Plaid Cymru tarixi - History of Plaid Cymru - Wikipedia

Ushbu maqola yoki bo'lim ko'rinadi so'nggi voqealarga moyil. Iltimos, so'nggi voqealarni tarixiy nuqtai nazardan ushlab turing va yaqinda bo'lmagan voqealar bilan bog'liq ko'proq tarkib qo'shing. (Avgust 2020) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Plaid Cymru - Uels partiyasi
Rahbar	Adam Price AM
Rais	Alun Ffred Jons
Bosh ijrochi	Rhuanedd Richards
Faxriy Prezident	Dafydd Uigli
Tashkil etilgan	1925 yil 5-avgust[1]
Bosh ofis	18 Park Grove, Kardiff, CF10 3BN Uels
Mafkura	Uels mustaqilligi Ijtimoiy demokratiya
Siyosiy pozitsiya	Markazdan chapga
Evropa mansubligi	Evropa bepul alyansi
Xalqaro mansublik	yo'q
Evropa parlamenti guruhi	Yashillar-EFA
Ranglar	Yashil va   sariq
Veb-sayt
www.plaidcymru.org
Buyuk Britaniya siyosati Siyosiy partiyalar Saylovlar

Plaid Cymru; Uels partiyasi (Welsh talaffuzi:[Ɪplaɪd ˈkamri]; ko'pincha qisqartiriladi Yalang'och) 1925 yilda o'sha yili bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuvdan keyin paydo bo'lgan National Eisteddfod yilda Pwllheli, Kernarfonshir (hozir Gvinedd ).^[2] Ikki kishidan vakillar Uels millatchi o'tgan yil tashkil etilgan guruhlar, Byddin Ymreolwyr Cymru ("Uels uy boshqaruvchilari armiyasi") va Y Mudiad Cymreig ("Uels harakati"), uchrashish va "Welsh partiyasi" zarurligini muhokama qilish to'g'risida kelishib oldi.^[3] Partiya sifatida tashkil etilgan Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, Uels Milliy partiyasi va a'zolarini jalb qildi chap, to'g'ri va markaz ikkalasini ham o'z ichiga olgan siyosiy spektr monarxistlar va respublikachilar. Uning asosiy maqsadi reklama qilishni o'z ichiga oladi Uels tili va siyosiy mustaqillik ning Uels millati.

Garchi Sonders Lyuis tarixchi Plaid Cymru asoschisi deb hisoblanadi Jon Devis chap qanot faolining g'oyalari deb ta'kidlaydi D. J. Devies partiyaning prezidenti tomonidan qabul qilingan Gvinfor Evans Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, uzoq vaqt davomida uning mafkurasini shakllantirishda ko'proq ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[4] Tarixchi Jon Devisning so'zlariga ko'ra, D. J. Devies Uels millatchiligi tarixidagi Lyuis singari "bir xil darajada muhim shaxs" bo'lgan, ammo bu Lyuisning "yorqinligi va xarizmatik jozibasi" bilan chambarchas bog'liq edi. Yalang'och 1930-yillarda.^[4][5][6]

Ta'lim bosim guruhi sifatida dastlabki muvaffaqiyatdan so'ng, atrofdagi voqealar Tân yn Llŷn (Llŷnda yong'in) 1930-yillarda^[7] partiyani qabul qilishga olib keldi pasifistik siyosiy ta'limot. Ga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari Kapel Selinni suv bosishi 1950-yillarda uning siyosatini aniqlashga yordam berdi. Ushbu dastlabki voqealar davom etdi Evansning saylanishi ga Parlament partiyaning birinchi sifatida Parlament a'zosi (MP) 1966 yilda, uchun muvaffaqiyatli kampaniya Uels tilidagi 1967 yilgi qonun va Evans ochlik e'lon qilmoqda bag'ishlangan uchun Uels tilidagi telekanal 1981 yilda.

Plaid Cymru Uelsdagi uchinchi yirik siyosiy partiyadir Senedd. 2007 yildan 2011 yilgacha u kichik sherik edi Bitta Uels koalitsion hukumat, bilan Uels mehnat. Plaid Uelsdagi to'rtta o'rindiqdan birini egallagan Evropa parlamenti, Buyuk Britaniya parlamentidagi 40 ta uelslik o'rindan to'rttasiga egalik qiladi va 1253dan 203 ga ega asosiy mahalliy hokimiyat maslahatchilar.^[8] Bilan to'ldirilgan hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra Saylov komissiyasi 2018 yil uchun partiya qariyb daromadga ega edi £ 690,000 va taxminan xarajatlar £ 730,000.^[9]

1925 yil asosi

XIX asrdan beri "Welsh party" ga ehtiyoj borligi haqida munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi.^[10] 1922 yilgacha bo'lgan nasl bilan "uels millati konstitutsiyaviy tan olinishi sezilarli darajada o'sgan", deb yozadi tarixchi. Doktor Jon Devis.^[11] Uelslik milliy ong 19-asr davomida qayta paydo bo'ldi; tashkil topishiga olib keladi National Eisteddfod 1861 yilda Uels universiteti (Prifysgol Cymru) 1893 yilda va Uels milliy kutubxonasi (Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru) 1911 yilda va 1915 yilga kelib Uels gvardiyasi (Gvarchodlu Cymreig) Uelsni Buyuk Britaniyaning tarkibiga kiritish uchun tashkil etilgan Oyoq qo'riqchilari. 1924 yilga kelib Uelsda "o'z fuqaroligini Uels siyosatining markaziga aylantirmoqchi" odamlar bor edi.^[3]

Qo'llab-quvvatlash uy qoidasi Uels va Shotlandiya uchun eng siyosiy partiyalar qatorida 1918 yilda Birinchi Evropa urushidan keyin boshqa Evropa davlatlari mustaqillikka erishganidan keyin kuchli bo'lgan va Fisih bayramining ko'tarilishi Irlandiyada, deb yozgan doktor Deyvis.^[12] Biroq, Buyuk Britaniyada 1922, 1923 va 1924 yillarda bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovlarda; "Uels siyosiy masala sifatida tobora [milliy kun tartibidan] chiqarib tashlandi".^[3] 1925 yil avgustga kelib Uelsdagi ishsizlik 1920 yil boshidagi iqtisodiy o'sishdan farqli o'laroq 28,5% ga ko'tarildi.^[3] Uels uchun uzoq depressiya 1925 yilda boshlangan.^[3]

Partiyaning 75 yilligi munosabati bilan ochilgan ushbu lavha ta'sis yig'ilishi bo'lib o'tgan binoga o'rnatildi.

Aynan shu iqlim sharoitida Welsh Home Rulers guruhi va Welsh Harakati uchrashdi. Ikkala tashkilot uch kishidan iborat delegatsiyani yig'ilishga yubordi H. R. Jons sarlavha Uelsdagi uy boshqaruvchilari guruh va Sonders Lyuis sarlavha Uels harakati. Ularga qo'shilishdi Lyuis Valentin, D.J. Uilyams va Ambrose Bebb, Boshqalar orasida. Partiyaning asosiy maqsadi uels tilida so'zlashadigan Uelsni tarbiyalash edi.^[13] Shu maqsadda partiya ishi Uels tilida olib borilishi va a'zolarning boshqa ingliz partiyalari bilan barcha aloqalarini uzishlari to'g'risida kelishib olindi.^[13] Lyuis Pvelleli konferentsiyasiga rozi bo'lishidan oldin shu printsiplarni talab qildi.

1911 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Uelsning 2,5 milliondan oz bo'lgan umumiy aholisining 43,5% uels tilida asosiy til sifatida gaplashgan.^[14] Bu 1891 yilgi aholi ro'yxatidan pasayish bo'lib, 1,5 million aholisi orasida 54,4% uels tilida gaplashmoqda.^[15]

Bunday sharoitda Lyuis "uelslik millatchilikni" hozirgacha mavjud bo'lganidek, partiyalararo konferentsiyalar bilan ajralib turadigan millatchilikni, obsesyonni qoraladi. Vestminster va uels tili uchun bo'ysunuvchi pozitsiyani qabul qilishga tayyorlik ", deb yozgan doktor Devis.^[13] Aynan mana shu qat'iy pozitsiyalar tufayli partiya o'zining dastlabki yillarida tajribali siyosatchilarni jalb qila olmadi.^[13] Biroq, partiya a'zolari uning tashkil topishi o'z-o'zidan yutuq deb hisoblashdi; "shunchaki mavjud bo'lganligi sababli, partiya Uelsning o'ziga xosligini e'lon qildi", deb yozgan doktor Devis.^[13]

Ushbu dastlabki yillarda Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru deb nomlangan oylik maqolani nashr etdi Y Ddraig Goch (Uelsning milliy ramzi bo'lgan Red Dragon) va har yili yozgi maktab o'tkazgan.

Partiyaning doimiy kotibi H. R. Jons bir nechta partiyaning filiallarini tashkil qildi, Valentin 1925 yildan 1926 yilgacha partiya prezidenti bo'lib ishladi. Buyuk Britaniyada 1929 yilgi umumiy saylovlarda Valentin Kaernarfonni qo'llab-quvvatladi va 609 ovozni oldi. Keyinchalik ular "nomi bilan tanilganGallant olti yuz ' qachon Dafydd Ivan ularni qo'shiqda abadiylashtirdi.^[13][16]

1932 yilga kelib o'zini o'zi boshqarish va Welsh vakolatxonasi Millatlar Ligasi Uels tili va madaniyatini saqlashga qo'shildi. Biroq, bu harakat va partiyaning iqtisodiy tanqidni rivojlantirishga qaratilgan dastlabki urinishlari uning murojaatini intellektual va ijtimoiy jihatdan konservativ bo'lgan uels tilidagi bosim guruhidan tashqari kengayishiga olib kelmadi.^[17]

Lyuis doktrinasi 1926–1939

Urushlararo yillarda Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ijtimoiy va ma'rifiy jihatdan eng muvaffaqiyatli bo'lgan bosim guruhi siyosiy partiya sifatida emas.^[18] Partiya prezidenti Sonders Lyuis (1926-1939) uchun "partiyaning asosiy maqsadi" uelsliklarning o'zlarining kamsitilish tuyg'ularini olib tashlash ... bizning sevimli mamlakatimizdan fath belgisi va sharmandaligini olib tashlash "." Lyuis tashlamoqchi bo'ldi Welshness yangi kontekstda, deb yozdi doktor Devies.^[18]

