Malang - Malang

Ushbu maqola shahar haqida. Regency uchun qarang Malang Regency. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Malang (ajralish).

Malang
Shahar
Malang Siti
Kota Malang
Mintaqaviy transkripsiya (lar)
 • Yavaꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ
 • PegonKota malalaڠْ‎
Malang WEB.jpg
Karangkates to'g'oni, Malang.jpg
Candi Badut.JPG
Stasiun Malang Kota Baru Tampak Dalam.jpg
Gajayana Stadium.jpg
Soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha, yuqori chapdan: Malang shahar hokimligi va Tugu yodgorligi, Badut ibodatxonasi, Gajayana stadioni, Malang bekati va Karangkates to'g'oni
Malangning rasmiy muhri
Muhr
Shior (lar):
Malang Kuchchevara (ma'no: Xudo yomonni buzadi, to'g'risini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi)
Sharqiy Java ichida joylashgan joy
Ichida joylashgan joy Sharqiy Java
Malang Java-da joylashgan
Malang
Malang
Joylashuv: Java va Indoneziya
Malang Indoneziyada joylashgan
Malang
Malang
Malang (Indoneziya)
Malang Osiyoda joylashgan
Malang
Malang
Malang (Osiyo)
Koordinatalari: 7 ° 58′48 ″ S 112 ° 37′12 ″ E / 7.98000 ° S 112.62000 ° E / -7.98000; 112.62000Koordinatalar: 7 ° 58′48 ″ S 112 ° 37′12 ″ E / 7.98000 ° S 112.62000 ° E / -7.98000; 112.62000
Mamlakat Indoneziya
Viloyat Sharqiy Java
O'rnatilgan760
Birlashtirilgan (Shahar)1914 yil 1-aprel
Hukumat
• shahar hokimiSutiaji
• shahar hokimi o'rinbosariSofyan Edi Jarvoko
Maydon
 • Shahar145,28 km2 (56,09 kv mil)
• shahar
1,132,7 km2 (437,3 kv mil)
• Metro
2156,6 km2 (832,7 kvadrat milya)
Balandlik
506 m (1,660 fut)
Aholisi
 (2017 BPS[1])
 • Shahar887,443
• zichlik6100 / km2 (16,000 / sqm mil)
 • Shahar
2,795,209
• Shaharlarning zichligi2500 / km2 (6,400 / sqm mil)
 • Metro
3,663,691
• Metro zichligi1700 / km2 (4,400 / sqm mil)
Demonim (lar)Malalangan, Arema[2]
Vaqt zonasiUTC + 7 (IWST )
Pochta Indeksi
6511x - 6514x
Hudud kodi(+62) 341
Avtotransport vositalarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazishN
HDIKattalashtirish; ko'paytirish 0.828 (Juda baland)
AeroportAbdul Raxman Solih nomidagi aeroport
Veb-saytmalangkota.go.id

Malang (/.mɒˈlɒŋ-/; Yava: ꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ) a shahar ichida Indoneziyalik viloyat ning Sharqiy Java. Uning asridan boshlangan tarixi bor Singhasari qirolligi. Bu aholining soni bo'yicha viloyatdagi ikkinchi shahar bo'lib, 2016 yilgi hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra 887,443 nafar aholiga ega.[3] Uning metrosi ikki shahar va 22 ta tuman (21 yilda) bo'ylab tarqalgan 3,663,691 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi Malang Regency va bitta Pasuruan mintaqasi ).[4] Malang iqtisodiyoti bo'yicha uchinchi yirik shahar keyin Sharqiy Java-da Surabaya va Kediri, taxmin qilingan 2016 yilgi YaIM Rp 44,30 trln.[5]

Shahar o'zining yumshoq iqlimi bilan mashhur. Gollandiyalik mustamlaka davrida bu Evropa aholisi uchun mashhur joy edi. Hozir ham Malang xalqaro sayyohlar uchun mashhur joy sifatida o'z pozitsiyasini saqlab kelmoqda.[6] Malang turli xil tarixiy yodgorliklarni saqlaydi. Ushbu shahar Kanjuruxan davridagi yodgorliklarni shu yilgacha saqlaydi Gollandiyalik davr.[7] Gollandiyalik meros Kayutangan cherkovi va kabi qadimiy binolar shaklida Ijen sobori qaysi bor gotika me'morchiligi. Malang madaniy merosini saqlab qolish uchun turli tadbirlarni ham o'tkazdi, ulardan biri Malang Tempo Doeloe festivali. Malang shuningdek, Tugu Malang (kabi) tarixiy merosiga aylangan juda ko'p tarixiy merosga ega (Alun-alun Bundar). Malang, shuningdek, ta'lim shahri deb nomlanganligi sababli ham yaxshi tanilgan. Ushbu shahar kabi Indoneziyadagi eng yaxshi universitetlardan biriga ega Brawijaya universiteti va Malang davlat universiteti.[8]

Malangda butun Indoneziya va Dunyo bo'ylab turli xil etnik guruhlar va madaniyatlar mavjud. Malang aholisi 895,387 kishiga etadi, aksariyat qismi Yava, undan keyin Madurese va Xitoy yoki Peranakan.[9] Malang metropoit hududi yoki mashhur Malang Raya, Sharqiy Yava shahridagi metropolitenlardan keyin ikkinchi o'rinda turadi Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). Yava madaniyati nuqtai nazaridan Malang aholisining aksariyati Arekan Yava madaniyati tarkibiga kiradi.[10]

Malang ko'plab ta'sirlardan xalos bo'ldi Osiyo moliyaviy inqirozi va o'sha paytdan boshlab u barqaror iqtisodiy va aholi o'sishi bilan ajralib turadi.[11]

Etimologiya

Ismning etimologiyasi Malang noaniq. Nazariyalardan birida Malang nomi so'zlardan kelib chiqqanligi aytilgan Malangkuchecwara ma'nosi "Xudo soxtani yo'q qildi va haqni majbur qildi". So'zlar qadimgi atamadan olingan bo'lib, unda afsonaviy ma'bad eslatib o'tilgan Malangkuchecwara go'yo Malang shahri yaqinida joylashgan. So'z Malangkuchecwara Malang shahrining shiori sifatida qo'llanilgan. "Malang" nomi birinchi bo'lib 1975 yil 11 yanvarda Vlingidagi Bantaran plantatsiyalari ma'muri tomonidan topilgan Pamotoh / Ukirnegara yozuvida (1120 Saka / 1198 milodiy) paydo bo'lgan. Blitar Regency. Mis yozuvida bir qism quyidagicha yozilgan (quyidagi tarjimasi bilan).[12]

... sakrid Malang-akalixonni qoralash
wacid lawan macu pasabhanira
dyah Limpa Makanagran I ...

... Malang atrofida ov qiladigan sharqda
bilan vatsid va mancu,
Dyah Limpa guruch dalalari, ya'ni ...

Malang bu erda sharqqa ishora qiladi Kavi tog'i. Malangdan foydalanish hech bo'lmaganda XII asrdan beri davom etayotgani ma'lum bo'lsa ham, uning hududining etimologiyasini aniqlab bo'lmaydi.

Birinchi gipoteza Malangkuchecwara (deb nomlangan muqaddas binoning nomini anglatadi)talaffuz qilingan[malaŋkuʃeʃworo]). Muqaddas bino ikki Balitung King yozuvlarida eslatib o'tilgan Qadimgi Mataram, ya'ni 907 yildagi Mantyasih yozuvlari va 908 yilgi yozuvlar.[13] Mutaxassislar hanuzgacha bino joylashgan joyda kelishuvga erishmagan. Bir tomondan, Malangkuchecwara binosi Malangning sharqiga cho'zilgan tog'li "Malang" deb nomlangan Buring tog'ida joylashgan deb aytadigan bir qator mutaxassislar bor.[13] Boshqa tomondan, boshqalar muqaddas binoning haqiqiy joylashgan joyi Malang Regency shahridagi Tumpang hududida ekanligiga shubha qilishadi. Hududda Malangsuka deb nomlangan qishloq bor, u tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra Malangkuça so'zidan kelib chiqqan (talaffuz qilingan[malankuʃoː]) teskari talaffuz qilingan. Ushbu fikr Tumpang atrofida Jago ibodatxonasi va Kidal ibodatxonasi kabi qadimiy yodgorliklarning mavjudligi bilan mustahkamlanadi. Singhasari qirolligi.[13]

