Medan - Medan - Wikipedia

Medan
Shahar
Medan shahri Kota Medan
Boshqa transkripsiya (lar)
• Javi	Ktا mydاn
• Batak	ᯔᯩᯑᯉ᯲
• Xitoy	棉蘭
• Tamilcha	மேடான்
Yuqoridan soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha: Markaziy biznes tuman, Sun Plaza, Graha Mariya Annai Velangkanni, Medan temir yo'l stantsiyasi, Shimoliy Sumatra gubernatorlik, Maymun saroyi va Medanning katta masjidi
Muhr
Taxallus (lar): Parijlar van Sumatra (Golland )[1][2]
Shior (lar): Bekerja sama dan sama-sama bekerja (Birgalikda ishlash va hamma ishlaydi)
Ichida joylashgan joy Shimoliy Sumatra
Medanning interaktiv xaritasi
Medan Joylashuv: Sumatra va Indoneziya Sumatra xaritasini ko'rsatish Medan Medan (Indoneziya) Indoneziya xaritasini ko'rsatish
Koordinatalari: 3 ° 35′N 98 ° 40′E / 3.583 ° N 98.667 ° E / 3.583; 98.667Koordinatalar: 3 ° 35′N 98 ° 40′E / 3.583 ° N 98.667 ° E / 3.583; 98.667
Mamlakat	Indoneziya
Viloyat	Shimoliy Sumatra
Tashkil etilgan	1590 yil 1-iyul
Hukumat
• shahar hokimi	Akhyar Nasution (aktyorlik)
• vitse-mer	Akhyar Nasution
• shahar Vakillar kengashining raisi	Xasim Xuang Kien Lim (PDI-P )
• shahar Vakillar Kengashi raisining o'rinbosarlari	Ixvan Ritonga (Gerindra ), Rajuddin Sagala (Obod Adolat partiyasi ) va HT Bahrumsyah (Milliy mandat partiyasi )
Maydon
• Shahar	265,1 km2 (102,4 kvadrat milya)
• shahar	478 km2 (185 kvadrat milya)
• Metro	3 146,6 km2 (1,214.9 kv mil)
Balandlik	2,5-37,5 m (8-123 fut)
Aholisi  (2019 taxminiy)
• Shahar	2,279,790 (4-chi )
• zichlik	8,599 / km2 (22,270 / sqm mil)
• Shahar [3]	3,632,000 (4-chi )
• Shaharlarning zichligi	7598 / km2 (19,680 / sqm mil)
• Metro [4]	4,601,565 (5-chi )
• Metro zichligi	1,462 / km2 (3,790 / sqm mil)
Demonim (lar)	Medanese
Demografiya [5]
• Etnik guruhlar	Malaycha Batak Yava Minangkabau Xitoy Arab Hind
• din	Islom 61.21% Protestantizm 18.46% Katoliklik 11.53% Buddizm 8.02% Hinduizm 0.34% Konfutsiylik 0.41% Boshqalar 0,03%
Vaqt zonasi	UTC + 7 (IWST )
Hudud kodi	(+62) 61
Avtotransport vositalarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish	BK
Nominal YaIM[5]	2019
- Jami	Rp 241,5 trillion (4-chi ) $ 17,1 mlrd $ 56,1 milliard (PPP )
- Aholi jon boshiga	Rp 105,908 ming (13-chi ) $ 7,490 $ 24,620 (PPP )
- o'sish	6.0%
HDI (2019)	0.809 (21-chi ) – Juda baland
Veb-sayt	pemkomedan.go.id

Medan (Indonezcha talaffuz:[meˈdan] (tinglang); Ingliz tili: /meɪdɑːn/) ning poytaxti va eng katta shahri Indoneziyalik viloyat ning Shimoliy Sumatra. Mintaqaviy markaz va moliyaviy markaz ning Sumatra, bu biri Indoneziyaning to'rtta asosiy markaziy shaharlari, yonida Jakarta, Surabaya va Makassar.^[6][7] Medanning 2,2 milliondan ortiq aholisi bor shahar chegaralari,^[8] va uning qurilishi 3,4 milliondan oshdi shahar maydoni, buni qilish Indoneziyadagi to'rtinchi yirik shahar maydoni.^[9] The Medan metropoliteni - unga qo'shni qo'shiladi Binjay, Deli Serdang Regency, va bir qismi Karo Regency - tashqarisidagi eng yirik metropoliten Java, 2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda 4,220,439 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi.^[10] Medan ko'p madaniyatli metropol bilan chegaradosh gavjum savdo shahri Malakka bo'g'ozi. Indoneziyaning g'arbiy qismiga kirish eshigi Medan tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Belavan porti va Kualanamu xalqaro aeroporti, ikkalasi ham bilan bog'langan shahar markazi orqali pullik yo'llar va temir yo'llar.

Shaharga Guru Patimpus asos solgan, a Karonese botqoqli erga qo'shilib nom bergan odam Deli daryosi va Bobura daryosi kabi Kampung Medan Putri. Keyinchalik bu qismning bir qismiga aylandi Deli Sultonligi 1632 yilda tashkil etilgan. 9-Sultonlik yordami bilan Sulton Ma'mun Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam, shuningdek taniqli xitoylik ishbilarmonlar Tjong Yong Xian va Tjong A Fie, iqtisodiyotning jadal rivojlanishi Medanni taxallus bilan katta savdo markaziga aylantirdi er dollar, "pul mamlakati" ma'nosini anglatadi. The Deli temir yo'li yuk tashish uchun tashkil etilgan kauchuk, choy, yog'och, palma yog'i va shakar sanoatining shahardan to Belavan porti. Medan shahrining poytaxti edi Sharqiy Sumatra shtati, Shimoliy Sumatraning viloyat poytaxti bo'lishidan oldin. Medan dublyaj qilindi Parijs van Sumatra shaharning o'xshashligi tufayli Parij.

Etimologiya

A kundaligiga binoan Portugal XVI asr boshlarida savdogar, Medan nomi kelib chiqqan Tamilcha so'z Maydan, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Maydom (Tamilcha: மைதானம்), bu degani Zamin, qabul qilingan Malay tili. Darvin Prinst SH tomonidan 2002 yilda nashr etilgan Karo-Indoneziya lug'atlaridan birida Medanga "tiklanish" yoki "yaxshiroq bo'lish" deb ham ta'rif berish mumkinligi aytilgan.

Tarix

Qadimgi davrlarda Medan shahri nomi bilan tanilgan Kampung Medan (Medan qishlog'i). Bu taxminan 4000 ga maydonga ega bo'lgan botqoqli erning bir qismi edi. Medan shahrini kesib o'tuvchi ba'zi daryolar Malakka bo'g'oziga quyiladi. Ushbu daryolar Sei Deli, Sei Babura, Sey Sikambing, Sey Denay, Sey Putih, Sey Perkut va Muara Belavandir.

