G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida - Pride and Prejudice

Ushbu maqola roman haqida. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Mag'rurlik va xurofot (ma'nosiz so'z).

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida
PrideAndPrejudiceTitlePage.jpg
MuallifJeyn Ostin
Ish nomiBirinchi taassurotlar
MamlakatBirlashgan Qirollik
TilIngliz tili
JanrKlassik Regency romani
Romantik roman
KirishXertfordshir va Derbishir, v. 1812
NashriyotchiT. Egerton, Uaytxoll
Nashr qilingan sana
28 yanvar 1813 yil
Media turiChop etish (qattiq jild, 3 jild)
OCLC38659585
823.7
LC klassiPR4034 .P7
OldingiTuyg'u va sezgirlik  
Dan so'ngMensfild bog'i  
MatnG'urur va noto'g'ri aqida da Vikipediya

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida romantik odob-axloq romani tomonidan yozilgan Jeyn Ostin 1813 yilda. Romanda Elizabeth Bennet, shoshilinch hukmlarning oqibatlari to'g'risida bilib, yuzaki ezgulik va haqiqiy ezgulik o'rtasidagi farqni tushunadigan kitobning dinamik qahramoni. Uning hazil-mutoyibasi odob-axloq, ta'lim, turmush qurish va pulni halol tasvirlashda yotadi Regensiya davri Buyuk Britaniyada.

Longburn mulkidan janob Bennetning beshta qizi bor, ammo uning mulki shu sabab bo'lgan va faqat erkak merosxo'rga berilishi mumkin. Uning xotini ham merosga ega emas, shuning uchun uning o'limi bilan oilasi qashshoq bo'ladi. Shunday qilib, qizlarning kamida bittasi boshqalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun yaxshi turmush qurishi shart, bu esa fitnani boshqaradigan turtki. Roman, boylar safiga qo'shilish uchun qilingan jamoat bosimiga qaramay, pul yoki ijtimoiy obro'-e'tibor uchun emas, balki sevgi uchun uylanishning ahamiyati atrofida.

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida adabiyotshunos olimlar va kitobxonlar orasida "eng yaxshi ko'rilgan kitoblar" ro'yxatining yuqori qismida doimiy ravishda paydo bo'ldi. U 20 milliondan ortiq nusxada sotilgan ingliz adabiyotidagi eng mashhur romanlardan biriga aylandi va zamonaviy adabiyotda ko'plab lotinlarni ilhomlantirdi.[1][2] Bir asrdan ko'proq vaqt davomida dramatik moslashuvlar, qayta nashrlar, norasmiy davomlar, filmlar va televizion versiyalar G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida romanning esda qolarli obrazlari va mavzularini aks ettirgan, ommaviy tomoshabinlarga etib borgan.[3] 2005 yilgi film Mag'rurlik va xurofot kitobni yaqindan ifodalaydigan eng so'nggi filmga moslashish.[4]

Uchastkaning qisqacha mazmuni

Roman 19-asrning boshlarida Angliyaning qishloqlarida joylashgan. Bennet xonim janob Bennetni yaqinda mahallaga kelgan boy bakalavr janob Bingli bilan uchrashishga ishontirishga urinmoqda. Eri bilan og'zaki sparringlardan so'ng, Bennet xonim janob Binglini chaqirmaydi, deb ishonadi. Ko'p o'tmay, u Bennet xonimni xursand qilgan holda janob Binglining ijaraga olingan qarorgohi - Netherfildga tashrif buyurdi. Tashrifdan keyin mahalliy aholiga to'pni taklif qilishadi yig'ilish xonalari butun mahalla qatnashishini.

Balda bizni avval janob Bingli, uning ikkita singlisi, singillaridan birining eri va uning eng aziz do'sti janob Darsidan iborat butun Gollivud partiyasi bilan tanishtiramiz. Janob Binglining do'stona va xushchaqchaq muomalasi mehmonlar orasida mashhurlikka erishmoqda. U Jeyn Bennetni (Bennettlarning to'ng'ich qizi) o'ziga jalb qiladi, u bilan u ikki marta raqsga tushadi. Janob Darsi, ikki baravar badavlat deb tanilgan, mag'rur va begona bo'lib, uni qat'iyan yoqtirmaslikni keltirib chiqaradi. U Yelizaveta (Bennetsning ikkinchi to'ng'ich qizi) bilan uni raqsga tushishni rad etadi, chunki u uni vasvasaga soladigan darajada jozibali emas.[5] Yelizaveta buni kulgili deb biladi va do'stlari bilan hazillashadi.

Janob Binglining opalari, Kerolin va Luiza keyinchalik Jeynni Niderfildga kechki ovqatga taklif qilishadi. U erga ketayotganda, Jeyn yomg'ir yog'ayotgan yomg'ir ostida qolib, qattiq shamollab qoladi va uni Nederfildda sog'ayib ketishga majbur qiladi, bu Bennet xonimni juda xursand qildi. Elizabet Djeynning oldiga borganida, janob Darsi o'zini Yelizaveta bilan qiziqtirayotganini sezadi (uning "yaxshi ko'zlari" borligini aytib), Miss Bingli esa, uning o'zi janob Darsiga chizganidek, hasad qiladi. Yelizaveta o'zi befarq va unga bo'lgan qiziqish ortib borayotganidan bexabar.

Masala tomonidan Xyu Tomson janob Kollinzning vakili, u hech qachon roman o'qimasligiga norozilik bildirgan

Janob Bennetning amakivachchasi va Longburn mulkining merosxo'ri janob Kollinz Bennet oilasiga tashrif buyurishadi. U bennetlik qizlardan biriga turmushga chiqmoqchi bo'lgan dabdabali, itoatkor ruhoniy. Tez orada Jeyn unashtirilishi mumkinligini bilgach, u tezda yoshi va go'zalligi bo'yicha keyingi qizi Yelizaveta haqida qaror qabul qiladi.

Yelizaveta va uning oilasi Elisabetni alohida ta'kidlaydigan jozibali va maftunkor armiya zobiti Jorj Vikem bilan uchrashishadi. Uning aytishicha, u Darsi oilasi bilan bog'liq va janob Darsi uni janob Darsining marhum otasi va'da qilgan "tirikchilikdan" (yaxshi daromadga ega bo'lgan farovon cherkovda ruhoniy sifatida doimiy lavozimdan) mahrum qilganini aytadi. Elizabethning janob Darsiga yoqmasligi tasdiqlangan.[5]

Netherfilddagi balda janob Darsi Elisabetdan raqsga tushishini so'raydi va u bilan hech qachon raqs tushmaslikka va'da berganiga qaramay, u qabul qiladi. Jeyn va Yelizaveta bundan mustasno, Bennet oilasining bir nechta a'zolari aniq bezak etishmasligini namoyish etadilar. Bennet xonim baland ovoz bilan Jeyn va Binglining unashtirilgan bo'lishini kutayotganini, kichik Bennet opa-singillari esa oilani mardlik bilan masxara qilishlarini fosh qilishdi.