Malangkuchecwara nomi 3 so'zdan iborat, ya'ni mala - yolg'on, aldash, yolg'on va yovuzlik, angkuça (talaffuz qilingan[aŋkuʃo] yo'q qilish yoki yo'q qilish degan ma'noni anglatadi va ichwara (talaffuz qilingan[iʃworo]) bu Xudoni anglatadi. Shuning uchun, Malangkuchecwara "Xudo bekorchilikni yo'q qildi" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[14]

Ikkinchi gipoteza, hujumga oid voqeani anglatadi Mataram Sultonligi 1614 yilda Tumenggung Alap-Alap boshchiligidagi Malangga kuchlar.[15] Xalq rivoyatlariga ko'ra, Tumenggung Alap-Alap va uning yordamchilaridan biri o'rtasida hujum boshlanishidan oldin Malangning holati to'g'risida suhbat bo'lgan. Tumenggung Alap-Alap yordamchisi ushbu hudud aholisi va askarlarini Mataram qo'shinlarining kelishidan "halangi" (yava tilidagi "Malang") ni to'sib qo'ygan aholi sifatida tilga oldi. Fathdan so'ng, Mataram kuchlari bosib olingan hududni Malang deb nomladilar.[16]

Tarix

Dastlabki tarix

Malang tog'larining miniatyurasi

Malang mintaqasi Pleystotsen davri hali ham edi chuqur havza yon tomonda vulkanik faollik janubdagi Karst tog'lari kabi tog'lardan, Kavi, Butak va Kelud G'arbda, Anjasmoro va Arjuno-Welirang shimoliy-sharqiy va shimolda murakkab va Tengger tog'lari majmuasi Sharqda.[17] Havzada odamlar yashamagan, chunki bu holat hali ham lava va shaklida bo'ladi issiq lava oqadi atrofdagi tog'lardan.[18] Yomg'irli mavsumga to'g'ri keladi Malang havzasi bir qator daryolarga olib boradigan va qadimiyni tashkil etuvchi tog 'yonbag'irlaridan oqib o'tuvchi suv bilan to'ldirilgan botqoq. Botqoqliklar yaratilish uchun tarqaldi qadimiy ko'llar.

Qadimgi ko'l qurib bo'lmaganda, dastlabki insoniyat tsivilizatsiyasi ning hali ilg'or bosqichiga qadar bo'lgan Ovchilik va Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini yig'ish. Aholi punktlari hanuzgacha Malangni tabiiy g'or shaklida o'rab turgan tog'lar va tog'lar yonbag'rida. Shuning uchun, bu erda artefaktlarning topilishi tushunarli paleolit va mezolit davr tog'li hududlarda uchraydi, masalan Kavi tog'i, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru va Janubiy Karst tog'lari.[19]

Malang qadimiy ko'l asta-sekin qurib qoldi Holotsen davri va Malang mintaqasining Malangdagi platoga aylanishiga sabab bo'ldi. U kirishni boshlaganda Ekish davri, dastlabki odamlar tog'lardan tusha boshladilar va bir qator aholi punktlari va qishloq xo'jaligi hududlarini yaratdilar. Metro atrofidagi Kacuk hududidagi Kavi tog'ining sharqiy qismida ikkita to'rtburchaklar, xalsedon tosh qurollari va qo'lda ishlatiladigan andezit o'qlari ko'rinishidagi bir qator artefaktlar topildi. Brantas oqimlar bu taxminni kuchaytirdi. [8] Bundan tashqari, tadqiqotlarga ko'ra, o'tish davridagi bandlik shakllari a shaklida bo'lgan qoqilgan uy, bu erda uyning tanasi uyning oyoqlari bilan qo'llab-quvvatlangan va erdan bir necha metr balandlikda bo'lgan. Buni Dinoyo, Lowokvaru, Malang shaharlarida "Watu Gong" yoki "Watu Kenong" ko'rinishidagi artefaktlar kashf etilishi bilan mustahkamlaydilar, ularning shakllari an'anaviy musiqa asboblariga o'xshashdir, ya'ni gong, aslida qasamyod yoki qoqilgan uyning poydevori.[19] Malangdan oqib o'tadigan daryo atrofidagi aholi punktlarining o'sishi qadimgi tsivilizatsiyalarning kashshofiga aylandi Homo sapiens.[20]

Hind va islom shohliklari

Kanjuruhan qirolligi

Tarixi Malang Regency orqali oshkor bo'lishi mumkin Dinoyo yozuvi 760 yilda Malangning 1986 yilda yangi yozuv topilishidan oldin tug'ilishini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi asosiy rasmiy hujjat bo'lib, u hali hal qilinmagan. Yozuvga ko'ra, VIII asr Malang Regensiya hukumati mavjudligining boshlanishi bo'lib, qirol Gajayana hukmronligi tug'ilganligi sababli Hindlashgan Hindu Malangdagi shohlik. Dan Dinoyo yozuvi, "" yozuvidan foydalanilganligi qayd etilganCandra Sengkala"yoki Cronogram Calendar-da va Malang Regency-ning tug'ilgan sanasi yoqilganligini ta'kidladi Jum'at Legi (shirin juma) 760 yil 28-noyabr.[21]

Medang qirolligi

Kanjuruhan qirolligining kuchi uzoq davom etmasligi taxmin qilinmoqda. Shohlik nihoyat hukmronlik ostida edi Medang i Bxumi Mataram (Qadimgi Mataram qirolligi yoki Medang ) rahbarligi paytida Qirol Dyax Balitung (Mil. 899–911). Balingawan yozuvida (813 Saka / 891 eramizda) Pu Xuntu nomi bilan tilga olingan. Rakryan Kanuruhan (Kanuruxan xarakterining hukmdori) qirol Mpu Daksa (milodiy 911–919) davrida.[22] Ilgari avtonom qirollik bo'lgan maydon bir darajaga tushib, a darajaga tushdi vat (mintaqa) bilan teng darajada knyazlik yoki tuman (vakolati ostida bir daraja shoh ). Watak Kanuruhan bugungi kunda Malangning markazini qamrab olgan, bu bilan yonma-yon turgan tashkilotdir Watak Xujung (Ngujungda, Toyomarto qishlog'ida, Tuman Singosari, Malang Regency ) va Watak Tugaran (Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) har biri bir nechta nazorat qiladi wanua (qishloq darajasi ).[23]

Poytaxt Medang Tamwlang va Vatugaluhga ko'chirilganda (Jombang ) hukmronligi davridagi hududlar Qirol Mpu Sindok (Mil. 929–948), Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang va Wurandungan kabi bir qancha yozuvlar soliq soliq majburiyatlarining bir qator siyosatini tavsiflaydi. sima (fuqarolik qishloqlari) Malangda va bir qator er berish jarayonlarini qurish uchun ibodatxonalar.[24]

Kahuripan, Janggala va Kediri qirolligi

Bo'limi Kediri qirolligi (to'q to'q sariq) va Jenggala qirolligi (yorqin to'q sariq) 1135 yilgacha. Ikki mintaqaning chegaralari Kavi tog'i.

Malang atrofidagi hududning holati va rolini batafsil bayon qilgan yozuvlar yo'q Qirol Airlangganiki Malang hududiga kirganiga qo'shimcha ravishda etakchilik Kahuripan qirolligi. Malang hududi endi Shohlik atrofida joylashgan markaz emas Penanggungan tog'i va Sidoarjo poytaxti Kahuripan bilan. Raja Airlangga Kahuripanni ikkiga ajratganda ham Panjalu markazida joylashgan Daha (Kadiri ) va Kahuripanda joylashgan Jenggala, Malang viloyati ikkala qirollik vakolatlarining periferiyasi sifatida kiritilgan. Ammo, Malang mintaqasi ushbu bo'linish paytida Jenggala hududiga kirganligini aniqlash mumkin. Kahuripanning bo'linishi shundan dalolat beradi Kavi tog'i Jenggala tomonidan olingan sharqiy tomoni bilan ikkita yangi qirollikning chegarasi sifatida ishlatilgan.

Malang yana Panjalu yoki tarixidagi muhim sohaga aylandi Jenggala qachon Panjalu qiroli Jayabxaya zabt etganda Jenggala. Xantang yozuvida (1057 Saka / 1135 milodiy) Panjalu Jayati (") deb yozilgan.Panjalu Menang"), bu Panjaluning Jenggalaga qarshi g'alabasini bildiradi. Shuningdek, yozuv Xantangning bir qancha qishloqlariga (Ngantang, Malang Regency ) va uning atrofini urush paytida Panjalu foydasiga xizmatlari uchun.[25] Ushbu yozuv Malang viloyati Panjalu hokimiyati ostida ekanligini ham ko'rsatadi.