Lyuis Uels merosi "asoschilaridan biri" sifatida qanday bog'langanligini namoyish etishni xohladi Evropa tsivilizatsiyasi ".^[18] Lyuis, o'zini o'zi ta'riflagan "kuchli monarxist ", deb yozgan edi," tsivilizatsiya mavhumlikdan boshqa narsa emas. Uning mahalliy yashash joyi va nomi bo'lishi kerak. Bu erda uning nomi Uelsdir. "^[18][19] Bundan tashqari, Lyuis Uels tilida so'zlashadigan jamoalarning barqarorligi va farovonligi uchun harakat qildi, ham kapitalizm, ham sotsializmni rad etdi va o'zi aytgan narsani targ'ib qildi. paxtakor: "mulkni omma o'rtasida taqsimlash" siyosati.^[18]

Radioeshittirish kampaniyalari va 1931 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish

Plaid Cymru logotipi 2006 yilgacha

Kelishi bilan Uelsda translyatsiya qilish, Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru Uelsda uels tilidagi dasturlarning yo'qligiga norozilik bildirdi va litsenziya to'lovlarini ushlab qolish uchun kampaniya boshladi. Bosim muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi va 1930-yillarning o'rtalariga kelib uels tilida yana dasturlar efirga uzatildi, rasmiy ravishda 1937 yilga qadar Welsh mintaqaviy translyatsiya kanali tashkil etildi.^[20]

Ga ko'ra 1931 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish, 2,5 milliondan oshiqroq aholidan Uelsdagi Uels tilida so'zlashuvchilarning ulushi 36,8% gacha tushib ketgan Yins Mons ma'ruzachilarning eng yuqori kontsentratsiyasini 87,4% qayd etgan, undan keyin Ceredigion (Kardiganshir ) 87,1% da, Merionetshir (Ser Meirionnydd) 86,1%, va Karmarten 82,3% da. Caernarfonshire 79,2% ro'yxatga olingan.^[21] Radnorshir va Monmutshir aholining 6 foizidan kamrog'ida uelslik ma'ruzachilar kontsentratsiyasi bilan eng past o'rinni egalladi.^[21]

Tân yn Llŷn 1936

Shuningdek qarang Penyberth.

Uels millatchiligi 1936 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati bombardimon maktabini tashkil etishga qaror qilganida paydo bo'ldi Penyberth ustida Llin yarimoroli, endi Gvinedd. Namoyish bilan bog'liq voqealar Tân yn Llŷn ("Llŷndagi olov"), aniqlashga yordam berdi Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru.^[7] Birlashgan Qirollik hukumati Llendagi yangi bombardimon maktabining joylashgan joyi sifatida joylashdi, shunga o'xshash joylarga oid takliflardan so'ng Northumberland va Dorset norozilik bilan kutib olindi.^[22]

Biroq, Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri Stenli Bolduin Uelsdagi yarim million namoyishchilarning vakili bo'lganiga qaramay, Uelsdagi bombardimon maktabiga qarshi ishni ko'rib chiqishni rad etdi.^[22] Bomba bombardimon maktabiga qarshi norozilik Lyuis tomonidan Buyuk Britaniya hukumati "muhim uylardan birini" aylantirish niyati borligini yozganida xulosa qilingan. Uels madaniyati, ibora va adabiyot "Barbarlik urush usulini ilgari suradigan joyga.^[22] Bombalash maktab binosi qurilishi birinchisidan roppa-rosa 400 yil o'tgach boshlandi Uelsdagi qonunlar Uelsni Angliyaga qo'shib olish.^[22]

1936 yil 8 sentyabrda bombardimon qilingan maktab binosi yondirildi va Sonders Lyuis, Lyuis Valentin va D. J. Uilyams ta'qib qilgan tergovlarda javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi.^[22] Kernarfondagi sud hukmi bilan kelisha olmadi va ish sudga yuborildi Qari Beyli Londonda. "Uch" lar to'qqiz oylik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi Shuvoqli skrablar Va ozod qilinganlarida ularni o'n besh ming uelslik qahramonlar sifatida pavilyonda kutib olishdi Kernarfon.^[22]

Sudyaning uels tiliga nisbatan shafqatsiz muomalasi, sud jarayonini Londonga ko'chirish va Suonsidagi Universitet kollejining qarori bilan Lyuis aybdor deb topilmaguncha lavozimidan ozod etilishi ko'pgina uelsliklarni g'azablantirdi.^[7] Olim va tarixchi Dafydd Glin Jons yong'in haqida yozgan "bu besh asrda birinchi marta Uels Angliyaga zo'ravonlik o'lchovi bilan zarba bergan ... Ularda borligiga ishonishni allaqachon to'xtatgan uelsliklarga bu chuqur ma'noga ega edi. zarba. "^[7]

Biroq, voqealarning olqishlariga qaramay Tân yn Llŷn 1938 yil Lyuis kontseptsiyasi tomonidan yaratilgan paxtakor kabi qat'iy rad etildi emas partiyaning asosiy tamoyili. 1939 yilda Lyuis iste'foga chiqdi Plaid Genedleathol Cymru prezident Uelsning Rim katolik katolik etakchisini qabul qilishga tayyor emasligini ta'kidlab.^[7] Akademik va ilohiyotshunos J. E. Daniel, 1931–1935 yillarda partiyaning sobiq vitse-prezidenti, prezident etib saylandi Plaid Cenedlaethol Cymru 1939 yilda, 1943 yilgacha xizmat qilgan.^[23]

Tanqid

Sonders Lyuis tomonidan qabul qilingan "elita qarashlari" va "ba'zi jihatlarga pastkashlik munosabati nomuvofiq, radikal va pasifist Uelsning urf-odatlari "kabi millatdoshlarning tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi Devid Jeyms (D. J.) Devies, a chap Plaid Cymru partiya a'zosi va asoschisi.^[18] Devis ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi uelslik jamoalarni jalb qilish tarafdori bo'lib, Uelsning hududiy yaxlitligini ta'kidladi. Devies tomon ishora qildi Skandinaviya mamlakatlari taqlid qilish uchun namuna sifatida va uelslik o'zini o'zi boshqarish iqtisodiy ta'sirida faol bo'lgan.^[24]

Uning aql-idrokiga qaramay, Lyuis partiyani boshqarish uchun yoki hatto yaqin hamkasblarini uning nazariyalariga ishontirish uchun yomon jihozlangan bo'lishi mumkin. Tarixchi Gereyn X.Jenkins shunday yozadi: "... Lyuis sovuq baliq edi. Uning qamish ovozi, galstuk taqish, miya uslubi va aristokratik proletariat uchun nafratlanishi siyosiy rahbarda juda yoqimli fazilatlar edi va katoliklikni qabul qilishi unga hamdardlikni yo'qotdi. Ushbu g'oyat avtoritar arbob, o'ng qanot fransuz nazariyotchilarining nutqidan qattiq ta'sirlanib, Uelsni deindustriallashtirishga asoslanib, juda katta strategiya ishlab chiqdi. o'zining sotsialistik hamkasbi DJ Devisga, ilg'or iqtisodchi, u kuch va ishtiyoq bilan yozgan holda, o'sha paytdagi iqtisodiy haqiqatlarni yaxshiroq anglaganligini va mehnatkashlarning ahvoliga nisbatan sezgirligini ko'rsatdi. "^[25]

Da gapirish Uels madaniyati va tarixini o'rganish bo'yicha Shimoliy Amerika assotsiatsiyasi yilda Galliya okrugi, Ogayo shtati, 2001 yilda, professor Jon Devies aytdi

Yigirmanchi asrdagi Welsh radikalizmining boshqa yo'nalishi, Plaid Cymru, ham Amerika uyushmalariga ega edi. Sonders Lyuis Frantsiya va Rimga qaraganida, o'sha muhim shaxs D. J. Devies Shimoliy mamlakatlarga va Amerikaga qaradi. qurolli kuchlar u zobitlarning sinfiy munosabatiga qarshi norozilik sifatida Birinchi Jahon urushida qatnashgan Britaniya armiyasi. Uning ilhomi hamma narsadan ustun edi Yangi bitim Va yildan-yilga u depressiyadan qutulgan Uelsni qayta tiklash uchun taklif qilgan model bu ish edi Tennessi vodiysi boshqarmasi.^[26]

Bu Devis tomonidan qabul qilingan uelslik millatchilik idealidir Plaid Cymru Ikkinchi jahon urushidan keyin, deb yozgan doktor Devis. Ammo bu Lyuisning "yorqinligi va xarizmatik jozibasi" bilan chambarchas bog'liq edi Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru 1930-yillarda.^[22]

Apellyatsiya Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru tarixchi fikriga ko'ra "[Lyuis] va partiyaning boshqa Rim-katolik rahbarlari ko'rsatgan fashistik uslubdagi korporatizm" tomonidan yanada murakkablashishi mumkin edi. Lord Morgan.^[27] Muallif G. A. Uilyams 30-yillar partiyasini "o'ng qanot kuchi" sifatida tavsifladi va "Uning jurnali qarshilik ko'rsatishdan bosh tortdi Gitler yoki Mussolini, antisemitizmni e'tiborsiz qoldirdi yoki unga toqat qildi va aslida qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun chiqdi Franko."^{[27][28][29][30]}

Biroq, 30-yillarning 30-yillari sharoitida Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqa partiyalarning boshqa siyosatchilari fashistlar rahbarlarini tasdiqlashdi. 1933 yilda Uinston Cherchill Mussolini "erkaklar orasida eng buyuk qonun chiqaruvchi",^[31] va keyinchalik 1937 yilgi kitobida yozgan Buyuk zamondoshlar, "Agar bizning mamlakatimiz mag'lubiyatga uchragan bo'lsa, umid qilamanki, biz jasoratimizni tiklash va bizni xalqlar qatoridagi o'z o'rnimizga qaytarish uchun (Gitler kabi) hayratlanarli chempionni topamiz." Xuddi shu asarda Cherchill Gitlerning diktatorlik tendentsiyalariga qaramay, Germaniyani jahon hamjamiyatining munosib a'zosi qilib tiklash uchun o'z kuchidan foydalanishiga umid bildirdi. Va 1936 yil avgustda, Liberal partiya a'zo Devid Lloyd Jorj Gitler bilan uchrashgan Berxtesgaden va Gitlerning shaxsan o'zi uchun ham, Germaniyaning jamoat ishlari sxemalari uchun ham iliq g'ayratni bildirgan holda nemis diktatori uchun juda yoqimli bo'lgan ba'zi bir jamoat sharhlarini taklif qildi (qaytib kelganida, u Gitler haqida yozgan Daily Express "eng buyuk tirik nemis", "Germaniyaning Jorj Vashingtoni").