Janob Kollinz Elizabetga taklif qiladi. Uning otasi, agar u janob Kollinzga uylanmasa, onasi u bilan boshqa hech qachon gaplashmasligini, ammo agar u janob Kollinzga uylansa, otasi u bilan boshqa hech qachon gaplashmasligini aytadi. U onasining g'azabi va otasining yengilligi uchun uni rad etadi. Ko'p o'tmay, Binglilar birdan Londonga qaytib ketishni rejalashtirmay jo'nab ketishdi. Elizabethning rad etishidan so'ng, janob Kollinz aqlli yosh ayol va Elizabethning do'sti Sharlotta Lukasga taklif qiladi. Katta yoshdagi (27) Sharlotta unga qulay uy va xavfsiz kelajakni kafolatlaydigan taklif uchun minnatdor. Yelizaveta sevgi masalalarida bunday pragmatizmdan qo'rqadi. Shu orada yuragi ezilgan Jeyn Londondagi xola va tog'asi Gardinernikiga tashrif buyuradi. Tez orada ayon bo'ladiki, janob Bingli o'z tanishishini davom ettirish niyatida emas, Jeynni xafa qilib qo'ygan bo'lsa ham.

Bahorda, Elizabeth Kentdagi Sharlotta va janob Kollinzga tashrif buyuradi. Yelizaveta va uning mezbonlari janob Kollinzning homiysi va janob Darsining badavlat xolasi bo'lgan xonim Ketrin de Burchning taniqli uyi - Rozings Parkga taklif qilinadi. Xotin Ketrin janob Darsidan bolaligida xolasi va onasi rejalashtirganidek, qiziga uylanishini kutmoqda. Janob Darsi va uning amakivachchasi, polkovnik Fitsvilliam ham Rozings Parkga tashrif buyurmoqdalar. Fitsvilliam Yelizaveta janob Darsining yaqinda qanday qilib do'stini, ehtimol Binglini nomaqbul o'yindan qutqarganini aytib beradi. Yelizaveta to'sqinlik qilingan Jeyn bilan bo'lganligini tushunadi va janob Darsining aralashganidan dahshatga tushadi. Keyinchalik janob Darsi ijtimoiy aloqalari past bo'lishiga qaramay, unga bo'lgan sevgisini e'lon qilib, Elizabetga taklif qiladi. U singlisining bunday baxtsizligini keltirib chiqargan odamni hech qachon sevolmasligini aytib, uni g'azab bilan rad etadi va bundan keyin ham Uikemga nohaq munosabatda bo'lganlikda ayblaydi. Janob Darsi Bingli va Jeynni ajratishdagi muvaffaqiyati bilan maqtanadi va o'zini o'zi bilan emas, balki Bingli bilan yaxshi munosabatda bo'lganligini taxmin qiladi. U Vikemga nisbatan ayblovni istehzo bilan rad etadi, ammo bunga javob bermaydi.

Keyinchalik janob Darsi Elizabethga xat berib, marhum otasining boshqaruvchisining o'g'li Vikemning otasi unga uyushtirgan tirikchilikdan bosh tortgani va buning uchun unga pul berilganligini tushuntiradi. Vikem tezda pulni isrof qildi va qashshoqlangandan keyin tirikchilikni yana so'radi. Rad etilgandan so'ng, u Darsining 15 yoshli singlisi Jorjiana bilan juda katta aloqada bo'lish uchun qochishga urindi mahr. Janob Darsi, shuningdek, Jeyn va Binglini Jeynning o'zini tutib turishi, Bingliga nisbatan befarqligiga chin dildan ishonganligi sababli, shuningdek, uning oilasining ba'zi a'zolari ko'rsatgan muomalasi yo'qligi sababli ajratganligini yozadi. Yelizaveta oilasining xulq-atvori va o'zini yaxshi baholay olmasligi tufayli uyaldi, natijada janob Darsiga nisbatan ko'r-ko'rona xurofot paydo bo'ldi.

Yelizaveta otasiga Darsining Lidiya va Uikxemni birlashtirishi uchun mas'ul bo'lganligini aytdi, bu ikki eng dastlabki rasmlardan biri G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida.[6] Kiyim uslublari roman yozilgan yoki o'rnatilgan vaqtni emas, balki tasvirning o'yib yozilgan vaqtini (1830-yillar) aks ettiradi.

Bir necha oy o'tgach, Elizabet Gardiners bilan birga Derbishirda gastrol safari olib boradi. Ular Pemberleyga, Darcy ko'chmasiga tashrif buyurishadi (Elizabeth janob Darsining yo'qligini aniqlagandan so'ng). U erda uy bekasi janob Darsini mehribon va saxovatli deb ta'riflaydi va bu xususiyatlarning bir nechta misollarini aytib berdi. Janob Darsi kutilmaganda qaytib kelganida, u nihoyatda muloyim va keyinchalik Elizabeth va Gardinersni singlisi bilan uchrashishga va janob Gardinerni baliq ovlashga taklif qiladi. Yelizaveta ularning muomalasidan hayratda va xursand. Uchrashuvda Elizabeth va uning singlisi xursand bo'lish uchun yaxshi aloqada bo'lishdi. Keyin u singlisi Lidiya Vikem bilan qochib ketganligi haqida xabar oladi. U zudlik bilan janob Darsiga aytadi, keyin Lidiya oilaning yaxshi nomini buzganligi sababli uni boshqa ko'rmasligiga ishonib, shoshqaloqlik bilan jo'nab ketadi.

Vikxem juda azob chekkan vaqtdan so'ng, Lidiya bilan turmush qurishga rozi bo'ldi. Lidiya odob-axloq qoidalarini tiklagan holda, oilani ziyorat qiladi va Elizabethga janob Darsi va Uikxemning to'yida bo'lganligini aytadi. Garchi janob Darsi maxfiylikka aloqador har bir kishiga qasam ichgan bo'lsa-da, Gardiner xonim endi Elizabethga o'yinni o'z zimmasiga va katta xarajat bilan ta'minlaganligi to'g'risida xabar berish majburiyatini his qilmoqda. U Darsining Yelizavetaga muhabbat qo'yganiga ishonishini anglatib, uni "boshqa bir sabab" bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin, deb ishora qilmoqda.

Janob Bingli va janob Darsi Niderfildga qaytib kelishadi. Bingli qabul qiladigan Jeynga taklif qiladi. Lady Ketrin, Elizabeth janob Darsiga uylanmoqchi ekanligi haqidagi mish-mishlarni eshitib, Elizabetga tashrif buyuradi va janob Darsining taklifini hech qachon qabul qilmaslikka va'da beradi. Yelizaveta rad etadi va g'azablangan Ledi Ketrin ketib qoladi. Xolasining Elisabetning javobini g'azab bilan eshitganidan xursand bo'lgan Darsi yana unga taklif qiladi va qabul qilinadi. Yelizaveta otasini lavozim va boylik uchun emas, balki muhabbat uchun uylanayotganiga ishontirishda qiynalmoqda, ammo janob Bennet nihoyat ishonch hosil qildi. Bennet xonim qizining janob Darsi bilan o'yinidan xabardor bo'lganidan juda xursand va u haqidagi fikrini tezda o'zgartirdi. Roman uch qizning nikohlari va ikkala ota-onaning Jeyn va Yelizaveta tomonidan o'tkazilgan mayda va baxtli uchrashuvlaridan katta mamnuniyat bilan umumiy xulosasi bilan yakunlanadi.

