Chatsvort uyi - Chatsworth House

Chatsvort uyi
Daryo bo'yidagi katta qishloq uyi, narigi tomoni o'rmonli tepalik bilan
The Derwent daryosi, Chatsvortdagi ko'prik va uy
Chatsworth House Derbyshire shahrida joylashgan
Chatsvort uyi
Derbishirda joylashgan joy
Umumiy ma'lumot
Arxitektura uslubiIngliz baroki, Italyancha
Manzilyaqin Xayrlashuv, Derbishir
MamlakatAngliya
Koordinatalar53 ° 13′40 ″ N. 1 ° 36′36 ″ V / 53.22778 ° N 1.61000 ° Vt / 53.22778; -1.61000
Balandlik125 m (410 fut)
Qurilish boshlandi1687
Bajarildi1708 yil, 1820–1840 yillarda qo'shimchalar bilan
EgasiUyni Chatsvort uyi trestiga ijaraga beradigan Chatsworth aholi punktining ishonchli vakillari.
Loyihalash va qurish
Me'morUilyam Talman
Tomas Archer
Jeffri Vaytvill
Jozef Pakton
Jeyms Peyn
Veb-sayt
www.chatsvort.org
Rasmiy nomiChatsvort uyi
Belgilangan1951 yil 29 sentyabr
Yo'q ma'lumotnoma.1373871[1]

Chatsvort uyi a ko'rkam uy yilda Derbishir, Angliya, Derbishir Deylz Shimoliy-sharqdan 3,5 milya (5,6 km) Xayrlashuv va g'arbdan 9 milya (14 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan Chesterfild. O'rindiq Devonshir gersogi, bu uyning uyi bo'lgan Cavendish 1549 yildan beri oila. Sharqiy sohilida joylashgan Derwent daryosi va Derwent bilan pastdagi tepaliklarga qaraydi Voy vodiylar. Uy keng park maydonida joylashgan bo'lib, uning orqasida o'rmonli, toshli tepaliklar joylashgan bo'lib, ular Xezer dengiziga ko'tarilgan. Unda rasmlarning asosiy to'plamlari, mebel, Qadimgi usta chizmalar, neoklassik haykallar, kitoblar va boshqa asarlar. Chatsworth bir nechta so'rovnomalarda Britaniyaning eng sevimli qishloq uyi sifatida tanlangan.[2][3]

Tarix

11-16 asrlar

17-asrda Elizabetan Chatsvortning g'arbiy jabhasi

"Chatsworth" nomi buzilgan Chetelning qadri, "Chetel sudi" ma'nosini anglatadi.[4] Hukmronligida Edward Confessor, odam Norse Chetel nomli kelib chiqishi a bilan birgalikda erlarni egallagan Saksoniya uchta shaharchada Leotnot deb nomlangan: Derwentning g'arbiy qismida Ednesoure va sharqda Langoleie va Chetesuorde.[5] Chetel keyin iste'foga chiqarildi Norman fathi va Domesday kitobi The Manor Chetesuorde shtati Uilyam de Peverel huzuridagi toj mulki sifatida qayd etilgan.[4] Chatsvort katta mulk bo'lishni to'xtatdi, XV asrga qadar uni yaqin atrofdagi mulkka ega bo'lgan Leche oilasi sotib oldi. Ular Chatsvortdagi birinchi bog'ni o'rab olishdi va bog'ning hozirgi janubi-sharqiy qismida baland joyda uy qurishdi. 1549 yilda ular ushbu hududdagi barcha mollarini Sirga sotdilar Uilyam Kavendish, Qirol palatasining xazinachisi va eri Bess Xardvik, uni Suffolkdagi mol-mulkini sotishga va o'z tug'ilgan tumanida yashashga ishontirgan.

Bess yangi uyni 1553 yilda qurishni boshladi. U daryo yaqinida bir qator suv havzalarini qazish natijasida qurigan joyni tanladi. Ser Uilyam 1557 yilda vafot etdi, ammo Bess 1560 yillarda uyni tugatdi va to'rtinchi eri bilan yashadi, Jorj Talbot, Shrysberining 6-grafligi. 1568 yilda Shrewsbury-ni asrab olish ishonib topshirilgan Shotlandiya malikasi Meri va 1570 yildan boshlab o'z mahbusini Chatsvortga bir necha bor olib keldi. U ichki hovli tomonga qaragan katta zalning yuqori qavatida, endi Shotlandiya xonimlari qirolichasi deb nomlanuvchi kvartirada yashadi. Bajarildi igna ayol, Bess 1569, 1570 va 1571 yillarda Chatsvortda Maryamga qo'shildi va shu vaqt ichida ular birgalikda ishladilar. Oksburg osmalar.[6] Bess 1608 yilda vafot etdi va Chatsvort katta o'g'liga topshirildi, Genri. Mulkni Genri akasi tomonidan sotib olgan Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 1-grafligi, 10000 funt evaziga.

17-asr

Ushbu o'yma Kip va Kniff Chatsworth birinchi Dyukning o'zgarishi orqali qisman yo'l ko'rsatadi. Janubiy front tiklandi, ammo dastlabki sharqiy front saqlanib qoldi. Barok bog 'yotqizilgan, ammo Kaskadning faqat birinchi, kichikroq versiyasi qurilgan va Kanal suv havzasi qazilmagan. 1-gersogning otxonasi uyning chap tomonida

XVII asr o'rtalariga qadar Chatsvortda ozgina o'zgarishlar amalga oshirildi. Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 3-grafligi qat'iyatli qirolist edi va 1642 yilda Lordlar palatasidan chiqarildi. U qit'aning xavfsizligi uchun Angliyani tark etdi va uning mulklari sekvestr qilindi.[7] Fuqarolar urushi paytida Chatsvort ikkala tomon tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan va 3-graflik monarxiya tiklanmaguncha uyga qaytib kelmagan. U asosiy xonalarni yanada qulayroq qilish uchun rekonstruksiya qildi, ammo Elizabetxon uyi eskirgan va xavfli edi.

The Devonshirning 4-grafligi 1694 yilda Uilyam apelsinni Angliya taxtiga qo'yishda yordam bergani uchun 1-gersogga aylanishi kerak edi. Whig va Xatsvort davrida nafaqaga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi Qirol Jeyms II. Bu 1687 yilda boshlangan uyni qayta tiklashni talab qildi. Kavdandi dastlab faqat janubiy qanotini davlat kvartiralari bilan rekonstruksiya qilishni rejalashtirgan edi va shuning uchun u Elizabethan hovli rejasini saqlab qolishga qaror qildi, ammo bu tartib tobora modaga aylanib bormoqda. U Sharqiy jabhani qurishni yaxshi ko'rar edi, unga Bo'yalgan zal va Uzun galereya, so'ngra G'arbiy front 1699 yildan 1702 yilgacha bo'lgan. Shimoliy front o'limidan oldin 1707 yilda tugatilgan. Birinchi gersog ham katta edi parter tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan bog'lar Jorj London va Genri Uayz, keyinchalik kim tomonidan tayinlangan Qirolicha Anne sifatida Royal Gardner Kensington saroyi.

18-asr

18-asrning oxirida Uilyam Marlou tomonidan suratga olingan moyli rasm romantik chetida Chatsworth sozlamalari tomoni Tepalik tumani

Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 2-gersogi va Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 3-gersogi, uy va bog'larga hech qanday o'zgartirish kiritmadi, ammo ikkalasi ham shu kungacha Chatsvortda topilgan to'plamga katta hissa qo'shdi. San'at bilimdoni kollektsiyasiga rasmlar, eski ustalarning rasmlari va bosmaxonalari, qadimiy tangalar va yunon va rim haykallari kiritilgan. Tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan palad mebellari Uilyam Kent bor bo'lganida, 3-gersog tomonidan topshirilgan Devonshir uyi 1733 yildagi yong'in natijasida Londonda qayta qurilgan. 1924 yilda Devonshire House sotilishi va buzilishi natijasida mebel Chatsworth-ga o'tkazildi.

4-gersog uy va bog'larga katta o'zgarishlar kiritdi. U uyga yaqinlashishni g'arbdan bo'lishi kerak deb qaror qildi va eski otxonalar va idoralarni, shuningdek Edensor qishlog'ining ba'zi joylarini tortib olishdi, chunki ular uydan ko'rinmas edi. U, shuningdek, 1-Dyukning rasmiy bog'larini tabiiy ko'rinishga almashtirdi, u Lanselot tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan "Imkoniyat" Braun tomonidan yaratilgan bo'lib, u modaga kirishda yordam berdi.

1748 yilda 4-gersog turmushga chiqdi Ledi Sharlotta Boyl, yagona tirik qolgan merosxo'r Richard Boyl, Burlingtonning 3-grafligi. Lord Burlington o'z nomiga ko'plab asarlar bilan, shu jumladan, mohir me'mor edi Chisvik uyi. Uning vafoti bilan uning muhim me'moriy rasmlari to'plami va Inigo Jonsning maskalari, Old Master rasmlari va Uilyam Kent tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan mebellari Devonshir gersoglariga topshirildi. Ushbu meros oilaga ko'plab mulklarni ham olib keldi.