To'shak ostidagi bardalar 1939–1945

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Buyuk Britaniya hukumati "haddan tashqari uelslik millatchilik harakatining o'sishiga yordam beradigan harakatlardan qochish" ni oqilona deb bildi.^[32] Klement Attlei, Buyuk Britaniya Dominion masalalari bo'yicha davlat kotibi 1942–43 yillarda uelslik millatchilarga nisbatan tashvish bildirishdi, u Welsh Leyboristlar parlamenti deputatlari u bilan mojaro paytida uelslik muammolarni e'tiborsiz qoldirish haqida uchrashdilar.

Attle uelslik millatchilarni "yaramaslar [kimlar] qarshi bo'lishga moyil" deb ta'rifladilar urush harakati ".^[32] Buyuk Britaniyaning armiya bo'linmalaridagi uelslik millatchilik xayrixohligini yo'q qilish Mehnat vazirligi va milliy xizmat uels tilida so'zlashadigan erkaklar asosan joylashtirilganligi haqida xabar berishdi Welsh tilida so'zlashadigan birliklar urushga qarshi xushyoqishlar haqida xabar berish.^[32]

O'sishga qarshi kurashish uchun qo'shimcha rejalar ishlab chiqildi Plaid Cymru ta'sir va "a'zosini" o'z ichiga oladi Buyuk Britaniyaning Qirollik oilasi konstitutsiyaviy ekspertning so'zlariga ko'ra "ishlarni yumshatish" uchun Edvard Ivi.^[19] Hisobotda u bergan Uy kotibi Herbert Morrison, Iwi keyinchalik qilishni taklif qildi Malika Yelizaveta Konstable ning Caernarfon qal'asi (Devid Lloyd Jorj tomonidan 1945 yil yanvar oyida vafotigacha bo'lgan lavozim) va homiysi Urdd Gobayt Cymru va u uchun Uelsni aylanib chiqishi Urdd homiysi.^[19]

Malika Caernarfon qal'asining konstebli etib tayinlanishini ichki ishlar vaziri rad etdi, chunki u shimoliy va janubiy Uels o'rtasida ziddiyat keltirib chiqarishi mumkin va Qirol Jorj VI o'spirin malika Uelsga ortiqcha bosim o'tkazmaslik uchun sayohat qilishiga ruxsat bermadi;^[19] malika homiysi qilish rejasi Urdd Gobayt Cymru tushib ketgan, malika bilan bog'lanish yaroqsiz deb hisoblangan ATS, etakchi a'zolari ikkitasi bo'lgan tashkilotga vijdonan voz kechganlar.^[19]

Shunday qilib. Uels chegarachilari Qopqoq nishoni. Plaid a'zolari urush paytida qurolli kuchlarda xizmat qilishdi

To'shak ostidagi bardalar urush yillarida uelslik millatchilar va millatchilikni nazarda tutgan Buyuk Britaniya rasmiylari tomonidan kiritilgan ushbu atama.^[32]

Agar uels millatchiligining asosan pasifistik urf-odatlarini e'tiborsiz qoldiradigan bo'lsak, uels tilidagi matbuotdagi ba'zi maqolalar Atlining uelslik millatchilar qo'zg'olonga rahbarlik qilishidan foydalanilishidan qo'rqishlariga ishonch hosil qilishi mumkin.^[33] Biroq, bu xarakteristikada uelslik millatchilik tuyg'ulari noto'g'ri talqin qilingan, chunki "[uelslik millatchilar] shoshilinch mag'lubiyatdan ko'ra ko'proq g'alaba keltirdilar".^[33]

Ambrose Bebb, partiyaning asoschi a'zosi, urushni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi partiyaning eng ashaddiy a'zolaridan biri edi. Bebb ko'rib chiqildi Natsistlar Germaniyasi urushda to'liq mag'lubiyat juda muhim.^[34] Bundan tashqari, ko'plab a'zolar Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru Buyuk Britaniya qurolli kuchlarida xizmat qilgan.^[34] Lyuis o'z yozuvlari orqali o'zining ustunlari orqali qat'iy betaraflikni saqlab qoldi Cwrs y Byd yilda Y Faner. Bu uning urush sabablari va hodisalarini xolis talqin qilishga urinishi edi.^[34]

Uels gvardiyasi (Gvarchodlu Cymreig) yaqinida Cagny, Frantsiya, 1944 yil 19-iyul.
Plaid Cymru a'zolari urush paytida qurolli kuchlarda xizmat qilishgan

Partiyaning urushdagi dastlabki pozitsiyasidan qat'i nazar, partiya a'zolari o'zlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash darajasini tanlashda erkin edilar urush harakati. Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru partiya rahbarlari Birinchi Jahon urushining davomi deb hisoblagan Ikkinchi Jahon urushiga aloqadorligi to'g'risida rasmiy ravishda betaraf edi. Neytrallik siyosati markazida Uels millat sifatida urushga bo'lgan munosabati to'g'risida mustaqil ravishda qaror qabul qilish huquqiga ega edi,^[35] va boshqa millatning uelsliklarni o'z qurolli kuchlarida xizmat qilishga majburlash huquqini rad etish.^[35] Ushbu qiyin va inqilobiy siyosat bilan Lyuis uelsliklarning katta qismi safga qo'shilishdan bosh tortishiga umid qilar edi Britaniya armiyasi.^[34]

Xizmat qilgan Lyuis Janubiy Uels chegarachilari Birinchi jahon urushi paytida harbiylarga qarshi bo'lmagan. Aksincha, Lyuis va partiyaning boshqa a'zolari uelsliklarga sodiqlikni kuchaytirishga harakat qilishdi millat "inglizlarga sodiqligidan Shtat ".^[35] Lyuis: "Uels millati mavjudligining yagona dalili shundaki, u mavjud bo'lgan kabi harakat qiladiganlar bor".^[34]

Biroq, da'vo qilgan partiyaning aksariyat a'zolari vijdonan voz kechish mavqei siyosiy e'tiqodga emas, balki ularning axloqiy va diniy e'tiqodlari kontekstida amalga oshirildi.^[34] Ulardan deyarli barchasi harbiy xizmatdan ozod qilingan. 24 ga yaqin partiya a'zolari siyosatni ozod qilish uchun yagona asosga aylantirdilar, ulardan o'n ikkitasi qamoq jazosiga mahkum etildi (vijdonan da'volari rad etilgandan so'ng, chaqiruv uchun dastlabki tayyorgarlik sifatida tibbiy ko'rikdan bosh tortgani uchun).^[34] Lyuis uchun e'tiroz bildirganlar Uelsning assimilyatsiya qilinishiga "hatto eng og'ir bosim ostida ham qarshilik ko'rsatilayotganini" isbotladilar.^[34]

Uels universiteti qo'shimcha saylov, 1943 yil

1950 yilgacha universitetlar Buyuk Britaniya parlamentiga o'z vakillarini sayladilar. 1943 yilda Lyuis bahslashdi Uels universiteti qo'shimcha saylovda deputatlik o'rni, uning raqibi sobiq Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru vitse-prezident o'rinbosari doktor Uilyam Jon Gruffydd. Gruffydd 1933 yildan beri Lyuisning g'oyalariga shubha bilan qaragan,^[36] va 1943 yilga kelib u qo'shildi Liberal partiya. "Yorqin, ammo yo'ldan ozgan" Gruffydd uels tilida so'zlashadigan ziyolilarning sevimlisi edi va 52,3 foiz, Lyuisning 22 foiziga yoki 1330 ovozga ega bo'ldi.^[36]

Saylovlar uels tilida so'zlashadigan ziyolilarni amalda ikkiga bo'lib yubordi va Lyuisni siyosat bilan alamzada qildi.^[37] Biroq, tajriba bebaho bo'lib chiqdi Plaid Cymru, ular o'zlariga murojaat qilishni boshlaganlaridek, "ular birinchi marta siyosiy kuch sifatida jiddiy qabul qilindi".^[37]Saylovoldi tashviqoti to'g'ridan-to'g'ri partiya a'zolarining "sezilarli o'sishiga" olib keldi.^[37]

Evanslar merosi 1945–1981 yillar

Plaid Cymru mitingi Machynlleth 1949 yilda qaerda 5 yildan keyin Uels uchun parlament aksiya boshlandi

Lyuis to'g'ridan-to'g'ri siyosiy aralashuvdan chekinishi bilan va partiyaning a'zolari mo''tadil ravishda ko'payishi bilan Dr. Gvinfor Evans 1945 yilda partiya prezidenti etib saylangan. Evans, yilda tug'ilgan Barri yilda Glamorgan lekin umrining ko'p qismini shu erda o'tkazmoqda Llangadog yilda Karmartenshir, faqat kattalarday uelscha gapirishni o'rgangan. Evans ta'lim olgan Uels universiteti, Aberistvit va Sent-Jon kolleji, Oksford, u erda uning filialini tashkil etgan Plaid Cymru u talaba bo'lganida.^[38] Dindor nasroniy sifatida pasifist, Evans Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida vijdonan rad etganligi sababli harbiy xizmatga chaqirilishdan so'zsiz ozod qilindi.

Partiya yanada yuqori darajadagi saylovlarda ko'proq nomzodlarni ko'rsatdi; va 1945 yildagi qo'shimcha saylovlarda partiya Kernarfonda 25 foiz va Nitda 16 foiz ovoz oldi.^[37] 1945 yilga kelib Plaid Cymru Doktor Devis yozganidek, "1939 yilgi holati yaxshiroq bo'lgan".^[7]

Uels millatchiligiga javob berish va shunga o'xshash Leyborist siyosatchilarning qarshiliklariga qaramay Aneurin Bevan, Morgan Fillips va Attlee Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tashkil etishni oqilona deb bildi Uels kengashi 1948 yilda 27 kishidan iborat saylanmagan yig'ilish bo'lib, u Uelsni qiziqtirgan masalalar bo'yicha Buyuk Britaniya hukumatiga maslahat beradi.^[39] Uels kengashi hech qanday hokimiyatni o'z-o'zidan o'tkazmadi, bu ko'plab maslahatchilarning hafsalasini pir qildi.^[40]

Urushdan keyin Plaid Cymru Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining tinchlik davrida harbiy xizmatni davom ettirishga qarshi chiqdi va unga qarshi norozilik bildirdi Urush idorasi Uels erlaridan o'quv mashqlari uchun foydalanish: birinchi navbatda Preseli tepaliklari 1946 yilda, keyin Tregaron 1947 yilda va keyin Trawsfynydd 1951 yilda.

