executive authority to remove HIV from the list of excludable conditions in the 1990 Immigration Reform Act, and in January 1991, Secretary of Health and Human Services Louis Sullivan announced he would delete HIV from the list of excludable conditions. A letter-writing campaign headed by Helms ultimately convinced President Bush not to lift the ban, and left the United States the only industrialized nation in the world to prohibit travel based on HIV status.[239] The travel ban was also responsible for the cancellation of the 1992 International AIDS Conference in Boston.[240] On January 5, 2010, the 22-year-old ban was lifted after having been signed by President Barak Obama 2009 yil 30 oktyabrda.[241][242]
The New York Times stated that Helms was "bitterly opposed" to federal financing for research and treatment of AIDS,[243] which he believed was God's punishment for homosexuals.[iqtibos kerak ] Qarama-qarshi Kennedi -Lyuk AIDS bill in 1988, Helms stated, "There is not one single case of AIDS in this country that cannot be traced in origin to sodomiya ".[244] Qachon Rayan Uayt died in 1990, his mother went to Congress to speak to politicians on behalf of people with AIDS. She spoke to 23 representatives; Helms refused to speak to Jeanne White, even when she was alone with him in an elevator.[245] Despite opposition by Helms, the Rayan Oqni parvarish qilish to'g'risidagi qonun passed in 1990.
In 1988, Helms convinced congress to implement a ban on federal funding for igna almashish dasturlari, arguing that spending federal money on such programs was tantamount to "federal endorsement of drug abuse."[246]
1990 re-election campaign
Birlamchi
Helms ran for re-election in a nationally publicized and rancorous campaign against the former mayor of Sharlotta, Harvey Gantt, in his "bid to become the nation's only black Senator" and "the first black elected to the Senate from janub beri Qayta qurish ".[247][248] In the Republican primary, Helms had two opponents, George Wimbish (as in 1984) and another; Helms won with 84.3% of the vote.[30]
Kampaniya
During the campaign the North Carolina GOP and others mailed over 125,000 notices (almost exclusively to black voters) telling them that they were not eligible to vote and warned that if they went to the polls they could be prosecuted for voter fraud.[249] At the behest of several civil rights groups and the Democratic National Party, the US Department of Justice sued the Helm's Campaign, the NC GOP, four lobbying firms and two individual lobbyists.[250][251] Thomas Farr, Campaign Manager for Jesse Helms disavowed any knowledge of the dirty tricks, which was shown to be false when his hand written notes were discovered. The affected parties acknowledged and agreed to the Justice Departments' ruling and were forced to desist from any other such activities.[252]
In a close race, Helms also aired a late-running television commercial titled "Qo'llar "[253] that showed a white man's hands crumpling up a rejection notice from a company that gave the job to a "less qualified minority"; some critics claimed the ad utilized sub-textual racist themes.[248][254][255][256][257] The advertisement was produced by Aleks Kastellanos, whom Helms would employ until his company was dropped in April 1996 after running an unusually hard-hitting ad.[258]
Another Helms television commercial accused Mr. Gantt of running a "secret campaign" in homosexual communities and of being committed to "mandatory gay rights laws" including "requiring local schools to hire gay teachers."[259]
Natija
Helms won the election with 1,087,331 votes (52.5 percent) to Gantt's 981,573 (47.4 percent). In his victory statement, Helms noted the unhappiness of some media outlets over his victory, paraphrasing a line from Yaramasda Keysi: "There's no joy in Mudville tonight. The mighty ultra-liberal establishment, and the liberal politicians and editors and commentators and columnists have struck out."[247]
Fourth Senate term (1991–1997)
In the early 1990s, Helms was a vocal opponent of the Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi (NAFTA).[260]
In August 1991, Helms became one of six Republicans on the Select Senate Committee on POW-MIA Affairs that would investigate the number of Americans still missing in the aftermath of the Vetnam urushi following renewed interest.[261]
Keating Five investigation
On August 5, 1991, Helms made public a special counsel report calling for California Senator Alan Krenston to be censured by the Senate on charges of reprehensible conduct.[262] The document was delivered to members of the Senate Ethics Committee the previous month, Helms stating that his move came from the belief that the release would cause the panel to act faster,[262] additionally citing the panel members with being at odds on how much of the report should be released as a reason for not closing an inquiry into Kichik Charlz Xit.[262]
The Senate Ethics Committee subsequently voted to investigate Helms for releasing the confidential document,[263] Helms issuing a statement saying in part that it was "a fascinating suggestion that I may have somehow violated some unspecified 'rule' when I released, over the weekend, my own signed report regarding to Keating Five investigation."[263] Helms welcomed the investigation into himself, along with one into the handling of the Keating Five case by the Senate Ethics Committee, calling the panel's investigation "long, arduous and expensive" and noting a potential public investigation "may disclose that the committee labored and brought forth a mouse."[263]
San'at uchun milliy fond
1989 yilda San'at uchun milliy fond awarded grants for a retrospective of Robert Mapplethorp photographs, some of which containing homosexual themes, in addition to a museum in Uinston-Salem, Shimoliy Karolina supporting an exhibition that featured an image by Andres Serrano of a crucifix suspended in urine.[264] These images caused an uproar and marked the National Endowment for the Arts becoming "a favorite target for Mr. Helms and other conservative senators who have objected to the work of some of the artists who have received Government grants."[264][265] In September 1989, Helms met with John E. Frohnmayer, President Bush's appointee for Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts.[266] While both declined releasing details on the contents of the meeting, Helms was reported to have made it clear that he considered his opposition to the N.E.A. grants on certain imagery essential to his political capital and that the battle over what was considered appropriate for federal government funding had just begun.[266]
In September 1991, Helms charged the National Endowment for the Arts with financing art that would turn "the stomach of any normal person" while proposing an amendment to an appropriations bill forbidding the usage of the grants for the N.E.A. in promoting material that would be deemed as depicting "sexual or excretory activities or organs" in an "offensive way."[267] On September 20, the Senate voted 68 to 28 in favor of the amendment.[264] The same night, Helms withdrew another amendment that changed the financing formula of the N.E.A. to funneling over half of its grant money through states as opposed to the Washington headquarters and would see a reduction in the New York fiscal year appropriation from its 26 million to just over 7 million.[264]
Remarks re Moseley Braun and Clinton