Kamulan yozuvida (milodiy 1116 Saka / 1194 y.) Daxa (Kadiri) sharqidan qirol Kertajayaga qarshi ( Pararaton Katang-Katang Kedatonda yashovchi Dandang Gendhis deb nomlangan).[26] Hujum qo'zg'olonmi yoki bosib olishga urinishmi yoki yo'qmi degan boshqa tadqiqotlar yo'q. Biroq, Kamulan yozuvining mavjudligi Panjalu hokimiyatiga qarshi chiqqan yangi siyosiy kuch paydo bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi. Ushbu dalil Sukun Yozuvi (1083 Saka / 1161 milodiy) mavjudligi bilan kuchaytirilgan bo'lib, unda Sukun qishlog'iga (go'yoki Sukun tumanidagi Maluk tumani Sukun tumanida) dushmanlar bilan kurashish uchun maxsus huquq bergan Jayamerta ismli podshoh zikr qilingan.[27] Jayamerta har ikkala hukmdorlar ro'yxatiga oid ma'lumotlarga ishora qiluvchi turli xil yozuvlarda hech qachon aniq yoki yopiq tarzda ko'rsatilmagan. Kadiri va Jenggala. Agus Sunyoto kabi ba'zi tarixchilar qarshilikning kelib chiqish joyi Purva yoki Purwa deb nomlanganligini eslatib o'tmoqdalar. Barchaga murojaat qilganida, buni Sunyotoning dalillari qo'llab-quvvatladi Majapaxit avlodlari sifatida hukmdorlar Ken Arok kim "[...]" sirlari "dan chiqqan teja orqali dunyoga o'z urug'ini quritdi, Ken Dedes, naraisvari [...] Purva Shohligi."[28] "Naraisvari (yoki naresvari / Ardanaresvari) ning o'zi Sanskritcha "asosiy ayol" va degan ma'noni anglatadi Ken Dedes o'zi Mpu Purvaning qizi, a brahmana Panavijyandan (Keluraxon Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). Oxir oqibat Purva / Purwwa deb nomlangan hududning qarshilik harakati muvaffaqiyatli bostirildi Panjalu.

Ba'zi tarixchilar qarshilik va tazyiqlar qator hodisalarini qirol Kertajaya va Braxminlar sinfi ishtirokidagi ikki to'qnashuvning ijtimoiy-siyosiy konteksti bilan izohlashadi. Birinchisi, Brahmana sinfidan bir qator huquqlarni kamaytirishga harakat qilgan qirol Kertajayaning siyosati. Ba'zi folklorlarda shoh Kertajaya braxmanlarning diniy ta'limotiga zid bo'lishi uchun braxmanlar tomonidan unga "sig'inishni" xohlagani ko'rsatilgan. Ikkinchisi - Ken Dedesni Tumapel mintaqasi uchun akuwu (tuman boshlig'iga teng keladigan) Tunggul Ametung tomonidan o'g'irlab ketish.[29] Blasius Supraptoning so'zlariga ko'ra, Tumapelning o'zi joylashgan joy ilgari Kutobedah (hozirgi Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang deb nomlangan) deb nomlangan hududda bo'lgan.[30] Ikki to'qnashuvning natijasi Braxmana sinfidan Raja Kertajayaga qarshi siyosiy yordamni olib qo'yish edi.

Singhasari imperiyasi

Diorama o'g'irlash Ken Dedes Malangdagi Mpu Purva muzeyida Tunggul Ametung tomonidan.

Panjalu / Kadiri qulashi va Malangda Tumapel qirolligining tug'ilishi Braxmana o'zini qirol Kertajayaning siyosiy ta'qiblaridan qutqarishga harakat qilgan Panjaludan kelgan sinf. Ular sharqqa qochib, boshchiligidagi Tumapeldagi siyosiy kuchlarga qo'shilishdi Ken Angrok yoki Ken Arok. Keyin u Akuwu Tunggul Ametungga qarshi isyon ko'tarib, Tumapelni o'z qo'liga oldi. Ken Arokning g'alabasi bir vaqtning o'zida o'zini Panjalu / Kadiridan ajratish uchun urush bayonoti edi. Malang mintaqasi va uning atrofi tomon Kertajaya va Ken Arok o'rtasidagi hokimiyat uchun kurash Ngantangdagi Ganter jangiga olib keldi (hozirda Malang Regency ) (1144 Saka / 1222 milodiy), u Ken Arok tomonidan qo'lga kiritilgan. U o'zini Tumapel qirolligining birinchi shohi sifatida Rajasa Sang Amurvabxumi unvoni bilan tayinladi. Poytaxtning o'zi Tumapelda qoldi, ammo nomini Kutaraja deb o'zgartirdi.

Jago ibodatxonasi, Malang Regency shtatining Tumpang shahrida, King Wisnuwardhana ibodat joyi

Miloddan avval 1176 yil Saka / 1254 yilda Kutaraja shahridan Singarari shahridan Singasari shahriga (Malang viloyati, Singangari okrugi) qirol Visnuwardhana davrida qirol poytaxtining ko'chirilishi davrida Tumapelda Malang mintaqasining strategik holati to'g'risida to'liq ma'lumot yo'q edi. davr. Ko'chib o'tish sabablari haqida hech qanday izoh yo'q edi, ammo shu davrdan boshlab Singhasari ushbu qirollikning nomi bo'ldi. Qolgan ma'lumotlar faqat Malangdagi bir qator tarixiy joylarni ko'rsatadi, masalan Genenganning Gunung Katu maydoni (Prangargo, Vagir, Malang Regency), bu tarixchi Dvi Kaxyononing so'zlariga ko'ra dharma sayti,[31] Candi Kidalda Raja Anusapati ibodat qilingan Kidjo-Rejo hududi (Malidning Tuman tumanidagi Tidal tuman, Kidal qishlog'i) va Raja Visnuardhana dharma bo'lgan Tumpang hududi. Jago ibodatxonasi. Yana bir meros - Malang viloyati, Singosari tumani, Vatugede qishlog'idagi Watugede bulog'i. Watugede-ning cho'milish xodimlari Agus Iriantoning so'zlariga ko'ra, Pararaton bu joyni ko'pincha Ken Dedes va boshqa istiqbolli ayollar tanani tozalash uchun ishlatgan deb yozgan. Qishloq oqsoqollari, shuningdek, bu erda Ken Arok ham Ken Dedesning tanasidan chiqayotgan nurni uning naresvarligi belgisi sifatida ko'rgan deb hisoblashadi.[32]

Raja Kertanegaraning rahbarligi paytida Singxasari Qirolligi Jayakatvang tomonidan bilaguzuk maydonidan (atrofida) isyon ko'targan. Madiun ).[33] Jayakatwang o'zi Radja Kertajayaning nabirasi Negarakertagama Mula Malurung yozuviga ko'ra Raja Visnuardhananing jiyani (ayollar nasabidan).[34] Isyon qo'zg'olonida Singhasarining so'nggi qiroli Raja Kertanegara o'ldirildi, chunki uning hududida mudofaasi yo'q edi, chunki uning ko'pchilik harbiylari yuborilgan edi. Pamalayu ekspeditsiyasi.[35] Jayakatwang osongina poytaxtni egallab oldi, hokimiyatni oldi va hukumat markazini ota-bobolariga ko'chirdi, Kadiri.[36]

Majapaxit imperiyasi

Majapaxit Malangning Java shahridagi poytaxti edi mancanegara (viloyat Tumapel.