Belgilar

"Mag'rurlik va xurofot" sahnalari, muallif C. E. Brok
Elizabeth va janob Darsi tomonidan Xyu Tomson, 1894
  • Elizabeth Bennet - Bennet qizlarining ikkinchi to'ng'ichi, u jozibali, xushchaqchaq va aqlli, ammo qat'iyatli va beg'araz birinchi taassurotlarni shakllantirishga moyil. Hikoya davom etar ekan, uning janob Darsi bilan munosabatlari yaxshilanadi. Drisi mag'rurligini yengganda va Yelizaveta o'zining xurofotini engib, ikkalasini ham bir-biriga bo'lgan muhabbatiga berilishga olib borganda, Elizabeth va Darsining munosabatlarining yo'nalishi aniqlanadi.
  • Janob Fitsvilliam Darsi - janob Binglining do'sti va oilaviy mulkning boy egasi Pemberli yilda Derbishir, yiliga kamida 10 000 funt sterling (2018 yilda 796 000 funt yoki 1 045 000 dollarga teng) degan mish-mishlar tarqaldi.[7] U chiroyli, baland bo'yli va aqlli bo'lsa-da, Darsiga osonlik etishmaydi va ijtimoiy inoyatlar Va shuning uchun boshqalar tez-tez uning mag'rur zaxirasini va to'g'riligini haddan tashqari mag'rurlikning isboti sifatida xato qilishadi (bu qisman shunday). Qishloqqa yangi mehmon bo'lib, u oxir-oqibat Elizabeth Bennetning sevgisi. Garchi u mag'rur tuyulsa-da va shu sababli odamlarga yoqmasa ham, uning xizmatkorlari uning mehribonligi va odob-axloqi uchun kafolat berishadi.
  • Janob Bennet - Mantiqan va oqilona kech o'rta yoshli tushdi janob yillik daromadi 2000 funt va quruq istehzo bilan patriarx hozir kamayib borayotganlarning Bennet oilasi (oila Xertfordshir beshta turmushga chiqmagan qizlari bilan). Longbourn, uning mulkidir sabab bo'lgan erkak chiziqqa. Uning xotiniga bo'lgan mehr-muhabbati ularning turmushida barvaqt susaygan va endi unga toqat qilish bilan kamaygan. U ko'pincha romanda "beparvo" deb ta'riflanadi.
  • Missis Bennet (nee Gardiner) - o'zining ijtimoiy ustunligi, janob Bennetning o'rta yoshli rafiqasi va ularning besh qizining onasi. Bennet xonim a gipoxondriya Ishlari yurishmayotgan paytda o'zini titroq va yurak urishi (uning "yomon asablari") hujumlariga moyil deb tasavvur qiladigan kishi. Uning hayotdagi asosiy maqsadi - qizlarini boy odamlarga turmushga berish. Bunday o'yinlar qizlariga baxt baxsh etadimi yoki yo'qmi, uni unchalik qiziqtirmaydi. U o'rnashdi a mahr uning otasi janob Gardiner-dan 4000 funt sterling, ehtimol 4 foizga sarmoya kiritgan va unga yiliga 160 funt olish imkoniyatini bergan; buni janob Kollinz Yelizaveta bilan bo'lgan taklifida ta'kidlagan ["baxtga men mutlaqo befarqman va sizning otangizga bu tabiat tomonidan hech qanday talab qo'ymayman, chunki men buni bajara olmasligimni yaxshi bilaman; va ming funt. onangizning vafotidan keyin sizga tegishli bo'lmagan har bir tsentning har birida, sizga berilishi mumkin bo'lgan hamma narsa bor »][8] yillar davomida uning turar-joyi 5000 funt sterlingga ko'tarilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo 4 foizga sarmoya yotqizilgan.
Jeyn Ostin 1813 yil may oyida Kassandraga yozgan maktubida galereyada ko'rgan rasmini tasvirlaydi, bu "Missis Bingli" - Jeyn Bennetga juda o'xshash edi. Deirdre Le Faye Uning romanlar dunyosi "Q xonimning portreti" Ostin nazarda tutgan rasm ekanligini taxmin qiladi. (201–203-betlar)
  • Jeyn Bennet - katta Bennet singlisi. U mahalladagi eng chiroyli yosh xonim deb hisoblanadi va shunday boshqalarning faqat yaxshi tomonlarini ko'rishga moyil (ammo boshqacha tarzda etarli dalillarga ishontirish mumkin). U yaqinda Hertfordshirga ko'chib o'tgan va boy janob janob Darsining yaqin do'sti Charlz Binglini sevib qoladi.
  • Meri Bennet - o'rta Bennet singlisi va uning birodarlari eng sodda. Meri jiddiy xulq-atvorga ega va asosan musiqa o'qiydi va o'ynaydi, garchi u ko'pincha o'z yutuqlarini namoyish etishga sabr qilmasa va ular haqida befarq bo'lsa. U tez-tez oilasiga axloqiy munosabatda bo'ladi. Jeyms Edvard Ostin-Leyning so'zlariga ko'ra Jeyn Ostinning xotirasi, Meri amakisi Flibsning qonun xizmatchilaridan biriga uylanib, u bilan birga Meritonga ko'chib o'tdi.
  • Ketrin "Kiti" Bennet - to'rtinchi Bennet qizi. Lidiyadan kattaroq bo'lsa ham, u uning soyasi va militsiya ofitserlarini ta'qib qilishda unga ergashadi. U tez-tez Lidiyaga hasad qilgandek tasvirlanadi va "bema'ni" yosh ayol sifatida tavsiflanadi. Biroq, u Lidiya ta'siridan chetlashtirilganda yaxshilangan deb aytishadi. Jeyms Edvard Ostin-Leyning so'zlariga ko'ra Jeyn Ostinning xotirasi, Keyinchalik Kiti Pemberli yaqinida yashagan ruhoniyga uylandi.
  • Lidiya Bennet - eng yosh Bennet singlisi. U beozor va qo'pol. Uning hayotdagi asosiy faoliyati ijtimoiylashish, ayniqsa militsiya zobitlari bilan noz-karashma qilishdir. Bu uning Jorj Vikem bilan qochishiga olib keladi, garchi u unga uylanish niyatida emas. Lidiya o'z jamiyatining axloqiy kodeksiga e'tibor bermaydi; Eshli Tauchert aytganidek, u o'zini "mulohazasiz his qiladi".[9]
  • Charlz Bingli - Angliyaning shimolidan kelishgan, xushchaqchaq, boy yigit (ehtimol Yorkshir, kabi Skarboro zikr qilingan va aslida hayot shaharchasi deb nomlangan Bingli yilda G'arbiy Yorkshir Longbourndan uch mil uzoqlikda joylashgan mulk bo'lgan Netherfield Parkni sotib olish umidida ijaraga olgan. U janob Darsi bilan odatdagidek yoqimli odob-axloq qoidalari uchun farq qiladi, garchi u o'zining tajribali do'stidan maslahat so'rasa ham. Binglining Darsi fikriga inkor etib bo'lmaydigan bog'liqligi sababli Bingli va Jeynning romantikasini oldini olish bunga misoldir.[10] Unda qat'iyat yo'q va boshqalarning ta'siriga osongina kiradi; uning ikki singlisi, Miss Kerolin Bingli va xonim Luiza Xerst, ikkalasi ham Binglining Miss Jeyn Bennetga bo'lgan mehrini tobora kuchaytirayotganini ma'qullamaydilar. U 100000 funt sterlingni meros qilib oldi, uni yiliga 4000 funt yoki 5000 funt evaziga 4 tsentga yoki 5 sentga investitsiya qilish mumkin edi.[11]