In a widely publicized incident on July 22, 1993, Kerol Mozli Braun, the first black woman in the Senate and the only black Senator at the time, reported that Helms deliberately sought to offend her by singing "Diksi " in her presence.[268][269][270] After Moseley Braun persuaded the Senate to vote against Helms's amendment to extend the patent of the Konfederatsiyaning birlashgan qizlari insignia, which included the Konfederatsiya bayrog'i, Mosely Braun claims that Helms ran into her in an elevator.[268] Helms turned to Senator Orrin Xetch and said, "Watch me make her cry. I'm going to make her cry. I'm going to sing 'Dixie' until she cries."[271] He then proceeded to sing the song about "the good life" during qullik to Moseley Braun.[272][273] In 1999, Helms unsuccessfully attempted to block Moseley Braun's nomination to be Qo'shma Shtatlarning Yangi Zelandiyadagi elchisi.[268]
In 1994, Helms created a sensation when he told broadcasters Rowland Evans va Robert Novak that Clinton was "not up" to the tasks of being commander-in-chief, and suggested two days later, on the anniversary of Jon F. Kennedi 's assassination, "Mr. Clinton better watch out if he comes down here. He'd better have a bodyguard." Helms said Clinton was unpopular and that he had not meant it as a threat.[274] Clinton addressed the comments when asked about them by a reporter at a press conference the following day: "I think the remarks were unwise and inappropriate. The President oversees the foreign policy of the United States. And the Republicans will decide in whom they will repose their trust and confidence; that's a decision for them to make, not for me."[275]
During this term, he was one of three Senators to vote against the confirmation of Ruth Bader Ginsburg to the Supreme Court.[276]
Respublikachilar ko'pligi
Republicans regained control of Congress after the 1994 elections and Helms finally became the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He was the first North Carolinian to chair the committee since Nataniel Makon, avlodlari Marta Vashington, in the first quarter of the 19th century. In that role, Helms pushed for reform of the UN and blocked payment of the United States' dues. Helms secured sufficient reforms that a colleague, future Prezident Jo Bayden ning Delaver said that "As only Nixon could go to China, only Helms could fix the U.N."[277]
Helms passed few laws of his own in part because of this bridge-burning style. Hedrick Smith "s The Power Game depicts several senators specifically blocking Helms's goals as a result of his intransigence,[tushuntirish kerak ] but nonetheless portrays Helms as a "devastatingly effective power broker".[278] Helms vehemently opposed granting eng maqbul millat status to China, citing inson huquqlari tashvishlar.[iqtibos kerak ]
Helms tried to block the refunding of the Ryan White Care Act in 1995, saying that those with AIDS were responsible for the disease, because they had contracted it because of their "deliberate, disgusting, revolting conduct", and that the reason AIDS existed in the first place was because it was "God's punishment for homosexuals".[iqtibos kerak ] Helms also claimed that more federal dollars were spent on AIDS than heart disease or cancer, despite this not being borne out by the Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati statistika.[279]
Helms-Burton Act
Soon after becoming the chair of the Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi, in February 1995, Helms announced that he wished to strengthen the spirit of the 1992 Torricelli Act with new legislation.[280] Its companion sponsored through the Uy tomonidan Dan Berton ning Indiana,[280] it would strengthen the Kubaga qarshi embargo: further codifying the embargo, instructing United States diplomats to vote in favor of sanctions on Cuba, stripping the Prezident of the option of ending the embargo by ijro buyrug'i qadar Fidel va Raul Kastro leave power and a prescribed course of transition is followed.[281] The bill also, controversially explicitly overruling the Act of State Doctrine,[281] allowed foreign companies to be sued in American courts if, in dealings with the regime of Fidel Kastro, they acquired assets formerly owned by Americans.
Passing the House comfortably, the Senate was far more cautious, under pressure from the Clinton administration. Munozara bo'ldi filibustered, with a motion of kiyim falling four votes short.[281] Helms reintroduced the bill without Titles III and IV, which detailed the penalties on investors, and it passed by 74 to 24 on October 19, 1995.[282] A konferentsiya qo'mitasi was scheduled to convene, but did not until February 28, 1996, by which time external events had taken over. On 24 February, Cuba shot down two small Qutqarishga birodarlar planes piloted by anti-Castro Cuban-Americans. When the conference committee met, the tougher House version, with all four titles, won out on most substantive points.[281] It was passed by the Senate 74–22 and the House 336–86, and President Clinton signed the Helms-Burton qonuni into law on March 12, 1996.[283] For years after its passing, Helms criticized the corporate interests that sought to lift the sanctions on Cuba, writing an article in 1999 for Tashqi ishlar, at whose publisher, the Xalqaro aloqalar bo'yicha kengash, also drew Helms's ire for its softer approach to Cuba.[284]
1996 re-election campaign
In 1996, Helms drew 1,345,833 (52.6 percent) to Gantt's 1,173,875 (45.9 percent). Helms supported his former Senate colleague Bob Dole for president, while Gantt endorsed Bill Klinton. Although Helms is generally credited with being the most successful Republican politician in North Carolina history, his largest proportion of the vote in any of his five elections was 54.5 percent. In North Carolina, Helms was a polarizing figure, and he freely admitted that many people in the state strongly disliked him: "[The Democrats] could nominate Mortimer Snerd and he'd automatically get 45 percent of the vote." Helms was particularly popular among older, conservative constituents, and was considered one of the last "Eski Janubiy " politicians to have served in the Senate. However, he also considered himself a voice of conservative youth, whom he hailed in the dedication of his autobiography.
Fifth Senate term (1997–2003)
Weld ambassadorial nomination
The summer of 1997 saw Helms engage in a protracted, high-profile battle to block the nomination of Uilyam Uels, Respublika Massachusets shtati gubernatori,[285] kabi Ambassador to Mexico: refusing to hold a committee meeting to schedule a confirmation hearing. Although he did not make a formal statement of his reason,[285] Helms did criticize Weld's support for tibbiy marixuana,[286][287] which Senate conservatives saw as incompatible with Mexico's key role in the Giyohvand moddalarga qarshi urush.[288] Weld attacked Helms's politics, saying, "I am not Senator Helms's kind of Republican. I do not pass his litmus test on social policy. Nor do I want to."[289] This opened Helms to counter on Weld's positions on abort, gey huquqlari, and other issues on which he had a liberal position.[286] Other factors, such as Weld's noncommittal position on Helms's chairmanship during his 1996 Senate campaign and Weld's wife's donation to the Gantt campaign,[290] made the nomination personal and less cooperative.[291] Held up in the committee by Helms, despite Weld resigning his governorship to concentrate on the nomination and a petition signed by most senators,[287][292] his nomination died.