Aru qirolligi

Medan shahri va uning atrofidagi hudud, gastronom va Langkat Regency qadimiy joy edi Aru qirolligi (Haru). Shohlik tomonidan tashkil etilgan Karo xalqi va 13-16 asrlar orasida gullab-yashnagan.^[11] Medan atrofidagi bir qancha arxeologik joylar Aru Qirolligi bilan bog'langan, shu jumladan Hamparan Perak hududidagi Kota Rentang, Deli Serdang Regency,^[12] Kota Cina arxeologik maydoni Medan Marelan,^[13] Benteng Putri Hijau, Deli Tua, Namorambe, Deli Serdang Regency-da joylashgan vayronalar.^[14]

Medanning tashkil topishi

Medan Kampung Medan (Medan Village) deb nomlangan qishloq sifatida boshlangan. Kampung Medanga Guron Patimpus Sembiring Pelavi asos solgan, u Karondan kelib chiqqan. Karo Land. U musulmon bo'lishidan oldin, u a Pemena izdosh. "Trombo" tarixiga rioya qilish va Xemparan Perak (XII Kuta), Guru Patimpus Datuk Kota Bangundan Islomni o'rgangan. O'sha paytda Guru Patimpus va uning odamlari Datuk bilan uchrashishni xohlashdi. Ular nafaqat u bilan uchrashishni, balki u bilan "kuch" uchun raqobatlashishni ham xohlashdi. Guru Patimpus Kota Bangunga borganida, u doimo Pulo Brayandan o'tib ketadi. Pulo Brayanda Guru Patimpus Pulo Brayan malikasini sevib qoladi. Oxir oqibat u malika bilan turmush qurdi va Kolok va Kecik ismli ikkita o'g'il ko'rdi. Keyin turmush qurgan juftlik o'rmon maydonini bir-biriga qo'shib qo'ydi Deli daryosi va Bobura daryosi uni nomlash bilan kichik bir qishloqqa Kampung Medan (lit Medan Village). Ushbu kun Medanning yubiley sanasi sifatida belgilangan, 1590 yil 1-iyul.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Uning davrida Guru Patimpus kelajakka intiluvchan odam ekanligi ma'lum bo'lgan. Bu o'z farzandlarini o'qish va o'qish uchun yuborish orqali isbotlangan Qur'on Datuk Kota Bangunga va keyin ularni jo'natdi Aceh Islom haqida bilimlarini chuqurlashtirish.

Dastlabki kunlarda mahalliy aholi bu joyni "deb atashdi Deli hududi (Indoneziyalik: Tanah Deli), u boshlanadi Ular daryosi uchun Vampu daryosi Langkatda, uning hududi davrida hokimiyat tepasida bo'lgan Deli Sultonligi ikki daryo orasidagi hududni qamrab olmaydi.

Kampung Medanning X. Muhammad Saidning kitobdan iqtibos keltirgan tavsifi ekanligini tasdiqlovchi bayonot Deli: Woord en Beeld-da N. ten Keyt tomonidan yozilgan. Bayonotda aytilishicha, erta Kampung Medan ikki daryo, ya'ni Deli va Babura daryolari o'rtasida tutashgan joyda, aylana shaklidagi ikki qavatli devorlardan tashkil topgan qal'a bo'lgan. Administrateur uyi Kampung Medanning narigi tomonida joylashgan. Kampung Medanning joylashgan joyi zamonaviy joyda joylashgan Visma Benteng hozirda bino va ma'mur uyi bugungi kunda PTP IX Deli Tobacco bino.

Deli Sultonligi

Portreti Sulton Ma'mun. O'z davrida The Deli Sultonligi birinchi marta Gollandiyalik kompaniya bilan hamkorlikni boshladi, Deli Maatschappij shaharni rivojlantirishga yordam berish.

Tjong A Fie, a kapitan va Medanda dastlabki rivojlanish uchun hissa qo'shgan sifatida tanilgan va o'sha paytdagi eng boy tadbirkor edi.

XVI asrda bu erda shohlik bo'lgan Aru, uning markazi Deli Tua joylashgan joyda (Medan janubida). 1612 yilda Acehnese Sulton Iskandar Muda Aruni mag'lub etdi. Acehneslar Hisyamsudinni (keyinchalik u o'z ismini "Tuanku Gocah Pahlawan" deb o'zgartirgan) Laksamana Kuda Bintan deb nomlangan ushbu qirollikda o'zlarining vakili sifatida tayinladilar. Sharqiy Sumatra. 1632 yilda Aceh tashkil etilgan Deli Sultonligi (Javi: کslططnn dly) va Gocah Pahlawan birinchi shoh bo'ldi. Gocah Pahlawan Sungai Lalang va Perkutda yangi er ochadi. Aceh shahrining meri va sultoni o'rinbosari sifatida, shuningdek, Aceh imperiyasining katta hajmidan foydalangan holda, Gokah Pahlavan o'z hududini kengaytirishga va shu bilan qamrab olishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Perkut Sey Tuan va hozir Medan Deli tumani. Shuningdek, u Gunung Barus, Sampali, Kota Bangun, Pulo Brayan, Kota Java, Kota Rengas va Sigara-gara qishloqlariga asos solgan. U 1669 yilda vafot etgan va undan keyin uning o'g'li "Tuangku Panglima Perunggit" shohlik markazini Labuhan Deli shahriga ko'chirgan va keyinchalik Deli Sultonligining mustaqilligini e'lon qilgan Aceh Sultonligi 1669 yilda, poytaxti Medan Labuhan shahrida, hozir shahar markazidan taxminan 15 km uzoqlikda.

Uchinchi shoh "Tuanku Panglima Padrap" (1698–1728 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) davrida qirollik toshqinlar tufayli Pulo Brayanga ko'chib o'tgan. To'rtinchi qirol "Tuanku Panglima Pasutan" (1728–1761 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) qirollikni to'rtta qabilada tashkil qildi, ularning har biri Datuk boshchiligida (yuqori martabali shaxslar uchun malaycha unvoni). Beshinchi podshoh davrida "Tuanku Panglima Gandar Vohib" (1761–1805 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) Datuklar o'z kuchlarini oshirdilar.

Sulton Amaluddin, oltinchi sulton tark etish Buyuk masjid uning toj kiygan kunida, 1925 yil fevralda.

Oltinchi hukmdor "Sulton Amaluddin Mengedar Olam" (1805–1850 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan). Uning yillarida Siak Sultonligi Deli shahrida Acehnese Sultonligiga qaraganda kuchli ta'sirga ega bo'ldi va hukmdorga unvon berildi: Sulton. Ettinchi hukmdor "Sulton Usmon Perkasa Olam" edi (1850 yildan 1858 yilgacha hukmronlik qilgan), uning rahbarligi davrida Deli Sultonligi avtonom bo'lib qoldi.

Sakkizinchi hukmdor "Sulton Mahmud Al Rasyid Perkasa Alam" (1858–1873 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) gollandlar bilan munosabatlarni boshladi, bu munosabatlar ancha yaqinlashdi. Keyingi hukmdor "Sulton Ma'mun al-Rashid Perkasa Alamya "1873 yildan 1924 yilgacha tamaki savdosi kengayganda hukmronlik qilgan. U shohlikni Medanga ko'chirdi va qurilishini tugatdi Maymun saroyi 1888 yilda. Shuningdek u Al Ma'shun masjidini qurdirdi, u odatda mashhurdir Medanning katta masjidi endi 1907 yilda u Golland va "Tjong Yong Hian" bilan hamkorlikda erta Medan quruvchisi sifatida tanilgan va Tjong A Fie, ikki xitoylik ishbilarmon birodarlar va Kapitanlar Deli shahrida katta plantatsiya biznesini qurgan. Ularning barchasi Medan-Deli-ni yangi rivojlanish zonasi, jumladan banklar, idoralar, plantatsiyalar maydonlari, uy-joy, temir yo'l va port kabi biznes markazlari sifatida olib kelishdi. O'ninchi "Sulton Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsya" (1924-1945 yillarda hukmronlik qilgan) uning davrida savdo-sotiq ko'payib, portlari kengaygan. Deklaratsiyasida Indoneziya mustaqilligi, Sulton respublikaning suverenitetini tan oldi va buning evaziga ma'mur sifatida muhim funktsiya berildi Deli-malay an'analar va madaniyat.

Deli Sultonligi hanuzgacha ma'muriy vakolatlar saylangan bilan almashtirilgan bo'lsa ham mavjud Hokimlar. Hozirgi sulton "Sulton Mahmud Lamanjiji Perkasa Alam", 14-sulton, (2005 yildan beri hukmronlik qilmoqda). Sakkiz yoshida u Deli tojini kiygan eng yosh Sulton bo'ldi.

Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston davri

Portning havodan ko'rinishi Belava, 1920-yillar.