Malang o'rtasidagi hokimiyat uchun kurash markazi emas edi Jayakatwang, Raden Vijaya va Xubilayxonniki armiya Mo'g'ul. Hokimiyat ketma-ketligini qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, unvoniga ega bo'lgan Raden Vijaya Kertarajasa Jayavardhana hokimiyat markazini o'zi qurgan maydonga ko'chirdi Tarik O'rmon (hozir atrofida) Mojokerto va tuman Tarik, Sidoarjo ). Biroq, Malang viloyati Jayakatvanning Polamandagi boshqa bir buloqqa surgun qilingan (hozirgi Lawang tumani Kalirejo qishlog'i, Malang Regency ). Pararaton va Kidung Xarsyavijayaning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu erda Jayakatwang Raden Vijaya tomonidan qatl qilinishidan oldin o'zining so'nggi adabiy asari bo'lgan Vukir Polamanni yozishga ilhomlangan.[32]

In Majapaxit Waringin Pitu yozuviga ko'ra (milodiy 1447) hukumat tuzilishi, Malang viloyati Bxumi yoki poytaxt imperiya. U a nagara boshchiligidagi Tumapel nomli (viloyat ekvivalenti) rajya (hokim) yoki natha (usta) yoki bhre (zodagon / shahzoda) - xuddi shunday gersoglar.[37]

Negarakertagama ham qayd etdi Qirol Xayam Vurukniki 1359 yilda Malang mintaqasidagi bir nechta joylarga tashrif buyurish.[38] Yudi Anugrah Nugroxoning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu tur Qirol Xayam Vurukning atrofdagi rivojlanishni ko'rib chiqish uchun qilgan safarlarining bir qismi bo'lgan. Lumajang. Ushbu tashrif odatda o'rim-yig'im davri tugagandan so'ng amalga oshiriladi.[39] Ekskursiyaning kamida ikkita mazmuni bor, ya'ni dam olish va haj.[40] Rekreatsiya sharoitida birinchi o'rin Sumberavan hududidagi Kasuranggan bog'i (Toyomarto qishlog'i, tuman Singosari, Malang Regency ). Bu erda qirol Xayam Vuruk ibodat qilish joyi sifatida stupa qurdirgan Buddistlar u hozirgi kabi Sumberawan ibodatxonasiga aylandi.[41] Ikkinchisi - Kedung Biru. Ba'zi tarixchilar Kedung Biruni hozirgi nomlangan joy bilan bog'laydilar Dusun Biru, Gunungrejo qishlog'i, Tuman Singosari, Malang Regency. U deyiladi kedung (ma'no: jar), chunki u Klampok daryosi yaqinidagi jarlikning chetida. Raja Xayam Vurukning dam olish maskanidan tashqari, bu joy krislar uchun ma'bad bo'lgan. Mpu Gandring va boshqalar qirol qurollari. Uchinchisi, deb belgilangan Bureng maydoni Wendit Malang mintaqasi, Pakis tumani Mangliawan qishlog'ida tabiiy hammom.

Kontekstida uchun haj, King Hayam Wuruk, ajdodlarni dharma qilishni maqsad qilgan Singhasari Shohligining bir necha meros ibodatxonalarini ziyorat qildi (Vangsa Rajasa ). Ziyorat qilingan ba'zi ibodatxonalarga Kidal ibodatxonasi (sharafiga) kiradi Qirol Anusapati ), Jago ibodatxonasi (qirol Visnuardhana sharafiga) va Candi Singasari (Raja Kertanegara sharafiga). Ayniqsa, Singasari ibodatxonasi uchun u Singxasari yoki Majapaxit qirolligi davrida qurilganmi degan bahslar mavjud. Chunki Indoneziya Respublikasi Milliy kutubxonasi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra Singosari ibodatxonasi milodiy 1300 yillarda (qirol Raden Vijayaning hukmronligi) Djava ibodatxonasi bilan birga Raja Kertanegara kabi hurmat ibodatxonasi sifatida qurilgan.[42] Biroq, bu ma'bad shoh Kertanegara davrida jamoat ibodatxonasi sifatida qurilgan degan dalil mavjud. Ushbu so'nggi bahsning natijasi shuki, Jayxatvang Singxasarini bosib olganligi sababli ma'bad qurilishi tugamagan.[42]

Malang viloyati (Tumapel) Paregreg urushi boshlanganda (1404–1406) siyosiy to'qnashuv ob'ektlaridan biriga aylandi. Ushbu hududga Aji Rajanata, Bxre Virabxumi II (Blambangan, Banyuvangi) da'vo qilmoqda. Biroq, da'vo Manggalavardhana, hali ham qirol Xayam Vurukning o'g'li Bxre Tumapel II tomonidan qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Shuning uchun bu maydon Majapahit (G'arbiy) va Blambangan ('Sharqiy Majapaxit) ishtirokidagi jangning oldingi chizig'i sifatida qabul qilinadi. Ammo, chunki War Paregreg g'alaba qozondi Qirol Vikramavardhana, Tumapel Majapahit hokimiyatiga qaytdi.[42]

Majapaxit Shohligi kelganida Admiral Cheng Xo dan Xitoy (Min sulolasi ) milodiy 1421 yilda u King bilan kelishgan Vikramavardhana (Milodiy 1389–1429 yillar) Ma Xong Fu va Ma Yung Longni Tumapeldagi Min sulolasining elchilari qilib tayinlash.[43] Buni Admiral Cheng Xoning Majapaxit mintaqasida etnik xitoyliklar xavfsizligini ta'minlash bo'yicha olib borgan diplomatik harakatlari bilan bog'lash mumkin. Davomida Paregreg urushi (1406), Min sulolasidan 170 ga yaqin delegatlar Admiral Cheng Xo tomonidan diplomatik aloqalarni tiklash uchun yuborilgan. Xitoy va keyin Majapahit Jayakatvang-Raden Vijayya-Xubilay Xonning to'qnashuvi dan o'tish davrida Singhasari ga Majapaxit. Biroq, barcha vakillar qirol Vikramavardhana tomonidan qirg'in qilindi, ular dushman sifatida kelganliklarini ajrata olmadilar. Admiral Cheng Xoning roli Malang viloyati (Tumapel) uchun 1432 yilda uning bo'ysunuvchilari Gan Eng Cu va (Dyuk (Bhre) Tubanlik Arya Teja I) va uning ukasi Gan Eng Van Ratu Maharani Shri Suxitaga (milodiy 1429–1447) ichki mojarolardan so'ng Daxa (Kadiri) va Tumapelni birlashtirishga yordam bergan.[43] Xizmatlari uchun Bro Eng Vanga Raden Arya Suganda unvoni berilib, Tumapel kompaniyasining rasmiy vakili etib tayinlandi.

Sengguruh Shohligi

Qabr Sengguruh gersogi Arya Terung.

Sengguruh oxirgi Hindlar qirolligi merosining qolgan qismi Majapaxit Malangdagi hamdardlar. Majapaxit qulaganidan keyin u mustaqil qirollik edi.[44] Hermanus Yoxannes de Graf o'g'li deb bahslashdi Brawijaya VII, Raden Pramana janubdagi uzoq tog'li mintaqaga qochib ketdi[45] Daxa (Kadiri) (buyon Majapaxitning poytaxti) bosib olinishi tufayli Girindrawardhana - Brawijaya VI ) tomonidan Sulton Trenggana tomonidan Demak 1527 yilda. Ushbu mintaqaning etakchisi Adipati Sengguruh unvoni bilan Arya Terung. Sengguruh nomi ta'lim markazining mavjudligi va ritsarlar yoki bayroqning yashash joyi (odatda Kepanjian yoki Kepanjen hududi deb ataladi) bilan bog'liq deb aytiladi. Kepanjen shahrida o'qishni istagan bannerlar "o'qituvchiga boramiz" deb yozilgani aytilgan, ular o'qigan joyni anglatadi. Bu so'zlar asta-sekin Sengguruhga aylandi.[46]

Ga binoan Babad ing Gresik (Gresik yilnomalari), qirollik hujum qilishga urinib ko'rgan edi Lamongan va Giri (Gresik) Biroq, Arya Terungning sa'y-harakatlari muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi.[47] Darhaqiqat, Tedxak Dermayudondagi yozuvlarga ko'ra, istilo etishmovchiligidan so'ng, Arya Terung asrab oldi Islom va tarqaldi Islom ta'limoti Sengguruh bo'ylab.[47] Natijada Raden Pramana boshchiligidagi Majapaxit xayrixohlari isyon ko'tarib, Arya Terungni shimoldan qochib o'tib, quyi oqimlari atrofida qochib ketishdi. Brantas daryosi. Sobiq poytaxtni zabt etgan Sulton Trenggana yordamida Singhasari imperiyasi 1545 yilda Sengguruh isyonni bostirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Raden Pramana tomon qochdi Blambangan. Serat Kanda Sulton Trenggana yana bir bor Arya Terungni Demak Sultonligi tasarrufidagi Sengguruh knyazi etib tayinladi. Bundan tashqari, Malang hududi Sulton Trenggana fathidan keyin Kutho Bedah ("Vayron qilingan shahar") ga aylandi.[48] Sengguruh Shohligi Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala qishlog'i (Sengguruh qishlog'ining g'arbiy qismida), Kepanjen tumani, Malang Regency.[47]

Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston

Hotel Splendid bulardan biri Gollandiyalik me'morchilik merosi Malang markazida

Shahar poytaxt edi Singhasari 1222 yilda, keyin o'tkazilgan Golland koloniya. Malang gollandlar ostida modernizatsiya qilingan; uning ko'tarilishidan kelib chiqadigan yumshoq iqlimi va asosiy portga yaqinligi Surabaya, uni Gollandiyaliklar va boshqa evropaliklar uchun mashhur joyga aylantirdi. Malang tez o'sib, rivojlana boshladi va jamiyatning turli xil iqtisodiy tarmoqlari, ayniqsa, turli tadbirlarni o'tkazish uchun kosmosga ehtiyoj ortib bordi.[49] Natijada, erdan foydalanishda o'zgarish yuz berdi, u nazoratsiz ravishda paydo bo'lgan ob-havo maydoni bilan belgilandi. Er funktsiyalarining o'zgarishi tez o'zgarib turadi, masalan, amaldagi er xo'jaligi uy-joy va sanoatning amaldagi eriga aylanadi. 1879 yilda Malang Java temir yo'l tarmog'iga ulandi, rivojlanishni yanada oshirish va sanoatlashtirishni kuchayishiga olib keladi. 1914 yil 1-aprelda Malang tayinlandi gemeente (shahar).[50]

Yapon istilosi

Yaponiya aholisi davrida Nusantara, Malangni ham Yaponiya bosib olgan. Yapon imperatori armiyasi 1942 yil 7 martda Malangni ishg'ol qila boshladi. Yaponiya istilosi paytida bino vazifasida o'zgarish yuz berdi. Gollandiyaliklar yashagan uylar o'z vazifalariga o'tkazildi. Gollandiyalik harbiylarning shtab-kvartirasi yoki idorasi sifatida ishlatilgan Jalan Semeru shahridagi Gollandiyalik bino Kempetay binosiga aylantirildi.[51]

Indoneziyaning mustaqilligi

Keyin Indoneziyaning mustaqilligi 1945 yilda Malang 1945 yil 21 sentyabrda Indoneziya Respublikasining tarkibiga kirdi va 1947 yil 2 martda qayta ishg'ol qilingandan keyin qayta kirdi. Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston. 2001 yil 1 yanvarda hukumat Malang shahar hukumatiga o'zgartirildi, unga ikkinchi tuzatishlar kiritildi Indoneziya Konstitutsiyasi.[52]

O'sish bilan birga urbanizatsiya ham paydo bo'ldi. Hukumat aholining arzon uy-joylarga bo'lgan ehtiyojini qondira olmadi, buning natijasida bino qurildi shinam shaharchalar daryolar va temir yo'llar bo'ylab. Bugungi kunda shinam shaharchalar hanuzgacha mavjud; garchi ba'zilari "yaxshiroq" uy-joyga aylantirilsa ham.[53]

Geografiya

Arjuno tog'i dan ko'rib chiqildi Singosari, Malang Regency.

Malang Malang Regensining o'rtasida va Java orolining janubiy qismida joylashgan. Shaharning maydoni 145,28 kvadrat kilometr (56,09 kvadrat mil).[54] Shahar bilan chegaradosh Singosari va Karangploso shimol tomonidagi tumanlar; Sharq tomonda Pakis va Tumpang tumanlari; Janubiy tomonda Tajinan va Pakisaji tumanlari; g'arbiy qismida Vagir va Dau tumanlari joylashgan[55] ning barcha tumanlari bo'lgan Malang Regency.

Malang qismlari o'zlarining o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga ega, shuning uchun ular har xil faoliyat uchun juda mos keladi. Malangning janubiy qismi etarlicha katta plato bo'lib, unga mos keladi sanoat, shimoliy qismi uchun mos bo'lgan serhosil tog'dir qishloq xo'jaligi, sharqiy qismi unumdor tuproqqa ega bo'lgan plato, g'arbiy qismi esa keng plato bo'lib, endi ta'lim maydoniga aylangan.[55]

Malang shahridan Indoneziyadagi eng uzun daryolardan biri, ikkinchisidan esa ikkinchi daryosi o'tadi Java keyin Bengavan yakka, Brantas daryosi manbai yon bag'irlarida joylashgan Arjuno tog'i shaharning shimoli-g'arbida. Malangdagi ikkinchi eng uzun daryo - Sukun kichik tumanidagi Karangbesuki qishlog'idagi Malang orqali o'tadigan Metro daryosi.

Malang shahri a plato. Shahar dengiz sathidan 440 dan 667 metrgacha balandlikda joylashgan. Shaharning eng baland joyi CitraGarden City Malang, ko'chmas mulkni rivojlantirish,[56] Malangning eng past hududi esa Dieng hududida.[57]

Malang shahri tog'lar bilan o'ralgan va tog 'tizmalari. Shahar atrofi bilan o'ralgan Arjuno tog'i shimolda; Semeru tog'i sharqqa; Kavi tog'i va Butak tog'i g'arbda; Kelud tog'i janubda.[55] Mashhur faol vulqon Bromo tog'i shaharning sharqidan 25 km (16 milya) sharqda joylashgan bo'lib, 2010 yil noyabr oyida aeroport otilib chiqishi natijasida havodan chiqqan kul tufayli bir haftaga yaqin yopilgan edi.[58]

Shahar manzaralari

Malang shahrining panorama ko'rinishi Arjuno-Welirang va Kavi Butak bilan qoplangan tog'lar Cumulonimbus buluti 2019 yil yanvar oyida.
Malang davlat universiteti G'arbiy Malangning ko'rinishi. Brawijaya universiteti rektori va asosiy kutubxona binosini rasmning chap tomonidagi minora sifatida ko'rish mumkin.

Iqlim

Malang shahridagi iqlim xususiyatlari tropik musson iqlimi (Am) chunki yil davomida iqlim yog'ingarchiliklari bilan chegaradosh musson katta ta'sir ko'rsatadi subtropik baland tog'li iqlimi (Cwb). Yog'ingarchilik 26 mm bo'lgan eng quruq oy avgust, yog'ingarchilik esa 334 mm bo'lgan yanvar oyidir. Harorat balandlik bilan boshqariladi, chunki shahar dengiz sathidan 506 m balandlikda joylashgan. Eng issiq oy oktyabr va noyabr oylari o'rtacha 24,3 ° C, eng salqin oy esa o'rtacha 22,4 ° C bilan iyul.

Malang, Sharqiy Java, Indoneziya uchun iqlim ma'lumotlari (balandligi 450 m yoki 1480 fut)
OyYanvarFevralMarAprelMayIyunIyulAvgustSentyabrOktyabrNoyabrDekabrYil
O'rtacha yuqori ° C (° F)28.5
(83.3)		28.5
(83.3)		28.5
(83.3)		28.7
(83.7)		29.0
(84.2)		28.8
(83.8)		28.4
(83.1)		29.3
(84.7)		29.8
(85.6)		30.2
(86.4)		29.5
(85.1)		28.5
(83.3)		29.0
(84.1)
Kundalik o'rtacha ° C (° F)24.0
(75.2)		24.1
(75.4)		24.0
(75.2)		24.0
(75.2)		23.9
(75.0)		23.2
(73.8)		22.4
(72.3)		23.2
(73.8)		23.6
(74.5)		24.3
(75.7)		24.3
(75.7)		23.8
(74.8)		23.7
(74.7)
O'rtacha past ° C (° F)19.6
(67.3)		19.7
(67.5)		19.5
(67.1)		19.3
(66.7)		18.9
(66.0)		17.7
(63.9)		16.5
(61.7)		17.1
(62.8)		17.5
(63.5)		18.5
(65.3)		19.2
(66.6)		19.1
(66.4)		18.5
(65.4)
O'rtacha yog'ingarchilik mm (dyuym)334
(13.1)		307
(12.1)		292
(11.5)		173
(6.8)		132
(5.2)		77
(3.0)		47
(1.9)		26
(1.0)		43
(1.7)		106
(4.2)		225
(8.9)		326
(12.8)		2,088
(82.2)
O'rtacha nisbiy namlik (%)81.782.382.279.279.877.375.172.970.970.974.479.177.1
Manba 1: Climate-Data.org (temp va yog'ingarchilik)[59]
Manba 2: Ob-havo bazasi (namlik)[60]