1774 yilda, Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 5-gersogi, uylangan Jorjiana Spenser uning atrofida adabiy va siyosiy do'stlarning katta doirasini to'plagan sotsialist sifatida tanilgan. Tomas Geynsboro va Joshua Reynolds uni bo'yashadi; Geynsboro rasmini 5-gersog yo'q qiladi va keyinchalik juda ko'p tortishuvlardan so'ng tiklanadi. Film Düşes birgalikda hayotlarini aks ettirgan. Jorjiana buyuk-buyuk-buyuk xola edi Diana, Uels malikasi; ularning hayoti asrlar osha, fojia bilan taqqoslangan.[8]

19-asr

The 6-gersog ("bakalavr gersogi" nomi bilan tanilgan) Chatsvortni o'zgartirgan ehtirosli sayohatchilar, quruvchi, bog'bon va kollektsioner edi. 1811 yilda u unvon va sakkizta yirik mulkni meros qilib oldi; Chatsvort va Xardvik Xoll Derbishirda, Devonshir uyida, Burlington uyi va Chisvik uyi Londonda, Bolton Abbey va Londesboro zali Yorkshirda va Lismor qasri Irlandiyada. Ushbu mulklar 200000 akrni (810 km) egallagan2) Angliya va Irlandiyadagi yerlar.

6-gersogning ovqat xonasi

Dyuk, ayniqsa haykaltaroshlik va kitoblarning ajoyib kollektsioneri edi. U Shimoliy qanotni loyihalariga bino qilganida Ser Jeffri Vaytvill, unda o'z kollektsiyasini saqlash uchun haykaltaroshlik galereyasini qurish maqsadi bor edi va u auksionda sotib oladigan barcha kutubxonalarni o'z ichiga olgan uydagi bir nechta xonalarni qayta jihozladi. 6-knyaz ko'ngil ochishni yaxshi ko'rar edi va 19-asrning boshlarida dala hovlilaridagi partiyalarning mashhurligi oshdi. Haykaltaroshlik galereyasidan tashqari, yangi shimoliy qanotda apelsin, teatr, turk hamomchasi, sut mahsulotlari, katta yangi oshxona va ko'plab xizmatchilar xonalari joylashgan. 1830 yilda gersog xonalar majmualarini individual mehmon yotoqxonalariga aylantirish orqali mehmonlarni ko'paytirdi. Chatsvortda yashashga taklif qilingan odamlar kunlarini ov qilish, minish, o'qish va billiard o'ynash bilan o'tkazdilar. Kechqurun rasmiy ziyofatlar bo'lib o'tdi, so'ng musiqa, charades va billiardlar yoki erkaklar uchun chekish xonasida suhbat bo'lib o'tdi. Ayollar kunduzi kiyimlarini almashtirish uchun ko'p marta yotoqxonalariga qaytib kelishardi. Chatsvortdagi sharqiy jabhada joylashgan mehmonlar uchun yotoq xonalari asl jihozlari bilan omon qolish davridagi eng to'liq yotoqxonalar to'plamidir.[9]:52 Bezakda sharqiy ta'sir katta, shu jumladan qo'lda bo'yalgan xitoycha fon rasmi va Regency ta'mi uchun xos bo'lgan mato, bu hukmronlik davrida rivojlangan. Jorj IV (1762-1830). Chatsvortda qolgan odamlar orasida Qirolicha Viktoriya va Charlz Dikkens.

Taxminan 1880 yil janubi-g'arbiy qismidan Chatsvortning ko'rinishi. Uyning orqasida otxonani ko'rish mumkin va St Woodda Ov minorasi ko'rinadi.

1832 yil oktyabrda malika Viktoriya (keyinchalik qirolicha Viktoriya) va uning onasi Kent gersoginyasi, Chatsvortga tashrif buyurdi, u erda 13 yoshida yangi ovqat xonasida kattalar uchun birinchi rasmiy rasmiy kechki ovqatni o'tkazdi. 6-gersog 1843 yilda qirolicha va qachon Viktoriyani kutib olish uchun yana bir imkoniyatga ega edi Shahzoda Albert katta qator yoritilgan favvoralar bilan zavqlanish uchun qaytib keldi. Gersog 47 yil davomida uyni va bog'larni o'zgartirgan. A Lotin Bo'yalgan Zaldagi kamin ustidagi yozuv quyidagicha tarjima qilingan: "Devonshir gersogi Uilyam Spenser, bu eng chiroyli uyni 1811 yilda inglizlar ozodligi yilida 1688 yilda boshlangan 1811 yilda otasidan meros qilib oldi va uni tugatdi 1840 yilda uning o'limidan ". 1688 yil edi Shonli inqilob tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Whig sulolalar, shu jumladan Kavvendislar. 1840 yilda Dyukning merosxo'ri, kelajakda turmushga chiqqan sevimli jiyani Blanche vafot etdi. 7-gersog. 1844 yilda u nomli kitobini nashr etdi Chatsworth va Hardwick uchun qo'llanma.

20-asr

Chatsvort, v. 1913 yil.

20-asr boshlarida ijtimoiy o'zgarishlar va soliqlar Devonshirlarning turmush tarziga ta'sir qila boshladi. Qachon 8-gersog 1908 yilda vafot etganligi uchun 500 ming funt sterlingdan ortiq vafot etgan. Bu qirq ikki yil o'tgandan keyin taqqoslaganda bu juda oz ayb edi, ammo mulk allaqachon 6-gersogning isrofgarchiligidan, 7-gersogning ishbilarmonlik sub'ektlarining muvaffaqiyatsizligidan qarzga botgan edi. Furness-Barrow va Britaniya qishloq xo'jaligida 1870-yillardan beri ma'lum bo'lgan depressiya. 1912 yilda oila tomonidan bosilgan 25 ta kitob sotildi Uilyam Kakton va 6-knyaz tomonidan sotib olingan 1347 jildlik pyesalar to'plami, shu jumladan to'rttasi Shekspir foliolar va 39 Shekspir kvarslar, uchun Xantington kutubxonasi Kaliforniyada. O'n ming gektar er Somerset, Sasseks va Derbishir ham Birinchi Jahon urushi paytida va undan keyin darhol sotilgan.

1904 yil dekabrda, Portugaliya qiroli Karl I va Qirolicha Mariya Amélia tashrifi chog'ida Chatsworth House-da qolishdi Buyuk Britaniya. Ular bor ekan, deyarli doimiy ravishda qor yog'di va xabarlarga ko'ra qirol a boshladi qor bilan kurash (unda yig'ilgan xonimlar g'ayrat bilan qo'shilishdi) u uchrashganda Soveral markasi, portugal Favqulodda elchi va muxtor vazir uchun Sent-Jeyms sudi.[10]

1920 yilda oilaning Devonshir uyidagi 3 gektar maydonni egallagan (12000 m) uyi2) sayt Pikdadilli, ishlab chiquvchilarga sotilgan va buzilgan. Tarkibning katta qismi Chatsvortga va yaqinidagi 2 Karlton bog'idagi juda kichikroq uyga ko'chirildi Savdo markazi sotib olindi. Buyuk Konservatoriya Chatsvortdagi bog'da buzib tashlangan edi, chunki uni boshqarish uchun 10 kishi kerak edi, uni isitish uchun katta miqdordagi ko'mir kerak edi va barcha o'simliklar urush paytida nobud bo'lgan, o'sha paytda muhim bo'lmagan maqsadlar uchun ko'mir yo'q edi. Amaldagi xarajatlarni yanada kamaytirish uchun 6-gersogning shimoliy qanotini pastga tushirish haqida gap bor edi, keyinchalik u estetik yoki tarixiy ahamiyatga ega emas deb hisoblangan, ammo bundan hech narsa chiqmagan. Chisvik uyi - nishonlangan Palladian Devonshirlar meros qilib olgan G'arbiy London chekkasidagi villa 4-gersog uylangan Lord Burlington qizi - 1929 yilda 80000 funt sterlingga sotilgan Midlseks okrugi kengashi va Brentford va Chisvik shahar shahar kengashi[11]

Shunga qaramay, Chatsvortdagi hayot avvalgidek davom etdi. Uy xo'jaligi a tomonidan boshqarilgan nazoratchi va mahalliy xodimlar hali ham mavjud edi, garchi mamlakatda shaharlarga qaraganda ko'proq bo'lsa ham. Chatsvortda bo'lganlar bu vaqtda butler, podshavka, xonalarning kuyovi, vale, uch piyoda, uy bekasi, gersoginyaning xizmatkori, 11 uy xizmatkori, ikkita tikuvchi ayol, oshpaz, ikkita oshxona xizmatkori, sabzavot xizmatkori, ikki yoki uchta haykaltarosh xizmatkorlar, ikkita xonada ishlaydigan kanizaklar, sut xizmatkorlari, oltita kir yuvish xizmatchilari va gersoginyaning kotibi. Bu 38 yoki 39 kishining barchasi uyda yashagan. Kundalik xodimlar orasida g'alati odam, taxta ustasi, haykalchining xizmatkori, ikki yuvuvchi ayol, kir yuvuvchi, bug 'qozonxonasi xodimi, ko'mir odam, porterning ikki xizmatchisi, ikkita tungi o't o'chiruvchi, tungi yuk tashuvchi, ikkita deraza farroshi va duradgorlar jamoasi, chilangarlar va elektrchilar. Ishlar bo'yicha xizmatchi uyni va ko'chmas mulkdagi boshqa ob'ektlarni saqlashni nazorat qildi. Shuningdek, kuyovlar, haydovchilar va geymenlar ham bor edi. Bog'dagi xodimlarning soni 6-Dyuk davrida 80 va 21-asrning boshlarida 20 ga yaqin bo'lgan. Shuningdek, kutubxonachi Frensis Tompson ham bor edi, u 6-Dyukning qo'llanmasidan beri Chatsvort haqida birinchi kitobni yozgan.