Koullar da ishlash urug 'yotadigan joylar Medandagi tamaki plantatsiyasida, taxminan 1900-yillar

Suvaysh kanalining ochilishi 1869 yilda transport vositalarining qatnovini keskin kuchaytirgan Evropa va Uzoq Sharq. Gollandlar yuk tashish kompaniyasini boshladilar Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland 1877 yilda tezda 43 ta paroxodgacha kengaygan. Ammo inglizlar o'sha kunlarda allaqachon 3000 ta kemaga ega edilar. Evropadan Indoneziyaga sayohat taxminan 40 kun davom etdi. Genuya, Italiya ochilgandan so'ng yo'lovchi kemalari uchun yangi tranzit port bo'ldi Gotard tunnel Shveytsariyada. Safar 23 kunga va 20 soatgacha qisqartirildi Bataviya (Jakarta). Kema ham kattaroq va qulayroq bo'lib qoldi.

Buning natijasida asosan oq rangga ega kruiz kemalari ko'paygan Evropaliklar kelmoq Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston mintaqa bo'ylab sayohat qilish uchun sayyoh sifatida, shu jumladan Medan eng yirik tamaki plantatsiyasi o'sha paytda Gollandiyaning Sharqiy Hindistonida. Sayyohlarni joylashtirish uchun Evropa darajasidagi mehmonxonalar bo'lishi kerak deb hisoblangan. Shuning uchun 1898 yilda a Golland ismli tadbirkor Ayn Herman de Bur qurilgan Hotel de Boer Esplanadaning shimoliy g'arbiy qismida (hozirgi Lapangan Merdeka Medan).

Eksport 1890 yilda ingliz yuk tashishlariga juda bog'liq edi Sabang bunker portiga aylandi. Belava portini 1923 yilda oldi. Yuk tashish kompaniyasi Koninklijke Paketvaart Maatschappij (KPM) qimmatbaho yuklarni etkazib berish maqsadida tashkil etilgan Deli kompaniyasi jo'natilgan tamaki Bataviya. Ushbu yuk deyarli qimmatli edi va qat'iy qoidalar uning ishlashini tartibga solgan edi. Tamaki ustiga biron narsa qo'yish qat'iyan taqiqlangan edi va koulilar lyuklarda ishlaganlarida hatto unga yurmaslik ham kerak edi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Medandagi yo'llarni tozalash 1912 yilgacha mahbuslar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan. Shundan keyin bepul koullar ishga joylashdi. 1917 yilda rasmiylar tozalash uchun supurgi bilan jihozlangan ot aravalaridan foydalanishni boshladilar. 1928 yilda otli aravalar motorli transport vositalariga almashtirildi. Birinchi gazeta Deli Courant, 1885 yilda tashkil etilgan, ammo bu kunlik nashr emas edi. 1898 yilda nemis Jozef Hallermann kundalikni tashkil qildi De Sumatra Post, 1939 yilgacha omon qoldi.

Medanda ko'plab mamlakatlardan ekuvchilar bor edi: Angliya, Gollandiya, AQSh, Frantsiya, Germaniya, Polsha va Shveytsariya. Ularning ko'plari juda boyib ketishdi va boy turmush tarzini olib borishdi. Medan nomi bilan tanilgan Parij Sumatra (lit.) Parijs van Sumatra (Golland )). Bugungi kungacha qadimgi aeroport joylashgan shahar markazidagi hudud Poloniya deb nomlangan, bu erni ilgari bu erda plantatsiyaga egalik qilgan polshalik zodagonlar bergan. Medanning bir hududi hali ham Helvetiya deb nomlanadi (Shveytsariyaning eski nomi ). Ushbu nom Shveytsariyadan plantatsiya egasi tomonidan berilgan.

Tamaki plantatsiyalari

Ning bo'yash Jeykob Nienxuys, tamaki ishlab chiqaruvchisi asoschisi Deli kompaniyasi (Deli Maatschappij) davomida Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston davr.

Medan 1860-yillarga qadar, Gollandiya hukumati tamaki plantatsiyalari uchun yangi erlarni bo'shatishni boshlagunga qadar tez rivojlanmadi. Jeykob Nienxuys, Gollandiyalik tamaki savdogari bo'lgan Van der Falk va Elliot, Deli shahrida tamaki plantatsiyasining ochilishida kashshof bo'lishdi. Nienhuysning avvalgi Java-dagi tamaki biznesi arabistonliklarning taklifidan keyin Deliga ko'chib o'tgan Surabaya Deli Sulton Mahmud Perkasa Alamning qayin akasi Said Abdulla Bilsagix deb nomlangan. Dastlab nienxuylar Deli sultoniga tegishli Labuhan yaqinidagi Tanjong Spassi shahrida 4000 gektar yerda tamaki etishtirishgan. 1864 yil mart oyida Nienxuys uning tamaki hosilidan namunalarni yubordi Rotterdam, Niderlandiya o'z sifatini sinab ko'rish uchun. Ko'rinishidan, tamaki barglari puro materiallari uchun yuqori sifatli hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun Deli nomi Evropaliklar uchun eng yaxshi puro plyonkalarini ishlab chiqaruvchisi sifatida ko'tarildi.

Gerb davomida Medan mustamlakachilik davri, tamaki o'simliklarini to'lov sifatida ko'rsatmoqda.

Tamaki shartnomasi Deli Sultoni va Gollandlar tomonidan 1865 yilda imzolangan. Ikki yildan so'ng Nienxuys Jannsen bilan birga P.V. Klemen va Kremer kompaniyaga asos solishdi De Deli Maatschappij qisqartirilgan Deli Mij Labuhan shahrida. 1869 yilda Nienhuys Deli Mijning bosh idorasini Kampung Medanga ko'chirdi. Yangi ofis Deli va Bobura daryosining quyilish joyida, aynan PTPN II (hozirda IX PTPN) ofisida qurilgan. Ofisning ko'chirilishi bilan Medan tezda hukumat faoliyati va savdo markaziga, shuningdek Indoneziyaning g'arbiy qismida eng ustun rivojlangan hududga aylandi. Iqtisodiyotning jadal rivojlanishi Deli shahrini laqabli yirik savdo markaziga aylantirdi er dollar aka pul yurti. Keyinchalik, ular 1869 yilda Martubung va Sunggal hududlarida, shuningdek 1875 yilda Sungai Beras va Klumpangda yangi plantatsiyalar ochdilar va yiliga 22 plantatsiya kompaniyalariga etishdilar. 1874. Tamaki savdosi faoliyati juda keng va o'sib borayotganligini hisobga olib, Kampung Medan tobora gavjumlashdi va keyinchalik Medan-Deli deb nomlanuvchi nom bilan rivojlandi.

Medan-Deli savdo markazi sifatida rivojlanishi keyinchalik hukumat markaziga aylandi. 1879 yilda Deli rezidentining kapital yordamchisi Labuxandan Medanga ko'chib o'tdi. 1 mart kuni 1887, Sharqiy Sumatra rezidentining poytaxti ham ko'chib kelgan Benqaliylar Dastlab Kampung Bahari (Labuhan) va Pulo Brayan shahrida joylashgan Medan Deli Sultonlik saroyiga, shuningdek, qurib bitkazilishi bilan ko'chib o'tdi. Maymun saroyi 1891 yil 18-mayda Deli poytaxti Medanga rasmiy ravishda ko'chib o'tdi.

Medan-Deli-ning o'sishi

Medan 1928-1940 yillarda, havodan olingan

Medanning havodan ko'rinishi, 1920 yil. Buni fotosuratda ko'rish mumkin: Temir yo'l stansiyasi, Esplanade (hozir Merdeka yurishi), hokimiyat, Javasche Bank (hozir Indoneziya banki ), pochta bo'limi, Hotel de Boer va ofisi Deli Maatschappij

1915 yilda Sharqiy Sumatrada istiqomat qilish Gubernermenga o'z maqomini oshirdi. 1918 yilda Medan shahri rasmiy ravishda Gemeente bo'ldi (Shahar ) shahar hokimi Baron bilan Daniil Makkay. "Acte van Schenking" asosida (Grant hujjati ) 97-sonli Notarius J.M. de-Xondt Junior, 1918 yil 30-noyabrda, Deli Sultoni Medan-Deli erini Gemeentega topshirdi va shu bilan rasmiy ravishda Gollandiya Sharqiy Hindistonining bevosita boshqaruvi ostidagi mintaqaga aylandi. Ushbu shaharchaning dastlabki kunlarida Medan hali to'rtta qishloqdan iborat, ya'ni Kampung Kesavan, Kampung Sungai Rengas, Kampung Petisah Hulu va Kampung Petisah Hilir.