1950-yillar davomida Evans Uels uchun parlament tuzish uchun Vestminsterdagi boshqa siyosiy partiyalarga murojaat qildi.^[38] Uels assambleyasini tashkil etolmagan bo'lsada, hokimiyatni almashtirish harakati bo'lgan. Bilan Plaid Cymru sanoatning janubi-sharqiy okruglarida o'z ta'sirini yanada kengaytirib, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati devoletsiya yo'lidagi kichik imtiyozlarga berildi.^[41] Avval ular a Uels ishlari vaziri 1951 yilda, keyin a Uels statistikasi 1954 yilda va 1955 yilda nashr etila boshlandi Kardiff (Kerdidd) Uels poytaxti deb tan olindi.

Evansning tashabbusi bilan kollej darajasida uels-o'rta ma'lumot etishmasligiga javoban, Uels universiteti 1950 yilda uels-o'rta kollejini yaratish bo'yicha qo'mita tuzdi.^[42] 1955 yilga kelib universitet uels tilidagi o'rta o'quv dasturini kengaytirganligini va uels tilidagi darslarga bo'lgan talab bilan bog'liq ravishda kengayib borishini e'lon qildi.^[43] Qo'shimcha ravishda, Plaid Cymru bir martalik kabi boshqa partiyalar a'zolarini jalb qilar edi Plaid Cymru tanqidchi Xuv T. Edvards, Uels Kengashidan iste'foga chiqqan va 1958 yilda "Whitehallism" deb ta'riflaganligi sababli Leyboristlarni tark etgan.

Uels konstitutsiyaviy monarxiyasi

Shuningdek qarang Uelslik tengdoshlar va baronetlar.

Gvinedd qirollik uyining qurollari an'anaviy ravishda birinchi bo'lib Llywelynning otasi Iorverth Drwyndwn tomonidan ishlatilgan.^[44]

1949 yildagi partiya konferentsiyasida ellik a'zosi chiqib ketdi Plaid Cymru Evansning a-ni qat'iy rioya qilishi ustidan pasifistik siyosiy ta'limot va partiyaning uels tiliga doimiy e'tibor qaratganligi sababli, shuningdek, partiya a ni qabul qilishni qat'iyan rad etganligi sababli respublika manifest.^[45]

Norozi bo'lganlar Uels respublikachilar harakati bu esa radikal g'oyalar uchun uy yaratdi Plaid Cymru siyosiy partiya sifatida etuk, deb yozgan tarixchi Jon Devies.^[45]

Keyingi o'n yillikni buzib, uning ba'zi jihatlari keyinchalik o'zlashtirildi Plaid CymruMasalan, ingliz tilidan foydalanish va ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi uelslik jamoalarda qatnashish, doktor D. J. Devisning chaqiriqlariga o'xshash. Bu "partiyaning saylovchilar uchun maqbulligini oshirishning kaliti" edi, deb yozdi Devies.^[45]

The Xayt Nayt tepasida Talayt ning Buyuk Llivelin.

Etakchi Plaid Cymru a'zolari mustaqil Uelsga uelslik xizmat ko'rsatishi yaxshiroq bo'lishini qo'llab-quvvatladilar konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya Uels xalqining mehr-muhabbati va sadoqatini keltirib chiqaradigan va uelsni qonuniylashtiradigan narsa suverenitet.^[46] Irsiy konstitutsiyaviy monarx, ular ta'kidlashlaricha, Uels milliy identifikatsiyasini partiya siyosatidan ustun qo'yadi va shaxsga aylantiradi, siyosiy partiyalar esa parlament tizimi shunga o'xshash Daniya, Norvegiya, Gollandiya va Ispaniya.^[46]

Iqtisodchi D. J. Devies, dastlab respublikachi bo'lgan Y Faner 1953 yilda va keyinchalik ingliz tilida 1958 yilda nashr etilgan Uels erkinligi sari, unda u a ko'tarilishini yoqlagan Uelslik janoblar oilasi sifatida Qirollik oilasi Uels.^[5][47] Ko'rib chiqish mezonlari orasida, Deyvisning ta'kidlashicha, oila o'z hissasini qo'shish tarixiga ega bo'lishi kerak edi Uels hayoti va Uelsda istiqomat qilishadi.^[5][46]

Devies 1953 yilda Karmartendagi Dinefwrning Rhys / Rays oilasi haqida yozgan bo'lib, ularning tiklangan Uels qirolligiga ko'tarilishini taklif qildi.^[47] Muallif Sion T. Jobbins mustaqil Uels uchun Vindzorlar sulolasining a'zosini saylashni taklif qildi.^[5]

Kapel Selinning toshqini

Tryweryn yodgorlik cherkovi Llyn Celyn

Shuningdek qarang Kapel Selin, Llyn Celyn.

1956 yilda a xususiy hisob-kitob homiysi Liverpul shahar kengashi Buyuk Britaniyaga olib kelingan parlament suv omborini rivojlantirish Tryveryn vodiysi, yilda Meirionnydd Gvineddda. Rivojlanish suv toshqinini o'z ichiga oladi Kapel Selin (Xolli Chapel), tarixiy ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan uels tilida so'zlashadigan jamoa. Umumjahon va ikki tomonlama uelslik siyosatchilarning e'tirozlari (uelslik o'ttiz oltitadan o'ttiz beshtasi Deputatlar qonun loyihasiga qarshi chiqdi va bittasi betaraf qoldi) qonun loyihasi 1957 yilda qabul qilindi.

Evans norozilik namoyishi uchun Liverpool Town Hall-da 65 yoshli Tudor Jons va Kapel Selin fermeri Devid Robertsga qo'shildi va ularni politsiya majburan chiqarib yuborishga majbur bo'ldi.^[48]

Suv omborining qurilishi qo'llab-quvvatlanishning ko'payishiga yordam berdi Plaid Cymru 1950 yillarning oxirlarida.^[48] Deyarli bir ovozdan uelslik siyosiy muxolifat ushbu sxemani tasdiqlashni to'xtata olmadi, bu haqiqatni ta'kidlab o'tganday tuyuldi Plaid Cymru's Uels milliy hamjamiyati kuchsiz edi, degan dalil.^[49] Keyingi paytda Umumiy saylovlar partiyaning qo'llab-quvvatlashi 3,1 foizdan 5,2 foizgacha o'sdi.

Ehtimol, katta ahamiyatga ega bo'lgan narsa, epizodning uelsliklarga berilishiga turtki bo'lgan. Uels Kengashi a yaratishni tavsiya qildi Uels idorasi (Swyddfa Gymreig) va a Uels bo'yicha davlat kotibi 1957 yil boshida, Uelsni milliy darajada boshqarish ko'pchilikning nazarida shunchalik kamlik qilgan vaqt.^[50]

Kapel Selinning toshqini ham ichidagi munozaralarni keskinlashtirdi Plaid Cymru foydalanish haqida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakat. Partiya rivojlanishni to'xtatish bo'yicha konstitutsiyaviy yondashuvini ta'kidlagan bo'lsa-da, 1962 yilda Tryveryn to'g'oni joylashgan joyda elektr ta'minotini buzishga uringan (o'z xohishiga ko'ra) ikki partiya a'zosining harakatlariga hamdardlik bildirdi.^[50]

1965 yil oktyabrda Llyn Celyn suv ombori katta hajmda ochildi Plaid Cymru uyushtirilgan namoyish. Ochilish marosimlarida "" Hands Off Wales "yozuvli plakatlar namoyish etildi va tosh parchalari Liverpulning Lord-meri va bosh Konstablga tashlandi."^[48]

2005 yilda Liverpul shahar kengashi toshqin uchun rasmiy ravishda kechirim so'ragan.^[48]

Iaith Tynged yr va 1961 yildagi aholini ro'yxatga olish

Shuningdek qarang Tynged yr iaith.

1962 yilda Sonders Lyuis radio orqali nutq so'zladi Tynged yr iaith (Til taqdiri) unda u Welsh tilining yo'q bo'lib ketishini bashorat qilgan bo'lsa, agar chora ko'rilmasa. Lyuisning maqsadi motivatsiya qilish edi Plaid Cymru tilni targ'ib qiluvchi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri harakatlarga; ammo bu shakllanishiga olib keldi Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg ("Welsh Language Society") o'sha yilning oxirida a Plaid Cymru yozgi maktab Pontardave yilda Glamorgan.^[51] Poydevori Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg ruxsat berilgan Plaid Cymru saylov siyosatiga e'tibor qaratish uchun Cymdeithas tilni targ'ib qilishga qaratilgan.

Lyuis 1961 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishga javoban radio nutqini o'tkazdi, u erda uelslik ma'ruzachilar soni 1931 yildagi 36 foizdan taxminan 2,5 million aholidan 26 foizgacha kamaygan.^[52] Aholini ro'yxatga olishda; Merionnydd, Ynys Môn, Karmarten va Kernarfonshir uelslik ma'ruzachilarning o'rtacha 75% kontsentratsiyasini qayd etishdi, bu esa tumanlarda sezilarli pasayish bo'ldi. Glamorgan, Flint va Pembrok.^[21][52]

1964 yilda Welshni bekor qilish haqidagi chaqiriqlarga javoban Mehnat hukumati tanlanmaganlarni belgilaydigan ushbu takliflarni amalga oshirdi Uels idorasi (Uelscha: Swyddfa Gymreig) va a Uels bo'yicha davlat kotibi.

Evansning saylovi 1966 yil

Agar Plaid Cymru dan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan edi Buyuk Britaniyada umumiy saylov, 1966 yil, keyin Karmartenga qo'shimcha saylov 1966 yil 14-iyuldagi bayram uchun sabab bo'ldi. Tanlov birinchi bo'lib Gvinfor Evansning saylanishiga olib kelgani bilan ahamiyatli edi Plaid Cymru M.P. Tanlovga o'lim sabab bo'lgan Leydi Megan Lloyd Jorj, Mehnat (va avvalgi) Liberal ) Deputat va qizi Dovud, 1-chi Dvayforlik Earl Lloyd Jorj.

Shundan so'ng yana ikkita qo'shimcha saylovlar bo'lib o'tdi Rhondda G'arbiy 1967 yilda va Kerfilli 1968 yilda partiya 30% va 40% ga teng bo'lgan katta tebranishlarga erishdi va g'alaba mo'yloviga kirib keldi, chunki ikkalasi ham Karmartendagi g'olib bo'lganidan keyin ovozlarning katta qismini qo'lga kiritdi.