Buyuk Britaniyaning aksariyat qishloq uylari Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida institutsional foydalanishga topshirilgan. Barak sifatida foydalanilganlarning ba'zilari jiddiy zarar ko'rgan, ammo 10-gersog, maktab o'quvchilari askarlarga qaraganda yaxshiroq ijarachilar bo'lishini taxmin qilib, Chatsvortni egallashi uchun Penrhos kolleji, qizlar davlat maktabi yilda Kolvin Bay, Uels. Uy ichidagi narsalar 11 kun ichida yig'ilib qoldi va 1939 yil sentyabr oyida 300 qiz va ularning o'qituvchilari olti yillik yashashga ko'chib o'tdilar. Yotoqxonaga aylantirilgan davlat xonalari bilan bir qatorda butun uy ishlatilgan. Uxlab yotgan qizlarning nafasidan kondensatsiya ba'zi rasmlarning orqasida qo'ziqorin o'sishiga olib keldi. Uy juda ko'p odamlar uchun juda qulay emas edi, chunki issiq suv tanqis edi, ammo kompensatsiyalar mavjud edi, masalan, Kanal ko'lida konkida uchish. Urush harakatlariga hissa sifatida qizlar bog'da sabzavot etishtirdilar.

1944 yil may oyida Ketlin Kennedi, singlisi Jon F. Kennedi, uylangan Uilyam Kavendish, Xartingtonlik Markes, ning katta o'g'li Devonshirning 10-gersogi. Biroq, u 1944 yil sentyabr oyida Belgiyada jangda halok bo'lgan va Ketlin 1948 yilda aviahalokatda vafot etgan. Uning ukasi Endryu 11-gersog 1950 yilda. U turmushga chiqqan Debora Mitford, lardan biri Mitford qizlari va singlisi Nensi Mitford, Diana Mitford, Pamela Mitford, Birlik Mitford va Jessica Mitford

Chatsworth House kaskadning tepasidan tomosha qildi

Chatsvortning zamonaviy tarixi 1950 yilda boshlanadi. Urushdan keyin oila hali qaytib kelmagan edi va garchi 10-gersog tirikligida uning mol-mulkini o'g'liga berib yubormoqchi bo'lsa ham o'lim vazifalari, U amal qilish uchun umrbod ozod qilish uchun bir necha hafta oldin juda erta vafot etdi va soliq butun mulk uchun 80 foiz miqdorida undirildi. Qarz miqdori 7 million funtni tashkil etdi (2019 yilga kelib 242 million funt).[12]. Oilaning ba'zi maslahatchilari bu vaziyatni qaytarib bo'lmaydigan deb hisobladilar va Chatsvortni millatga ko'chirish taklifi paydo bo'ldi Viktoriya va Albert muzeyi ning Shimoliy Angliya. Buning o'rniga gertsog, agar iloji bo'lsa, oilasining uyini saqlab qolishga qaror qildi. U o'n ming gektar erlarni sotdi, Xardvik Xollni soliq o'rniga milliy trastga topshirdi va ba'zi yirik badiiy asarlarni Chatsvortdan sotdi. Oilaning Sasseksdagi uyi, Compton Place, maktabga qarz berildi. Urushdan keyingi yillarda san'atning tarixiy jihatdan past bahosi va 1950 yildan keyin, urushdan keyingi qishloq xo'jaligi tiklanishi paytida erning qadriyatlari oshishi va uning yuzida o'lim bojlarining ta'siri ma'lum darajada kamaytirildi. jismoniy aktivlar nuqtai nazaridan zarar 80 foizdan kam bo'lgan. Derbishirda 35000 akr (140 km)2) 83000 gektardan (340 km) saqlanib qoldi2). Yorkshirdagi Bolton Abbey va Irlandiyadagi Lismore Castle mulklari oilada qoldi. Shunga qaramay, bilan muzokaralarni yakunlash uchun 17 yil kerak bo'ldi Ichki daromad, foizlar shu vaqt ichida bo'lishi kerak. Chatsworth mulkini 1946 yilda tashkil etilgan Chatsworth aholi punktining ishonchli vakillari boshqaradi.

Uyning zamonaviy ko'rinishi

10-gersog Chatsvort singari uylarning kelajagi to'g'risida pessimist edi va urushdan keyin qaytib kelishni rejalashtirmadi. 1945 yilda Penrhos kolleji tark etganidan so'ng, uyda faqat ikki nafar uy bekalari uxladilar, lekin 1948-1949 yil qishda Ketlin Kennedining oshpaz va uy xizmatchisi bo'lgan ikki venger ayol jamoatni ochish uchun uyni tozalashdi va tozalashdi. Londonda va ularning vatandoshlari jamoasi. Uy 1951 yilda ro'yxatdan o'tganidan keyin I sinfga kiritilgan Shahar va mamlakatni rejalashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1947 yil.[1]

1950 yillarning o'rtalarida, 11-gersog va Duchess uyga ko'chib o'tish haqida o'ylashni boshladi. Urushgacha bo'lgan uy o'z farovonligi uchun katta xodimlarga to'liq ishongan va zamonaviy sharoitlarga ega bo'lmagan. Bino qayta tiklandi, sanitariya-tesisat va issiqlik ta'minoti kapital ta'mirlandi va xodimlarning kichik yotoq xonalari va kommunal xizmatchilar zali o'rnini bosadigan oltita shaxsiy xonadon yaratildi. Xodimlarning kvartiralarida bo'lganlarni hisobga olmaganda, mavjud bo'lgan hammomga 17 ta hammom qo'shildi. 6-gersogning kavernoz oshxonasidan voz kechildi va yangisi oilaviy ovqat xonasiga yaqinroq joyda yaratildi. Oila xonalari qayta bo'yaldi, gilam do'kondan chiqarildi va pardalar ta'mirlandi yoki almashtirildi. Dyuk va gersoginyya va ularning uchta farzandi 1959 yilda Edensor uyi bo'ylab park bo'ylab harakatlanishgan.

1981 yilda uy egalari bo'lgan Chatsworth aholi punktining ishonchli vakillari yangi Chatsworth House Trustni yaratdilar. Niyat uyni va uning o'rnini "jamoatchilik foydasiga" saqlash edi.[13] Uyga, uning asosiy tarkibiga, maydonchalariga, uchastkalariga va unga tutash o'rmon xo'jaligiga jami 1822 gektar maydonni (7,37 km) qamrab olgan yangi trestga 99 yillik ijara berildi.2). Tartibni qonuniylashtirish uchun Chatsworth House Trust yiliga 1 funt sterling ijara haqi to'laydi. Tartibni engillashtirish va etarlicha ko'p million funtli fondni yaratish uchun ishonchli shaxslar doimiy ravishda namoyish etilmagan badiiy asarlarni, asosan eski ustalarning rasmlarini sotdilar. The House Trustning Boshqaruv Kengashida oila vakillari mavjud, ammo direktorlarning aksariyati oila a'zolari emas. Dyuk uydagi shaxsiy kvartiralaridan foydalangani uchun bozor ijarasini to'laydi. Uyni va maydonchani boshqarish uchun yiliga taxminan 4 million funt sterling sarflanadi.

21-asr

Chatsvort uyini ta'mirlash, 2011 yil

11-gersog 2004 yilda vafot etgan va uning o'rniga o'g'li, hozirgi gersog, Peregrin Kavendish, Devonshirning 12-gersogi. 11-gersogning bevasi Devonshir gersoginyasi, 2014 yil 24 sentyabrda vafot etdi. O'limiga qadar u ko'chmas mulkni targ'ib qilishda va mehmonlarning daromadlarini oshirishda juda faol bo'lgan. U bog'larga ko'plab qo'shimchalar, jumladan labirint, oshxona, bog 'bog'lari va zamonaviy haykallarning bir nechta komissiyalari uchun mas'ul edi. Shuningdek, u Chatsvort va uning mulkining turli jihatlari haqida etti kitob yozgan.

2004 yilda o'tkazilgan tarkibiy tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, uyni kapital ta'mirlash zarur edi. Keyinchalik 32 million funt sterlingga mo'ljallangan ishlar amalga oshirildi, jumladan toshlar, haykallar, rasmlar, gobelenlar va suv inshootlarini tiklash. 200 yil davomida eng keng ko'lamli ish o'n yil davom etdi va 2018 yilda yakunlandi.[14]

Arxitektura

Chatsvort uyi janubiy va sharqiy tomonlarga qaraganda shimoliy va g'arbiy tomondan pastroqda joylashgan. Asl Tudor qasri 1560-yillarda qurilgan Bess Xardvik to'rtburchaklar shaklida, shimoldan janubga taxminan 170 fut (50 m) va sharqdan g'arbga 190 fut (60 m), katta markaziy hovli bilan. Asosiy kirish g'arbiy frontda edi, u to'rtta minoralar yoki minoralar bilan bezatilgan va katta zal O'rta asr an'analarida hovlining sharqiy tomonida edi, u erda Bo'yalgan zal shu kungacha uyning diqqat markazida bo'lib kelmoqda.