Ma'muriyat

Malang shahri hozirda Mayor tomonidan boshqarilmoqda Sutiaji, uning muddati 2018 yildan 2023 yilgacha ishlaydi.[61] Shahar qonun chiqaruvchi organi - Malang mintaqaviy xalq vakillari kengashi 45 o'ringa ega bo'lib, ular ustunlik qiladi PDI Perjuangan (11 o'rin), PKB (6 o'rin) va Golkar partiyasi (5 o'rin). A'zolar har besh yilda saylanadi.[62] Malang beshga bo'lingan tumanlar (kecamatan), 2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish soni bilan quyida keltirilgan:[63]

IsmAholisi
Aholini ro'yxatga olish 2010 yil
Kedungkandang174,477
Sukun181,513
Klojen105,907
Yugurish172,333
Lowokvaru186,013

Demografiya

Malang munitsipalitetining 800 mingdan ortiq aholisi bor,[64] 3 milliondan ortiq klasterlar bilan Malang vodiysi,[65] uni viloyatning aholisi soni bo'yicha ikkinchi shahriga aylantirish. Biroq, aholi o'sishi unchalik yuqori emas, yiliga taxminan 1 foiz.

Etnik kelib chiqishi

Shaharning irqiy makiyaji asosan Yava,[66] ning kichik foizlari bilan Madurese,[67] Xitoy va Arab kelib chiqishi.[68] Boshqa yava xalqi bilan taqqoslaganda, Malangning yava xalqi qattiq va teng huquqli xarakterga ega.[66]

Din

Malangdagi din (2016)[69]
DinFoiz
Islom
 
86.72%
Protestantizm
 
6.36%
Katoliklik
 
5.10%
Hinduizm
 
0.91%
Buddizm
 
0.87%
Konfutsiylik
 
0.02%
Aliran kepercayaan
 
0.01%

14-asrga qadar Malang an Hindlashgan ko'pchilik Hindu -Buddaviy Java-ning aksariyat qismi kabi shohlik. Endi Malang aholisining katta qismi musulmonlardir. Katoliklar, protestantlar, hindular, buddistlar va konfutsiylarning oz sonli ozchiliklari mavjud.

Ko'plab ibodat binolari mustamlakachilik davrida barpo etilishidan hanuzgacha ajralib turadi. Masalan, Malang shahri masjidi (Masjid Agung Jami Kota Malang - msjd mlاnغ غlkyr) Malang shahar maydonida (Alun-alun Kota Malang); Isoning Muqaddas Yuragi katolik cherkovi (Gereja Katolik Xati Kudus Yesus) Kayutangan shahrida; Karmel tog'idan sobiq avliyo Maryam (Gereja Ijen yoki Katedral Santa Mariya dari Gunung Karmel) uchun joy bo'lgan Jalan Ijenda Malang Rim-katolik yeparxiyasi; Alun-alundagi Immanuil protestant cherkovi; va Eng An Kiong Konfutsiy ibodatxonasi (Klenteng Eng An Kiong - 永安 宮廟) Jl. Laksamana Martadinata №1 Malang.

Malang diniy ma'rifat markazi ekanligi bilan mashhur. Bu ko'plab islom maktablari (madrasalar va.) Mavjudligidan yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi pesantrenlar) va Muqaddas Kitobga bag'ishlangan seminar. Malangda bir nechta ibodatxonalar va monastirlar mavjud: Karmel monastiri, Ursulin monastiri, Miserikordia monastiri, Muqaddas Yurak birodarlarimiz xonim monastiri, Bibi Maryamning singillari monastiri, Monastir missiyasi yig'ilishi birodar, birodar Abbey Projo, Passionist monastir va boshqalar. boshqalar.

Til

The Arekan lahjasi ning Yava tili Malangda ishlatiladigan kundalik til. Surabaya singari, Malang fuqarolari ham yava tilining teng huquqli shaklini qabul qiladilar. Ta'lim markaziga aylanib, Malang tilida Java tilidan tashqarida ko'plab tillar mavjud.

Malangning ko'plab mahalliy yoshlari "Boso Valikan '. Bu shakl til o'yini so'zlarning talaffuzini o'zgartirishdan iborat, masalan. "Malang" "Ngalam" ga aylanadi.[70]

Norezidentlar

Malangda vaqtincha yashovchilar asosan ma'lumot olish maqsadida o'sha erda bo'lishadi. Ular boshqa orollardan, asosan Sharqiy va Markaziy Indoneziyadan keladi Bali, Madura, Sulavesi, Nusa Tenggara, Papua va Maluku. Shuningdek, kelib chiqadigan ko'plab talabalar mavjud Jakarta, G'arbiy Yava, Sumatra va Borneo.

Iqtisodiyot

Malang rivojlangan va xilma-xil iqtisodiyotga ega, shuningdek Sharqiy Yava viloyati hukumati tomonidan ta'kidlangan iqtisodiy sohadir.[71] The yalpi hududiy ichki mahsulot Malangning (GRDP) hajmi 57,171,60 mlrd rupiya[72] Sharqiy Java GRDP-ga 3,06% iqtisodiy hissasi bilan; Malang Sharqiy Java va ikkinchi darajali mintaqada uchinchi yirik GRDP bo'lgan shaharga aylandi (daerah tingkat II, reglament va shaharlarni o'z ichiga oladi) Sharqiy Java-da o'ninchi yirik GRDP bilan.[73] Malang Siti jon boshiga GRDP, 66,758,1 yuz ming rupiyani tashkil etadi, bu Sharqiy Yavada oltinchi o'rinda turadi. Pasuruan mintaqasi.[73] Malangda 6000 ga yaqin ishsizlar bor[74] ochiq ishsizlik darajasi 7,28% bilan.[75] Malang iqtisodiyotini turli sohalar, shu jumladan sanoat, xizmat ko'rsatish, savdo va turizm qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Savdo eng katta hissa qo'shdi, Malang Siti umumiy ishlab chiqarish hajmining 29,53%.[76] Malang shuningdek, mashhur tamaki kompaniyalaridan birining uyi, ya'ni Bentoel.[77]

Malang ijodiy iqtisodiyot tizimini amalga oshiradi.[78] Buni yuqori rol bilan isbotlash mumkin mikro, kichik va o'rta korxonalar (MSMEs) iqtisodiyotda. Shahar hukumati KO'Klar rivojlanishini rag'batlantirishda davom etmoqda, ular orasida turli xil xujjatlar mavjud ekspozitsiyalar[79] va festivallar.[80] MSME-lardan tashqari, ilovalar va raqamli o'yinlar kreativ iqtisodiyotni qo'llashning kichik qismlariga aylandi.[81] Bilvosita, ushbu ijodiy iqtisodiyot Malang Siti inson taraqqiyotini ham oshiradi.[82]

2016 yilda Malang iqtisodiyoti 5,61 foizga o'sdi.[76] Ushbu tezkor iqtisodiy o'sishni turizm kuchaytirmoqda.[83][84][85] Bundan tashqari, iqtisodiy rivojlanishning tez sur'atlarda o'sishiga KO'K,[86] sanoat va savdo.[87]

Inflyatsiya Malangda juda past. 2017 yil sentyabr oyida, Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Malangda inflyatsiya 0,05% ni tashkil etganini ta'kidladi.[88] Inflyatsiyaning asosiy sababi umumiy darajadagi o'sishdir iste'mol narxlari indeksi.[88] Malang inflyatsiya darajasi past bo'lsa-da, bir vaqtlar Sharqiy Yavada eng yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega edi, ya'ni 2017 yil iyulida 0,30% inflyatsiya bilan.[89]

Transport

Yo'l

Malangda umumiy uzunligi 1027 kilometr (638 milya) bo'lgan 2960 yo'l mavjud.[90][91] Ushbu hisoblash viloyat va davlat yo'llarini o'z ichiga olmaydi.[90][91] Joylashganidan tashqari Indoneziya milliy marshruti 23, uni bog'laydigan Gempol va Kepanjen, Malang shuningdek, viloyat yo'llariga ulangan[92] Sharqiy Java-dagi regresslar va shaharlarni bog'lash. To increase connectivity in East Java, pullik yo'llar are being built, one of them is the Pandaan-Malang pullik yo'li.[93] This toll road will end in Madyopuro, Kedungkandang.[94] Now the toll has entered the construction phase.[95]