Kuba
In January 1998, Helms endorsed a legislative proposal by the Cuban-American National Foundation to provide 100 million worth of food and medicine so long as Havana could promise the assistance would not be allocated to government stores or officials of the Communist Party.[293] In the same statement, Helms said Pope Ioann Pavel II ning visit to Cuba had "created a historic opportunity for bold action" in the country.[294] On May 15, Helms announced a proposal of 100 million aid package for Cuba that would provide food and medical assistance to the Cuban people by the Roman Catholic Church and politically independent relief organizations. Helms stated the proposal would hurt Castro's regime if he either accepted or rejected it and the proposal was endorsed by more than twenty senators from both parties.[295] In his memoir, Helms stated the only reason Castro was able to maintain leadership in Cuba was the direct result of the Clinton administration not making his removal an objective of its foreign policy.[296] He asserted the administration should have worked to develop strategies to undermine Castro and instead spent years "wasting precious time and energy on a senseless debate over whether to lift the Cuban embargo unilaterally."[296]
Helms saw the Bush administration as "understanding of the nature" of Castro and his crimes and stated his hope that an American president would eventually be able to visit Cuba at a time when the latter country and the United States could welcome each other as friends and trading partners.[296]In May 2001, Helms cosponsored legislation with Connecticut Democrat Djo Liberman granting 100 million in aid to both government critics and independent workers in Cuba during the period of the following four years and said the aim of the bill was to provide financial assistance to domestic opponents of the Cuban government so that they could continue their work.[297] Qonunchilik Helms-Berton qonuni va Helms o'z qarorini targ'ib qilganidan beri "qattiqqo'l tanqidchilar tomonidan birinchi yirik qonunchilik taklifi" bo'lib, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati "shunchaki Kastro rejimini izolyatsiya qilishdan nariga o'tishini" aytadi. "orolda o'zgarish uchun ishlayotganlarga yordam beradigan jasur, tashabbuskor va ijodiy dasturlarni topish orqali" buzilgan.[297] Iyul oyida Prezident Bush AQShning milliy manfaatlari nuqtai nazaridan Kubada olti oy davomida faoliyat yuritayotgan tadbirkorlik sub'ektlariga qarshi sud ishlarini yuritish huquqini beruvchi Helms-Burton qonunining bir qismidan voz kechish va ma'muriyatning "Kubada demokratiyaga o'tishni tezlashtirishga qaratilgan harakatlari" ga yordam berish niyati haqida e'lon qildi. " Xelms Bushni himoya qilgan bayonotini e'lon qildi va "qarorni tanqid qilishdan oldin" prezident kuchga kirayotgan boshqa salom tashabbuslarini ko'rib chiqish oqilona bo'lar edi va Bushga Fidel Kastroni chayqashga majbur qiladigan juda qattiq chiziqni olgan "deb ishondi. "[298]
Yakuniy senat yillari
1997 yil yanvar oyida Davlat kotibi nomzodini tasdiqlash bo'yicha tinglash paytida Madlen Olbrayt, Xilmsning ta'kidlashicha, Prezident Klintonning birinchi davri Qo'shma Shtatlarning dushmanlarini o'zlarining qarorlariga shubha bilan qarashga majbur qilgan va "ko'plab amerikaliklar" u o'z lavozimida bo'lganida uni o'zgartirishi uchun ibodat qilishgan.[299] Ikki oy o'tgach, tasdiqlanganidan so'ng, Olbrayt Helms bilan bolaligidagi uyga va Jessi Helms markaziga kimyoviy qurollarni taqiqlash to'g'risidagi shartnomani muhokama qilish uchun bordi, keyin Helms juftlikda hamkorlik qilishni davom ettirishda hech qanday muammo bo'lmaydi, deb ta'kidladilar. shartnoma amerikaliklarni himoya qilishga yordam bermaydi.[300] 1998 yil mart oyida Olbraytga yozgan xatida Helms "BMTning doimiy jinoyat ishlari bo'yicha sudini yaratishga" va Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining "suveren tashkilot" bo'lishiga qarshi ekanligini bildirgan, Helms vakili Mark Tissen senatorning "doimiy tribunal o'girilishidan xavotirini" tasdiqlagan. AQShga shikoyatlarni ko'rib chiqishga vaqt ajratadigan va shu bilan Bosh Assambleyaning vazifasini bajaradigan kichik da'vo sudiga.[301]
1997 yil sentyabr oyida Senat tamaki sanoati uchun 50 milliard soliq imtiyozini bekor qilish uchun ovoz berish paytida, Xelms qo'shildi Mitch Makkonnell va Lauch Faircloth tuzatishga qarshi ovoz bergan uchta senatordan biri sifatida.[302]
1998 yil yanvar oyida Prezident Klintonning Monika Levinskiy bilan munosabatlari ommaviy bo'lib qoldi. Xelms vahiyni "la'nat" deb topdi, jinsiy tajovuzlarga nisbatan ozgina sabr-toqat bilan va Prezident Klintonning tarafdorlari bo'lgan har qanday kishini "kechirim so'rashi kerakligini aytdi.[303] Keyingi oyda Xelms so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu mojaro uni Qo'shma Shtatlar va Prezident Klintonning qizi uchun qayg'uga solgan. "Chelsi". Helms impichment masalasida ehtiyotkorlik bilan ish tutdi va kelasi yilning yanvar oyida Klintonning Senat sudiga qadar ovoz berganligini e'lon qilishdan bosh tortdi.[303] Washington Post O'sha paytgacha chorak asr davomida Levinskiyning palata oldida chiqish qilishini yoqlab ovoz bergan to'qqiz senatordan yagona biri Helm edi.[304] Xelms o'z xotirasida Klintonga qarshi bergan ovozi shaxsiy bo'lmaganligini va "har bir insonning yengilligi va inoyatning kuchi" ni tushunishini, ammo u Konstitutsiyani Klintondan beri "qonunbuzarlik gradyanlariga" yo'l qo'ymasligini inkor etishni istamasligini ta'kidlagan. qasamyod ostida yolg'on gapirgani isbotlangan.[305]
1998 yil mart oyida Senatning Tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi Polsha, Vengriya va Chexiyani Shimoliy Atlantika Shartnomasi Tashkilotiga qo'shishga ovoz berganidan so'ng, Xelms qarorning to'liq palatada qabul qilinishini bashorat qildi va ovoz berish "ishonchga dalolat" deb aytdi Sharqiy Evropa demokratik davlatlari. "[306]
1998 yil may oyida Prezident Klinton Therma, Inc xodimlariga so'zlar aytayotganda Xelmsni ushbu maqsadga yordam bergan senatorlardan biri sifatida sanab o'tdi. Tinchlik uchun hamkorlik.[307]
Qo'shma Shtatlar qarshi to'rtta ovozdan birini bergan Xalqaro jinoiy sudning Rim to'g'risidagi nizomi, 1998 yil iyulda 120 ga qarshi 4 ovoz bilan qabul qilingan Prezident Klinton Qo'shma Shtatlar to'g'risidagi Nizomni imzoladi. Biroq, Xelms o'z muxolifatida qat'iy edi va Senatni Nizomni tasdiqlash uchun qilingan har qanday urinish Tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasiga "etib kelganida o'lik" bo'lishini ma'lum qilsin. Shuningdek, u Amerika xizmat a'zolarini himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun, 2002 yilda Kongress tomonidan qabul qilingan "Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy xizmatchilari va boshqa tanlangan va tayinlangan mansabdor shaxslarni Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari ishtirok etmaydigan xalqaro jinoiy sud tomonidan jinoiy ta'qib qilishdan himoya qilish uchun".