1918 yilda Medanning 409 evropalik, 35009 mahalliy indoneziyalik, 8269 xitoylik va hindular singari 139 sharqiy chet elliklardan tashkil topgan 43826 aholisi bo'lgan.

O'shandan beri Medan tezroq rivojlandi. Turli xil ob'ektlar qurilgan. Ulardan ba'zilari Kampung Barudagi AVROS nomli tajriba stantsiyalari idorasi (1919), hozirgi RISPA, Pangkalan Brandan - Besitang temir yo'li (1919), Tirtanadi suv minorasi (1908), Amerika konsulligi (1919), Jldagi o'qituvchilar maktabi. H.M. Yamin hozirda (1923), Mingguan Soematra (1924), Basseyn assotsiatsiyasi Medan (1924), Markaziy bozor (Grote Markt / Toa Pa Sat yoki 大 巴刹), Sent-Elizabet kasalxonasi, Ko'z kasalxonasi va Kebun Bunga sport maydonchasi (1929).

Boshidan beri Medan savdo markazida joylashgan. Deli poytaxti sifatida tanlangan Medan hukumat markaziga aylandi. Hozirga qadar shaharning hududlaridan birini hisobga olmaganda, Shimoliy Sumatra viloyatining poytaxti sifatida ham xizmat qilmoqda.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]}

Yapon istilosi va mustaqillikdan keyingi davr

Britaniyaning Sharqiy Hindiston qo'shinlari Medandagi yapon istilosini tugatish uchun gollandlarga yordam berish uchun Sharqiy Sumatraga tushadilar.

1950-yillarning oxirlarida Medandagi pechene zavodi.

1942 yilda yaponlar Gollandiya Sharqiy Hindistoniga bostirib kirdi Sumatra shahriga fevralgacha etib boradi. Sumatra qo'mondonligi ostida joylashtirildi 25-armiya, Singapurda joylashgan.^[15] Keyingi Yaponiyaning taslim bo'lishi 1945 yilda Sumatra hokimiyatiga o'tdi Janubiy-Sharqiy Osiyo qo'mondonligi inglizlar boshchiligida Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. 17 avgust kuni, Sukarno Indoneziyaning mustaqilligini e'lon qildi Jakartada va tayinlangan Muhammad Hasan Sumatra gubernatori sifatida. Biroq, e'lon haqidagi xabarni Hasan faqat Medanda 30 sentyabrda e'lon qildi. Ittifoqdosh qo'shinlar oktyabrda tushgandan so'ng, qurollangan respublikachilar bilan to'qnashuvlar Medan jangi.^[16][17]

1947 yil dekabrda Gollandiyaliklar Sharqiy Sumatra davlatini Medan bilan poytaxt sifatida tashkil etishdi Operatsion mahsuloti respublikachilarga qarshi. Bu qismning bir qismiga aylandi Indoneziya Qo'shma Shtatlari, ammo 1950 yilda Indoneziyaning unitar respublikasiga tarqatib yuborilgan.^[18]

Shaharning rivojlanishi 1970-yillarga qadar turg'un bo'lib qoldi, ayniqsa katta o'zgarishlar sodir bo'ldi palma yog'i va kauchuk plantatsiya kompaniyasining bosh qarorgohi, Medanani Java tashqarisidagi eng gavjum shaharga aylantiradi. Katta migratsiya dasturi ko'plab yava aholisini olib keldi va Batak aholisi shaharga qancha odam joylashishni boshladilar Java va viloyatning qishloq qismi ish qidirdi.

Bek yoki ning mahalliy versiyasi pedikablar oldida ko'chada Maymun saroyi, 1970-yillarda olingan

1998 yilda, 1998 yil 4-dan 8-maygacha tufayli Medanda tartibsizliklar yuz berdi 1997 yil Osiyo moliyaviy inqirozi. Ular talabalar o'rtasida xavfsizlik talablariga javob beradigan to'qnashuvda talabalar o'rtasida qariyb ikki oy davomida ko'plab talabalar shaharchalari atrofida namoyishlar bo'lib o'tdi. Ertasi kuni olomon yanada kattalashib, irqiy g'alayonga olib boradigan biznes va savdo sohasiga hujum qilib, ko'plab do'konlar va transport vositalari shahar atrofidagi bir qancha yo'llarda yonib talon-taroj qilindi, aksariyati xitoyliklarga tegishli. Natijada, a komendantlik soati tinchlik kelguniga qadar ikki haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida qo'llanilgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Geografiya

Medan shimoliy-sharqiy qismida joylashgan Sumatra orol, yilda Shimoliy Sumatra viloyat. Medanning o'zi yarim anklav Deli Serdang Regency hududida, chunki Medan Deli Serdang bilan janubda, sharqda va g'arbda, Medan bilan chegaradosh Malakka bo'g'ozi shimolda.

Medan Deli daryosi va Bobura daryosi bo'yida joylashgan bo'lib, ular tabiiy ravishda boshpana beradigan portga, so'ngra daryo bo'yiga kirib boradi Malakka bo'g'ozlari. Bu shahar savdo porti sifatida ahamiyatining o'sishiga yordam berdi.^[19] Uning balandligi 2,5 va 37,5 metr orasida o'zgarib turadi (8 fut 2 dyuym va 123 fut 0 dyuym) dengiz sathidan yuqori. Medan ga yaqin Barisan tog'lari kabi shaharning janubiy qismida joylashgan va kabi vulqonlarga yaqin joylashgan Sibayak Tog 'va Sinabung Tog' (shahardan 50 dan 70 kilometrgacha (31 dan 43 milgacha) joylashgan).

Iqlim

Ostida Köppen iqlim tasnifi, Medan xususiyatlari a tropik tropik o'rmon iqlimi (Af) haqiqiy emas quruq mavsum.^[20] Medan oylari sezilarli darajada namroq va quruqroq bo'lib, eng quruq oyi (yanvar) o'rtacha eng yomg'ir oyi (oktyabr) yog'ingarchilikning uchdan bir qismini tashkil etadi. Shahardagi harorat yil davomida o'rtacha 27 ° C (81 ° F). Medanda yillik yog'ingarchilik 2200 millimetr (87 dyuym) atrofida.

Ning markaziy qismida joylashgan Deli Serdang Regency, Medan bilan o'ralgan sun'iy yo'ldosh shaharlari kabi shaharlar Binjay, Lubuk Pakam, Tanjung Morava, Tembung, Perkut Sey Tuan Indoneziyaning "Mebidang" (Medan, Binjai, Deli Serdang) deb nomlanuvchi yangi shahar maydoniga aylanishiga yordam beradigan Labuhan Deli.

Boshqaruv

Eski va avvalgi Medan shahar hokimligi bino

Shahar hokimi

Medan 2005-2010 yillarda meri doktor X.Abdillah Ak tomonidan boshqarilgan, MBA. Biroq, Abdillah va uning vitse-meri indoneziyalik tomonidan ushlangan Korruptsiyani yo'q qilish bo'yicha komissiya Shimoliy Sumatra viloyatining gubernatori Syamsul Arifin keyinchalik Affifudin Lyubisni mer vazifasini bajaruvchi etib tayinladi. 2009 yilda Affifudin Lubis o'z lavozimidan iste'foga chiqdi va gubernator keyinchalik uning o'rniga Rahudman Xaraxapni tayinladi. Rahudman 2010 yilgi meri saylovlarida nomzod bo'lishni xohlaganligi sababli, u ham ofisdan iste'foga chiqdi. Boshqa tanlovsiz qolgan Syamsul Arifinning o'zi mer vazifasini bajaruvchi bo'ldi. 2010 yilgi meri saylovlarida Rahudman Xaraxap saylovda g'olib chiqdi. Ammo keyinchalik Rahudman uning o'rinbosariga olib kelgan korruptsiya sababli hibsga olingan Dzulmi Eldin rasman shahar hokimi vazifasini bajaruvchisi bo'lish^[24] 2016 yil fevral oyida Dzulmi saylovlarda g'olib chiqdi va besh yil (2016–2021) davomida meri bo'ldi.^[25]

Ma'muriy bo'linmalar

Medanning tuman bo'linmalari.

