Massachusets shtatidagi aylanma yo'l - Massachusetts Turnpike

"Massachusets shtatidagi Interstate 90" bu erga yo'naltiriladi. Avtomobil yo'lining butun uzunligi uchun qarang Davlatlararo 90.

Massachusets shtatidagi Turnpike markeriDavlatlararo 90

Massachusets shtatidagi aylanma yo'l
Davlatlararo 90
Massachusetts Turnpike yashil rangda ta'kidlangan
Yo'nalish haqida ma'lumot
Uzunlik138,1 mil[2] (222,3 km)
Mavjud1957 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar
CheklovlarYo'q xavfli mahsulotlar va 21-chi sharqdan yuk tashuvchi tankerlar[1]
Asosiy birikmalar
G'arbning oxiriBepul plastinka yellow.svgHech qanday rasm keng emas
I-90 / Berkshire Connector da Nyu York davlat chizig'i G'arbiy Stokbridge
 
Sharqning oxiri Marshrut 1A/Logan aeroporti Bostonda
Manzil
GrafliklarBerkshir, Xempden, Vester, Midlseks, Suffolk, Norfolk
Magistral tizim
← 88-marshrutI-90Men ‑ 91 →

The Massachusets shtatidagi aylanma yo'l (og'zaki ravishda "Ommaviy Pike"yoki"Payk"[3]) a pullik avtomagistral AQSh shtatida Massachusets shtati tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Massachusets transport departamenti (MassDOT). Burilish pog'onasi Nyu-York shtatidan boshlanadi G'arbiy Stokbridge, ning Berkshire Connector qismi bilan bog'lanish Nyu-York shtati Thruway. Sharqiy-g'arbiy o'qi bo'ylab 138 mil (222 km) masofani bosib o'tdi bir vaqtda qismi bilan Davlatlararo 90 (I-90) bu davlat ichida joylashgan. Burilish yo'lagi eng uzun Massachusets shtatidagi davlatlararo magistral, I-90 to'liq (bu milliy sifatida boshlanadi) Sietl, Vashington) eng uzun Qo'shma Shtatlardagi davlatlararo magistral.

Burilish trassasi 1957 yilda ochilgan va u bir qismi sifatida belgilangan Davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari tizimi 1959 yilda. Turniketning asl g'arbiy terminali joylashgan 102-marshrut I-90 Nyu-York shtatida tugatilgunga qadar G'arbiy Stokbridgeda. Burilish yo'li bir necha davlatlararo magistral yo'llar bilan kesishgan, chunki u shtatni, shu jumladan I-91 yilda G'arbiy Springfild; I-291 yilda Chicopee; I-84 yilda Shturbridge; birikmasi I-290 va I-395 yilda Auburn; va I-495 yilda Xopkinton. Dastlab aylanma yo'l tugadi I-95 yilda Veston; u kengaytirildi Allston 1964 yilda va Markaziy arteriya (sifatida belgilangan I-93, AQSh 1 va Marshrut 3 ) ichida Boston markazi 1965 yilda. "Katta qazish "qurilishi uchun taqdim etilgan megaproyekt Ted Uilyams tunnel, burilish yo'lini sharqiy terminaligacha olib borgan Marshrut 1A tashqarida Logan xalqaro aeroporti 2003 yildan beri. Davlatlararo avtomagistral sifatida burilish yo'li bilan to'ldiriladi I-190 va I-290 kabi yordamchi davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari.

2009 yilda MassDUS-ning avtomobil yo'llari bo'limi almashtirilgunga qadar burilish moslamasi Massachusets shtatidagi avtomobil yo'llari boshqarmasi tomonidan saqlanib turildi. Burilish yo'lining ba'zi uchastkalarida pulliklarni amalga oshirish va olib tashlash munozarali bo'lib kelgan; ko'pchilik orasida sayohat qilish, ammo barchasi ham emas, to'lovlarni talab qiladi. The Tez yo'l elektron to'lovlarni yig'ish tizimi 1998 yilda naqd to'lov bilan birga joriy etilgan; keyinchalik buklangan E-ZPass tovar belgisi 2012 yilda. Dastlabki pullik kabinalari buzib tashlandi va o'rniga pullik olinmoqda portlar ga o'tish bilan ochiq yo'l to'lash 2016 yilda naqd to'lovni "to'lash bo'yicha plita" hisob-kitobi bilan almashtirdi.