Buyrug'i bilan janubiy va sharqiy jabhalar tiklandi Uilyam Talman va uchun 1696 yil yakunlandi Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 1-gersogi. 1-gersogning Chatsvorti rivojlanishida muhim bino bo'lgan Ingliz baroki me'morchilik. Arxitektura tarixchisi Sirning so'zlariga ko'ra Jon Summerson, "Bu Grafning juda taniqli etakchi bo'lgan siyosiy inqilobning hamkori bo'lgan badiiy inqilobni ochib beradi." Janubiy frontning dizayni ingliz uyi uchun inqilobiy edi, chodirlari yo'q yoki tomi tepaliksiz edi, lekin buning o'rniga ikkita asosiy hikoya rustiklangan podval. Fasad dramatik va haykaltaroshlik bilan yaratilgan ionli pilasters va og'ir entablature va korkuluk. Birinchi qavatdan bog'ga qadar mavjud bo'lgan og'ir va burchakli tosh zinapoyalar 19-asrda oqlangan kavisli ikki qavatli zinapoyani almashtirishdir. Sharqiy old qismi asosiy blokdagi to'rtta eng jim. Janubiy jabhada bo'lgani kabi, bu g'ayrioddiy narsa, chunki uning juft sonli koylari va markaziy qismi yo'q. Ta'kidlash kerakki, ularning har biri juft juft pilasterlar tomonidan ajratilgan bo'lib, ularning ichki juftlari tashqi tomonga chiqadi.

Chatsworthning G'arbiy fronti Kolen Kempbell "s Vitruvius Britannicus

G'arbiy va shimoliy jabhalar ishi bo'lishi mumkin Tomas Archer, ehtimol Dyukning o'zi bilan hamkorlikda. G'arbiy old tomon to'rtta ustun bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan markaziy poydevor bilan to'qqizta keng ko'rfazga ega pilasters boshqa koylarga. Saytning qiyaligi tufayli bu front janubiy old tomondan balandroq. U shuningdek katta, boshqa ko'plab to'qqiz ko'rfazli uch qavatli jabhalar kengligi va balandligining yarmidan ko'prog'iga ega. G'arbiy jabhada juda ko'p o'yilgan toshlar ishlangan va deraza ramkalari quyosh botishini ushlab turgan oltin barg bilan ta'kidlangan. Shimoliy jabhada oxirgi bo'lib qurilgan. G'arbiy frontning shimoliy uchi sharqiy frontning shimoliy uchidan to'qqiz fut (3 m) uzoqroqqa cho'zilgani sababli, bu juda qiyin edi. Ushbu muammoni ko'zni chalg'itishi uchun biroz egri jabhani qurish orqali bartaraf etildi. Ushbu tomondagi uyingizda oynalari faqat uyning tashqi qismida ko'rinadi va ko'rinadigan tomga emas, balki asosiy jabhaga o'rnatiladi. Egri kesimdagilar dastlab oval shaklda bo'lgan, ammo endi oxirgi qismdagidek to'rtburchaklar shaklga ega. 19-asrda shimoliy front o'zgartirilgan Devilshirning 6-gersogi Uilyam Kavendish, me'mor bilan birga Jeffri Vyatvill, uyning kattaligini ikki baravar oshirib, Shimoliy qanotini qurdi. Ushbu qanotning aksariyati asosiy blokning uchtasiga nisbatan faqat ikki qavatli. U uyning shimoli-sharqiy burchagiga bog'langan va uzunligi 120 metr (120 m) atrofida. Shimoliy qanotning oxirida Shimoliy yoki Belvedere minorasi joylashgan. Ish an Italyancha barok uyning chiroyli pardozi bilan silliq aralashadigan uslub.

6-gersog uchta eshikli uyning shu uchida darvoza qurdi. Markaziy va eng katta darvoza Shimoliy kirishga, so'ngra uyning asosiy kirish qismiga olib bordi. Bu endi mehmonlar foydalanadigan kirish joyi. Shimoliy darvoza xizmat ko'rsatish hovlisiga olib bordi va janubiy darvozaga to'g'ri keladigan g'arbiy old tomonda, oldingi Dyuk davrida ikkinchi darajali darajaga tushirilgan oldingi kirish eshigi bor edi, ammo endi bu oilaning yana bir bor shaxsiy kirish joyi.

Markaziy hovliga jabhalar ham 1-gersog tomonidan tiklangan. Hovli hozirgidan kattaroq edi, chunki g'arbiy tomonida koridorlar yo'q edi, shimoliy va janubiy tomonlarida esa faqat birinchi qavatda yopiq galereyalari bor edi, quyida ochiq galereyalar mavjud edi. XIX asrda ushbu uch tomonda har uch sathda yangi turar joylar qurilgan. Barokko jabhada saqlanib qolgan yagona narsa - sharq tomonda, bu erda dastlabki ettita beshta koy saqlanib qolgan va asosan qurilgan. Bu erda o'yma kuboklar mavjud Samuel Uotson, a Derbishir Chatsvortda tosh, marmar va yog'ochda juda ko'p ishlarni bajargan usta.

Ichki ishlar

1-chi va 6-gersoglar ham eski uyni meros qilib oldilar, va u o'z maketining asoslarini o'zgartirmasdan o'z davrining turmush tarziga moslashishga harakat qildilar va Chatsvortning maketini noyob, qoidabuzarliklarga to'la va ichki makonlarini turli xil uslublar to'plamiga aylantirdilar. Ko'pgina xonalarni bitta asosiy davr taniydi, ammo deyarli har bir holatda, ular birinchi qarashda bo'lishi mumkin bo'lganidan ko'ra tez-tez o'zgartirilib turilgan.

Davlat kvartiralari

1694 yilga qadar devor rasmlari bilan bo'yalgan zal Lui Lager
Davlat yotoq xonasi 1694 yilda qurilgan
Kutubxona 1694–1700 yillarda Edvard Goudjning gips ishlari, Jeyms Tornxillning shiftdagi rasmlari, Djefri Uaytvill tomonidan kitob javonlari va kamin 1824

1-gersog mo'l-ko'l tayinlangan barokko to'plamini yaratdi davlat xonalari tomonidan tashrif buyurishini kutib, janubiy front bo'ylab Qirol Uilyam III va Qirolicha Maryam II bu hech qachon sodir bo'lmagan. Davlat kvartiralariga Bo'yalgan zaldan kirish mumkin, ular hayot manzaralarini aks ettiruvchi rasmlar bilan bezatilgan Yuliy Tsezar tomonidan Lui Lager va ulangan zinapoyalar bilan yuqoriga ko'tariling enfilad Qirol va Qirolicha huzurida insonning qanchalik rivojlanib borishini boshqaradigan xonalar.

Buyuk palata - bu Davlat kvartiralaridagi eng katta xona, undan keyin Davlat mehmonlari xonasi, Ikkinchi chiqish xonasi, Davlat yotoq xonasi va nihoyat Davlat shkafi, har bir xona oxirgi xonadan ko'ra ko'proq shaxsiy va bezaklidir. Buyuk palatada klassik sahnaning bo'yalgan tomi bor Antonio Verrio.[15] Londondagi Devonshir uyidan 6-gersog skripka eshigini bu erga olib kelganida, Ikkinchi Chiqish xonasi Davlat musiqa xonasi deb o'zgartirildi. Bu ishonchli xususiyatlarga ega trompe l'oeil 1723 yilgacha bo'yalgan kumush tugmachada "osilgan" skripka va kamon Yan van der Vaart.[16][17]

Vaqt atrofida Qirolicha Viktoriya qaror qildi Xempton sudi, xuddi shu uslubdagi davlat kvartiralari bilan yashashga yaroqsiz edi, 6-gersog yangi yotoqxonalarga yo'l ochish uchun Davlat Kvartiralarini buzmoqchi bo'lganligini yozdi. Biroq, u oilasining merosiga nisbatan sezgir bo'lib, uyning mavjud joylarini o'zgartirmasdan, qo'shimchalar kiritib, xonalarni deyarli tegmasdan qoldirdi. Asosiy barokko interyerga o'zgartirishlar Davlat musiqa xonasi va davlat yotoq xonasi devorlariga muhrlangan charmdan osilgan ashyolarni, keyinroq o'zi almashtirilgan Bo'yoqli zalda kengroq va sayozroq, ammo unchalik nafis bo'lmagan zinapoyalar kabi tafsilotlar bilan cheklandi. Davlat kvartiralarining tarkibi 2010 yilda 17 va 18-asrlarda qanday ko'rinishda bo'lishini aks ettirgan holda o'zgartirilgan.[18]

18-asrdagi o'zgarishlar

1760-yillarda, Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 4-gersogi Chatsvortga yondashuvni qayta yo'naltirdi. U shimoliy jabhaning markazidagi oshxonani kirish zaliga aylantirdi, undan mehmonlar hovlidagi ochiq kolonnadan o'tib, oshpazning yotoqxonasi va orqa zinapoyadan o'tib, Bo'yoqli zalga o'tdilar. Keyin u 6-gersogning shimoliy qanotining kashshofi bo'lgan oshxonalari uchun neoklassik xizmat qanotini qurdi. Uilyam Kavendish, Devonshirning 5-gersogi oilaning ba'zi bir shaxsiy xonalari qayta bezatilgan va bo'linish devorlari ko'chirilgan, ammo jamoat xonalarida 18-asrning o'rtalari va oxirida izlar kam.