Medan 21 ga bo'lingan tumanlar (Indoneziyalik: kecamatan), 2010 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda ularning hududlari va aholisi bilan quyida keltirilgan,^{[26][27][28][29]} va so'nggi rasmiy taxminlar (2019 yil o'rtalarida).^[30] Jadvalda ma'muriy villegalar soni ham mavjud (shahar keluraxon) har bir tumanda va uning pochta indekslari.

Shahar Medan Petisah, Medan Baru, Medan Polonia, Medan Maymun, Medan Kota va Medan Barat (G'arbiy Medan) atrofida shahar markazlari bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Medan Labuhan hududi bo'yicha (Medan Belawan va Medan Marelan bilan birgalikda) eng katta tumanlardan biri bo'lib, shaharning shimoliy qismida joylashgan. Medan Tuntungan eshik sifatida xizmat qiladi Karo Regency Medan Helvetia Binjay Shahar va Langkat va Medan Amplas Tebing Tinggi va Pematang Siantar.

21 ta tuman 151 ta mahalla yoki shahar qishloqlariga bo'linadi (keluraxon).

Demografiya

Shahar Indoneziyadan keyin aholisi soni bo'yicha beshinchi o'rinda turadi Jakarta, Surabaya, Bekasi va Bandung, shuningdek Indoneziyaning tashqarisidagi eng yirik shahri Java orol. Shahar chegaralaridagi aholi 1968 yildagi 568 ming kishidan oshdi^[31] 2010 yilda 2,1 million kishini tashkil qildi. Aholining aksariyati shahar chegaralaridan tashqarida yashaydi, ayniqsa Deli Serdang Regency. Rasmiy Metropolitan maydoni (Viloyat Metropolitan Medan) 2010 yilda 4.144.583 kishi yashagan, ammo 2015 yilda 4.504.619 ga ko'tarilgan.

Etnik kelib chiqishi va tillari

Batak (shu jumladan Mandailing va Karo odamlar) va Yava Medandagi asosiy etnik guruhlardir Xitoy, Minangkabau va Malaycha populyatsiyalar va ularning kichik guruhlari Acehnese, Hindular, Nias va Sunduzcha odamlar. Medanda chet ellik rezidentlar ham bor Hindiston, Shri-Lanka, Bangladesh, Tailand, Xitoy, Tayvan, Yaqin Sharq va boshqa Osiyo mamlakatlari.^[33]

Hind, mahalliy Malay va Batak sotuvchisi Kesavan Chinatown maydoni, 1940-yillarda olingan.

Shahar o'zining tarixi bilan aks etgan turli xil jamoalarga ega. The Bataks Medandagi asosiy etnik guruhlardan biri; shaharda istiqomat qiluvchi uchta Batak etnik millati, shu jumladan Toba, Karo va Mandailing Bataks. Karo xalqi Medanning mahalliy aholisi. Ayni paytda, Toba xalqi gollandiyaliklarga moyli palma ishchilari sifatida ishlagan plantatsiyalar. Va nihoyat, Mandailing xalqi mustaqillik davridan keyin yaxshiroq ish topish uchun ko'pchilikni tashkil qildi. Bataklar butun shaharda, Karo xalqi esa Padang Bulan, Medan Johor va Tuntungan kabi janubiy hududlarda istiqomat qiladi. Toba Batak aholisi Marindal va Amplasda istiqomat qiladi; Medan Perjuangan tumani kabi yaqin shahar markazlarida ham ko'pchilik yashaydi, Mandailing aholisi asosan Medan Tembungda istiqomat qiladi.

Bundan tashqari, katta etnik mavjud Yava so'nggi 19-asrda Java-dan ko'chib o'tgan odamlarning avlodlaridan tashkil topgan jamoa, turli xil plantatsiyalarda pudratchi ishchilar sifatida ishlash uchun. Shimoliy Sumatra. Ular odatda sifatida tanilgan Pujakesuma (Indoneziyalik: Putra Jawa Kelahiran Sumatera, Ingliz tili: Sumatra tug'ilgan yava). Medanda ularning mavjudligi Medandagi turli xil yava toponimiyalaridan, masalan Tanjungsari, Sarirejo, Sidodadi, Sidorejo va boshqalardan belgilanishi mumkin (asosan Sharqiy Medan va Medan Tembung hududida). The Malaylar Medanning mahalliy aholisi, chunki Belawan va Labuhan kabi chekka hududlarda yashaydilar Aru baliqchilar sifatida davr. Ular Deli Sultonlikdan keyin shaharga kelishdi yangi saroy 18-asrda tashkil etilgan. Vaqt o'tishi bilan, Malayziya Medan Maymun, Kota Matsum, Labuhan va Belavanda yashovchi odamlarning eng katta kontsentratsiyasi bilan butun shahar bo'ylab tarqaldi.

Shahar aholisining juda ko'p ko'rinadigan qismi bu ko'p sonli odamlardir Xitoy 16-asrda Xitoyning janubidan Deli shahriga ko'chib kelganlar, ko'chib o'tuvchilar va koulilar sifatida ish izlayotganlar uchun so'nggi 19 va 20-asr boshlarida sodir bo'lgan ommaviy migratsiya bilan. Endi Medan Sumatra orolidagi eng yirik xitoylar uyining uyidir; ular shahar iqtisodiyotiga katta hissa qo'shadigan biznes va savdo faoliyatida faoldirlar. Java-da tug'ilgan xitoylardan farqli o'laroq, Medandagi aksariyat xitoyliklar ravon gapirishlari mumkin Xokkien, kelib chiqishi dialekt Fujian, Xitoyning janubiy qismidagi provinsiya, ular shuningdek, Hokkienning o'ziga xos turiga ega, ular nomi bilan tanilgan Medan Xokkien va bilan bir xil o'xshashlik mavjud Penang kabi mahalliy til bilan aralashtiriladi Malaycha va Indoneziya. Ularning ko'plari ham gapira oladilar mandarin, Teochew va shuningdek Kanton bu ularning ajdodlari tiliga bog'liq. Xitoyliklar butun shaharda yashaydilar, ammo aksariyati shahar markazida yashaydilar. Shahar shuningdek, ko'plab jamoatchilikka mezbonlik qiladi Hind indoneziyalik, asosan Tamilcha odatda Madrasis yoki Tamilan nomi bilan tanilgan avlodlar. Taniqli Tamil mahallasi Kampung madrasasi shahar markazida joylashgan va shaharning eng gavjum qismlaridan biri sifatida e'lon qilingan. Boshqa hind millati ham mavjud Panjob va shuningdek Bengaliyaliklar.

Minangkabaus shifokorlar, huquqshunoslar va jurnalistlar kabi oq tanli ishchilardan tashqari savdogarlar, sotuvchilar va hunarmandlar sifatida ham tanilgan. Minan xalqi Medanga 19-asrning o'rtalarida kelgan. 1960-1980 yillarda Medanga ko'chib kelgan Minangkabau odamlari soni ko'payib ketdi va shahar aholisining 8,6 foizini tashkil etdi. Medan Denay va Medan Maymun atroflari atrofida yashovchi Minangkabauslar.^[34] Acehnese Medandagi boshqa ozchilik etniklar. Aceh aholisining katta qismi asosan undan keyin kelgan ziddiyat 1970 yil oxirlarida Acehda ular muqaddas joyni qidirishganda sodir bo'lgan. Bugungi kunda ular oziq-ovqat do'konlari operatorlari kabi savdogarlar sifatida tanilgan va ularni topish mumkin Mie Aceh Setia Budi va Ring Road / Sunggal hududlari atrofidagi restoranlar.