  • Kerolin Bingli - the behuda, Charlz Binglining g'alati singlisi, boyligi 20000 funt (unga sarmoya foiziga qarab yiliga 800 funt yoki 1000 funt sterling miqdorida yordam berish). Miss Bingli janob Darsiga ishqibozlik qiladi va shuning uchun uning Yelizaveta bilan tobora ortib borayotganiga hasad qiladi. U Bennet oilasini masxara qilish va Elizabethning xushomadgo'yligini tanqid qilish orqali janob Darsini Elizabethni yoqtirishdan qaytarishga urinadi. Miss Bingli ham akasining Jeyn Bennetga bo'lgan hurmatini yoqtirmaydi va Meritondagi jamiyatni yomon ko'radi. Uning boyligi (u ortiqcha sarflaydi) va uning qimmatbaho ta'limi Miss Binglining manbalarining eng katta ikki manbasi bo'lib tuyuladi behuda va mag'rurlik; Xuddi shunday, u o'zining va oilasining pullari hammasi savdo-sotiqdan tushayotganiga juda ishonchsiz va akasining mulk sotib olishini, Binglilarni janoblar safiga ko'tarilishini va o'zi uchun quruq janobga uylanishini istaydi. (ya'ni janob Darsi). Miss Bingli va uning singlisi Luiza Xerst o'rtasidagi dinamika Lidiya va Kitti Bennet hamda Bennet xonim va Fillips xonimnikiga o'xshaydi; biri ikkinchisining izdoshidan boshqa narsa emas, Kerolin Lidiya va Bennet xonim bilan bir xil pozitsiyada, Kiti va xonim Flibsda esa Luiza (garchi, Luiza misolida, u allaqachon turmush qurgan bo'lsa ham, u u xuddi Kerolin kabi umidsizlik). Luiza uyi bo'lgan janob Xerst bilan turmush qurgan Grosvenor maydoni, London.
  • Jorj Vikem - Vikem janob Darsi bilan bolaligidanoq tanish, janob Darsining otasining boshqaruvchisining o'g'li edi. Militsiya xodimi, u yuzaki maftunkor va tezda Elizabeth Bennet bilan aloqani shakllantiradi. Keyinchalik u Lidiya bilan turmush qurish niyatida qochib ketadi, bu esa uning va uning oilasining to'liq sharmandaligiga olib kelishi mumkin edi, ammo Darsi aralashganligi sababli, Uxemga zudlik bilan qarzlarini to'lash orqali pora bergan.
  • Janob Uilyam Kollinz - Janob Kollinz janob Bennetning uzoq qarindoshi, ruhoniy va uning Longbourn House uyiga qarashli hozirgi merosxo'r. U o'z homiysi xonim Ketrin de Burga haddan tashqari bag'ishlangan, uzoq va zerikarli nutqlarga moyil, itoatkor va dabdabali odam.
  • Xotin Ketrin de Burx - janob Darsining o'ta og'ir xolasi. Ledi Ketrin - Rozings Parkning boy egasi, u erda u qizi Anne bilan yashaydi va uni rektori janob Kollinz kutib oladi. U mag'rur, dabdabali, hukmronlik qiladigan va o'zini past tutadigan va uzoq vaqtdan beri kasal qizini Darsiga turmushga berishni, "ularning ikkita buyuk mulklarini birlashtirishni" rejalashtirgan va bu uning ham, uning marhum singlisi Ledi Annaning ham eng aziz istagi deb da'vo qilgan. Darsi (tug‘ma Fitzvilliam).
  • Janob Edvard Gardiner va Gardiner xonim - Edvard Gardiner - Bennet xonimning ukasi va oqilona va janoblarga xos bo'lgan savdogar. Gardiner xola muloyim va oqlangan va jiyani Jeyn va Yelizaveta bilan yaqin. Garsinchilar Darsi va Yelizaveta o'rtasida turmush qurishda muhim rol o'ynaydi.
  • Jorjiana Darsi - Jorjiana - janob Darsining jim, xushmuomala (va uyatchan) singlisi mahr 30,000 funt sterlingdan (unga yiliga 1200 funt yoki 1500 funt sterling miqdorida nafaqa berish) va hikoya boshlanganda 16 yoshda. Hali 15 yoshida Miss Darsi deyarli janob Vikem bilan yuribdi, lekin uni butparast qilgan ukasi qutqardi. Magistrlar tomonidan olib borilgan ko'p yillik murabbiylik tufayli u pianino, ashula, arfa chalish va chizmachilik va zamonaviy tillarda bajardi va shu sababli Karolin Binglining "barkamol ayol" g'oyasi sifatida ta'riflandi.
  • Sharlotta Lukas - Sharlotta - Elizabetning do'sti, u 27 yoshida (va shu bilan u paytda asosiy nikoh yoshi deb hisoblanadigan davrdan tashqari) oilasiga og'irlik tushishidan qo'rqadi va shuning uchun moliyaviy xavfsizlikni ta'minlash uchun janob Kollinz bilan turmush qurishga rozi bo'ladi. Romanda nikohda sevgi va tushunishning muhimligi ta'kidlangan bo'lsa-da, Ostin hech qachon Sharlotta uchun pulga uylanish qarorini qoralamaydi. U Sharlotta yordamida o'z davridagi ayollar jamiyatning ayollarning turmushga chiqishini, agar bu sevgi tufayli emas, balki qulaylik tufayli bo'lsa ham qanday bo'lishini tushuntirish uchun foydalanadi.[12] Sharlotta - Bennet oilasining qo'shnilari Ser Uilyam Lukas va Ledi Lukasning qizi.
  • Polkovnik Fitsvilliam - Polkovnik Fitsvilliam - grafning kenja o'g'li va Ledi Ketrin de Bur va Ledi Anne Darsining jiyani; bu uni Anne de Burg'ning amakivachchasi va Darsi singillari Fitsvilliam va Jorjianaga aylantiradi. U roman boshida taxminan 30 yoshda edi. U amakivachchasi janob Darsi bilan birga Miss Jorjiana Darsining ham qo'riqchisi. Polkovnik Fitsvilliamning so'zlariga ko'ra, kenja o'g'il sifatida u bo'lajak kelinini o'ylamasdan turmushga chiqa olmaydi mahr; Elizabeth Bennet, Earlning o'g'li sifatida, polkovnik Fitsvilliam 50 ming funt sterlingdan past bo'lgan mahr bilan kelinga joylasha olmasligini aytdi (bu polkovnik Fitsvilliamning yashash puli yiliga taxminan 2000 funtdan 2500 funtgacha). .
Asosiy belgilar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni ko'rsatadigan keng qamrovli veb-sayt G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida

Asosiy mavzular

Ko'plab tanqidchilar mavzularni tahlil qilishda sarlavhani boshlanish sifatida qabul qilishadi G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida ammo Robert Foks sarlavhani juda ko'p o'qishdan ogohlantiradi (birinchi nomi: Birinchi taassurotlar), chunki uning tanlanishida tijorat omillari rol o'ynagan bo'lishi mumkin. "Muvaffaqiyatdan keyin Tuyg'u va sezgirlik, xuddi shu muallifning yana bir romanini sarlavha uchun antiteziya va alliteratsiya formulasidan foydalangan holda chiqarishdan ko'ra tabiiyroq narsa bo'lmagan bo'lar edi. Sarlavha sifatlari faqat bitta yoki boshqa qahramonlarga berilmagan; Yelizaveta ham, Darsi ham mag'rurlik va xurofotga ega. "[13] "Mag'rurlik va xurofot" iborasi o'tgan ikki asr davomida ishlatilgan Jozef Xoll, Jeremi Teylor, Jozef Addison va Samuel Jonson.[14][15] Ostin, ehtimol, unvonini bir parchadan olgan Fanni Burni "s Sesiliya (1782), mashhur romaniga u hayrat bilan tanilgan:

"Ushbu baxtsiz biznesning hammasi, dedi doktor Lyster, G'URUR va PREJUDICEning natijasidir. [...] agar MAKRURLIK va PREJUDISIYA uchun siz azob-uqubatlaringiz uchun qarzdorsangiz, ezgulik va yomonlik shu qadar ajoyib muvozanatlanadiki, mag'rurlik va PREJUDISE uchun siz ham ularning bekor qilinishiga qarzdormiz. '[15][16] (asl nusxadagi kabi katta harflar bilan yozish)

Ostinning ko'pgina ishlarida mavzu atrof-muhit va tarbiyaning yoshlarning fe'l-atvori va axloqini rivojlantirishdagi ahamiyati.[17] Ijtimoiy mavqe va boylik uning dunyosida ustunlik bo'lishi shart emas va Ostinning ishi uchun yana bir mavzu samarasiz ota-onalardir. Yilda G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, janob va xonim Bennetning ota-onalik qobiliyatsizligi, Lidiyaning axloqiy jihatdan etishmasligi uchun aybdor. Darsi printsipial va ehtiyotkorlik bilan sharafli bo'lishga o'rgatilgan, ammo u mag'rur va o'zini tutib turuvchi.[17] Lidiyaning yomon ta'siridan xalos bo'lgan Kitti va katta opa-singillari bilan turmush qurgandan keyin ko'proq vaqt o'tkazish, ularning yuqori darajadagi jamiyatida yaxshilanadi.[18] Amerikalik yozuvchi Anna Kvindlen 1995 yilda Ostin romani nashrining kirish qismida quyidagilarni kuzatgan:

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida barcha buyuk romanlar o'ylaydigan narsa, o'zini o'zi izlash haqida. Va bu bizni qidirishni o'rgatadigan birinchi buyuk roman mehmon xonasi qilish kichik munozarasi a-ni ta'qib qilish kabi katta oq kit yoki zino uchun ommaviy jazo.[19]

Nikoh

Romanning ochilish satrida taniqli ravishda e'lon qilinadi: "Bu butun dunyo tomonidan tan olingan haqiqat, yaxshi boylikka ega bo'lgan yolg'iz erkak xotiniga muhtoj bo'lishi kerak".[20] Bu nikohni a deb belgilaydi motif va romandagi muammo. O'quvchilar ushbu yolg'iz erkaklarga xotin kerakmi yoki yo'qmi yoki bu ehtiyojni "omad" talab qiladigan "mahalla" oilalari va ularning qizlari belgilaydimi, degan savolga javob berishadi.

Nikoh - bu siyosiy iqtisod va umuman iqtisodni hisobga oladigan murakkab ijtimoiy faoliyat. Sharlotta Lukas misolida, uning turmushidagi muvaffaqiyat ularning uy sharoitidagi qulay moliyaviy sharoitda, janob va Bennet xonim o'rtasidagi munosabatlar esa yomon nikohlarni dastlabki tortishish va moddaning (iqtisodiy va psixologik) yuzasi asosida tasvirlashga xizmat qiladi. . Bennetsning nikohi - bu eng yosh Bennet Lidiya Uikxem bilan qayta aloqada bo'lganligi va natijalar kutilgan natijalardan yiroqligi. Garchi markaziy obrazlar, Elizabeth va Darsi, romanni dushman tanishlar va dargumon do'stlar sifatida boshlasa-da, ular oxir-oqibat o'zlarini va bir-birlarini yaxshiroq tushunishga intilishadi, bu esa ularni chinakam sevib qolishdan ozod qiladi. Bu ularning janob va ayol munosabatlaridagi texnik jihatdan teng ijtimoiy mavqeidagi haqiqiy farqlarning qiyinchiliklarini bartaraf etmaydi. Biroq, bu ularga ushbu toifadagi farqlarning ancha keng miqyosidagi turli uchlaridan bir-birining nuqtai nazarini yaxshiroq tushunishga imkon beradi.

Yelizaveta Darsining birinchi taklifini rad etganda, sevgi uchun turmush qurish argumenti paydo bo'ladi. Yelizaveta Darsining taklifini faqat uni sevishini va uning his-tuyg'ulariga javob berishiga amin bo'lganida qabul qiladi.[21] Ostinning turli xil nikohlarning murakkab eskizlari oxir-oqibat o'quvchilarga ittifoqning qaysi shakllari ma'qul ekanligi to'g'risida savol berishiga imkon beradi, ayniqsa, iqtisodiy, jinsiy va do'stona jalb qilish imtiyozlari haqida gap ketganda.[22]

Boylik

Pul turmush farovonligini ta'minlaydigan er izlayotgan yosh ayollar va moddiy ahil ayolga uylanmoqchi bo'lgan erkaklar uchun nikoh bozorida asosiy rol o'ynaydi. Jorj Vikem Jorjiana Darsi bilan qochishga urindi va polkovnik Fitsvilliam pul evaziga turmushga chiqdi. Boy oilaning ayoliga uylanish ham yuqori oila bilan aloqani ta'minladi, chunki Binglining opa-singillarining ukalarini Jorjiana Darsiga uylanish istaklaridan ko'rinib turibdi. Bennet xonim tez-tez qizlarini yuqori ijtimoiy toifadagi boy odamga turmushga chiqishga undayotgani tez-tez uchrab turadi. 1-bobda janob Bingli kelganida, u "Men ulardan biriga uylanishini o'ylayman" deb e'lon qiladi.[23]

Meros nasldan naslga o'tdi, lekin keyinchalik cheklanishi mumkin edi majburiyat, bu faqat erkak merosxo'rlarga merosni cheklaydi. Bennet oilasi bilan bog'liq vaziyatda janob Kollinz janob Bennet vafot etganidan keyin oilaviy mulkni meros qilib olishi kerak edi va uning Yelizavetaga taklifi uning xavfsizligini ta'minlagan bo'lar edi, ammo u uning taklifidan bosh tortdi. Meros qonunlari erkaklarga foyda keltirdi, chunki aksariyat ayollar 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmiga qadar mustaqil qonuniy huquqlarga ega emas edilar va ayollarning moliyaviy xavfsizligi erkaklarga bog'liq edi. O'rta yuqori va aristokratik sinflar uchun ishonchli daromadga ega erkak bilan turmush qurish ayol va uning farzandlari uchun xavfsizlikka deyarli yagona yo'l edi.[24] Ochilish chizig'ining g'alati tomoni shundaki, umuman olganda bu jamiyatda farovon hayot kechirish uchun boy er izlayotgan ayol bo'ladi.[25]

Sinf

Lady Ketrin va Elizabeth tomonidan C. E. Brok, 1895
Xotin Ketrin Yelizaveta bilan yuzlashadi Darsi, birinchi rasmli nashrning sarlavha sahifasida. Bu romanning dastlabki ikkita rasmidan ikkinchisi.