19-asrdagi o'zgarishlar

Venera tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Iris, shikoyat qilish Mars tomonidan Jorj Xeyter, 1820 yilda namoyish etilgan RA "acclaim to" (Ante kutubxonasi Chatsvort uyining shiftida) - 1823 yilda Qirollik akademiyasining yilning eng yaxshi rasmlari g'olibi

6-gersog 19-asrning qulaylik me'yorlariga javob beradigan Chatsvort uyining ko'pgina modernizatsiyasini o'tkazdi, bu 1 gersogning davriga qaraganda unchalik rasmiy hayot tarziga mos emas edi. Hovli chekkalari atrofidagi koridorlar yopiq xonalardan xonalarga bemalol kirib borishi uchun alohida rangli marmar zamin bilan o'ralgan va jihozlangan va alohida mehmon xonalarining o'rnini bosadigan ko'proq yashash xonalari mavjud. Oshpazning yotoq xonasi va orqa zinapoyalari ichki kommunikatsiyalarni yaxshilash uchun bo'yalgan zalning shimoliy uchida qurilgan shisha gumbaz bilan qoplangan Eman zinapoyalariga yo'l ochdi. Ushbu zinapoyada birinchi 11 knyaz va ularning ba'zi oila a'zolarining portretlari osilgan. Gersog dastlab 1-gersog tomonidan yaratilgan uzun galereyani kutubxonaga aylantirdi. U kitoblarni juda yaxshi ko'radigan va butun kutubxonalarni sotib olgan. Qo'shni xonadagi Antte-kutubxona dastlab 1-gersog tomonidan ovqat xonasi sifatida ishlatilgan, so'ngra 6-gersogdan oldin uning billiard xonasi tobora ko'payib borayotgan kitoblar to'plamini saqlash uchun foydalangan. Bu Dyuk bitta zamonaviy oynani o'rnatgan xonalardan biri edi, uni "zamonaviy bezakning eng buyuk bezagi" deb hisoblagan.[9] Ante-Library kutubxonasidagi yagona oyna saqlanib qolgan. Ning ilmiy kutubxonasining katta qismi Genri Kavendish (1731-1810) bu xonada. Chatsvortga 6-gersog tomonidan kiritilgan eng diqqatga sazovor narsa Vyatvill tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Shimoliy qanot edi. Janubga nosimmetrik qanotni qurish rejalari boshlangan, ammo keyinchalik tark qilingan.[9]

Shimoliy qanotning butun pastki qavatida xizmat xonalari, jumladan oshxona, xizmatchilar zali, kir yuvish xonasi, butler va uy bekasining xonalari joylashgan edi. Birinchi qavatda, g'arbga qaragan holda, "Kaliforniya" va "Qushlar" deb nomlangan ikkita bakalavr yotoq xonasi mavjud edi. Yangi qanotdagi asosiy xonalar sharqqa qarab, asosiy uydan Dome Room deb nomlangan kichik kutubxona orqali kirib borgan. Buning ortidagi birinchi xona - bu ovqatlanish xonasi, musiqa galereyasi, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi qabulxonada musiqachilar o'ynagan. Keyingi - haykaltaroshlik galereyasi, uydagi eng katta xona, so'ngra apelsin. Belvedere minorasi 1-gersogning hammomidagi marmardan foydalangan holda sho'ng'in hammomini va keyinchalik 8-gersog tomonidan teatrga aylangan bal zalini o'z ichiga oladi. Teatr yuqorida belvedere o'zi, tomning ostidagi ochiq tomosha platformasi.

Maxsus xonalar

Chatsvortda 126 ta xona mavjud bo'lib, ularning deyarli 100 tasi mehmonlar uchun yopiq. Uy hamma uchun ochiq bo'lgan paytda, oilasi o'z kvartiralarida xususiy yashashiga imkon berish uchun uy yaxshi moslangan. Devora shtatining Dyujina Düşesi kitobida oilaviy xonalarni batafsil bayon qilgan Chatsvort: Uy. U yashagan Edensor 2014 yilda vafotigacha va hozirgi (12-chi) Dyuk va Düşes Chatsvortda yashaydilar. Oila janubiy jabhada, g'arbiy old tomonning uchta qavatida va shimoliy jabhaning yuqori ikki qavatida joylashgan xonalarni egallaydi. Asosiy blokning shimoli-sharqiy burchagi va sharqiy old tomonidagi minorada joylashgan zinapoyalar ularga jamoat yo'lidan o'tmasdan o'tishga imkon beradi.

Asosiy oilaviy yashash xonalari janubiy jabhaning birinchi qavatida joylashgan. Oilaviy ovqatlanish xonasi janubi-sharqiy burchakda va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yuqoridagi Davlat ovqat xonasi bilan bir xil o'lchamlarga ega. Bu oilaviy ovqatlanish xonasining odatiy joyi bo'lgan; Bakalavr Dyukning shimoliy qanotidagi ovqat xonasi bu rolni yuz yildan oshiq vaqt oralig'ida egalladi. Hardvikning uyi Bess ham, 1-gersogning uyi ham bu burchakda uchta oshxonaning ierarxiyasiga ega edi, ularning har biri balandroq va pastdagisiga qaraganda ancha ziynatli bezatilgan edi. Birinchi qavatda joylashgan umumiy xonadan xonadon janoblari, keyinchalik esa norasmiy oilaviy ovqatlanish uchun foydalanilgan. Yuqorida uning asosiy oilaviy ovqat xonasi, tepasida esa tepasi bor edi Buyuk palata, royalti uchun saqlab qo'yilgan edi, garchi 6-gersog yozgan bo'lsa ham, uning ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, u hech qachon ishlatilmagan.

Sariq mehmonlar xonasi ovqat xonasi yonida va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Davlat mehmonlari xonasining ostida joylashgan. Dowager Düşesining yozishicha, uy shu qadar mustahkam qurilganki, yuqoridan o'tayotgan olomon sezilmaydi. Bu yerdagi ziyofat xonalari uchligini Davlat musiqa xonasi ostidagi moviy rangdagi mehmonlar xonasi yakunladi. Bu 18-asrda 1-Dyukning yotoq xonasi va kiyinish xonasini taqillatib yaratilgan va cherkovning yuqori qismida uning shaxsiy galereyasiga eshik bor. Shuningdek, u billiard xonasi va maktab xonasi sifatida xizmat qilgan. Ba'zan uyning ushbu qismida xayriya tadbirlari o'tkaziladi. Ikkala mehmon xonasi ham janubiy frontning tashqi zinapoyasi orqali bog'ga kirish imkoniyatiga ega.

"Gobellar galereyasi", "Burlington yo'lagi" va "Kitoblar o'tish joyi" deb nomlangan uchta koridor ushbu darajadagi janubiy, g'arbiy va shimoliy yo'llarga o'ralgan va oilaviy yotoqxonalarga kirish imkoniyatini beradi. Shimoliy-g'arbiy burchakda o'tirish xonasi mavjud - bu uyning tashqi tomoni ikki tomonga qarashli xonalardan biri. Ikkinchi qavatda g'arbiy va shimolga qaragan oilaviy yotoq xonalari ko'proq. Sharqiy qanotda joylashgan Shotlandiya va Lesterdagi yotoq xonalari hali ham katta uy ziyofati bo'lganida ishlatiladi, shuning uchun ba'zida ular uyga ekskursiya paytida alohida qo'shimcha ixtiyoriy qo'shimcha sifatida taqdim etiladi va ba'zida ular yo'q. Ushbu xonalar to'plamida hozirda 11-Dyuk ko'rgazmasi mavjud. G'arbiy zinapoyadan davlat xonalaridan cherkovga borishda mehmonlar birinchi qavatni aylanib o'tishadi.

Xususiy shimoliy zinapoyalar G'arbiy frontning pastki qavatidagi ko'proq xususiy xonalarga olib boradi. Markazda G'arbiy kirish zali, bu yana bir bor oilaning kirish joyi. O'ng tomonda, kirishda, minerallar xonasi deb nomlanadigan o'tish xonasi bo'lib, u ish xonasiga olib boradi. Chap tomonda Teri xonasi joylashgan; teri devorlari va juda ko'p kitoblari bilan uydagi kamida oltita kutubxonalardan biri. Keyingi xona Dyukning ishxonasi bo'lib, unda ikkita deraza, yana ko'plab kitoblar va gullar bilan bezatilgan bakalavr gersogi uchun o'z so'zlari bilan aytganda "Parijdan olib kelingan bluzkalardagi uchta soqolli rassom". Birinchi qavatdagi burchak xonasi sobiq "kichik ovqat xonasi" dir. Ushbu xonalarning barchasi juda baland, chunki g'arbiy qanotdagi zamin darajasi Bo'yalgan zal va hovli atrofidagi pastki qavat koridorlariga qaraganda pastroq. Steps from the West Entrance Hall lead up to the west corridor.