Natijalarga qisman leyboristlarga qarshi reaktsiya sabab bo'lgan. Biroq, ayniqsa, Karmartenda, Plaid Cymru Leyboristlarning siyosatini kichik Uels jamoalarining hayotiga tahdid sifatida muvaffaqiyatli tasvirlab berdi.^[53] Ko'mir qazib oladigan jamoalarda kutishlar Uilson hukumat ularning sanoatidagi uzoq muddatli pasayishni to'xtatishi mumkin edi, ko'mir qazib olish hisob-kitoblarining pastga qarab qayta ko'rib chiqilishi bilan bekor qilindi.^[54]

Uels tili to'g'risidagi qonun 1967 yil

Bilan Plaid Cymru's Saylovdagi yutuqlar, hokimiyatni bekor qilish masalasi milliy siyosiy kun tartibiga qaytdi, deb yozdi doktor Devis.^[55] A Plaid Cymru Evans va Leyboristlar partiyasi ostida Gvilim Pris Devis (Gvilim Pris Devis 1963 yilda Uels milliy assambleyasini chaqirgan leyboristlar risolasini nashr etgan^[56]) va Jeyms Griffits, "Uelsda saylovchilar oldida ko'proq javob beradigan siyosiy tizim foydasiga" degan dalil ishonchli edi.^[56]

Ammo 1967 yilga kelib Leyboristlar uy-ro'zg'or qoidalarini qo'llab-quvvatlashdan, asosan, Welsh Leyboristlarining boshqa deputatlari "millatchilikka beriladigan imtiyoz sifatida talqin qilinishi mumkin bo'lgan" narsalarga ochiq dushmanligi tufayli chekindi,^[56] va qarama-qarshilik tufayli Shotlandiya bo'yicha davlat kotibi Shotlandiya millatchiligining o'sishiga javob bergan.

1967 yilga kelib Uels tili to'g'risidagi qonun rasmiy ravishda hukumat biznesida uels tilidan foydalanish uchun ba'zi huquqiy himoya berib, qabul qilindi. Qonun asosida tuzilgan Xyuz Parrining hisoboti 1965 yilda nashr etilgan bo'lib, u sudda ham, Uelsdagi davlat boshqaruvida ham Welsh uchun nutqda va yozma hujjatlarda teng kuchga ega bo'lish tarafdori. Biroq, ushbu qonun Xyuz Parrining barcha tavsiyalarini o'z ichiga olmaydi. Qonundan oldin hukumat va sud ishlarida faqat ingliz tilida gaplashish mumkin edi.

'79 Ha kampaniyasi; S4C uchun Hunger Strike

Shuningdek qarang 1979 yil Uelsda hokimiyatni bekor qilish bo'yicha referendum, S4C, Ochlik e'lon qilish

In 1970 yilgi umumiy saylovlar Plaid Cymru birinchi marta Uelsdagi har bir o'ringa qarshi kurash olib bordi va uning ovoz ulushi 1966 yildagi 4,5% dan 11,5% gacha ko'tarildi. Shuningdek, o'sha yili ta'sischi Saunders Lyuis ushbu nomzodga nomzod bo'lgan Nobel mukofoti adabiyot uchun. Evans, ammo Karmartenni Leyboristga yutqazdi, yana uchta ovoz bilan yutqazdi 1974 yil fevral, lekin yana joyni egalladi 1974 yil oktyabr Bu vaqtga kelib, partiya yana ikkita deputatni qo'lga kiritdi Kernarfon va Merionetshir. Uels tilida so'zlashuvchilar sonining kamayganidan qo'rqib ketgan Evans uels tilida telekanal tashkil etish uchun kampaniyani boshladi.^[38]

Da 1979 yilgi umumiy saylovlar partiyaning ovoz ulushi 10,8% dan 8,1% gacha kamaydi va Karmarten yana Leyboristlarga yutqazdi.

Plaid Cymru olib keldi Ha kampaniyasi ba'zi partiyalar a'zolari uy boshqarmasiga nisbatan birmuncha ikkilanib qolishgan bo'lsa-da (to'liq mustaqillikka qarama-qarshi ravishda), hokimiyatni bekor qilish foydasiga.^[57] The referendum bo'lib o'tdi Sent-Dovud kuni (1 mart) 1979 yil, ammo Uels xalqi a tashkil etish takliflariga qarshi ovoz berishdi Uels assambleyasi.

Uels saylovchilarining atigi 12 foizi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylanadigan forumni tashkil etishga ovoz berdi Kardiff Ko'mir birjasi. Assambleya vakolatlari va byudjetiga ega bo'lar edi Uels bo'yicha davlat kotibi. Rejalar 4: 1 (956,330 qarshi, 243,048 qarshi) ko'pchilik ovozi bilan mag'lub bo'ldi. The Uels qonuni barcha saylovchilarning kamida 40 foizi ushbu rejani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi talabni o'z ichiga olgan. Referendum natijalaridan so'ng partiyada ko'pchilik uning yo'nalishini shubha ostiga qo'ydi.^[57]

Keyingi Ha aksiya mag'lubiyatga uchradi va uelslik millatchilikka ishonish "ojizlik falajida" edi, Buyuk Britaniya Konservativ hukumat ichki ishlar vaziri 1979 yil sentyabr oyida hukumat buni amalga oshirishi haqida e'lon qildi emas oldingi may oyida bo'lib o'tgan saylov kampaniyasida uels tilida telekanal tashkil etish to'g'risidagi va'dasini bajarish;^[58] Uelsda keng tarqalgan g'azab va g'azabni juda ko'p narsa, deb yozdi doktor Devies.^[58]

1980 yil boshlarida ikki mingdan ziyod a'zo Plaid Cymru televidenie litsenziyasi uchun to'lovlarni to'lashdan ko'ra qamoqxonaga borishga va'da berdi va shu bahorga kelib Evans niyat qilganligini e'lon qildi o'limga tez agar uels tilidagi kanal tashkil etilmagan bo'lsa. Doktor Devisning so'zlariga ko'ra, 1980 yil sentyabr oyining boshlarida Evans "ehtiroslar ko'tarilgan" yig'ilishda minglab odamlarga murojaat qildi.^[56] Hukumat 17 sentyabrga qadar, Uelsning to'rtinchi kanali (S4C ) 1982 yil 2-noyabrda ishga tushirilgan.

1981-2000 yillarda Uigli va Elis prezidentliklari

Dafydd Uigli,
ikki muddatli prezident

Caernarfon MP, Dafydd Uigli Gvinfor Evansni 1981 yilda prezident sifatida egallab oldi va partiyani meros qilib olib, partiyaning mag'lubiyatidan so'ng ruhiyati eng past darajaga tushdi. Ha kampaniyasi. 1981 yilda partiya "jamoatchilik sotsializmi" ni yoki "markazlashtirilmagan sotsialistik davlat "konstitutsiyaviy maqsadi sifatida. Bu qisman natijasi edi Tetcherizm Uelsdagi ta'siri. Partiya o'zining ustuvor vazifalari va maqsadlarini keng ko'lamda ko'rib chiqishga kirishgan bo'lsa-da, Evans o'zining majburiyatli kampaniyasini davom ettirdi. Konservativ Buyuk Britaniya hukumati S4C tashkil etish to'g'risidagi va'dasini bajarish uchun.^[38]

Uiglining saylanishi kelajakdagi yo'nalishni hal qilishda muhim rol o'ynadi Plaid Cymru. Uigli o'z siyosatini "o'ng qanot" deb ta'riflagan bo'lsa-da, o'sha paytda u mo''tadil, pragmatik edi ijtimoiy demokratiya raqib nomzoddan keskin farqli o'laroq, siyosat Dafydd Elis Tomas 'o'ta chap sotsializm. Uiglining g'alabasi ham ma'lum darajada a piretik g'alaba - u prezidentlik lavozimini qo'lga kiritdi, ammo Tomas 80-yillar davomida partiya mafkurasiga katta ta'sir o'tkazar edi.

1984 yilda Uigli farzandlarining sog'lig'i sababli prezidentlikdan iste'foga chiqdi. 1984 yilgi partiya rahbariyatidagi saylovlarda Dafydd Elis-Tomas mag'lubiyatga uchrab, Prezident etib saylandi Dafydd Ivan, partiyaning siyosiy chap tomonga siljishini ko'rgan harakat. Uigli 1991 yilda Elis-Tomas iste'foga chiqqanidan keyin ishiga qaytgan.

Ieuan Veyn Jons qo'lga olindi Ynys Mon yilda konservatorlardan 1987.

1991 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish natijalariga ko'ra, uelslik ma'ruzachilar sonining pasayishi hibsga olingan va uelsliklarning 2,8 milliondan ortig'i 1981 yilda 18,7% darajasida saqlanib qolgan. Gvinedd uelslik ma'ruzachilarning eng yuqori kontsentratsiyasini 61 foiz bilan saqlab qoldi, undan keyin o'rtacha yigirma foizli foizda Pauis, Klvayd va Dyfed.^[59]

Uels uchun "Ha" aksiyasi

Keyin 1997 yilgi umumiy saylov, yangi Mehnat hukumati Assambleya demokratik javobgarlikka ega bo'lishini ta'kidladi Uels idorasi, chaqiriqlarni aks ettiruvchi o'zini o'zi boshqarish 1918 yildan beri.

1997 yildan oldin o'n bir yil davomida Uels vakili sifatida qatnashgan Buyuk Britaniya Vazirlar Mahkamasi tomonidan a Davlat kotibi kim Uels saylov okrugi vakili bo'lmagan Vestminster.^[60] Plaid Cymru ikki partizanga qo'shildi Ha, Uels uchun kampaniyasi, Leyboristlar va Liberal Demokrat partiyalari bilan bir qatorda.

Uels assambleyasi kampaniyasi davomida, Diana, Uels malikasi Frantsiyada avtohalokatda halok bo'lgan. Kampaniya vaqtincha to'xtatilgan va Uels malikasining o'limi saylovga qanday ta'sir ko'rsatishi qiziqtirgan.^[61] Sharhlovchilar malika o'limi va Buyuk Britaniyaning Qirollik oilasiga e'tiborini qarama-qarshiliklar bilan bog'liq munozaralarga qanday ta'sir qilishi haqida o'ylashdi.^[61]

1997 yil 18 sentyabrda ikkinchi referendum bo'lib o'tdi, unda saylovchilar Uels uchun Milliy Assambleyani tashkil etishni atigi 6712 ovoz bilan ma'qulladilar.^[62]

Keyingi yil Uels hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun tashkil etib, Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti tomonidan qabul qilindi Uels milliy assambleyasi (Uelscha: Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru).