1999 yil iyun oyida, Prezident Klinton nomzodini qo'ygandan keyin Richard Xolbruk uchun Qo'shma Shtatlarning BMTdagi elchisi, Klinton ma'muriyati Xelmsning Xolbrukning nomzodi bo'yicha ovoz berishga ruxsat berish-bermasligidan sukut saqlashidan xavotir bildirdi.[308] 5 iyundagi bayonotida Helms to'rtta sud majlisining sanasini e'lon qildi va Xolbrukning karerasi, xususan Bosniya bilan muzokaralardagi vositachilik roli haqida so'roq qilinishi haqida e'lon qildi. Yugoslaviya Prezidenti Slobodan Milosevich. Xelms "ushbu qo'mitaga shu qadar axloqiy bagajni ilova qilgan holda Vazirlar Mahkamasi darajasida yana bir nominatsiyani eslay olmasligini" qo'shimcha qildi.[309] Tasdiqlovni tinglash paytida Xelms Xolbruk bir necha bor qonunni buzganligini aytdi. Bunga javoban Xolbruk kechirim so'radi va axloqqa oid "noto'g'ri tushunchalariga" iqror bo'ldi, Xelms keyinchalik Xolbrukning pushaymonligi tufayli nomzodlikka umidvorligini bildirdi.[310] Uch oy o'tgach, Prezident Klinton sobiq senator nomzodini ko'rsatgandan keyin Kerol Mozli-Braun uchun Qo'shma Shtatlarning Yangi Zelandiyadagi elchisi, Helms bayonot chiqarib, "nomzod Senatga Mozli-Braun xonimga osilgan axloqiy bulut bilan keladi" va uning yozuvlari hatto Klinton ma'muriyati tomonidan tekshirilganmi, degan savolni berdi. Tomonidan bayonot bilan bir vaqtda chop etilgan maqola Qo'ng'iroq Mozli-Braun Konfederatsiya qizlari emblemasining yangilanishiga qarshi chiqqani kabi "o'tmishdagi xatolarni tuzatmasa", Helmlar nomzodlikni oldini olishadi.[311] Keyinchalik Xelms Mozli-Braunning axloqiy ayblovlari bilan bog'liq hujjatlarni talab qildi va tasdiqlash eshituvlarini ularni olguniga qadar kechiktirdi. 9-noyabr kuni Senatning Tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi Moseley-Braun 17-ni 1-ga ma'qullash uchun ovoz berdi, Helms esa nomzodga qarshi yagona ovoz berdi.[312] Senat Moseley-Braunni tasdiqlash uchun ovoz berganida, Xelms ham qo'shildi Piter Fitsjerald, Moseley-Braunni qayta saylanish da'vosida mag'lubiyatga uchratgan, unga qarshi ovoz bergan yagona ikki senator.[313]
2000 yilda, Bono Amerikaning Afrikaga yordamini ko'paytirishni muhokama qilish uchun Jessi Xelmsni qidirdi. Afrikada OITS - bu asosan heteroseksual yo'l bilan yuqadigan kasallikdir va Helms Bononing "go'daklar va bolalar va ularning oilalariga keltiradigan og'riq" ta'rifiga hamdardlik bildirdi.[314] Xelms Bono xalqaro hamjamiyat va xususiy sektorni jalb qilishini talab qildi, shunda yordamni "oddiy amerikaliklar" to'lamaydi.[315] Helms xalqaro OITSga qarshi kurash ishlariga 600 million dollar miqdorida ruxsat beruvchi qonun loyihasini mualliflik qildi. 2002 yilda Xelms Senatdagi faoliyati davomida butun dunyo bo'ylab OITS tarqalishiga qarshi kurashishda juda kam ish qilganidan uyalayotganini e'lon qildi va Senatda o'tgan bir necha oy davomida ko'proq ish qilishga va'da berdi. Helms bu sa'y-harakatlarni alohida qadrlash bilan gapirdi Janet Museveni, birinchi xonim Uganda, "Injil qadriyatlari va jinsiy poklik" ga asoslangan kampaniya orqali OITS tarqalishini to'xtatishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlari uchun.[316] Helms, shuningdek, AQShning Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligini tarqatib yuborish tarafdori edi.[317]
2001 yil yanvar oyida Xelms AQShdan kelgusidagi barcha yordamlar muhtojlarga xayriya tashkilotlari va diniy guruhlar tomonidan davlat idorasidan farqli o'laroq etkazilishi sharti bilan xalqaro yordamning ko'payishini qo'llab-quvvatlashini aytdi va ushbu tashkilotning bekor qilinishini ma'qulladi. AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi va 7 milliard yillik yordamni bir vaqtning o'zida xususiy yordam guruhlariga grantlar beradigan boshqa jamg'armaga o'tkazish.[318]
2002 yil mart oyida Helms va Demokrat Jo Bayden Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasidagi partiyalarining martabali a'zolari lavozimlarida Bush ma'muriyatiga Senatdan Rossiya bilan har qanday yadro qurolini kamaytirishni rasmiy shartnoma sifatida qabul qilishni talab qilgan maktubni topshirdilar.[319]
Iste'fo
Sog'liqni saqlash muammolari, shu jumladan suyak kasalliklari, prostata saratoni va yurak xastaligi sababli, Xelms 2002 yilda qayta saylanishga intilmadi. Uning Senatdagi o'rni respublikachilar tomonidan qo'lga kiritildi Elizabeth Dole.