The other family living rooms are in the eastern half of the ground floor of the South Front and can be reached through the Chapel Corridor on the public route, or the turret staircase from the dining room. The room in the south-east corner was once the Ducal bathroom, until the Bachelor Duke built his new plunge bath in the North Wing, and is now the pantry where the family china is kept. This connects to the modern kitchen, which is under the library and was made out of the steward's room and the linen room. Next to the pantry in the south front are offices.

Park and landscape

The garden attracts about 300,000 visitors a year. It has a complex blend of features from six different centuries, covering 105 acres (0.42 km2). It is surrounded by a wall 1.75 miles (2.8 km) long. It sits on the eastern side of the valley of the Derwent daryosi and blends into the landscape of the surrounding park, which covers 1,000 acres (4.0 km2). The woods on the moors to the east of the valley form a backdrop to the garden. There is a staff of some 20 full-time gardeners. Average rainfall is around 33.7 inches (855 mm) a year, with an annual average of 1,160 hours of sunshine. Most of the main features of the garden were created in five main phases of development.

Elizabethan garden

The house and garden were first constructed by Sir William Cavendish and Bess of Hardwick in 1555. The Elizabethan garden was much smaller than the modern garden is now. There were terraces to the east of the house where the main lawn is now, ponds and fountains to the south, and fishponds to the west by the river. The main visual remnant of this time is a squat stone tower known as Queen Mary's Bower on account of a legend that Shotlandiya malikasi Meri, was allowed to take the air there while she was a prisoner at Chatsworth. The bower is now outside the garden wall in the park. Some of the retaining walls of the West Garden also date to this era, but they were reconstructed and extended later.

A panoramic view of Chatsworth House and Park, early 18th century (Pieter Tillemans )

1st Duke's garden (1684–1707)

At the same time as he was rebuilding the house, the 1st Duke also created barok bog'lar. It featured numerous parterlar cut into the slopes above the house, and many fountains, garden buildings and classical sculptures. The principal surviving features from this time are:

Flora's Temple
Kaskad
  • Kaskad va Cascade House is a set of stone steps over which water flows from a set of fountains at the top. It was built in 1696 and rebuilt on a grander scale in 1701. In 1703 a grand baroque Temple or Cascade House designed by Tomas Archer was added at the top. A major restoration of both the Cascade and the Cascade House in 1994–1996 took 10,000-man-hours of work. In 2004 the Cascade was voted the best water feature in England by a panel of 45 garden experts organised by Mamlakat hayoti.[19] It has 24 cut steps, each slightly different and with a variety of textures so that each gives a different sound when water runs over and down them.
  • The Canal Pond, dug in 1702, is a 314-yard (287 m)-long rectangular lake to the south of the house.
  • The Seahorse Fountain is a sculptural fountain in a circular pond on the lawn between the house and the Canal Pond. Originally, it was the centrepiece of the main parterre.
  • The Willow Tree Fountain is an imitation tree that squirts water on the unsuspecting from its branches. Yozuvchi Celia Fiennes wrote in her diary: "There... in the middle of ye grove stands a fine willow tree, the leaves, barke and all looks very naturall, ye roote is full of rubbish or great stones to appearance and all on a sudden by ye turning of a sluice it rains from each leafe and from the branches like a shower, it being made of brass and pipes to each leafe, but in appearance is exactly like any willow." The tree has been replaced twice and then restored in 1983.
  • The First Duke's greenhouse is a long, low building with ten arched windows and a temple-like centrepiece. It has been moved from its original site overlooking the 1st Duke's bowling green to the northern edge of the main lawn and is now fronted by a rose garden.
  • Flora's Temple is a classical temple built in 1695 and moved to its present site at the northern end of the broad walk in 1760. It contains a statue of the goddess Flora tomonidan Kayus Gabriel Sibber.
  • The West Garden – now the family's private garden with modern planting in a three-section formal structure – is mainly a creation of the 1st Duke's time, but the layout is not original.

4th Duke's garden (1755–64)

The 4th Duke commissioned the landshaft me'mori, Lanselot "Qobiliyat" Jigarrang to transform the garden in the fashionable naturalistic landscape style of the day. Most of the ponds and parterres were converted to lawns, but as detailed above several important features were spared. Many trees were planted, including various American species specially imported from Filadelfiya in 1759. The main aim of this work was to improve integration of the garden and park. Brown's 5.5 acre (22,000 m2) Salisbury Lawns still form the setting of the Cascade.

6th Duke's garden (1826–58)

The Rockeries
The Emperor Fountain
Neoclassical sculpture, Chatsworth House garden

In 1826 a 23-year-old named Jozef Pakton, who had been trained at Kew bog'lari, was appointed head gardener at Chatsworth. The 6th Duke had inherited Chatsworth fifteen years earlier and had previously shown little interest in improving the neglected garden, but he soon formed a productive and extravagantly funded partnership with Paxton, who proved to be the most innovative garden designer of his era, and remains the greatest single influence on Chatsworth's garden. Features that survive from that time include:

  • The Rockeries and The Strid: in 1842 Paxton began work on a rockery of a gargantuan scale, piling rocks weighing several tons one on top of another. One of them was described thus by Lord Desart in the 1860s: "In one place a sort of miniature Matterhorn apparently blocked the path but with the touch of the finger it revolved on a metal axis and made a way to pass." It is now locked in place to comply with health and safety regulations. Another rock is so balanced that it can be swayed with little pressure. Two rocks are named for the Queen and Prince Albert, and another for the Duke of Wellington, all of whom visited Chatsworth in the 6th Duke's time. The Wellington Rock, a construction of several rocks piled on top of each other, is 45 feet (14 m) high and a small waterfall drips over it into a pond. Sometimes in the winter the water freezes creating icicles. The water flows into a pond created by Paxton called 'The Strid', which is named after a stretch of the Daryo Wharfe on the Devonshires' Bolton Abbey estate, where the river is compressed into a turbulent chasm just a yard wide. Chatsworth's Strid is a placid stretch of water fringed with rocks and luxuriant vegetation and crossed by a rustic bridge.
  • The Arboretum and Pinetum: the 6th Duke's time was an age of plant-hunting expeditions, with major new species readily discovered by intrepid botanists, and the Duke was one of the most generous sponsors. In 1829 he took an additional eight acres (32,000 m2) of the park into the garden to create a pinetum, and in 1835 Paxton began work on an dendrometum, which was planned as a systematic succession of trees in accordance with botanical classification. Chatsworth has some of the oldest specimens of species such as Duglas archa va Gigant Sequoia Buyuk Britaniyada. Also in this part of the garden is the Grotto Pond, which was originally a fishpond, breeding fish for Chatsworth's table. The 6th Duke's mother had had the rustic grotto built at the end of the 18th century. The area around the pond is now planted for autumn colour.
  • The Azalea Dell and the Ravine: Rhododendrons va Azalealar grow well at Chatsworth as the soil suits them, and a section of the southern end of the garden is devoted to them. This is the most rugged part of the garden with steep serpentine paths and a stream running down a small valley known as The Ravine. In 1997 a waterfall was created out of old drinking troughs gathered from fields on the estate. Shuningdek, a bambuk walk there.
  • The Emperor Fountain: in 1843 Tsar Rossiyalik Nikolay I informed the Duke that he was likely to visit Chatsworth the following year. In anticipation of this Imperial visit, the Duke decided to construct the world's highest fountain, and set Paxton to work to build it. An eight-acre (32,000 m2) lake was dug on the moors 350 feet (110 m) above the house to supply the natural water pressure. The work was finished in just six months, continuing at night by the light of flares, and the resulting water jet is on record as reaching a height of 296 feet (90 m). However, the Tsar died in 1855 and never saw the fountain. Due to a limited supply of water, the fountain usually runs on partial power, reaching half its full height.[20] The water power found a practical use generating Chatsworth's electricity from 1893 to 1936. The house was then connected to the mains, and a new turbine was installed in 1988 that produces about a third of the electricity the house needs.
  • The Conservative Wall is a set of greenhouses that run up the slope from Flora's Temple to the stables against the north wall of the garden. A tall central section is flanked by ten smaller sections. They are used to grow fruit and kameliyalar. Ikki Camellia reticulata 'Captain Rawes' planted in 1850 survive. Chatsworth's camellias have won many prizes. The name of the building has no political connotations; the Dukes of Devonshire were Whigs va keyinroq Liberallar.