Birinchi Uels Assambleyasi, 1999–2003

Lord Elis-Tomas
Uch muddatli raislik qiluvchi ning Uels assambleyasi

In 1999 yilgi saylov Plaid Cymru kabi an'anaviy ravishda mehnat sohalarida joy egalladi Rhonda, Islvin va Llanelli va Uels bo'ylab o'tkaziladigan har qanday saylovda eng yuqori ovoz ulushiga erishish. Ieuan Veyn Jons davomida kampaniya direktori bo'lgan Plaid Cymru's 1999 yilda Uels assambleyasiga birinchi saylovlar.^[63] Esa Plaid Cymru o'zlarini devaltsiyaning tabiiy foydasi sifatida namoyon etishdi, boshqalari ularning ishlashini ko'p jihatdan nomzodi ko'rsatilgan Leyboristlar partiyasining iztiroblari bilan izohlashdi. Majlisning birinchi kotibi, Ron Devies, da'vo qilingan joyda turishga majbur bo'ldi jinsiy mojaro. Keyingi etakchilik jangi Leyborga zarar etkazdi va shu bilan yordam berdi Plaid Cymru uning lideri, aksincha, eng mashhur va yuqori darajadagi profil edi Dafydd Uigli. The UK Labor milliy rahbariyat tanlovga aralashishi va ommabopni inkor etishi aniqlandi Rodri Morgan g'alaba. Ikki oydan kam vaqt o'tgach, Leyboristlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashning yanada pasayishi bilan, Plaid Cymru 2.5 ga kirdi foiz punktlari Uelsda eng katta ovoz ulushiga ega bo'lish. Under the new system of elections, the party also gained two MEPs.

Lord Elis-Thomas was elected Uels milliy assambleyasining raisi.

Jones' presidency; 2000–2003

Da nutqida 2000 yil Milliy Eisteddfod da Llanelli, Cynog Dafis (talaffuz qilinadi) Devis), Plaid Cymru AM uchun O'rta va G'arbiy Uels, called for a new Welsh-language movement with greater powers to lobby for the Welsh language at the Assembly, UK, and EU levels.^[64] Dafis felt the needs of the language were ignored during the first year of the Assembly, and that in order to ensure a dynamic growth of the Welsh language a properly resourced strategy was needed^[64] In his speech Dafis encouraged other Welsh-language advocacy groups to work closer together creating a more favorable climate in which using Welsh was "attractive, exciting, a source of pride and a sign of strength".^[64] Bundan tashqari, Dafis kabi sohalarda sa'y-harakatlarga e'tibor qaratdi Kataloniya va Bask mamlakati taqlid qilish uchun muvaffaqiyatli misollar sifatida.^[64]

Lord Elis-Thomas disagreed with Dafis assessment, however. Da Urdd Eisteddfod Lord Elis-Thomas said that there was no need for another Welsh language act, citing that there was "enough goodwill to safeguard the language's future".^[65] His controversial comments prompted Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg to join a chorus calling for his resignation as the Assembly's presiding officer.^[65]

Lord Elis-Thomas was also under fire from Welsh Labour's Alun Maykl for his endorsement of Ieuan Wyn Jones as Plaid Cymru's president, however Elis-Thomas said he volunteered his preference as a matter of public interest and as a party member, not in his position as Assembly presiding officer.^[65]

Dafydd Wigley resigned late 2000, citing health problems but amid rumours of a plot against him.^[66][67][68] Ieuan Wyn Jones was elected President of Plaid Cymru with 77% of the vote over Xelen Meri Jons and Jill Evans^[69] bir necha oydan keyin. Jones reshuffled the party leadership with Jocelyn Devies as Business Manager;Elin Jons as Chief Whip and Agriculture & Rural Development Officer; Fil Uilyams as Economic Development; va Xelen Meri Jons as Environment, Transport and Planning, plus Equal Opportunities.^[70]

The party's move toward the political centre during this period may have been made easier by the formation of Welsh-language pressure group Cymuned (Hamjamiyat) va Cymru Annibynnol (The Independent Wales party), which provided another home for "radicals".^[71]

Plaid Cymru va Shotlandiya milliy partiyasi, having cooperated since the 1980s, formalised their relationship by establishing the Keltlar ittifoqi voting block in 2001.^[72] The Celtic Alliance created the third largest oppositional voting block in the UK parliament.

Llandudno Party Conference

Da Llandudno Plaid Cymru party conference of 2002, Jones called for greater Assembly authority "[on parity] with Scotland's parliament", and "opposed any military conflict in Iraq, saying it would destabilise the Middle East".^[73] Jones also criticised health and public services policies and would end the "endless revamping of structures and administration".^[73]

Language and Housing Controversy

Shuningdek qarang Shahar atrofi, gentrifikatsiya

2001 yil qish o'rtalarida tortishuvlar paydo bo'lgan Seymon Glin, Gwynedd County Council's housing committee chairman and Plaid Cymru member, voiced frustration over "English immigrants" moving into traditionally Welsh-speaking communities.^[74] Glin raketa uylari narxlarining mahalliy aholi to'lashi mumkin bo'lgan narxdan ustunligini ta'kidlagan hisobotga izoh berar ekan, natijada "... Uelsning an'anaviy jamoalari yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin ..." deya ogohlantirdi.^[75]

Much of the rural Welsh real-estate market was driven by a cycle of growing yotoqxonalar shaharchalari, which was exacerbated by ikkinchi uy buyers and growing pensiya jamoalari. Uelsdagi uylar narxi Angliyadagi uylar narxiga nisbatan nisbatan arzonligi sababli ko'plab xaridorlar Angliyadan Uelsga jalb qilingan.^[76][77] The rise in home prices outpaced the average earnings income in Wales, and meant that many local people could not afford to purchase their first home or compete against commuter or second-home buyers.^[77]

2001 yilda Gvineddagi barcha mulklarning qariyb uchdan bir qismini okrugdan xaridorlar sotib olishgan va ba'zi jamoalar hisobot berishicha mahalliy uylarning uchdan bir qismi dam olish uylari sifatida foydalanilgan.^[78][79] Dam olish uylari egalari yilning olti oyidan kamrog'ini mahalliy jamoalarda o'tkazadilar. Additional concern was expressed by Cymuned, which included disillusioned Plaid Cymru members, when it was pointed out that real-estate in Shimoliy Uels was specifically marketed to affluent buyers in England rather than marketed to locals. These growing dormitory towns along the Shimoliy Uels tezyurar yo'li serve more as commuter communities for Chester and other cross-border cities, effectively driving-out Welsh-speaking communities, activists pointed out.^[80][81]

In housing markets where commuters are wealthier and small town housing markets weaker than city housing markets or suburbs, the development of a bedroom community may raise local housing prices and attract upscale service businesses in a process called gentrifikatsiya. Long-time residents may be displaced by new commuter residents due to rising house prices. This can also be influenced by zoning restrictions in urbanised areas that prevent the construction of suitably cheap housing closer to places of employment.

The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language further complicated the issue, as many new residents did not learn the Welsh language.^{[78][82][83][84]}

Ushbu bosimlar ostida uels tiliga bo'lgan xavotir Glinni: "Agar siz chet el tilida so'zlashadigan jamoada yashovchilarning 50 foizidan ko'prog'ini tashkil qilsangiz, siz darhol mahalliy tilingizni yo'qotasiz", deb aytishga undadi.^[85]

Plaid Cymru had long advocated controls on second homes, and a 2001 taskforce headed by Dafydd Wigley recommended land should be allocated for affordable local housing, and called for grants for locals to buy houses, and recommended council tax on holiday homes should double, following similar measures in the Shotland tog'lari.^[79][82][85]

Ammo Uels mehnat -Liberal-demokrat Majlis koalitsiyasi Assambleyaning uy-joy vakili bilan ushbu takliflarni rad etdi Piter Blek "biz rejalashtirish qonunlarimizni uels tili atrofida tuzolmaymiz" deb ta'kidlab, "shuningdek, ikkinchi uy egalariga nisbatan ular taklif qilgan tarzda jazo choralarini ko'rishimiz mumkin emas, chunki bu mahalliy uylarning qiymatiga ta'sir qiladi. odamlar ".^[85]

In contrast, by fall 2001 the Exmoor milliy bog'i authority in England began limiting home ownership there which was also driving up local housing prices by as much as 31%.^[83] Elfin Lyudov, Plaid Cymru's parliamentary group leader, said that the issues in Exmoor National Park were the same as in Wales, however in Wales there is the added dimension of language and culture.^[83]

Yilning boshida kelib chiqqan bahsli Glinning mulohazalari haqida o'ylar ekan, Llvayd "Qizig'i shundaki, Exmoor uchun o'z jamoasini himoya qilish yaxshi, lekin Uelsda bu so'zlarni aytmoqchi bo'lganingizda buni irqchi deb atashadi ..."^[83]

Lvayd boshqa tomonlarni Exmoor tajribasini Uelsga etkazish uchun bahsga qo'shilishga chaqirdi: "... Men, albatta, ulardan so'rayman va men ulardan iltimos qilaman, stol atrofida aylanib, Exmoor taklifi haqida gaplashib, agar iloji bo'lsa, ko'raylik. endi uni Uelsga olib keling ".^[83]

2002 yil bahoriga kelib ikkalasi ham Snowdonia milliy bog'i (Uelscha: Parc Cenedlaethol Eryri) va Pembrokeshire Coast milliy bog'i (Uelscha: Parc Cenedlaethol Arfordir Penfro) hukumat Exmoor tomonidan o'rnak olgan holda, bog'lar ichidagi ikkinchi uyga egalik qilishni cheklashni boshladilar.^[86] Snoudoniya va Pembrokodagi rejalashtiruvchilarning fikriga ko'ra, yangi uylarga da'vogarlar mahalliy ehtiyojni isbotlashlari kerak yoki ariza beruvchi ushbu hudud bilan mustahkam aloqada bo'lgan.

In 2001 General Election, Plaid Cymru lost Jones' old seat of Yins Mons mehnatga Albert Ouen. An internal report commissioned by Plaid Cymru following the 2001 General Election attributed the loss of significant votes directly to Glyn's controversial comments.^[75] Bunga qaramasdan, Plaid Cymru recorded their highest ever vote share in a General Election of 14.3%, gaining Karmarten Sharq va Dinefwr va saylash Adam Prays.