Ostin hozir "romantikalari" bilan tanilgan bo'lishi mumkin, ammo uning romanlaridagi nikohlar iqtisodiy va sinfiy farq bilan bog'liq. G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida istisno emas. Darsi Yelizaveta bilan turmush qurishni taklif qilganda, u o'zining iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy tafovutlarini uning haddan tashqari muhabbatini engib o'tishi kerak bo'lgan to'siqni keltirib chiqaradi, garchi u o'zining ijtimoiy doirasidagi muammolarini haligacha bezovta qilsa ham. Uning xolasi Ledi Ketrin, keyinchalik Elizabethning Darsiga uylanishi qanday bo'lishini aytganda, "Pemberley soyalari shu bilan ifloslanadimi?" Garchi Yelizaveta Lady Ketrinning uning iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy mavqeini ifloslantirishi mumkinligi haqidagi ayblovlariga javob bersa-da (Elizabeth hatto u va Darsi, janobning qizi va janoblari bilan "teng" deb ta'kidlamoqda), Ledi Ketrin Darsining Yelizaveta bilan turmush qurish imkoniyatini rad etadi. Biroq, roman yopilgach, "... uning rafiqasi o'zini qanday tutganini bilish uchun qiziqish bilan", Ledi Ketrin ularni Pemberliga tashrif buyurishni ma'qul ko'rdi.[26]

Bingleylar navigatsiya sinfida alohida muammo tug'diradi. Garchi Kerolin Bingli va xonim Xerst o'zlarini tutishgan va boshqalarni o'zlarini xuddi doim jamiyatning yuqori bo'g'inlarida bo'lganlardek gapirishsa-da, Ostin Binglilar merosxo'r va ijarachi emas, savdo ekanligini tushuntirishga ishora qilmoqda. Binglining Niderfild Xollni ijaraga olishi, aslida, "ruxsat berish" - uni Darsidan ancha ajratib turadi, uning mulki otasining oilasiga va onasi orqali bo'lgan, uning nabirasi va jiyani. graf. Bingli, Darsidan farqli o'laroq, o'z mulkiga egalik qilmaydi, lekin ko'chma va o'sib boradigan boylikka ega bo'lib, uni janoblarning kambag'al qizlari, Jeyn Bennet singari, shuhratparast sitalar (savdogarlar sinfi) va boshqalar uchun yaxshi bozorga aylantiradi. personajlar evolyutsiyasidagi roli va Jeyn Ostinning sinfga radikal yondoshishi syujetning ochilishi sifatida qaraladi.[27]

Eskirgan oqim Angliya-Norman Hikoyada Fitsvilliam Darsi va uning xolasi Ledi Ketrin de Bor ismlari bilan aytilganidek, yuqori sinfga ishora qilingan; Fitsvilliam, D'Arsi, de Burx (Burke ) va hatto Bennet, an'anaviy Norman familiyalari.[28]

O'z-o'zini bilish

Darsi va Yelizaveta o'zaro munosabatlari va bir-birlarini tanqid qilishlari tufayli ularning xatolarini tan olishadi va ularni tuzatish uchun harakat qilishadi. 36-bobda Yelizaveta o'zining xatolari haqida yaxshilab o'ylaydi:

"Men qanday qilib nafrat bilan ish tutdim!" u yig'ladi; "Men o'zimning aql-idrokim bilan maqtanganman! Men o'zimni qobiliyatlarim bilan qadrlaganman! Men ko'pincha singlimning saxiy samimiyligidan mensimaganman va foydasiz yoki aybdor ishonchsizlik bilan o'zimning behuda narsamni qondirganman. Bu kashfiyot naqadar xo'rlikdir! Qanday qilib shunchaki xo'rlik! Agar men sevib qolganimda, men bundan ko'ra ayanchli ko'r bo'lolmas edim, lekin muhabbat emas, bekorchilik mening ahmoqligim edi. Birining afzal ko'rganidan mamnun bo'lib, boshqasining e'tiborsizligidan xafa bo'ldim. tanishligimizdan boshlab, men egalik va jaholatga qarshi kurashdim va aql-idrokni haydab chiqardim, bu ikkalasi ham qayerda ekanligi haqida. Shu paytgacha men o'zimni tanimaganman.[29]

Boshqa qahramonlar kamdan-kam hollarda bunday chuqurlikni namoyon etadilar yoki hech bo'lmaganda roman uchun bunday rivojlanish uchun joy berilmaydi. Tannerning yozishicha, xususan, Bennet xonim "ushbu spektakl talablariga nisbatan cheklangan nuqtai nazardan qaraydi; introspektiv tendentsiyalarga ega emas, u boshqalarning his-tuyg'ularini qadrlashga qodir emas va faqat moddiy narsalardan xabardor".[30] Bennet xonimning xatti-harakatlari u yashayotgan jamiyatni aks ettiradi, chunki u qizlari turmushga chiqmasa, muvaffaqiyatga erisha olmasligini biladi. "Uning hayotidagi biznes qizlarini turmushga berish edi: uning tasallii tashrif va yangiliklar edi."[31] Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, Bennet xonim nafaqat "moddiy narsalar" haqida biladi, uning his-tuyg'ulari va hissiyotlari haqida emas.[32]

Uslub

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, Ostinning ko'pgina asarlari singari, ning bayon qilish uslubini qo'llaydi bepul bilvosita nutq "belgi nutqining erkin namoyishi" deb ta'riflangan bo'lib, bu orqali belgi aslida aytilgan so'zlarni emas, balki personajning fikrlarini tipografiya qiladigan so'zlarni yoki agar u o'ylagan bo'lsa, xarakterning o'ylashi yoki gaplashishini anglatadi. yoki gapirdi ".[33] Ostin o'z belgilarini to'liq rivojlangan shaxslar va noyob ovozlar bilan yaratadi. Darsi va Yelizaveta bir-biriga juda o'xshash bo'lishiga qaramay, ular bir-biridan ancha farq qiladilar.[34] Muayyan personajning ohangini va so'z boyligini qabul qiladigan rivoyatdan foydalangan holda (bu holda, Yelizaveta), Ostin o'quvchini voqealarni Elizabethning nuqtai nazari bilan kuzatishga, uning xurofotlari va noto'g'ri tushunchalarini baham ko'rishga taklif qiladi. "Ikkala qahramon tomonidan o'tkazilgan o'rganish egri chizig'i bizga faqat Yelizaveta nuqtai nazari orqali ochib beriladi va uning bilvosita bepul nutqi juda muhimdir ... chunki u orqali biz Elizabethning noto'g'ri tushunchalarida ushlanib qolamiz.[33] Bir necha marta o'quvchiga boshqa bir qahramonning his-tuyg'ulari haqida ko'proq ma'lumot olishga ruxsat berilgani, ushbu romanda almashinilgan xatlar orqali sodir bo'ladi. Darsining Yelizavetaga yozgan birinchi xati bunga misol bo'la oladi, chunki uning maktubi orqali o'quvchi va Yelizaveta ikkalasiga Vikemning haqiqiy fe'l-atvori to'g'risida ma'lumot beriladi. Osten roman davomida kinoni, ayniqsa, Elizabeth Bennetning xarakteri nuqtai nazaridan ishlatgani ma'lum. U "uning hayoti va ishida haqiqatan ham hukmronlik qiladigan va uning istehzoli masofadagi chiroyli o'yilgan troyan oti bilan qoplangan ayollikning zulmkor qoidalarini" anglatadi.[9] Muayyan adabiy shaklning rivojlanishining tarixiy tekshiruvidan boshlab, so'ngra empirik tekshiruvlarga o'tishda, vaqt o'tishi bilan onglarning jismoniy farqlanishini hal qilish uchun amaliy vosita sifatida paydo bo'lgan vosita sifatida bepul bilvosita nutqni ochib beradi. Seen in this way, free indirect discourse is a distinctly literary response to an environmental concern, providing a scientific justification that does not reduce literature to a mechanical extension of biology, but takes its value to be its own original form.[35]