Two significant features from this period have been lost:

Buyuk Konservatoriya at Chatsworth. Built from 1836 to 1841 and demolished in 1920.
Paxton's daughter Annie standing on a Viktoriya amazonika leaf in the Lily House
  • The Great Conservatory, also known as the "Great Stove," the largest glass house in the world at that time. Paxton and architect Decimus Berton designed this glass house, which began construction in 1836 and was completed in 1841, at a cost of £33,099. It was 277 feet (84 m) long, 123 feet (37 m) wide and 61 feet (19 m). It used eight coal-fired furnaces to send hot water through seven miles of pipes.[21] A carriage drive ran the length of the building between lush tropical vegetation. One W. Adam called it "A mountain of glass... an unexampled structure... like a sea of glass when the waves are settling and smoothing down after a storm." The Saksoniya qiroli compared it to "a tropical scene with a glass sky". The Great Conservatory was demolished in 1920 as it had not been heated during World War I to conserve coal.
  • The Victoria regia Uy, or Lily House, built by Paxton in 1849–1850. It was devoted to cultivation of the giant Amazon water lily, Viktoriya amazonika, which flowered in captivity there for the first time. Like the Great Conservatory, the Lily House was unused during World War I and demolished in 1920.

Modern garden (1950–present)

The South Front and the South Lawn with the Seahorse Fountain. The exterior steps are a 19th-century replacement for the original horseshoe-shaped steps.

The 7th–10th Dukes made few changes to the garden, which suffered in the Second World War, but the 11th Duke and his wife were keen gardeners and oversaw a revival. Gardening personality Alan Titchmarsh wrote in 2003, "Chatsworth's greatest strength is that its owners have refused to let the garden rest on its Victorian laurels. It continues to grow and develop, and that is what makes it one of the best and most vibrant gardens in Britain." Many historical features have been immaculately restored, and unusually for a modern country-house garden, many new features have been added, including:

  • The South Lawn limes were double rows of pleached red-twigged limes on either side of the South Lawn, which were planted in 1952 and removed in 2014.
  • The Serpentine Hedge is a wavy hedged yew corridor that leads from the Ring Pond to the bust of the 6th Duke. It was planted in 1953.
  • Labirent was planted with 1,209 yews in the centre of the site of the former Great Conservatory in 1962. Two flower gardens occupy the rest of the site.
  • The Display Greenhouse (1970) is in a modern style, but is unobtrusively sited behind the First Duke's greenhouse. It has three climate zones, tropical, Mediterranean and temperate. Public access is limited but groups may book tours and there are first-come-first-served tours on a few days each season.
  • Yozgi bog ' was inspired by an exhibit at the 1988 "Chelsi" ning gullar shousi. A front garden of flower beds bordered by box leads to the "kitchen/dining" room with furniture covered with plants. There is a bedroom in the same style on the upper level.
  • Oshxona bog'i is a productive fruit and vegetable garden with decorative features. It was created behind the stables in the early 1990s. Chatsworth's original kitchen garden covered 11.5 acres (5 ha) and was by the river in the park.
  • Zamonaviy haykaltaroshlik includes various pieces, such as Urush oti va Madonada yurish by Dame Elizabeth Frink, and 14 bronze portrait heads by Anjela Konner.
  • The Sensory Garden is fully accessible to the disabled and features many fragrant plants. It was opened in 2004 by the then Uy kotibi Devid Blunket.
  • Kvebek is a 4-acre (16,000 m2) part of the garden to the south and west of the canal pond that was, until 2006, a neglected and dank area covered with Rhododendron pontikum. This is now an extension to the Arboretum walk with a path that runs along the top of the steep bank. The new walk gives views out into the south park, across the River Derwent and up the hill towards New Piece wood. An 18th-century cascade was uncovered during the clearance.[22]

Otxonalar

The stable block 1758–67 by James Paine

The stable block at Chatsworth is prominently situated on the rising ground to the north-east of the house. Its entrance gate features four Doric columns with rusticated banding, a pediment containing a huge carving of the family coat of arms, two life-size stags in embellished with real antlers, and a clock tower topped by a kubok. Bino tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan Jeyms Peyn for the 4th Duke and was built in 1758–67. It is approximately 190 feet (60 m) square and is two storeys tall. There are low towers in the corners in addition to the one over the entrance gate. The stables originally had stalls for 80 horses, and all necessary equine facilities including a temirchilar do'kon The first floor was occupied by granaries and accommodation for the many stable staff. According to the Dowager Duchess in her book, Chatsworth: The House, one room still has "Third Postillion" painted on the door. The 6th Duke added a carriage house behind the stables in the 1830s.

The last horses left the stables in 1939, when the building became a store and garage. The grooms' accommodation was turned into flats for Chatsworth employees and pensioners. When the house reopened after the war, "catering" was limited to an outdoor tap, which has since been relabelled "water for dogs". In 1975 a tea bar was set up with an investment of £120. The first attempt at a café opened in 1979. It seated 90 in some old horse stalls in the stables and was unsatisfactory to customers or from a commercial point of view. In 1987 the Duke and Duchess's private chef, a Frenchman named Jean-Pierre Béraud who was also a leading light in the success of the Chatsworth Farm Shop and Chatsworth Foods, took charge of the catering. After a failed attempt to obtain planning permission for a new building incorporating the old ice house in the park, a 250-seat restaurant was created in the carriage house. The 19th-century coach used by the Dowager Duchess and the late Duke at the Queen's Coronation is on display there. Other facilities include The Cavendish Rooms, which also serves refreshments, a shop, and three rooms for hire. The stables cater for 30,000 people a month in the visitor season.

Park, woods and farmyard

Chatsworth park covers about 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) and is open to free of charge all year round, except for the south-east section, the Old Park, which is used for breeding by herds of red and fallow deer. The stance of the Dukes on wider access rights has changed much. Upon the 11th Duke's death in 2004, the Ramblers uyushmasi praised him for enlightened championing of open access and his apologies for the attitude of the 10th Duke, who had restricted access to much estate land. Even under the 11th Duke, disputes arose: when the definitive yo'l huquqlari were being compiled in the 1960s and 1970s, the footpath to the Swiss Cottage (an isolated house by a lake in the woods) was contested, and the matter went to the Oliy sud, making Derbyshire one of the last counties to settle its definitive maps.

The Hunting Tower c.1580
The Bridge 1759–64 by James Paine

Farm stock also graze in the park, many of which belong to tenant farmers or smallholders, who use it for summer grazing. Bess of Hardwick's park was wholly on the east side of the river and only extended as far south as the Emperor Fountain and as far north as the cricket ground. Seven fish ponds were dug to the north-west of the house, where the large, flat area is used now for events such as the annual Chatsworth Horse Trials and the Country Fair, typically held towards the end of August.[23] The bridge over the river was at the south end of the park and crossed to the old village of Edensor, which was by the river in full sight of the house.

Capability Brown did at least as much work in the park as he did in the garden. The open, tree-flecked landscape admired today is man-made. Brown straightened the river and put a network of drainage channels under the grass. The park is fertilised with manure from the estates farms; weeds and scrub are kept under control. Brown filled in most of the fishponds and extended the park to the west of the river. Ayni paytda Jeyms Peyn designed a new bridge to the north of the house, set at an angle of 40 degrees to command the best view of the West Front of the house. Most of the houses in Edensor were demolished and the village was rebuilt out of sight of the house. The hedges between the fields on the west bank of the river were grubbed up to create open parkland and woods were planted on the horizon. These were arranged in triangular clumps, so that a screen of trees could be maintained when each planting had to be felled. Brown's plantings reached their peak in the mid-20th century and are gradually being replaced. The 5th Duke had an elegant red-brick inn built at Edensor to cater to an increasing number of well-to-do travellers coming to see Chatsworth. It is now the estate office.

In 1823 the Bachelor Duke acquired the Rutland gersogi 's land around Baslow to the north of Chatsworth in exchange for land elsewhere. He extended the park about half a mile (800 m) north to its present limits. He had the remaining cottages of the old Edensor inside the park demolished, apart from the home of one old man who did not wish to move, which still stands in isolation today. The houses in Edensor were rebuilt in picturesque pattern-book styles. 1860-yillarda 7-gersog bor edi St Peter cherkovi, Edensor enlarged by Sir Jorj Gilbert Skott. The church spire embellishes the views from the house, garden and park. Inside there is a remarkable monument to Bess of Hardwick's sons Henry Cavendish and William, 1st Earl of Devonshire. St Peter's in Edensor is where the 6-chi, 7-chi, 8-chi, 9-chi, 10-chi va 11-chi Duke of Devonshire and their wives are buried, not in a vault inside the church, but lie in individual graves marked by simple headstones, in the Cavendish family plot overlooking the churchyard.

On the hills of the eastern side of the park there is Stand Wood. The Hunting Tower there was built in 1582 by Bess of Hardwick. At the top of Stand Wood is a plateau of several square miles of lakes, woods and moorland. There are public paths through the area and Chatsworth offers guided tours with commentary in a 28-seater trailer pulled by a tractor. The area is the water source for the gravity-fed waterworks in the garden. The Swiss Lake feeds the Cascade and the Emperor Lake the Emperor Fountain. The Bachelor Duke had an aqueduct built, over which water tumbles on its way to the cascade.

The late Deborah, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, was a keen advocate of rural life. In 1973 a Chatsworth Farmyard exhibit was opened in the old building yard above the stables at explaining how food was produced. There are milking demonstrations and displays of rare breeds. An adventure playground was added in 1983. A venue for talks and exhibitions called Oak Barn was opened by the television gardener Alan Titchmarsh in 2005. Chatsworth also runs two annual rural-skills weeks, in which demonstrations of agricultural and forestry are given to groups of schoolchildren on the estate farms and woods.