Senatdan keyingi hayot (2003-2008)
2004 yilda u AQShning respublikachi vakili saylovida gapirdi Richard Burr, Ikki yil avval Elizabeth Dole singari Demokratni mag'lub etgan Erskine Bowles Shimoliy Karolina Senatining boshqa o'rinlarini egallash uchun. 2005 yil sentyabr oyida, Tasodifiy uy xotirasini nashr etdi Mana men turgan joy. O'zining xotiralarida u taqqoslagan abort uchun Holokost va 11 sentyabr terroristik hujumlari "Men o'zim uchun gapira olmaydiganlarning o'limi haqida hech qachon sukut saqlamayman". Helms ham pop yulduz tomonidan yollangan edi Bono xayriya ishlari uchun.
1994 yilda, hujjatlarini qoldirish uchun so'rovlarni rad etgandan so'ng Ivy League universitetni tayinladi Vingeyt universiteti rasmiy hujjatlar va uning Senatdagi faoliyatidagi tarixiy narsalarning ombori sifatida, bu erda Jessi Helms markazi merosini targ'ib qilishga asoslanadi.[320] 2005 yilda, Ozodlik universiteti ochdi Jessi Helms boshqaruv maktabi bag'ishlovda ishtirok Helms bilan.
O'lim
2003 yilda Senatdan iste'foga chiqqanidan keyin Helmsning sog'lig'i yomonligicha qoldi. 2006 yil aprel oyida Xelmsning habarlari ko'p infarktli demans, bu xotirani ishlamay qolishiga olib keladi va kamayadi kognitiv funktsiya, shuningdek, bir qator jismoniy qiyinchiliklar. Keyinchalik u a-ga ko'chirildi sog'ayish markazi uning uyi yaqinida.[321] Helms vafot etdi qon tomir demans 2008 yil 4-iyul kuni erta tongda, 86 yoshida.[322][323] U dafn etilgan Oakwood tarixiy qabristoni Raleigh shahrida (Shimoliy Karolina).[324]
Ijtimoiy va siyosiy qarashlar
Poyga haqidagi qarashlar
Jessi Xelms butun faoliyati davomida irqchilikda ayblangan. 2001 yilda Xelms Senatdan iste'foga chiqqanidan so'ng, Devid Broder Washington Post "Jessi Xelms, oq irqchi" sarlavhali yozuvida Helmsning poyga haqidagi ommaviy rekordini tahlil qildi va boshqa ko'plab muxbirlar yon bosayotganini sezdi. U Helmsning irqiy g'azabni qo'zg'atishga tayyorligini ta'kidladi Afroamerikaliklar siyosiy manfaatlar uchun, Helmsni "ushbu mamlakatda taniqli taniqli oq tanli irqchi siyosatchi" deb nomlagan.[325]
Faoliyatining boshida WRAL radiosining yangiliklar bo'yicha direktori sifatida Xelms qo'llab-quvvatladi Uillis Smit qarshi AQSh Senati uchun 1950 Demokratik birlamchi Frank Porter Grem, konservativ oq tanli saylovchilarni saylov uchastkalariga jalb qilish uchun irqiy masalalarni bo'linish usulida ishlatgan kampaniyada.[326] Grahamni millatlararo nikohni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi sifatida tasvirlab, kampaniya "Oq odamlar, kech bo'lmasdan uyg'oning" sarlavhali plakatlarni tarqatdi; va Gremning rafiqasi qora tanli kishi bilan raqsga tushgani tasvirlangan qo'l varaqasi.[326][327] Smit g'alaba qozonganida, Helms Vashingtonga o'zining ma'muriy yordamchisi sifatida bordi.
Helms qarshi chiqdi avtobus, Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi qonun va Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonun.[328][329][330][331] Helms chaqirdi Fuqarolik huquqlari to'g'risidagi 1964 y "Kongressda kiritilgan eng xavfli qonun hujjati" va homiylik qilgan qonunlar butun mamlakatga tatbiq etilishi yoki umuman yo'q qilinishi uchun.[184] 1982 yilda u Ovoz berish huquqi to'g'risidagi qonunning uzaytirilishiga qarshi ovoz berdi.[332]
Xelms saylovchilarga 16 kunlik filibilit bilan Senatning a-ni ma'qullashini to'xtatishga harakat qilganini eslatdi doktor Martin Lyuter Kingni sharaflash uchun federal bayram, kichik,[273] u Shimoliy Karolina shtatining King uchun ta'tilini tashkil qilish to'g'risida kamroq eslatmalariga qaramay.[332] U a .likda ayblangan ajratuvchi kabi ba'zi siyosiy kuzatuvchilar va olimlar tomonidan USA Today 'DeWayne Wickham Helms "mash'alasini nozik tarzda ko'targan" deb yozgan oq ustunlik "dan Ben Tillman.[333][334][335][336] Helms hech qachon ajratish axloqiy jihatdan noto'g'riligini ta'kidlamagan va integratsiya ixtiyoriy ravishda amalga oshirilganiga ishongan, ammo uni "o'z kun tartibiga ega bo'lgan tashqi ajitatorlar" majbur qilgan.[337]
1996 yilda Adliya vazirligi Helmsning 1990 yilgi kampaniyasini asosan afroamerikaliklar istiqomat qiladigan uylarda 125000 ta postkartalarni pochta orqali jo'natish to'g'risida ogohlantirdi (agar ular ko'chib o'tgandan keyin saylovlar ro'yxatidagi manzillarini yangilamagan bo'lsalar, ular qamoqqa tushishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirdilar (noto'g'ri)).[338]
Fuqarolik huquqlari va ijobiy harakatlar to'g'risidagi qonunchilikka qarshi chiqishdan tashqari, Helms mafkuraviy sabablarga ko'ra ko'plab qora tanli sudyalarni federal sudga va qora tanlanganlarni Federal hukumatda taniqli lavozimlarga tayinlanishiga to'sqinlik qildi. Bir misolda, u prezident Bill Klintonning bir necha yil davomida AQShning to'rtinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudiga qora tanli sudyani tayinlash urinishlariga to'sqinlik qildi.[332] Faqat Helmsning sud qarorlarini blokirovka qilish bilan tahdid qilinganida, advokat Rojer Gregori ning Richmond, Virjiniya tasdiqlandi.[332]
Gomoseksualizm haqidagi qarashlar
Hech narsa ijobiy bo'lmadi Sadom va Gomorra va agar bizning odamlar gomoseksual turmush tarzini qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan nog'oraga berilib ketsa, Amerikada hech qanday ijobiy narsa bo'lmaydi.