2001 Census and tickbox controversy

Shuningdek qarang Uels demografiyasi, Uels xalqi

Percentage of Welsh speakers by asosiy maydon

According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in 100 years, with 20.5% in a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh, or one in five.^[87] Additionally, 28% of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh.^[87] The census revealed that the increase was most significant in urban areas; such as Cardiff (Kerdidd) with an increase from 6.6% in 1991 to 10.9% in 2001, and Rhonda Sinon Taff 1991 yilda 9% dan 2001 yilda 12,3% gacha o'sishi bilan.^[87] However, the percentage of Welsh speakers declined in Gvinedd 1991 yildagi 72,1% dan 68,7% gacha va Ceredigion 1991 yildagi 59,1% dan 51,8% gacha.^[87] Ceredigion in particular experienced the greatest fluctuation with a 19.5% influx of new residents since 1991, partially attributable to the inclusion of transient college students at local universities.^[87]

The census also revealed that one-third of the population of Wales described themselves as of Britaniya millati, with respondents having to write in whether or not they were Welsh.^[87] Controversy surrounding the method of determining nationality began as early as 2000, when it was revealed that respondents in Scotland and Northern Ireland would be able to tick a box describing themselves as Scottish or Irish, an option not available for Welsh respondents.^[88][89]

Prior to the Census, Plaid Cymru backed a petition calling for the inclusion of a Welsh tickbox and for the National Assembly to have primary law-making powers and its own Milliy statistika boshqarmasi.^[88]

With an absence of a Welsh tickbox, the only other tickbox available was 'white-British,' 'Irish', or 'other'.^[87][88] Critics expected a higher proportion of respondents describing themselves as of Welsh nationality had a Welsh tickbox been available. Additional criticism targeted the timing of the census, which was taken in the middle of the Foot and Mouth crisis of 2001, a fact organisers said did not impact the results.^[87] However, the Foot and Mouth crisis did delay Buyuk Britaniyadagi umumiy saylovlar, the first time since the Second World War any event postponed an election.

The Mittal Affair

Controversy ensued in 2002 as Adam Price exposed the link between UK prime minister Toni Bler and steel magnate Lakshmi Mittal ichida Mittal Affair, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan 'Garbagegate "yoki Ta'sir uchun naqd pul.^[90][91][92] Mittal's LNM steel company, registered in the Gollandiyalik Antil orollari and maintaining less than 1% of its 100,000 plus workforce in the UK, sought Blair's aid in its bid to purchase Ruminiya 's state steel industry.^[92] The letter from Blair to the Romanian government, a copy of which Price was able to obtain, hinted that the privatisation of the firm and sale to Mittal might help smooth the way for Romania's entry into the European Union.^[90]

The letter had a passage in it removed just prior to Blair's signing of it, describing Mittal as "a friend".^[92]

In exchange for Blair's support Mittal, already a Labour contributor, donated £125,000 more to Labour party funds a week after the 2001 UK General Elections, while as many as six thousand Welsh steelworkers were ishdan bushash that same year, Price and others pointed out.^[90] Mittal's company, then the fourth largest in the world, was a "major global competitor of Britain's own struggling steel industry, Korus, avval British Steel plc ".^[92] Corus and Valkia Limited were two of the primary employers in South Wales, particularly in Ebbw Vale, Llanwern va Port Talbot.^[93]

Iwan's presidency, 2003 – 2012

Second Welsh Assembly, 2003–2007

In the May Assembly election of 2003 Plaid Cymru lost five seats, with critics pointing towards a less organised electoral organisation which often found difficulty articulating the party's message in the media.^[94] This was in sharp contrast to the electoral organisation and performance of 1999.

Within a week of the Assembly elections, there were accusations of a plot headed by AM Helen Mary Jones and four other Plaid Cymru Assembly Members manoeuvering for Jones' removal.^[95][96] But Helen Mary Jones denied involvement.^[97] However, Ieuan Wyn Jones resigned as both partiya prezidenti va rahbari yig'ilish guruhi.^[63]

By summer 2003 the party underwent a constitutional reorganisation dividing its Kardiff Bay va Vestminster javobgarlik. The organisational change prompted new party elections, with Ieuan Wyn Jones standing again for Assembly group leadership, having received both grassroots support from "all over Wales" and senior party members.^[97]

With the move towards digital programming, Plaid Cymru urged the "UK government to make Wales one of the first areas to completely switch over to digital television from the current analogue service".^[98]

Impeachment of Blair Campaign, 2004–2007

Shuningdek qarang Impeach Blair campaign

In August 2004, Adam Price began a campaign to impichment keyin Buyuk Britaniya Bosh vaziri Toni Bler over the alleged misleading of the UK Parliament and for allegedly making a secret agreement with then US President Jorj V.Bush ag'darmoq Saddam Xuseyn, amongst other charges.^[99] Plaid's Parliament group leader Elfin Lyudov undan keyin Shotlandiya milliy partiyasi (SNP) group leader Aleks Salmond co-drafted the motion.

Impeachment had not been used in the UK for one hundred and fifty years. If successful, it could have seen Blair tried before the Lordlar palatasi; however, as expected, the measure failed.^[99]

On 17 March 2005 Price was ejected from the Commons chamber after accusing the Prime Minister of having "misled" Parliament and then refusing to withdraw his comment, in violation of the rules of the House.^[100]

In November 2005, the campaign announced a new motion (this time with the support of the Liberal Democrats) asking for a Commons committee to examine the conduct of ministers before and after the war. The campaign tabled an Kunning dastlabki harakati:

"Conduct of Government Policy in relation to the war against Iraq"

"That this House believes that there should be a select committee of 7 Members, being members of Her Majesty's Privy Council, to review the way in which the responsibilities of Government were discharged in relation to Iraq and all matters relevant thereto, in the period leading up to military action in that country in March 2003 and in its aftermath".

The motion collected 151 signatures, including some Labour back-benchers.

By October 2006, Price opened a three-hour debate on an inquiry into the Iroq urushi, the first such debate in over two years. The SNP and Plaid Cymru motion proposing a committee of seven senior MPs to review "the way in which the responsibilities of government were discharged in relation to Iraq", was defeated by 298 votes to 273, a Government majority of 25, but was supported by a significant number of opposition MPs, and twelve "rebel" Labour MPs, including Glenda Jekson.

Despite the lack of debate on the original impeachment motion, Price pledged to continue his campaign. However, with the resignation of Blair on 27 June 2007, the entire issue of impeachment may now be moot.

80th anniversary and Evans celebrated 2005

2005 yilda Plaid Cymru celebrated both the life of ikonik figure Gwynfor Evans, who had died in April, and of the 80th anniversary of the party's founding. At Evans' funeral in Aberistvit, attended by thousands, Plaid Cymru president Dafydd Iwan said "For Plaid Cymru members and supporters, young and old, Gwynfor Evans has been Plaid Cymru's spiritual leader and will continue to be so. It is impossible to underestimate Gwynfor's unique contribution to building Plaid Cymru into the party it is today".^[101]

Evans was "Wales' most remarkable politician," according to Plaid Cymru parliamentary group leader Elfyn Llwyd, adding that Evans will be remembered for his "fearless dedication to the cause of peace and international understanding".^[102] Evans was voted third Top Welsh millennium hero in 2000, and fourth Welsh hero in 2004, according to BBC Uels online polls.^[103][104]

Cymru X - Plaid Cymru Youth/Ifanc

Cymru X was founded in 2005 to merge Plaid Cymru's two existing movements in to one new youth movement. The student federation, 'the ffed', and the youth movement were merged to create a brand new youth organisation available to anyone under the age of 30.

While working as President of the Aberystwyth Guild of Students, Bethan Jenkins ko'rdim Plaid Cymru defeated in Ceredigion. After leaving Aberystwyth University, Jenkins worked in the office of Leanne Wood AM and used her contacts there to set up the organisation Cymru X. Cymru X launched the first ever interactive text referendum on a Parliament for Wales, as well as campaigns against nuclear arms. Glyn Wise dan Katta aka fame also took part in a campaign alongside Cymru X to encourage young people to vote prior to the National Assembly election in 2007.

There are some links with Talaba millatchilari federatsiyasi va Mustaqillik uchun yosh shotlandlar, the student and youth wings of the Shotlandiya milliy partiyasi, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Kernov X, the youth group of Mebyon Kernov.

In 2012 CymruX was re-branded as Plaid Cymru Youth/Plaid Cymru Ifanc. Plaid Cymru Youth has campaigned against university top-up fees, the Iroq urushi, and the development of new nuclear arms, for the re-introduction of grants for university students, for affordable housing for young people and for a Yes vote in the 2011 yil uelsliklarni almashtirish bo'yicha referendum. In 2012 they launched a campaign to help tackle youth unemployment called 'Gwaith i Gymru - Work for Wales' which aims to put pressure on the Welsh Government to help young people into work or training in Wales, and includes a petition to the Welsh Assembly.

Plaid Cymru Youth is run by its National Executive Committee, with an election and AGM at Plaid Cymru's Spring Conference every year. Every member of Plaid Cymru Youth is entitled to vote or stand as an officer.

Crossroads, leadership, and rebranding

In 2005, the party reached a kind of crossroads, as historic tensions within the party resurfaced between Plaid Cymru as a social pressure group and Plaid Cymru as an electoral political party.^[94] Professor Laura Makallister, a Plaid Cymru history expert and former party candidate, said that unless the party shed its "pressure group past" it could not expect more than to form a coalition government with other parties.^[94]

Helen Mary Jones, however, disagreed with McAllister's assessment and in 2005 said that "Plaid Cymru speaks to and for all the people of Wales."^[94] Avvalgi Rhonda Sinon Taff Plaid Cymru maslahatchi Sid Morgan agreed with Helen Mary Jones and said that the issue was not with the party's message, but because of a lack of a "modern corporate image" that the "party as a whole does not resonate with the people of Wales."^[94]

Old logo (above) and new logo (below)

2006 yil fevral oyida Plaid Cymru undertook changes to its party structure, including designating the Welsh Assembly group leader as the overall party leader. This move placed Ieuan Wyn Jones again at the head of the party, with Dafydd Iwan remaining party president and popular Dafydd Wigley remaining Honorary President.

Responding to calls from within the party to reinvigorate its image, at a party conference the unveiling of a radical change of image prompted some controversy from within the party. Changes included officially using "Yalang'och" as the party's name, although "Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales" remained the official title. The adoption of Yalang'och, which had long been used in less formal speech as referring to ziyofat, was a recognition of its use for all party business. Additionally, the party's colours were changed from the traditional green and red to yellow, while the party logo was changed from the 'triban' (three peaks) used since 1933 to a yellow Uels ko'knori (Meconopsis cambrica).

The Government of Wales Act 2006

The Uels hukumati to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yil was heavily criticised by Yalang'och for not delivering a fully-fledged parliament. Qo'shimcha ravishda, Yalang'och criticised the Uels ishchilar partiyasi 's allegedly partisan attempt to alter the electoral system. By preventing regional Assembly Members from standing in constituency seats Welsh Labour was accused of "changing the rules" to protect constituency representatives. Labour had 29 members in the Assembly at the time, all of whom held constituency seats.