Romanning rivojlanishi

Page 2 of a letter from Jeyn Ostin to her sister Cassandra (11 June 1799) in which she first mentions G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, using its working title Birinchi taassurotlar. (NLA)

Austen began writing the novel after staying at Goodnestone Park in Kent with her brother Edward and his wife in 1796.[36] It was originally titled Birinchi taassurotlar, and was written between October 1796 and August 1797.[37] On 1 November 1797 Austen's father sent a letter to London bookseller Thomas Cadell to ask if he had any interest in seeing the manuscript, but the offer was declined by return post.[38] The militia were mobilised after the French declaration of war on Britain in February 1793, and there was initially a lack of barracks for all the militia regiments, requiring the militia to set up huge camps in the countryside, which the novel refers to several times.[39] The Brighton camp for which the militia regiment leaves in May after spending the winter in Meryton was opened in August 1793, and the barracks for all the regiments of the militia were completed by 1796, placing the events of the novel between 1793 and 1795.[40]

Austen made significant revisions to the manuscript for Birinchi taassurotlar between 1811 and 1812.[37] As nothing remains of the original manuscript, we are reduced to conjecture. From the large number of letters in the final novel, it is assumed that Birinchi taassurotlar edi epistolyar roman.[41] She later renamed the story G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida around about 1811/1812, which she sold the rights to publish the manuscript to Tomas Egerton for £110[42] (equivalent to £7,400 in 2019). In renaming the novel, Austen probably had in mind the "sufferings and oppositions" summarised in the final chapter of Fanni Burni "s Sesiliya, called "Pride and Prejudice", where the phrase appears three times in block capitals.[17] It is possible that the novel's original title was altered to avoid confusion with other works. In the years between the completion of Birinchi taassurotlar and its revision into G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, two other works had been published under that name: a novel by Margaret Xolford and a comedy by Horace Smit.[38]

Nashr tarixi

Title page of a 1907 edition illustrated by C. E. Brok

Austen sold the copyright for the novel to Thomas Egerton from the Military Library, Whitehall in exchange for £110 (Austen had asked for £150).[43] This proved a costly decision. Austen had published Tuyg'u va sezgirlik a komissiya basis, whereby she tovon puli the publisher against any losses and received any profits, less costs and the publisher's commission. Unaware that Tuyg'u va sezgirlik would sell out its edition, making her £140,[38] she passed the copyright to Egerton for a one-off payment, meaning that all the risk (and all the profits) would be his. Jan Fergus has calculated that Egerton subsequently made around £450 from just the first two editions of the book.[44]

Egerton published the first edition of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida in three hardcover volumes on 28 January 1813.[45] It was advertised in Tong xronikasi, priced at 18s.[37] Favourable reviews saw this edition sold out, with a second edition published in October that year. A third edition was published in 1817.[43]

Foreign language translations first appeared in 1813 in French; subsequent translations were published in German, Danish, and Swedish.[46] G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida was first published in the United States in August 1832 as Elizabeth Bennet or, Pride and Prejudice.[43] Roman shuningdek, shu jumladan bo'lgan Richard Bentli 's Standard Novel series in 1833. R. W. Chapman's scholarly edition of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, first published in 1923, has become the standard edition on which many modern published versions of the novel are based.[43]

The novel was originally published anonymously, as were all of Austen's novels. However, whereas her first published novel, Tuyg'u va sezgirlik was presented as being written "by a Lady," G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida was attributed to "the Author of Tuyg'u va sezgirlik". This began to consolidate a conception of Austen as an author, albeit anonymously. Her subsequent novels were similarly attributed to the anonymous author of all her then-published works.

Qabul qilish

Asosiy maqola: Jeyn Ostinning qabul tarixi

At first publication

The novel was well received, with three favourable reviews in the first months following publication.[44] Anne Isabella Milbanke, later to be the wife of Lord Bayron, called it "the fashionable novel".[44] Noted critic and reviewer Jorj Genri Lyues declared that he "would rather have written G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, yoki Tom Jons, than any of the Waverley romanlari ".[47]

Sharlotta Bronte, however, in a letter to Lewes, wrote that G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida was a disappointment, "a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden, with neat borders and delicate flowers; but ... no open country, no fresh air, no blue hill, no bonny beck".[47][48]

Austen for her part thought the "playfulness and epigrammaticism" of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida was excessive, complaining in a letter to her sister Cassandra in 1813 that the novel lacked "shade" and should have had a chapter "of solemn specious nonsense, about something unconnected with the story; an essay on writing, a critique on Walter Scott or the history of Bounaparté".[49]

Valter Skott wrote in his journal "Read again and for the third time at least, Miss Austen's very finely written novel of Pride and Prejudice.."[50]

20-asr

You could not shock her more than she shocks me,
Beside her Joys seems innocent as grass.
It makes me most uncomfortable to see
An English spinster of the middle class
Describe the amorous effects of 'brass',
Reveal so frankly and with such sobriety
The economic basis of society.

W. H. Auden (1937) on Austen[47]

The American scholar Claudia Johnson defended the novel from the criticism that it has an unrealistic fairy-tale quality.[51] One critic, Mary Poovey, wrote that the "romantic conclusion" of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida is an attempt to hedge the conflict between the "individualistic perspective inherent in the bourgeois value system va the authoritarian hierarchy retained from traditional, paternalistic society".[51] Johnson wrote that Austen's view of a power structure capable of reformation was not an "escape" from conflict.[51] Johnson wrote the "outrageous unconventionality" of Elizabeth Bennet was in Austen's own time very daring, especially given the strict censorship that was imposed in Britain by the Prime Minister, William Pitt, in the 1790s when Austen wrote G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida.[51]

21-asr

  • In 2003 the BBC conducted a poll for the "UK's Best-Loved Book "unda G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida came second, behind Uzuklar Rabbisi.[52]
  • In a 2008 survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers, G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida came first in a list of the 101 best books ever written.[53]
  • The 200th anniversary of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida on 28 January 2013 was celebrated around the globe by media networks such as the Huffington Post, The New York Times va Daily Telegraph, Boshqalar orasida.[54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
  • G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida biri Beshta kitob most recommended books with philosophers, literary scholars, authors and journalists citing it as an influential text.[61]

Moslashuvlar

Film, television and theatre

Shuningdek qarang: Jane Austen in popular culture – Pride and Prejudice

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida has engendered numerous adaptations. Some of the notable film versions include the 1940 Academy Award-winning film, bosh rollarda Greer Garson va Lorens Olivier[62] (based in part on Helen Jerome's 1936 stage adaptation) and that of 2005, bosh rollarda Keira Naytli (an Oscar-nominated performance) and Metyu Makfadyen.[63] Notable television versions include two by the BBC: a 1980 yilgi versiya yulduzcha Elizabeth Garvie va Devid Rintul va mashhur 1995 yilgi versiya, bosh rollarda Jennifer Ehle va Kolin Fert. Bu shuningdek o'z ichiga oladi Kelin va xurofot va 'Trishna (1985 Hindi TV Series).