On 28 May 2006, a blow-out occurred during drilling for an exploration of tabiiy gaz yilda Porong, Sidoarjo. The blow-out initially produced 5000 m³ of mud flow per day. 18 months after the incident, the mudflow is estimated to be 80,000 m³ to 100,000 m³ per day. This ongoing mudflow has forced the closure of the Porong -Gempol toll road in East Java, which effectively cut off the transport line from Surabaya to Malang.[96] In mid-2015, a new highway — Gempol-Pandaan Toll Road — opened for the public to ease transport from Malang to Surabaya and Pasuruan to Surabaya, vice versa.[97]

Malang temir yo'l stantsiyasi, the main station of Malang

The primary public transportation are mikrovanslar (most of them are Suzuki Carry ), painted blue for legal public use. Those microvans are called Angkot both officially and casually (from Angkutan = transportation and Kota = city) but some locals prefer to call it by the name Mikrolet. They are operated privately and cheap, around IDR 4,000 each boarding, but the angkots are usually cramped. The Department of Transportation of Malang operates angkots and maktab avtobuslari. Both services serve both the city centre and the suburbs. There are now 25 angkot shahardagi marshrutlar.[98] The school buses began operating on 29 December 2014[99] and there are now six school buses with six routes.[100] Malang has a large intercity bus terminal, Arjosari, located in Blimbing, North Malang. Gojek va Qatnash operate in Malang. A protest was held by angkot and taxi drivers opposing these companies on 20 February 2017, leading Gojek to close its office in Malang temporarily.[101]

Ga binoan INRIX, Malang is one of the most congested cities in the world with total time spent in a year in congestion of 39.3 hours (20% of total time).[102] A Brawijaya universiteti survey, 46.2% of city residents consider congestion in the city to be severe.[103] This congestion also eliminates the convenience of the tourists.[104] The city government has tried to overcome it by planning the development of monorail[105][106] and underpasses. However, after conducting several comparative studies, the government stated that Malang is unable to build monorails and underpasses because it is very expensive.[107]

Temir yo'l

The Malang bekati, located in the centre of Malang,[108] is the main railway station of the city and serves 832,181 passengers[109] with the number reaching 5 thousand people per day[110] ustida mudik of 2017. The station is the largest railway station in Malang[111] and connects Malang with other major cities in Indonesia such as Surabaya,[112] Bandung,[113] va Jakarta.[114] It is near Malang City Hall and some other governmental and primary public services. The station is frequently called as the Malang Kotabaru Station to distinguish it from Malang Kotalama stantsiyasi which is located in Sukun, South Malang. There is also a small train station, Yugurish located in Blimbing, North Malang which is strategically located near five and four-star hotels and the city's business and commercial district.

To ease commuters from Yogyakarta to Malang vice versa, on 20 May 2012 Malioboro Express (Moleks) has been operated.[115]

Previously, there was a tram system in Malang, but now it is defunct.

Havo

Abdul Raxman Solih nomidagi aeroport

Malang is served by 2 airports in the region. Abdul Raxman Solih nomidagi aeroport[116] is located closer to the city center.[117] This airport connects the city to domestic cities to Jakarta[118] and Denpasar.[119] The other airport is Xuanda xalqaro aeroporti yilda Sidoarjo which is located 96 km from the city center and serves both International and Domestic flights. Both airports can be accessed by bus, taxis and travel cabs.

Ta'lim

Brawijaya universiteti havo

Malang has a strong reputation throughout Indonesia as a center for higher education and learning.[120] The following higher education institutions are located in the city:

Public institutions:

Private institutions:

Ma Chung universiteti
  • Muhammadiya Malang universiteti (UMM)
  • Ma Chung universiteti
  • Islamic University of Malang (UNISMA)
  • Catholic University of Widya Karya Malang (UKWK)
  • South East Asia Bible Seminary – SAAT
  • STIE Malangkucecwara
  • Widyagama University of Malang (UWG)
  • Institut Teknologi Nasional Malang (ITN)
  • Merdeka University (UNMER)
  • Vocational and Educational Development Center Malang (VEDC Malang)
  • IKIP Budi Utomo Malang
  • Gajayana University of Malang (UNIGA)
  • Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang (UNIKAMA)

Malang also has two elementary schools, high schools and two international schools, Wesley International School and Bina Bangsa School Malang.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Saiful Anwar Hospital

Health services in the city are quite adequate. This is supported by the focus of the city budget carried out by the municipal government.[121] In Malang, there are hundreds of hospitals, clinics, Puskesmas (community health centres), Posyandu (integrated health posts), and other health services. Provincial and municipal governments have hospitals in this city. The provincial government has a hospital of type A, the Dr. Saiful Anwar Regional General Hospital,[122] while the city government has a smaller hospital, the Malang Regional General Hospital.[123]

Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital is the largest hospital in the city. The hospital is a referral hospital in southern Sharqiy Java.[124] Other public hospitals are the Malang City Hospital, Panti Nirmala Hospital, Lavalette Hospital, Hermina Tangkubanprahu Hospital, RSI Malang, and Persada Hospital.[125]

Malang has many teaching hospitals. Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital and University of Brawijaya Hospital accommodate by Faculty of Medicine of Brawijaya universiteti talabalar.[126][127][128] The University of Muhammadiyah Malang Hospital which accommodates Faculty of Medicine's students of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang.[129]

Madaniyat

Topeng Malang Hall

As a center of tourism, Malang has various places of interest which can be classified into local, regional, national and international standards, including traditional dance performances such as Tari Topeng (Mask Dance), Jaranan Pegon (Divine Horse Dance), Tari Beskalan (Beskalan Dance), Tari Bedayan Malang (Welcome Guests Dance), and Tari Grebeg Wiratama (Soldier's Fame Dance). There is also 'Topeng' or mask handicraft in the villages of Jabung and Kedungmonggo, which have become a familiar landmark in Malang Regency.

Football is considered a second religion in Malang. Shahar uyi "Arema" FK, a popular football club in Indonesia which is also known in OFK for its internationally acclaimed achievements.

Malang is also home to a thriving transgender (waria) community headed by Miss Waria Indonesia 2006, Merlyn Sopjan. Many waria work in entertainment industry, go'zallik salonlari or become fohishalar. However, they still face prejudice and they can't get many employment options.[130]

Tarixiy yodgorliklar

Because it has been inhabited since tarixdan oldingi, various prehistoric objects have been found in Malang. In Bakalankrajan, the people found mortar and dolmen.[131] In addition, also found mortar and scratch stones in Tlogomas which are stored in the Mpu Purwa Museum.[132][133][134] In addition, the relics of the Hindu-Buddhist Kingdom did not lose. There has been found a Shiva sect of Hindu worship in the days of Singhasari yoki Majapaxit in the place near McDonald's restaurant in Dinoyo named the Ketawanggede Site.[135][136]

The most famous historical landmark is the relics of the Gollandiyalik davr. There are historical objects such as ceramic paintings at Hotel Pelangi,[137] Dutch heritage buildings on Jalan Ijen,[138] and ancient buildings with colonial architecture style.[139] The Jalan Ijen area is one of the legacies of architect Herman Thomas Karsten.[140][141] The Dutch inherited utilities such as drainage.[142] Small objects such as ancient Dutch guldier money were exhibited in 2013.[143]

Yodgorliklar

As the main city in Indonesia, Malang is involved in various historical events that took place in Indonesia. To mark the event, various monuments and memorials were built that symbolized important historical events. Historic events, especially the struggle for independence which has the most monuments. These monuments include the Tugu Monument which signifies independence from the Gollandiya imperiyasi;[144] The TGP Monument (Army Genie Student) was built to commemorate the struggle of the TGP; Monument to the Heroes of the Army of the Republic of Indonesia Student (TRIP), monument to the triumph of the heroes of the TRIP;[145] The Fighting Monument '45 which signifies the collapse of occupation; The Monument of Hamid Rusdi in memory of Hamid Rusdi; General Sudirman Monument that commemorates the struggle of Commander Sudirman; KNIP Malang Monument, the historical monument of the Markaziy Indoneziya milliy qo'mitasi (KNIP); and the Melati Monument (Suropati Cadet Monument), a monument to the awarding of emergency schools at the beginning of the formation of the People's Security Army (TKR).