— Jessi Xelms,
The New York Times[74]
Helms lezbiyen, gey, biseksual va transgender (LGBT ) odamlar va Qo'shma Shtatlarda LGBT huquqlari.[339][340] Helms gomoseksuallarni "zaif, axloqiy jihatdan yomon baxtsizlar" deb atadi va ularga mablag 'ajratishga harakat qildi San'at uchun milliy fond "fotografning gey-yo'naltirilgan badiiy asarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Robert Mapplethorp ".[341][342] 1993 yilda, o'sha paytda prezident bo'lganida Bill Klinton tayinlamoqchi edi "chiqib" lezbiyen Roberta Axtenberg kotib yordamchisiga Uy-joy va shaharsozlik bo'limi, Helms "u la'natchi lezbiyen bo'lgani uchun" degan tasdiqni qo'lga kiritdi va "u sizning bog'ingizdagi turli xil lezbiyen emas. U jangari-faol" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[340] Xelms, shuningdek, "men lezbiyenni bunday holatga keltirmoqchi emasman. Agar meni mutaassib deb atamoqchi bo'lsangiz, yaxshi" dedi.[339] Klinton geylarga qurolli kuchlarda ochiq xizmat qilishga ruxsat berishga chaqirganida, Xelms prezident Shimoliy Karolinaga tashrif buyursa, "qo'riqchiga ega bo'lish yaxshiroq" dedi.[342] Uning gomoseksual va lezbiyen fuqarolar haqidagi qarashlari 1998 yilgi hujjatli filmda tasvirlangan Aziz Jessi.
Helms dastlab federal moliyalashtirishni ko'payishiga qarshi kurashgan OIV / OITS tadqiqot "davolash va kasallik" g'ayritabiiy "va" jirkanch "gomoseksual xatti-harakatlar natijasida kelib chiqqanligini aytdi.[74] Senatning so'nggi yilida u qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatladi Afrikada OITSga qarshi choralar, bu erda kasallikning heteroseksual yuqishi eng tez-tez uchraydi va "gomoseksual turmush tarzi" Amerikada epidemiyaning tarqalishiga sabab bo'lgan degan fikrda davom etmoqda.[74][343]
1990 yilda Harvi Ganttga qarshi kampaniyasi davomida Xelms janob Ganttni gomoseksual jamoalarda "maxfiy kampaniya" o'tkazganlikda va "geylarning huquqlari majburiy qonunlariga" sodiq bo'lganlikda, shu jumladan "mahalliy maktablardan gey o'qituvchilarni yollashni talab qilganlikda" ayblab televizion reklamalarni olib borgan.[259]
1993 yilda u tasdiqlashga qarshi ovoz berganida Rut Bader Ginsburg uchun Oliy sud, u buni "gomoseksual kun tartibi" ni qo'llab-quvvatlashini uning sabablaridan biri sifatida keltirdi.[344]
Uning 2017 yilgi xotirasida, Mantiqiy oila, gey muallifi Armistid Maupin Xelms gomoseksualizmni u yoshligida ishlagan paytida "jirkanchlik" deb ta'riflaganini eslaydi.[20] Maupin, keyinchalik o'sha televizion kanalda o'zining birinchi romani haqida intervyu berganini va "Men Jessi Xelms bu erda bo'lganimda ishlaganman. Endi u Vashingtonda, jangari gomoseksuallar haqida gapirib, men bitta bo'lishdan qochganimni aytdim", deb qo'shimcha qiladi. . "[20]
Shaxsiy hayot
Oila
Jessi va Dotning Jeyn va Nensi ismli ikkita qizlari bor edi va ular bilan to'qqiz yoshli etimni asrab olishdi miya yarim falaj gazetada Charlz Rojdestvo uchun onasi va otasi bo'lishini istaganini o'qiganidan keyin Charlz deb nomlangan.[19] Er-xotinning etti nabirasi va bitta chevarasi bor edi.[19] Nabiralaridan biri Jenifer Noks keyinchalik sudya bo'ldi Veyk okrugi (Shimoliy Karolina).[345]
Diniy qarashlar
Ateizm va sotsializm - yoki xuddi shu yo'nalishda harakat qilayotgan liberalizm - bu bir-biridan ajralmas narsadir: agar siz endi Xudo insoniy ishlarni boshqaradi deb ishonmaydigan erkaklaringiz bo'lsa, sizda Xudo o'rnini xurofot orqali egallashga urinayotgan odamlar bor. . Ushbu liberallar doimiy ravishda chaqiradigan hamma narsani boshqaradigan hukumat zamonaviy versiyasidir Baal.