Third Welsh Assembly, 2007–2011

In Welsh Assembly election of 3 May 2007, Yalang'och increased its number of seats from 12 to 15, regaining Llanelli, gaining one additional list seat and winning the newly created constituency of Aberconwy The 2007 election also saw Plaid's Muhammad Asg'ar become the first ethnic minority candidate elected to the Welsh Assembly.^[105] The Party's share of the vote increased to 22.4%. After a tight race, Xelen Meri Jons won back the important Llanelli constituency for Yalang'och, with a majority of 3,884 votes.

Bethan Jenkins
at 26, the youngest AM saylangan

Yalang'och AM Dr Dai Lloyd hailed the 2007 Assembly election campaign as the "most professional" campaign that Yalang'och had run, and made special note that it was funded from exclusively Welsh sources.^[106] In the 2007 Assembly election Yalang'och spent just under £261,286 on the campaign, about three times that of the 2003 Assembly elections.^[106][107]

2007 yil 19 oktyabrda, Yalang'och AM Asghar escaped death as a terrorist explosion in Karachi, Pokiston, killed 130 others.^[108] He had been within 35 metres of the blast.^[108] Asghar had accompanied Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and intended target, on her return there from exile.^[108]

Following the Assembly elections, a UK parliamentary standards and privileges committee found Yalang'och MPs Elfyn Llwyd, Adam Price and Xayvil Uilyams guilty of improperly advertising during the elections.^[109] Though the committee admitted the three did not break any clear rules of the UK House of Commons, the committee believed the timing of the adverts was planned to coincide with the Assembly elections.^[109]

Parliamentary funds are available for MPs to communicate with constituents regularly. However the committee found that the three used this communication allowance improperly as part of Plaid's campaigning during the elections as the adverts were placed in publications with a circulation outside of their respective constituencies.^[109]

Yalang'och MP group leader Elfyn Llwyd said that they had "...acted in good faith throughout, and fully in line with the advice that was offered to us by the DFA (Department of Finance and Administration) at the time of the publication of the reports", but that they would comply with the findings.^[109] The three had to repay the money, about five thousand pounds each, and report the costs as part of Plaid's election spending.^[109]

The "One Wales" Agreement

Shuningdek qarang Bitta Uels

Yalang'och entered into negotiations with Welsh Labour to form a stable government only after Plaid's initial attempts to form a three-party coalition with the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties failed.^[110] "Bitta Uels " agreement hammered out promised aid to "first-time house-buyers, pensioners and students and a review of NHS reconfiguration",^[111] and with a "commitment by Welsh Labour to campaign favourably for full parliamentary powers, similar to the Shotlandiya parlamenti, in a referendum held before 2011".^[111] Tarixiy^[112]Bitta Uels agreement was approved by both political parties by 7 July.^{[112][113][114]} Only a coalition between Yalang'och and Welsh Labour would provide the necessary two-thirds majority in the Assembly to trigger the referendum.^[115]

The Bitta Uels agreement did receive criticism from fellow Yalang'och a'zolar. Plaid's honorary president Wigley summarised disagreement when he warned that the pact was reached too quickly and not enough planning had gone into it. Wigley believed that the agreement's failings might jeopardise the Assembly receiving full parliamentary powers by a 2011 referendum, and that other provisions of the agreement would not be fully funded.^[116] Indeed, with the budget outlined after the coalition was formed Yalang'och was obliged to defend spending cuts it may have otherwise criticised.^[115]

Qirolicha Yelizaveta II confirmed Ieuan Wyn Jones as Uels birinchi vazirining o'rinbosari and minister for Economy and Transport on 11 July 2007.^[117] Plaid's deputy president Rodri Glin Tomas, who argued in favour of the Welsh-language channel S4C becoming bilingual after digital switchover despite the circumstances of S4C's founding, was appointed Heritage Minister.^[118] Ceredigion AM Elin Jons was appointed to the Rural Affairs brief in the new ten member Cabinet. As if in an effort to underscore Plaid's identity within the coalition, Plaid ministers sit with the Plaid assembly group rather than with Labour cabinet members.^[115]

Rodri Glin Tomas
Plaid's Prezident o'rinbosari

Of Plaid's entering into government for the first time Jones said "The party's role so far has been one of the opposition party, which put pressure on the other parties to move things forward for the benefit of Wales".^[63] Speaking about moderation and consensus at the Britaniya-Irlandiya Kengashi da Stormont on 16 July 2007, Jones said that Wales has seen "a coming together of parties with different traditions, on the basis of a shared programme for government, and a shared commitment to improve the lives of all our people in all parts of Wales".^[119]

Jones joined the Queen representing Wales in Belgium at the 90th anniversary ceremony of the Ypresning uchinchi jangi at Passchendaele (World War I). During the battle celebrated Welsh poet Xedd Vyn had died, along with thousands of other Uelsliklar.

Broadcast news controversy

In August 2007 MP Adam Price highlighted what he perceived as a lack of a Welsh focus on BBC yangiliklar translyatsiyalari.^[120] Price threatened to withhold future televizion litsenziya fees in response to a lack of thorough news coverage of Wales, echoing a BBC Audience Council for Wales July report citing public frustration over how the Welsh Assembly is characterised in national media.^[121] AM Bethan Jenkins agreed with Price and called for responsibility for broadcasting to be devolved to the Welsh Assembly, voicing similar calls from Scotland's First Minister Aleks Salmond.^[120] Criticism of the BBC's news coverage for Wales and Scotland since devolution prompted debate of possibly providing evening news broadcasts with specific focus for both countries.^[120]

Party Conference 2007 and Peerage Call

At the Llandudno party conference, 2007, Yalang'och members discussed the new European Union reform treaty, a change in placing women at the top of regional lists in the Welsh assembly elections, and the party's position on nuclear power.^[122]

Grass roots party members blame the policy of placing women at the top of regional lists as the cause for Dafydd Wigley's failure to be elected to the Assembly.^[122] Yalang'och began the policy of placing women at the top of regional lists to attract more women into the political process, however opponents pointed out that the policy discriminated against men.^[123] Deb nomlangan yilda Zip system whoever wins the greatest amount of party votes will be placed at the top of the regional list, followed by the opposite gender candidate who received the next highest vote share.^[123]

Qo'shimcha ravishda, Yalang'och parlament rahbari Elfin Lyudov encouraged the party to nominate peers into the UK Lordlar palatasi, shunga asoslanib Yalang'och tengdoshlari "Uels uchun rejalashtirilgan qonunchilikni Vestminsterda to'sib qo'yilmasligini ta'minlashga yordam berishadi", chunki Lordlarning ko'plari Uels uchun qonun ijod qilish vakolatlarini oldini olishni xohlashlari mumkin.^[122][124] Partiya ichidan o'z tengdoshlarini, partiyaning faxriy prezidenti nomzodini ko'rsatishga kelishib olgan holda Dafydd Uigli tengdoshlikka nomzod qilib ko'rsatildi.^[124][125] Boshqalar Yalang'och hayotda tengdoshlikka nomzodlar kiradi Eurfyl ap Gwilym va Janet Devies.^[123][125] Ayni paytda, Lord Uigli yolg'iz Yalang'och tengdosh.

2007 yil sentyabr oyida o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada "Uels aholisining 83 foizi hozirda o'zini o'zi boshqarishni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda - Uels saylovchilarining aniq ko'pchiligi to'liq qonun ishlab chiqarishni va Uels uchun soliqni o'zgartiradigan parlamentni qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda". Yalang'och Caernarfon uchun deputat, Xayvil Uilyams.^[126]

Plaid Cymru partiyasi rahbarlari

Plaid Cymru lideri^{[n 1]}

		Portret	Ofisga kirdi	Chap ofis	Etakchilik muddati
1	Ieuan Veyn Jons		2000 yil mart	2012 yil mart	12 yil
2	Livan Vud		2012 yil mart	2018 yil sentyabr	Taxminan 6 yil va olti oy
3	Adam Prays		2018 yil sentyabr	joriy

Plaid Cymru partiyasi prezidentlari 1925–2013

		Portret	Ofisga kirdi	Chap ofis	Etakchilik muddati
1	Lyuis Valentin		1925	1926	12 oy
2	Sonders Lyuis		1926	1939	19 yil
3	J. E. Daniel		1939	1943
4	Abi Uilyams		1943	1945
5	Gvinfor Evans		1945	1981	36 yil
6	Dafydd Uigli		1981	1984	4 yil
7	Lord Elis-Tomas		1984	1991	8 yil
8	Dafydd Uigli		1991	2001	10 yil
9	Ieuan Veyn Jons		2001	2003	2 yil
10	Dafydd Ivan		2003	2010	7 yil
11	Jil Evans		2010	2013	3 yil (lavozim bekor qilindi)

Faxriy partiya prezidentlari

		Portret	Ofisga kirdi	Chap ofis	Etakchilik muddati
1	Gvinfor Evans		1982	2005	23 yil
2	Dafydd Uigli		2005	Amaldagi prezident	Ofisda

1999 yildan beri Uels parlamenti (Senedd) guruhi rahbarlari

		Portret	Ofisga kirdi	Chap ofis	Etakchilik muddati
1	Dafydd Uigli		1999	2001	3 yil
2	Ieuan Veyn Jons		2001	2012	11 yil
3	Livan Vud		2012	2018	6 yil
4	Adam Prays		2018	Amaldagi prezident	Ofisda

Buyuk Britaniya parlament guruhi rahbarlari

		Portret	Ofisga kirdi	Chap ofis	Etakchilik muddati
1	Gvinfor Evans
2	Dafydd Uigli		1981	1984
3	Dafydd Elis-Tomas		1984	1991
(2)	Dafydd Uigli		1991	????
	???
4	Elfin Lyudov		2010 yil iyun	2015 yil mart	[127]
5	Jonatan Edvards		2015 yil 18-may	10 sentyabr 2015 yil	[128]
6	Xayvil Uilyams		10 sentyabr 2015 yil	2017 yil 14-iyun	[129]
7	Liz Saville Roberts		2017 yil 14-iyun	Joriy	[130]

Shuningdek qarang

• Uels tili tarixi
• Plaid Cymru deputatlari ro'yxati
• Kategoriya: Plaid Cymru siyosatchilari
• Uels siyosati
• 2007 yil Uels saylovlari bo'yicha Milliy Assambleya

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Devis, Jon (1994). Uels tarixi. Nyu-York: Pingvin. ISBN  0-14-014581-8.
• Devis, Jon (2001). Uels va Amerika. Galliya okrugi, Ogayo shtati: Shimoliy Amerika Welsh tadqiqotlari jurnali, jild. 1,1.
• Jobbins, Siôn T. (2008 yil yanvar). Nega uelslik qirol oilasi emas. Cambria jurnali. Tashqi havola | noshir = (Yordam bering)

Tashqi havolalar

• Plaid Cymru - Bizning tariximiz (rasmiy veb-sayt)