Mulk

Weir on the Derwent daryosi at the Chatsworth estate

Chatsworth is the hub of a 35,000-acre (140 km2) agricultural estate. The Chatsworth estate, together with 30,000 acres (120 km2) atrofida Bolton Abbey in Yorkshire (mostly moorland) and some land in Istburn, belongs to The Trustees of Chatsworth Settlement, a family trust established in 1946. The Duke and other members of the family are entitled to the income. The family's 8,000-acre (32 km2) Lismor qasri estate in Ireland is held in a separate trust. The estate includes dozens of tenanted farms and over 450 houses and flats. There are five sub-estates scattered across Derbyshire:

  • The Main Estate is a compact block of 12,310 acres (4,982 ha) around the house, including the park and many properties in the villages of Baslow, Pilsley, Edensor, Beeley, and Calton Lees.
  • The West Estate is 6,498 acres (26.30 km2) of scattered high ground, mostly in the Tepalik tumani va qisman Staffordshire. Xartington, from which the family takes its secondary title is nearby.
  • The Shottle Estate is 3,519 acres (14.24 km2) ichida va atrofida Shottle, which is around 15 miles (24 km) south of Chatsworth. This low-lying land is home to most of the dairy farms on the estate, and also has some arable farms.
  • The Staveley Estate is 3,400 acres (14 km2) da Staveli yaqin Chesterfild, including a 355 acres (1.44 km2) industrial site called Staveley Works—which is let to various tenants—some woodlands, and arable farms.
  • The Sarklif Mulk, mostly arable farms, is 9,320 acres (37.7 km2) east of Chesterfield.

The Chatsworth Settlement has a range of sources of income in addition to agricultural rents. Several thousand acres, mostly around Chatsworth and on the Staveley estate, are farmed in hand. Several properties can be rented as holiday cottages, including Bess of Hardwick's Hunting Tower in the park. Several quarries produce limestone and other minerals.

The 11th Duke and Duchess did not opt for a "theme park" approach to modernising a country estate, but they eschewed the traditional aristocratic reluctance to participate in commerce. The Chatsworth Farm Shop is a large enterprise, employing over a hundred.[24][tekshirib bo'lmadi ] A 90-seat restaurant opened at the Farm Shop in 2005. From 1999 to 2003 there was also a shop in the exclusive London district of Belgraviya, but it was unsuccessful and closed down.

The Settlement runs the four shops and the catering operations at Chatsworth, paying a percentage of turnover to the charitable Chatsworth House Trust in lieu of rent. It also runs the Devonshire Arms Hotel and the Devonshire Fell Hotel & Bistro on the Bolton Abbey estate, and owns the Cavendish Hotel at Baslow, on the edge of Chatsworth Park, which is let to a tenant. The old kitchen garden at Barbrook on the edge of the park is let to the Karvon klubi; a paddock at the southern end of the park where bucks were fattened for Chatsworth's table is a tenanted garden centre. In both cases the Settlement receives a percentage of turnover as rent.

There is a line of Chatsworth branded foods endorsed with the Dowager Duchess's signature and available by mail order. She also established Chatsworth Design to exploit intellectual property rights to the Devonshire collections, and a furniture company called Chatsworth Carpenters, but the latter has now been licensed to an American company.

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Galereya

  • The State Music Room completed 1694

  • The Great Chamber completed 1694

  • Sculpture Gallery completed c.1834 designed by Jeffry Wyatville

  • Great Dining Room completed 1832 designed by Jeffry Wyatville

  • Dome above the Oak Staircase 1823-29 by Jeffry Wyatville

  • The altarpiece in the chapel, completed 1693 designed by Kayus Gabriel Sibber tomonidan o'yilgan Samuel Uotson (haykaltarosh)

  • The ceiling of the Great Staircase painted by Antonio Verrio 1691 depicting Tantanasi Kibele

Shuningdek qarang

Other properties owned by the Dukes of Devonshire, currently or in the past, include:

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b Tarixiy Angliya. "Chatsworth House (Grade I) (1373871)". Angliya uchun milliy meros ro'yxati. Olingan 16 iyun 2016.
  2. ^ "Chatsworth Receives Top Honour in Prestigious NPI National Heritage Awards". Prnewswire.co.uk. Olingan 21 iyun 2012.
  3. ^ "bbc: Award boosts stately home visitors". BBC yangiliklari. 2003 yil 25-avgust. Olingan 21 iyun 2012.
  4. ^ a b Hall, Rev. George (1839). The history of Chesterfield: with particulars of the hamlets contiguous to the town and descriptive accounts of Chatsworth Hardwick and Bolsover. London: Whittaker and Co.
  5. ^ Thompson, Francis (1949). "1". A history of Chatsworth: being a supplement to the sixth Duke of Devonshire's handbook. Mamlakat hayoti. p. 21.
  6. ^ Digby, Jorj Uingfild (1964). Elizabethan kashtasi. Thomas Yoseloff. 58-63 betlar. ASIN  B0042KP67G.
  7. ^ "Cavendish, William (1617–1684)" . Milliy biografiya lug'ati. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  8. ^ Hastings, Chris (9 August 2008). "Princess Diana and the Duchess of Devonshire: Striking similarities". Daily Telegraph. Olingan 8 aprel 2020.
  9. ^ a b v Your Guide to Chatsworth. Streamline Press Ltd. 2012. ISBN  978-0-9537329-1-3.
  10. ^ Chaves, José Joubert, ed. (5 December 1904). "Viagem Real — Os Reis de Portugal Sob a Nevada em Chatsworth" [Royal Trip — The King and Queen of Portugal under the Snow in Chatsworth]. Illustração Portugueza (portugal tilida). Lissabon. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 7 avgust 2014.
  11. ^ G'arbiy London kuzatuvchisi, March 1929.
  12. ^ Buyuk Britaniya Chakana narxlar indeksi inflyatsiya ko'rsatkichlari ma'lumotlarga asoslanadi Klark, Gregori (2017). "1209 yilgacha Buyuk Britaniyaning yillik RPI va o'rtacha daromadi (yangi seriya)". Qiymat. Olingan 2 fevral 2020.
  13. ^ Peak District Onlayn Olingan 24 sentyabr 2014 yil.
  14. ^ "Chatsworth House £32m restoration unveiled". 24 mart 2018 yil. Olingan 24 mart 2018.
  15. ^ Tomlinson, Lucy (11 October 2012). "Inside Chatsworth House". Britaniya jurnali.
  16. ^ Anon. "Chatsworth House". tour K. Just Tour Ltd. Olingan 3 sentyabr 2010.
  17. ^ "Chatsworth – photo library". Web.archive.org. 28 sentyabr 2007. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2008 yil 5-iyulda. Olingan 21 iyun 2012.
  18. ^ Dorment, Richard (17 March 2010). "Chatsworth House: a masterpiece in every room". Telegraf.
  19. ^ "Chatsworth's Cascade is the best in England". Web.archive.org. 28 sentyabr 2007. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2008 yil 20-iyulda. Olingan 21 iyun 2012.
  20. ^ Emperor Fountain goes sky high, Chatsworth press release, 25 April 2007.
  21. ^ Shama, Simon (1996). Landshaft va xotira. Amp. p. 565. ISBN  0679735127.
  22. ^ "Hidden Gems Walking Tour" (PDF). Chatsworth Estate. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2012 yil 6-noyabrda. Olingan 22 avgust 2013.
  23. ^ "Chatsworth Country Fair". Chatsworth Country Fair. Olingan 5 sentyabr 2012.
  24. ^ "About the farm shop". Chatsvort. Olingan 9 iyun 2019.
  25. ^ Harrisson, Juliette (24 September 2014). "Helen McCrory interview: Peaky Blinders series 2". Geek den. Olingan 8 dekabr 2017. I think we had three days away in Chatsworth House for one character's home, a new character that's coming in, but apart from that...

Adabiyotlar va qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Chatsworth:A Short History (1951) by Francis Thomson (librarian and keeper of collections at Chatsworth). Country Life Limited.
  • Chatsworth: The House (2002 ed.) by the Duchess of Devonshire. Frensis Linkoln Limited kompaniyasi. ISBN  0-7112-1675-4
  • English Country Houses: Baroque (1970) tomonidan Jeyms Liz-Milne. Country Life / Newnes Books. ISBN  1-85149-043-4
  • The Estate: A View from Chatsworth (1990) by the Duchess of Devonshire. MacMillan. ISBN  0-333-47170-9
  • D. Boschung and L. Andreas, Die Antiken Skulpturen in Chatsworth (1997)
  • The Garden at Chatsworth (1999) by the Duchess of Devonshire. Frensis Linkoln Limited kompaniyasi. ISBN  0-7112-1430-1
  • Raffaele De Giorgi, "Couleur, couleur!". Antonio Verrio: un pittore in Europa tra Seicento e Settecento (Edifir, Firenze 2009). ISBN  9788879704496

Tashqi havolalar

Koordinatalar: 53 ° 13′40 ″ N. 1 ° 36′36 ″ V / 53.22778°N 1.61000°W / 53.22778; -1.61000