Din

Medan aholisining aksariyati Musulmon, taxminan uchdan ikkisini o'z ichiga oladi. Muhim narsa bor Nasroniy ozchilik, shu jumladan mazhablar bilan Batak xristian protestant cherkovi. 9 foiz atrofida Buddistlar, va kichikroq raqamlar mavjud Hindular va izdoshlari Konfutsiylik.

• 

  Al-Osmani masjidi, shahardagi eng qadimgi masjid

• 

  Immanuil cherkovi, shahardagi eng qadimiy cherkovlardan biri

• 

  Vihara Gunung Temur, Sumatra orolidagi eng qadimgi daosist buddist ibodatxonasi

• 

  Shri Mariamman ibodatxonasi, Medandagi asosiy hind ibodatxonasi

Iqtisodiyot

The Indoneziya banki Medandagi bino. Orqadagi baland bino - Grand Aston mehmonxonasi.

Medan Indoneziyaning eng yirik metropoliten shaharlaridan biri bo'lib, Shimoliy Sumatra viloyatining o'sish markaziga aylandi. Shahar Indoneziyaning muhim tijorat va iqtisodiy markazidir. Mahalliy aholi, shuningdek ko'plab chet elliklar o'zlarining biznesini dinamizmdan foydalanish va iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirish uchun tashkil etishgan. Medan iqtisodiyoti asosan tamaki, kauchuk, choy, palma va kofe madaniyati va ishlab chiqarishga asoslangan edi, ammo avtoulov, mashinasozlik ishlab chiqarish kabi o'sib borayotgan ishlab chiqarish sohasi. plitkalar, qog'oz va pulpa va boshqalar, shuningdek, hozirgi vaqtda shahar iqtisodiyotiga hissa qo'shmoqda.

Medan ko'plab kichik, o'rta va yirik korxonalardan iborat Sumatraning eng mehnatkash shaharlaridan biridir. Joylashuvi va unga yaqinligi tufayli Singapur va Kuala Lumpur, u strategik ravishda Indoneziyaning g'arbiy mintaqasida ichki, mintaqaviy va xalqaro darajadagi tovarlar va moliyaviy xizmatlar savdosi uchun asosiy eshik sifatida ishlaydi. Ko'pgina xalqaro kompaniyalar shaharda vakolatxonalarini saqlab turishadi, ya'ni Osiyo Agri, London Sumatra, Musim Mas, Flibs Yoritish, Toba pulpasi Lestari, Marriott, ABB guruhi va DBS banki, va boshqalar.

Medan - Indoneziyaning Java-dan tashqaridagi eng istiqbolli mulk bozorlaridan biri bo'lib, bir nechta qimmatbaho o'zgarishlar uning ko'chmas mulk bozorini va osmono'parligini o'zgartirdi. Mamlakatning ko'plab yirik mulkdorlari shaharda kondominyumlar, mehmonxonalar, ofis minoralari va savdo markazlarini qurmoqdalar. Lamudi Dunyo bo'ylab ko'chmas mulk portali Medanni metropoliten shahar sifatida o'sishiga hamrohlik qilar ekan, Osiyodagi oltita shahar orasida bir qator mustamlakachilik me'morchiligi ob'ektlarini namoyish qilish va saqlash uchun tan oldi.^[36] Medan "Million shahri" nomi bilan ham tanilgan Do'konlar uylari ", aholining aksariyati o'zlarining uylari yonida do'konlarini ochib, savdo sohasida ishlayotganligi sababli. So'nggi yillarda shahar jadal rivojlanib bormoqda. uy-joy mulklari narxlari Medan trendida yuqoriga ko'tarilish. Ga binoan Indoneziya banki (BI), Medanning uy-joy narxlari indeksi 2013 yilning to'rtinchi choragidagi 205.24 dan 2014 yilning to'rtinchi choragida 212.17 gacha, 2015 yilning birinchi choragida esa 214.41 ga ko'tarildi.^[37]

Madaniyat

Medanda turli xil etnik guruhlar yashaydi. Malay xalqi Medan mintaqasining tub aholisi va Medanga chuqur ildiz otgan. Ular shu vaqtgacha Deli Sultonligi davrida hukmronlik qilishni boshladilar. Imperiyada Medanda ko'plab erlar va meros mulklari mavjud, bunday saroy, a masjid va park. Gollandiyaliklar va xitoylar shaharning rivojlanishiga katta hissa qo'shgan, jumladan Gollandiyalik Sharqiy Hindiston davrida ko'plab tarixiy binolar bunyod etilgan Golland va Peranakan Jalan bo'ylab me'morchilik Kesavan va Pemuda. Minangkabaus, Bataks, Yava va hind xalqlarining kelishi Medan madaniyatiga, ayniqsa oshxonaga ko'proq ranglar olib keladi.

Muzey

Taksidermiya to'plam Rahmat xalqaro yovvoyi tabiat muzeyi va galereyasi

The Shimoliy Sumatra muzeyi shaharning Jalan shahrida joylashgan markazidan taxminan 4 kilometr (2,5 milya) janubda joylashgan. Joni 15 Medan. Ta'lim va madaniyat vaziri, doktor Daed Joesoef muzeyni 1982 yil aprelda ochgan. U asosan Shimoliy Sumatraning etnik guruhlari va eksponatlari atrofida joylashgan.

Bukit Barisan muzeyi - bu 1971 yil 21 iyunda Brigada generali Leo Lopulisa tomonidan ochilgan harbiy muzey. Muzey Jalan H. Zaynul Arifin 8-uyda joylashgan. Unda 1958 yil davomida Shimoliy Sumatrada mustaqillik va qo'zg'olon uchun kurashda ishlatilgan qurollar mavjud. Niderlandiyaga qarshi qo'zg'olonning motivlari / rasmlari namoyish etildi.^[38]

The Rahmat Xalqaro yovvoyi tabiat muzeyi va galereyasi, yoki Rahmat galereyasi, 1999 yilda ochilgan va shaharning eng mashhur deb hisoblanadi taksidermiya to'plam. U Jalan Letjen S. Parman №309-da joylashgan.^[39]

Oshxona

Soto Medan.

Bir nechta Bika Ambon.

Teng-Teng taomlari, a chinni plitasi.

Medan o'zining ko'p madaniyati tufayli mahalliy, g'arbiy, sharqiy va janubiy Osiyo va O'rta Sharq oshxonalaridan tortib turli xil oshxonalarga ega. Shaharda ko'plab kafelar, restoranlar, oziq-ovqat markazlari va narxlari har xil bo'lgan ko'cha sotuvchilari mavjud.

Nelayan Medandagi eng taniqli restoranlardan biri bo'lib, xizmat ko'rsatmoqda halol -Xitoy dengiz maxsulotlari va dim sum. Garuda Medandagi eng mashhur Minangkabau va Malay restoranidir nasi padang va gulai. Cahaya Baru joylashgan hind restoranidir Kampung madrasasi bilan chapati va tandir uning eng tavsiya etilgan ovqatlari sifatida. Eng ko'p tashrif buyuradigan "Batak" restorani OnDo Batak panjarasi va Tesalonika ular uchun eng yaxshi ma'lum babi panggang (panjara cho'chqa go'shti) va Saksang.

Ushbu shahar "Indoneziyaning oshpazlik osmoni" deb nomlanadi, chunki Medan o'zining ko'chasi bilan mashhur ovchilar bu juda arzon mahalliy lazzatlarni taklif etadi. Medanda Jalan Selat Panjang va Jalan Semarang kabi bir nechta taniqli oshpazlik punktlari mavjud Xitoy oziq-ovqat, Jalan Pagaruyung uchun Hind va Malaycha oziq-ovqat va Jalan Padang Bulan uchun Batak taomlari.