— Jessi Xelms, Erkin erkaklar turganda[346]
Xelms kuchli xristian diniy qarashlari bilan tanilgan edi.[347] U rivojlanishida etakchi rol o'ynagan Xristianlarning huquqi,[346] va uning asoschisi edi Axloqiy ko'pchilik 1979 yilda. Garchi a Janubiy Baptist uning tarbiyasidan qat'iyan so'zma-so'z, lekin shafqatsizlarcha dunyoviy,[348] muhit, Raleida bo'lganida, Helms mo''tadil Hayes-Barton Baptist cherkovida sajda qilgan,[346] u erda xizmat qilgan dikon va Yakshanba kuni maktab Senatga saylanishidan oldin o'qituvchi.[347]
Helms Shimoliy Karoliniyanga yaqin edi Billi Grem (u shaxsiy qahramon deb hisoblagan),[349] shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Charlz Stenli, Pat Robertson,[350] va Jerri Falwell, kimning Ozodlik universiteti o'zining Jessi Helms boshqaruv maktabini Helmsga bag'ishladi. Helms Camp Willow Run-ni topishga yordam berdi, an millatlararo Nasroniy Yozgi oromgoh, vafotigacha direktorlar kengashida o'tirgan va masoniklarning Buyuk Oratori bo'lgan Grand Lodge Shimoliy Karolina shtati.[347]
Tenglash chapparastlik va ateizm, Helms AQShning qulashi nasroniylik e'tiqodining yo'qolishi bilan bog'liq deb ta'kidladi,[347] va ko'pincha: "Menimcha, Xudo bu mamlakatga o'zini saqlab qolish uchun yana bir imkoniyat beryapti".[346][351] U kapitalizm axloqi orqali Muqaddas Kitobda kafolatlangan, deb ishongan Iste'dodlar haqidagi masal.[346] U ishonib, yozgan Erkin erkaklar turganda, "Hurmat bilan tinchlik, Minimal ish haqi, Irqiy tenglik, Ayollar ozodligi, Milliy sog'liqni saqlash sug'urtasi, Fuqarolik erkinligi kabi utopik shiorlar" insoniyatni "Xudoning o'g'illari" deb ajratish niyatidir.[346]
Mukofotlar
Helms bir qator diniy universitetlarning faxriy darajalariga ega edi, shu jumladan Bob Jons universiteti, Kempbell universiteti, Grove Siti kolleji, va uning olma materi, Wingate universiteti.
Tayvan: Bulutlar tartibi Grand Cordon bilan (2002)[352]
Ishlaydi
- "Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotini qutqarish: keyingi Bosh kotibga qarshi kurash." Tashqi ishlar 75 (1996): 2+ onlayn
- "Qanday epidemiya epidemiyasi? AQSh biznesining qiziq salib yurishi." Tashqi ishlar (1999): 2–8. JSTOR-da
- "Soliq to'lanadigan odobsizlik." Yangi qonunlarni ko'rib chiqish 14 (1989): 317. onlayn
- Erkin erkaklar turganda (1976); Zondervan Pub. Uy.
- Ozodlik uchun imperiya: suveren Amerika va uning axloqiy missiyasi (2001); Milliy kitob tarmog'i tomonidan.
- Mana men turgan joy: xotiralar (2005); Nyu-York: tasodifiy uy.
Adabiyotlar
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- ^ "Jessi Xelms", Shimoliy Karolina universiteti televidenie, Biografik suhbatlar, tadqiqot uchburchagi parki, NC, arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2013-01-31
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- ^ "Senators Insist on Role in Nuclear Arms Deals". Nyu-York Tayms. 2002 yil 17 mart.
- ^ St. Onge, Peter; Torralba, Mike (July 6, 2008). "Small-town upbringing shaped a senator". Yangiliklar va kuzatuvchi. Raleigh, NC (AQSh). Olingan 6 iyul, 2009.[o'lik havola ]
- ^ Christensen, Ron (April 2, 2006). "Age takes toll on Helms". Yangiliklar va kuzatuvchi. Raleigh, NC (AQSh) Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2006 yil 5 aprelda.
- ^ "Former Sen. Jesse Helms dies at 86: Republican known as 'Senator No' served 30 years before retiring in 2003". NBC News. Associated Press. 2008 yil 4-iyul. Olingan 12 iyul, 2008.
- ^ "Jesse Helms dead at 86". Globe and Mail. 2008 yil 7 aprel. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi on July 10, 2008. Olingan 29 avgust, 2008.
- ^ Jesse Alexander Helms, Jr. da Qabrni toping
- ^ Broder, David S. (July 7, 2008). "Jesse Helms, White Racist". Vashington Post. Olingan 10 iyun, 2015.
- ^ a b Neuman, Johanna (July 5, 2008). "Former Sen. Jesse Helms dies at 86". Los Anjeles Tayms. latimes.com. Olingan 27 dekabr, 2017.
- ^ Campbell, Karl E. (2017). "Tar Heel Politics in the Twentieth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Plutocracy ", in Larry E. Tise and Jeffrey J. Crowe (Eds.), New Voyages to Carolina: Reinterpreting North Carolina History. Chapel Hill, NC: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 9781469634586. pp. 241–268; bu erda: p. 254.
- ^ "FAIR — FAIR is the national progressive media watchdog group, challenging corporate media bias, spin and misinformation". Fair.org. Olingan 2016-03-05.
- ^ Luebke, Paul (2007). Tar to'pig'i siyosati 2000 yil. Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-8078-4756-5. Olingan 13 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Heineman, Kenneth J. (1998). God is a Conservative: Religion, Politics, and Morality in Contemporary America. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3554-1. Olingan 13 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Longli, Kayl; Jeremy D. Mayer; Michael Schaller; John W. Sloan (2007). Reyganni qurish: konservativ mifologiya va Amerikaning qirqinchi prezidenti. M.E. Sharp. ISBN 978-0-7656-1591-6. Olingan 13 iyul, 2008.
- ^ a b v d Michaels, Cash (July 17, 2008). "The racial legacy of Jesse Helms". Louisiana Weekly. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 28 noyabrda.
- ^ Wickham, DeWayne (July 8, 2008). "Helms Subtly Carried Torch of White Supremacy". USA Today. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 2-avgustda. Olingan 12 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Dyson, Michael Eric (2003). Open Mike: Reflections on Philosophy, Race, Sex, Culture and Religion. Asosiy fuqarolik kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-465-01765-2. Olingan 13 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Crowther, Hal (2005). Gather at the River: Notes from the Post-millennial South. LSU Matbuot. ISBN 978-0-8071-3100-8. Olingan 13 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Curry, George E.; Cornel West (1996). Ijobiy harakatlar munozarasi. Asosiy kitoblar. ISBN 978-0-201-47963-8. Olingan 13 iyul, 2008.
- ^ "Helms apologetic on AIDS, not segregation". Uinston-Salem yilnomasi. Associated Press. June 16, 2005. pp. A2.
- ^ Link (2007), p. 379–80
- ^ a b Briscoe, Ben (July 14, 2008). "LGBT rights step forward as 'Old Guard' leader passes away". Dallas Voice. Olingan 15 iyul, 2008.