A 1936 stage version was created by Helen Jerome played at the Sent-Jeyms teatri Londonda, bosh rollarda Seliya Jonson va Xyu Uilyams. Birinchi taassurotlar was a 1959 Broadway musical version starring Polli Bergen, Farley Greynjer va Germiona Gingold.[64] In 1995, a musical concept album was written by Bernard J. Taylor, with Claire Moore in the role of Elizabeth Bennet and Peter Karrie in the role of Mr Darcy.[65] A new stage production, Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, The New Musical, was presented in concert on 21 October 2008 in Rochester, New York, with Colin Donnell as Darcy.[66] Shved bastakori Daniel Nelson based his 2011 opera Stolthet och fördom kuni G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida.[67]

Lizzi Bennetning kundaliklari - which premiered on a dedicated YouTube kanali on April 9, 2012,[68] and concluded on March 28, 2013[69] - is an Emmy award-winning web-series[70] which recounts the story via vloglar recorded primarily by the Bennet sisters.[71][72] U tomonidan yaratilgan Hank Green va Bernie Su.[73]

Adabiyot

Asosiy maqola: List of literary adaptations of Pride and Prejudice

The novel has inspired a number of other works that are not direct adaptations. Books inspired by G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:

  • Mr Darcy's Daughters va The Exploits and Adventures of Miss Alethea Darcy tomonidan Elizabeth Aston
  • Darsining hikoyasi (a best seller) and Dialogue with Darcy by Janet Aylmer
  • Pemberley: Or Pride and Prejudice Continued va An Unequal Marriage: Or Pride and Prejudice Twenty Years Later tomonidan Emma Tennant
  • Rut kitobi tomonidan Helen Baker
  • Jane Austen Ruined My Life va Mr. Darcy Broke My Heart by Beth Pattillo
  • Precipitation – A Continuation of Miss Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice by Helen Baker
  • Searching for Pemberley by Mary Simonsen
  • Mr. Darcy Takes a Wife va uning davomi Darcy & Elizabeth: Nights and Days at Pemberley by Linda Berdoll

Yilda Gvin Cready 's comedic romance novel, Seducing Mr Darcy, the heroine lands in G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida by way of magic massage, has a fling with Darcy and unknowingly changes the rest of the story.

Abigayl Reynolds is the author of seven Regency-set variations on G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida. Her Pemberley Variations series includes Mr Darcy's Obsession, To Conquer Mr Darcy, What Would Mr Darcy Do va Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy: The Last Man in the World. Uning zamonaviy moslashuvi, The Man Who Loved Pride and Prejudice, is set on Cape Cod.[74]

Bella Breen is the author of nine variations on G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida. Pride and Prejudice and Poison, Four Months to Wed, Uylanishga majbur va The Rescue of Elizabeth Bennet.[75]

Helen Fielding's 1996 novel Bridjet Jonsning kundaligi ham asoslanadi G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida; The feature film of Fielding's work, released in 2001, stars Kolin Fert, who had played Mr Darcy in the successful 1990s TV adaptation.

2009 yil mart oyida, Set Grahame-Smit "s Mag'rurlik va xurofot va zombi takes Austen's work and mashes it up with zombi hordes, odamxo'rlik, ninja and ultraviolent mayhem.[76] In March 2010, Quirk Books published a prequel by Stiv Xokensmit that deals with Elizabeth Bennet's early days as a zombie hunter, Pride and Prejudice and Zombies: Dawn of the Dreadfuls.[77] The 2016 yilgi film of Grahame-Smith's adaptation was released starring Lily Jeyms, Sem Rili va Mett Smit.

In 2011, author Mitzi Szereto expanded on the novel in Mag'rurlik va xurofot: Yashirin shahvatlar, a historical sex parody that parallels the original plot and writing style of Jane Austen.

Marvel has also published their take on this classic by releasing a short comic series of five issues that stays true to the original storyline. The first issue was published on 1 April 2009 and was written by Nancy Hajeski.[78] It was published as a graphic novel in 2010 with artwork by Hugo Petrus.

Pamela Aidan is the author of a trilogy of books telling the story of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida from Mr Darcy's point of view: Fitsvilliam Darsi, janob. Kitoblar Bunday majlis,[79] Vazifa va istak[80] va Ushbu uchtasi qoladi.[81]

Detective novel author P. D. Jeyms nomli kitob yozgan Death Comes to Pemberley, which is a murder mystery set six years after Elizabeth and Darcy's marriage.[82]

Sandra Lerner ning davomi G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, Second Impressions, develops the story and imagined what might have happened to the original novel's characters. It is written in the style of Austen after extensive research into the period and language and published in 2011 under the qalam nomi of Ava Farmer.[83]

Jo Beyker 's bestselling 2013 novel Longbourn imagines the lives of the servants of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida.[84] A cinematic adaptation of Longbourn was due to start filming in late 2018, directed by Sharon Maguayr, who also directed Bridjet Jonsning kundaligi va Bridjet Jonsning chaqalog'i, screenplay by Jessica Swale, Random House Films va StudioCanal tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan.[85] The novel was also adapted for radio, appearing on BBC Radio 4's Uyqudan oldin bron qiling, Sara Devies tomonidan qisqartirilgan va o'qilgan Sofi Tompson. Birinchi marta 2014 yil may oyida efirga uzatilgan; va yana 2018 yil sentyabr oyida Radio 4 Extra-da.[86]

Romanda Loyiq, Kertis Sittenfeld sets the characters of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida in modern-day Cincinnati, where the Bennet parents, erstwhile Cincinnati social climbers, have fallen on hard times. Elizabeth, a successful and independent New York journalist, and her single older sister Jane must intervene to salvage the family's financial situation and get their unemployed adult sisters to move out of the house and onward in life. In the process they encounter Chip Bingley, a young doctor and reluctant reality TV celebrity, and his medical school classmate, Fitzwilliam Darcy, a cynical neurosurgeon.[87]

G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida has also inspired works of scientific writing. In 2010, scientists named a pheromone identified in male mouse urine darcin,[88] after Mr Darcy, because it strongly attracted females. In 2016, a scientific paper published in the Irsiy metabolik kasallik jurnali speculated that Mrs Bennet may have been a carrier of a rare genetic disease, explaining why the Bennets didn't have any sons, and why some of the Bennet sisters are so silly.[89]

In summer 2014, Udon Entertainment's Manga Classics line published a manga adaptation of G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida.[90]

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