Merdeka Walk - bu turli xil kafe va restoranlar bilan to'ldirilgan Indoneziyadagi dastlabki tortishish inshooti (alfresco outdoor tushunchasi).Durian Indoneziyada mashhur mevadir va Medanikidan boshqa hech qaerda yo'q. O'ziga xos ta'mi va hidi bilan ajralib turadigan bu tikanli meva butun shahar bo'ylab mavjud. Ucok Durian Jalon bo'ylab Iskandar Muda shahardagi eng taniqli durian sotuvchisi.

Soto Medan oldindan qovurilgan turli xil go'shtlar (shu jumladan, ichaklar) bilan tayyorlanadigan sho'rva va kokos suti. Odatda guruch va bir parcha kartoshka bilan xizmat qilinadi kriket (perkedel ).

Bika Ambon mashhur mahalliy shirinlikdir. Made from ingredients such as tapioca flour, eggs, sugar, xamirturush and coconut milk, Bika Ambon are generally sold in pandan flavour, although other flavors such as banana, durian, cheese, and chocolate are also available.

Babi Panggang Karo, often abbreviated as BPK, is grilled pork with its blood curd being used as a dipping sauces. It is usually served with plain rice and sambal andaliman, a spicy ziravor mahalliy ishlab chiqarilgan Sichuan peppers. The Chinese equivalent of grilled pork are called as Cha Sio (叉烧)

Tau Kua He Ci (豆干虾炸), also known as Lap Choi (腊菜), is local Chinese version of Rojak (often pronounced ru-jak), but made with fried prawn, sabzavot va tofu with chlli sauce. Its other name also called as^{[tushuntirish kerak ]}.

Teng-Teng (丁丁) is a candy made with peanuts.

Quritilgan mevalar and many unique cuisines can be found in Pasar Rame, which operates every day from morning to the afternoon, located just beside Thamrin Plaza.^[40]

Bolu Meranti is the most famous homemade Shveytsariya rulosi in Medan, which are frequently bought by local tourists as a esdalik. The Medanese dried anchovies also is one of a "must" souvenirs from Medan, could be bought from Pusat Pasar (Central Market).

Turizm

Tirtanadi Water Tower, one of the main icon of Medan, built in 1908

Belgilangan joylar

The peranakan Tjong A Fie Mansion

There are many old buildings in Medan that still retain their Dutch architecture. These include the old hokimiyat, Medan Post Office, Inna Dharma Deli Hotel, Titi Gantung (a bridge over the railway), The London Sumatra building, the Tjong A Fie Mansion, AVROS, Warenhuis, va Tirtanadi Water Tower, mostly located around the old town Kesavan.

There are several historic places such as Maimoon Palace built in years 1887–1891, where the Sultan of Deli still lives (the Sultan no longer holds any official power), The Medanning katta masjidi built in 1906 in the Moroccan style by the Dutch architect A.J. Dingemans,.^[41] both location of Maimoon Palace and The Great Mosque are close. The Mosque located on Jalan Sisingamangaraja and The Palace located on Jalan Brigjen Katamso.

Gunung Temur ibodatxonasi or locally known as Tông-Yuk-Kuàng in Hokkien, is a city's oldest Daosizm temple, located on Jalan Hang Tuah. Medan has a Buddist ibodatxonasi deb nomlangan Maha Vihara Mayterya, and there is also a Buddhist centre nearby named as Maha Karuna Buddhist Centre (MKBC) this temple complex known as one of the biggest non-historical Buddhist temple in Indonesia, both situated around Cemara Asri uy-joy kompleksi. Medan Cathedral is the oldest church in the city, was built by the Dutch and Indian community nearby, and the church was named as Indische Kerk back then, located on the old town along Jalan Pemuda. Shri Mariamman ibodatxonasi is the first Hindu temple in Medan built around 1881 by The Tamilcha peoples in the city, located on Jalan Zainul Arifin, The City's Kichik Hindiston or more known as Kampung Madras, the temple has unique south Indian architecture with hundred Hindu deity statues around the building.

Since 2005, a Catholic church named Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni was built with an Indo-Mogul style, devoted to Meri; the particular Saint knows its origin with an apparition in the 17th century in Tamil Nadu, Hindiston. The temple has two stories and a small tower of seven storeys, it is situated on Jalan Sakura III, besides outer ring road on Jalan TB Simatupang.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Savdo markazi

Sun Plaza front view.

Medan Mall, considered as one of the oldest shopping malls in Medan.

Medan is one of the major shopping centres of Indonesia, along with Jakarta, Bandung va Surabaya.

Medan also has several modern shopping malls:

• Kembrij shahar maydoni
• Markaz nuqtasi
• Deli Park Mall
• Lippo Plaza Mall
• Manxetten Tayms maydoni
• Medan Focal Point
• Ringroad City Walks
• Sun Plaza

Tematik bog'lar

Ba'zi birlari bor istirohat bog'lari in the city or outside city, most of them are suv parklari.

• HillPark GreenHill City^[42] – the latest theme park an hour from Medan on the way to Berastagi.
• Pantai Cermin Themepark – the first and only water theme park in North Sumatra, located in Cermin Beach, Serdang Bedagai. The theme park is organized by a Malaysian Investor and the Local Government.
• Wonder Water World – latest water park in Medan, located on Central Business District Polonia.
• Hairos Water Park – another water park near the city, located on Jalan Djamin Ginting Km.14, Deli Serdang.

Transport

Medan is connected by road, air, rail and sea.

Aeroport

Kualanamu International Airport.

Yangi Kualanamu International Airport (KNO) was opened to the public on 25 July 2013. The new airport is the second largest airport after Soekarno-Hatta xalqaro aeroporti with a 224,298 m² (2,414,324 sq ft) passengers terminal and will eventually have a capacity of 50 million passengers (2030). It is the first airport in Indonesia which has direct rail links to the city. The airport is the hub for Garuda Indoneziya, Indonesia AirAsia, Arslon havo, Susi Air va Wings Air.^[43] The new airport is a replacement for the Polonia Airport. Unlike the old Polonia Airport which was located in the heart of the city, this new airport is approximately 39 km (24 mi) from downtown. The airport has direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra and Java. There are also some international flights to Malayziya, Singapur, Tailand, Saudiya Arabistoni, Shri-Lanka, etc. An airport train known as Kualanamu aeroportining temir yo'l aloqasi Services connects the airport to city center. The train runs from Medan Main Station beside the Merdeka Square at Jalan Balai Kota from 4:00 a.m. to 08:00 p.m, and from the airport from 5:25 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. It is the fastest way to reach the airport from the city, taking 30 minutes. Alternate modes of transport from the airport into the city may take longer (30 to 47 minutes).

Dengiz porti

Belavan porti.

The Belavan porti (Pelabuhan Belawan) is the main seaport in Medan. Located in the northeast coast of Sumatra, Belawan is situated 12 miles (19 kilometres) north of Medan city and serves as a port, which is the terminus of a railway that crosses the channel south of the island by bridge.^[44]

The port was initially built in 1890 to provide a location where tobacco could be transferred directly between rail lines from the interior and deep-draft ships. The harbor expanded in 1907 with the construction of a new section intended for Chinese and indigenous traders, reserving the existing port for European shipping. In the early twentieth century the port's business expanded, with the growth of major rubber and palm oil plantations in northern Sumatra. In the 1920s several major berthing facilities were built. In 1938, the port was the largest port in the Dutch East Indies, in terms of cargo value. Cargo volumes dropped substantially after Indonesian independence, and did not reach pre-independence levels again until the mid-1960s. A major restructuring in 1985 saw the construction of a container terminal; it almost immediately captured about one-fifth of Indonesia's containerized exports. Major products exported include rubber, palm oil, tea, and coffee.^[45]

There are two port terminals, one for passenger and parom services to Penang and Langkavi and some Indonesian cities such as Batam, Jakarta and Surabaya. Another terminal known as Belawan International Container Terminal (BICT), used for export and importing services. BICT is one of the largest shipping industry port in Indonesia.