Malang symbolizes various things through its monuments. One of them is the historic heritage of Indonesia, namely the MiG-17 Aircraft Monument with the NATO code "Fresco"[146] located on Jalan Soekarno-Hatta. This monument is a symbol of the strength of the Air Force. Ushbu samolyot davomida ishlatilgan Trikora and Confrontation Operations. There is also the Statue of Ken Dedes Monument located at the entrance to the northern side of Malang. In Malang there is also a national poet monument, Anvar raisi, located on Jalan Basuki Rahmat. To symbolize Malang's contemporary history and identity, various monuments were built. Adipura Monument which is located on Jalan Semeru which signifies Adipura achievement by Malang. Sifatida Bhumi Arema,[147] there is the Singo Edan Monument located in Taman Bentoel Trunojoyo[148] and the Arema Monument which is located on Jalan Lembang to symbolize the pride of Malang people to their football club, "Arema" FK.

Muzeylar

Brawijaya Museum with Statue of Sudirman

Malang, which is a center of settlements since ancient times, has many historical relics ranging from prehistoric relics to the relics of the 1990s. In this city, the museums already exists to the sub-district level.[149] Museums that store these relics include the Mpu Purwa Museum, a museum containing Hindu-Buddhist relics,[150] Malang Tempo Dooe Museum, Malang historical museum, and Brawijaya Museum, the independence war museum. There is also a museum that leaves the historical heritage of a giant Indonesian company, the Bentoel Museum which contains the history of Bentoel guruhi va uning asoschilari.[151]

As one of the most important educational cities since the Dutch East Indies,[152] Malang also has a lot of scientific heritage left behind by European and Indonesian scientists. Among the many museums that leave these relics, there is the Brother Vianney Zoological Museum which contains hundreds of collections of conological specimens and herpetology specimens.

Raqslar

Malang is a city that has various types of traditional dance. According to the cultural area (tlatah), Malang belongs to the Arekan Culture. Thus, art dances in the city, especially dance art are more energetic, joyful, and straightforward. Malang dances vary, ranging from welcome dances, namely Beskalan dance, respect dance such as Bedayan dance, to Grebeg Wiratama dance which describes the spirit of war.[153] Although there are many dances besides these dances, the famous Malang dance is the famous Mask Dance. The dance is a dance art performance where all characters use masks. In general, dances often use banner stories, stories of classical Javanese land.[154]

In addition to dance, the city also has art in the form of performances. The most famous show is the Banteng show. This art developed in villages rooted in the history of Singhasari tumanda. However, even some areas in the very modern city still have the Bantengan community.[155] This art involves bull ancestors who were summoned by elders. Bantengan is considered unique, but there are local people who oppose it.[156] Malangan Braiding Line is no less exciting. This show is an art performance that displays a group of people who are ready to act with a braid line (piggyback).[157] Sometimes, Jaran Kapan dancers get tranced state.[158]

Oshxona

Malang is a famous culinary city at affordable prices. The number of cheap culinary is caused by many people are students from the rest of Indonesia. Dishes typical of Malang, Yava oshxonasi, domestically Indonesia cuisine, Xitoy oshxonasi, Hind oshxonasi, Arab oshxonasi va Evropa oshxonasi in Malang.[159][160] In regard to food, Malang is also known to have many warung that are quite legendary and have lasted for decades. These shops, among others, Toko Oen which was established in 1930;[161] Warung Tahu Telur Lonceng which was established in the early 1900s[162] until it was referred to as colonial-era food to millennials;[163] and Gerai Putu Lanang Celaket which was established in 1935.[164]

Culinary tourism in the city was mixed with the Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. In the festival, a variety of ancient culinary offerings, ranging from cenil, putu, to grendul, were sold.[165] Ancient snacks such as sugar cane,[166] Paxtaqand,[167] and miller crackers[168] were also sold at the festival. Cotton candy is sold in various forms such as corn, dragons or flowers.[169]

Sport

Gajayana stadioni

"Arema" FK is the city's most widely supported football team and plays in the Indonesian top league, the 2017 yilgi Liga 1. Its home is Kanjuruhan stadioni, joylashgan Kepanjen, Malang Regency. Arema FC has a loyal and large fanbase, those fans are called Aremaniya. There was also another football club, it goes by the name Persema Malang, endi ishlamayapti.

Malang also has a stadium in Klojen, Central Malang, it is known officially as Gajayana stadioni. Currently it is mostly used for major city events and yengil atletika undan foydalanib yugurish yo'lagi. Shuningdek, a suzish havzasi, tennis, basketbol, badminton va og'ir atletika inshootlar near the stadium area as Central Sports Center. Another large sports center which goes by the name Rampal Sports Center is located near a military base in Kedungkandang, East Malang.

The city is also home to the professional basketball team Bimasakti Nikko Steel Malang ichida o'ynaydigan Indoneziya basketbol ligasi.

Atrof muhit

Parklar

According to research by The Clean Cities Air Partnership Program (CCAP), Malang is one of the five cities with the cleanest air in Asia.[170][171][172] This achievement is one of the results of the community's commitment to continue to cultivate and beautify the city parks.[173] Parks in Malang are known to be clean and have playing facilities so that Malang is considered to be a child-friendly city.[174] The city government also created thematic parks, which helps the city to achieve the Best City Park in Indonesia award.[175][176] Thematic parks can be found on the green way on Jalan Jakarta, namely the Taman Kunang-Kunang (Firefly Park).[177]

The biggest parks in Malang are the Merdeka Square and Tugu Square (Tugu Malang Monument). Merdeka Square is located in front of the Malang Regent's Office and is the oldest square built in 1882.[178] Not only that, Merdeka Square also provides a children playground[179] va favvora.[180] Tugu Square which is located right in front of the Malang City Hall[181] is decorated by the Tugu Malang, fountains, flowers, ponds with lotuslar, typical flowers of Malang,[182] palm trees, and plastic lamps shaped like sunflowers.[183] Although intended for aesthetic elements, the sunflower lights were protested by the local residents because they were considered to be environmentally unfriendly and did not look good.[184]

Some parks are the result of development from CSR funds. One of these is the Slamet Park which was built with CSR funds from PT Bentoel Prima.[185] Bentoel's CSR fund was also used to renovate that park[186] and Taman Trunojoyo.[187] One of the famous parks, the Singha Merjosari Park was also renovated with CSR funds.[188] However, the CSR funds used are funds from telecommunications companies.[188] CSR funds from educational institutions such as the Merdeka Education Foundation that manages the Merdeka Malang University have also provided CSR to revitalize the Dieng Canal Park.[189][190]

Mukofotlar

In the environmental field, Malang has won several awards including Adipura (given to the cleanest cities in Indonesia), Adiwiyata, and others.[191] In addition, Malang is the city with the highest number of Adiwiyata schools in Indonesia, namely 173 schools from elementary to junior high schools.[192] The Department of Environment of Malang City also received the 2017 Water Supply and Environmental Health (Air Minum dan Penyehatan Lingkungan, AMPL) award from the Head of the National Development Planning Agency.[193] AMPL was achieved by the city because the city was able to reduce solid waste in 2016 by 15.1% and the coverage of access to chiqindilarni boshqarish was 74.8%.[194] In 2017, the city won the Wahana Tata Nugraha award because it was able to transform the slum environment into a tourist attraction[195] such as the Jodipan Tourism Village. The many awards obtained by the city also had an impact on the increase in Regional Incentive Funds (Dana Insentif Daerah, DID) from 7.5 billion rupiahs in 2017 to 25.5 billion in 2018.[196]

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha harakatlar

The government plays an active role in environmental conservation efforts. In achieving the Adipura Kencana, the education office held the Green School Festival (GSF) which was held annually in schools in the city.[197] The method of implementing the GSF is considered good because it is forcing the participation of all schools.[197] In addition, the Department of Housing and Settlements (Disperkim) also conducted a garden arrangement competition by realising the importance of green open space,[198] and also actively built parks in the city.[199] The city of Malang also seeks to utilise additional funds such as CSR funds to revitalise city parks.[200][201]

Taniqli odamlar

Asosiy sahifa: Category:People from Malang

Qardosh shaharlar

Shuningdek qarang

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Tashqi havolalar

  • Malang Vikivoyajdan sayohat uchun qo'llanma
  • Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Malang Vikimedia Commons-da
  • Rasmiy veb-sayt (indonez tilida)