- ^ a b Holmes, Elizabeth (July 5, 2008). "Jesse Helms (1921–2008): Ex-Senator Served North Carolina for Three Decades". The Wall Street Journal. Olingan 15 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Jesse Helms, "Tax-Paid Obscenity." Nova Law Review 14 (1989): 317. onlayn
- ^ a b "Jesse Helms: The Far-right Senator Who Refused To Compromise". Hafta. 2008 yil 18-iyul. Olingan 12 iyul, 2008.
- ^ Najafi, Yusef (June 17, 2005). "Helms regrets AIDS stance: Former senator 'wrong' on AIDS funding because families hurt". The Washington Blade. Arxivlandi from the original on July 26, 2008. Olingan 15 iyul, 2008.
- ^ "Ginsburg To Join High Court". Vashington Post. 1993 yil 4-avgust. Olingan 10 iyun, 2015.
- ^ Shaffer, Josh (November 4, 2014). "Wake County Clerk of Superior Court: Knox wins narrow victory".
- ^ a b v d e f Guillory, Ferrel (January 27, 1995). "The right hand of God: Jesse Helms's political theology". Commonweal. 122 (2): 4-6. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 2 yanvarda. Olingan 7 iyul, 2009.
- ^ a b v d "Jesse Helms". Daily Telegraph. London. 2008 yil 6-iyul. Olingan 7 iyul, 2009.
- ^ Wicker, Tom (June 22, 1982). "The Baptist Switch". The New York Times. p. 27.
- ^ Hunter, Marjorie (January 6, 1982). "Not So Vital Statistics on Mr. Helms". The New York Times. p. 16.
- ^ Utter, Glenn X.; Stori, Jon Vudrou (2001). The Religious Right: a Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. p.16. ISBN 978-1-57607-212-7.
- ^ Welch, Bill (July 4, 2008). "Former Sen. Jesse Helms dies at 86". USA Today. Olingan 7 iyul, 2009.
- ^ "Xitoy Respublikasi senator Jessi Xelmsni hurmat qildi". Taypeyning AQShdagi iqtisodiy va madaniy vakolatxonasi. 2002 yil 12-noyabr. Olingan 3 aprel 2020.
Xitoy Respublikasi (ROC) nomidan Chen Chen Shui-bian, vakili C. J. (Chien-Jen) Chen, ROC-ning AQShdagi bosh vakili, senator Jessi Xelmsga (R-NC) Tayvan va AQSh o'rtasidagi do'stona munosabatlarni rivojlantirishga qo'shgan hissasini inobatga olib, 24-oktabr kuni senator idorasida Grand Cordon bilan "Bulutli bulutlar" ordeni topshirdi.
Bibliografiya
- Roy, Joaquín (2000). Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1760-0.
- Shirley, Craig (2005 yil 20-yanvar). Reagan's Revolution: The Untold Story of the Campaign That Started It All. Tomas Nelson. ISBN 978-0-7852-6049-3.
- Link, Uilyam A. (2008). Solih jangchi: Jessi Xelms va zamonaviy konservatizmning ko'tarilishi. Sent-Martin matbuoti. ISBN 978-0-312-35600-2.
- Kinzer, Stiven (2006). Ag'darish: Amerika rejimi asrining Gavayidan Iroqqa o'zgarishi. Nyu-York: Times kitoblari. ISBN 978-0-8050-7861-9.
- Thrift, Bryan Hardin. Conservative Bias: How Jesse Helms Pioneered the Rise of Right-Wing Media and Realigned the Republican Party (2014) parcha
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Clarke, Patsy; Eloise Vaughn; Nicole Brodeur; Allan Gurganus (2001). Keep Singing: Two Mothers, Two Sons, and Their Fight Against Jesse Helms. Alyson kitoblari. ISBN 1-55583-572-4.
- Furgurson, Ernest B. (1986). Hard Right: The Rise of Jesse Helms. Norton. ISBN 0-393-02325-7.
- Levy, Alan Howard (1987). Government and the Arts: Debates Over Federal Support of the Arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms. Amerika universiteti matbuoti. ISBN 0-7618-0674-1.
Tashqi havolalar
- Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressi. "Jesse Helms (id: H000463)". Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Kongressining biografik ma'lumotnomasi.
- Jessi Helms markazi qaysi mezbonlar Articles About Senator Helms
- Liberty University's Helms School of Government
- Senator No: Jesse Helms —UNC-TV biographical documentary by independent filmmaker John Wilson
- Oral History Interview with Jesse Helms dan Oral Histories of the American South
- Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes Held in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States Together with a Memorial Service in Honor of Jesse Helms, Late a Senator from North Carolina: One Hundred Tenth Congress, Second Session
- Tashqi ko'rinish kuni C-SPAN
- FBI Records: The Vault – Jesse Helms
| Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari | ||
|---|---|---|
| Oldingi John S. Shallcross | Respublika nomzod AQSh senatori dan Shimoliy Karolina (2-sinf ) 1972, 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996 | Muvaffaqiyatli Elizabeth Dole |
| AQSh Senati | ||
| Oldingi B. Everett Jordan | U.S. senator (Class 2) from North Carolina 1973–2003 Bilan birga xizmat qildi: Sem J. Ervin, Robert Morgan, Jon P. Sharq, Jeyms T. Broyhill, Terri Sanford, Lauch Faircloth, Jon Edvards | Muvaffaqiyatli Elizabeth Dole |
| Siyosiy idoralar | ||
| Oldingi Herman Talmadj | Raisi Senate Agriculture Committee 1981–1987 | Muvaffaqiyatli Patrik Lixi |
| Oldingi Kleyborne Pell | Raisi Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi 1995–2001 | Muvaffaqiyatli Jo Bayden |
| Oldingi Jo Bayden | Raisi Senatning tashqi aloqalar qo'mitasi 2001 | |
| Hayot | |
|---|---|
| Saylovlar | |
| Tegishli mavzular | |
| |
Turkum| 2-sinf |  | |
|---|---|---|
| 3-sinf | ||
| | |
| Qishloq xo'jaligi (1829–1857; 1863–1881) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Qishloq va o'rmon xo'jaligi (1884–1977) | ||
| Qishloq xo'jaligi, ovqatlanish va o'rmon xo'jaligi (1977–) | ||