Road and highway

The Amplas toll plaza.

Medan is connected by the Trans-Sumatran avtomagistrali, the main road across Sumatra, and the Belawan-Medan-Tanjung Morawa Toll Road, also known as the Belmera Toll Road,connecting Belawan, Medan and Tanjung Morawa. Currently there are additional toll roads under construction which will connect the city to the airport, Binjai, and Tebing Tinggi.

Temir yo'l

A commuter train in Medan.

Railway lines connect Medan to Binjay va Tanjungpura to the northwest, to port of Belava to the north, to Tebing Tinggi va Pematang Siantar to the southeast, and also Rantau Prapat among other cities. The largest train station in Medan is Medan Station. There are also smaller stations in Medan, such as Medan Pasar, Pulu Brayan, Titi Papan va Labuhan va Belava. Titi Papan and Pulu Brayan only serve as the stop for freight trains carrying moyli palma va neft. There are also have express train connecting to another North Sumatra cities such as Tebing Tinggi, Pematang Siantar, Tanjungbalay va Rantau Prapat. An elevated railway is already constructed and is now on operations over several rail lines around Medan to avoid level crossings and reduce traffic congestion.^[46]

The trains from the Medan Station are:

The Kualanamu Airport Railink Services train is an airport express train connecting from Medan Station (City Railway Station – CRS) to Kualanamu International Airport Station (Airport Railink Station – ARS), operated 18 hours (from 5 am to 11 pm) with 30-minute distances. An elevated railway is already constructed and is now on operations to make this airport rail service 15-minute distances. The CRS provides with a city check-in services for selected airlines.

A motorized riksha in Medan.

Jamoat transporti

One of the endangered features of Medan are the motorized rikshalar sifatida tanilgan becak motor (bentor) or becak mesin, although bicycle rickshaws are also available. Becaks are found almost everywhere. Unlike the Javanese rickshaws, the driver sits on the right side of the vehicle, and can take its passenger anywhere in the city. The fare to ride a becak is relatively cheap and is usually negotiated beforehand. Ride sharing services Gojek va Qatnash are available and widely used for public transportation.

There are also more public transport like taxis, but mikroavtobuslar sifatida tanilgan sudako yoki angkutan kota (angkot) are used more often by the locals. Angkotlar can be found easily in medium-to-high congested roads. Angkotlar follow their own route numbers, usually printed or painted on the vehicle itself. The routes are not explicitly listed or written, but are usually spread in a word-of-mouth basis by the locals.

TransMebidang yangi avtobus tez tranzit system in North Sumatra, Indonesia that has two active corridors.

The Medan yengil temir yo'l tranziti engil metro system is planned to begin construction in 2020.

OAV

Medan Post Office.

Medan serves several radio and TV channels, and is also home to newspapers in local and foreign languages such as Indoneziyalik, Ingliz tili, Xitoy, Batak, Malaycha va boshqalar.

Televizion kanallar

Medan has a bunch of television stations; there are public and private national networks as well as local channels. Local stations including the public TVRI Sumatera Utara (a regional station serving North Sumatra, which headquartered in the city) and ; as well as local variation of

• CNN Indoneziya
• TVRI Medan
• Indosiar
• MNCTV
• Trans TV
• ANtv
• GTV
• RCTI
• SCTV
• tvBir
• Magna TV HD
• Metro TV
• Trans7
• NET. – 43 UHF
• iNews – 45 UHF
• DAAI TV – 49 UHF
• RTV 53 UHF
• MYTV – 55 UHF
• Kompas TV – 59 UHF
• CTV Network - 61 UHF

Radio

RRI Medan is the only public radio in Medan. Several local languages are also served on the radio, such as Kardopa Radio (in Batak language), CityRadio FM and A-Radio FM (in Chinese language) and Symphony FM (in Malay language). Medan also has several popular radio networks and stations like Prambors FM, MNC Trijaya FM, I-Radio, KISS FM, VISI FM, Delta FM and others.

Nashr

Several national and local newspapers are available in the city, with Mimbar Umum as the oldest one. Major newspapers based in Medan include Waspada, Analisa, Jurnal Medan, Berita Sore, Harian Global, Harian Medan Bisnis, Posmetro Medan, Sinar Indonesia Baru va Tribun Medan. There are also some national mandarin newspaper such as Harian Indoneziya (印尼星洲日报), Guo Dji Ri Bao (国际日报) and Shangbao (印尼商报). English newspapers like Jakarta Post are also distributed in the city.

Aplaus Magazine is one of the magazines from the city, published monthly and focuses on food, travel, inspiration. The magazine is the pioneer of a local magazine that specializes in the discussion of urban lifestyle. First published in 2005, Aplaus Magazine is managed by Analisa har kuni.

Sport

Futbol is one of the most popular sports in Medan, with five local clubs: Persatuan Sepakbola Medan dan Sekitarnya (known as PSMS Medan), Medan Jaya, Medan Chiefs, Bintang PSMS and Medan United; and a basketball club named Angsapura Sania. Another locally popular sport is usu, with significant growth in recent years as one of the favorite sports in Medan. It has its training center in Jalan Plaju in heart of town. Medan has recently seen much success in Wushu nationally and internationally.

Medan has a multi-purpose stadium nomlangan Teladan Stadium. This stadium is used mostly for football matches, and serves as a home stadium for PSMS Medan.

Sog'liqni saqlash

St. Elisabeth Hospital.

Medan has more than 30 registered hospitals. Three of them are public and the rest are private:

Ta'lim

The State University of Medan, a postgraduate talabalar shaharchasi.

As the largest city outside of Java island, Medan provides more than 827 registered boshlang'ich maktablari, 337 middle Schools and 288 o'rta maktablar, shu jumladan davlatga tegishli, xususiy, diniy va xalqaro maktablar. Some notable schools are:

• Chandra Kumala School
• Kalam Kudus School (KK)
• Kingston School
• Medan International School
• Methodist School
• Prime One School (POS)
• Singapore Intercultural School (SIS)
• Sent-Tomas maktabi
• Sutomo School
• Telkom Sandhy Putra Vocational School

Medan also has 72 registered universities, academies, polytechnics, and colleges such as:

Medan was previously the site of the Medan Japanese International School or Medan Japanese School (メダン日本人学校, Indoneziyalik: Sekolah Internasional Jepang, Medan), an overseas school for Japanese children.^[47] It was affiliated with the Japanese Consulate General in Medan, and occupied a 481.88-square-metre (5,186.9 sq ft) building on a 1,880-square-metre (20,200 sq ft) property.^[47] It originated as a supplementary school in the consulate's library that opened in April 1972 (Shou 49). A committee to establish a new day school was created in 1978 (Showa 54), and in January 1979 (Showa 55) the school remodeled an existing building for this purpose. The school opened in April 1979.^[48] It closed in March 1998.^[49]

Qarindosh shaharlar - qardosh shaharlar

Medan has sister relationships with these cities:^[50]

• Jorj Taun, Penang, Malaysia (1984)^[50]
• Ichikava, Chiba, Japan (1989)^[50]
• Kvanju, South Jeolla, South Korea (1997)^[50][51]
• Chengdu, Sichuan, China (2002)^[50]
• Miluoki, Wisconsin, United States (2014)^[52]
• "Liverpul", Birlashgan Qirollik

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Bilan bog'liq ommaviy axborot vositalari Medan Vikimedia Commons-da

• Medan Vikivoyajdan sayohat uchun qo'llanma
• Medan da Vikipediya
• Ning lug'at ta'rifi Medan Vikilug'atda
• Ga tegishli geografik ma'lumotlar Medan da OpenStreetMap
• Official Government website (indonez tilida)
• Medanesia – Medan Forum (indonez tilida)
• Medan da Britannica entsiklopediyasi