Marshrut tavsifi

Massachusetts pog'onasi norasmiy ravishda ikki qismga bo'lingan MassDOT: Nyu-York shtat chegarasidan o'tish joyi orqali uzaytirilgan asl 123 millik (198 km) "G'arbiy burilish". I-95 va Marshrut 128 14 va 15 chiqishlarda Veston va 14 va 15-chi chiqish yo'llaridan tashqarida davom etadigan 15 milya (24 km) "Boston Extension" Boston.[4] Bu Nyu-York shtat chegarasidan uning chorrahasi orqali to'rt qatorli avtomagistraldir I-84 chiqish 9 da Shturbridge; u ushbu almashinuvdan tashqarida oltita qatorga kengayadi va 17-chi chiqishdan qisqa vaqtgacha sakkizta yo'l bilan harakatlanadi Nyuton 22-chi chiqish orqali Ehtiyotkorlik markazi yilda Boston.[4] .75 milya (1,21 km) ning suv osti qismi Ted Uilyams tunnel ostida turniket olib yuruvchi Boston Makoni uning sharqiy terminaligacha Marshrut 1A tomonidan Logan xalqaro aeroporti, to'rt qatorga qisqartiriladi.[5]

G'arbiy burilish

Sharqiy yo'nalishda sayohat qilgan sobiq G'arbiy Stokbridge ko'prigiga yaqinlashish, 2008 yil yanvar
G'arbiy burilishni Boston kengaytmasidan ajratib turadigan "Weston bojlari", 2006 yil oktyabr

G'arbda burilish yo'lagi boshlanadi Berkshir tumani yilda Massachusets shtatidagi chiziq G'arbiy Stokbridge, bu erda I-90 (ning Berkshire Connector qismi orqali yo'naltirilgan Nyu-York shtati Thruway ) dan kiradi Kan'on, Nyu-York.[6] Ko'pgina pullik plazalar burilish moslamasining o'ziga kirmasdan oldin kirish / chiqish panduslarida joylashgan. Nyu-Yorkdan kiruvchi trafikdan boj yig'ish uchun mo'ljallangan G'arbiy Stokbridge magistral yo'lakchasi bundan mustasno edi; u Massachusets shtatidagi faqat sharq tomonga kirish va faqat g'arb tomon chiqish uchun 1 chiqishdan ko'p o'tmay mavjud bo'lgan.[7] Keyinchalik G'arbiy Stokbridge-da Uilyams daryosidan o'tuvchi burilish yo'li va undan o'tib ketadi Xosatonik daryosi Li ichida.[8] 2-dan chiqishgacha bo'lgan masofa (48 km) AQSh 20 Li-da va 3-dan chiqish AQSh 202 va 10-marshrut yilda Vestfild (birinchi Xempden okrugi ) burilish yo'lagi chiqishlari orasidagi eng uzun bo'shliq,[9] va umuman chiqishlar orasidagi ettinchi uzunlikdagi bo'shliq Davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari tizimi.[10] Burilish yo'lidagi eng baland balandlik mavjud Berkshirlar, dengiz sathidan 1725 fut (525 m) balandlikda joylashgan Bket; bu nuqta I-90 sharqidagi eng baland balandlikdir Janubiy Dakota.[11] Tepalik balandligidan tashqarida va chiqish oralig'ida, sharq tomonga qarab qochib ketgan yuk mashinalari rampasi mavjud Rassel.[12]

Burilish yo'lining almashinuvi mavjud I-91 va AQSh 5 chiqish 4 da G'arbiy Springfild;[7] u orqali o'tadi Konnektikut daryosi yetmasdan oldin Marshrut 33 chiqish 5 va I-291 6 chiqishda, ikkalasi ham Chicopee. Burilish yo'lagi o'tadi Ludlov o'tish joyidan oldin 7 chiqishda Quaboag daryosi 8 dyuymdan chiqish Palmer.[7][8] Avval burilish moslamasi ichkariga chiqadi Worcester County 9-chi sharqiy terminali bo'lgan Sturbridjda I-84.[13] Yilda Auburn, marshrutga o'tishda 10 ta depozit trafigidan chiqing I-395 janubga qarab sayohat qilish va I-290 sharq tomonga sayohat.[13] The Qora tosh daryosi trubka ostidan oqadi Millbury,[8] qaerda u bilan almashtirish mavjud Marshrut 146 va 10A chiqish joyida AQSh 20 ga ikkinchi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ulanish.[7] Kirish Midlseks okrugi yilda Xopkinton, u bilan kesishadi I-495 11A chiqish joyida.[7] Burilish trassasi kesib o'tadi Sudberi daryosi chiqish soat 12 da Marshrut 9 va 13 da chiqish 30-marshrut, barchasi Framingham ichida joylashgan.[8][7] G'arbiy burilishdagi boshqa davlatlararo magistral bilan so'nggi aloqa Westonda, I-95 va 128-marshrutda joylashgan. bir vaqtda.[7] Ushbu ko'p qismli almashinuv birgalikda "Weston tols" deb nomlanadi.[14] 14-chiqish - sharqqa chiqish va g'arbiy tomonga kirish, 15-chiqish - g'arbiy va sharqiy kirish; buzilishidan oldin transport vositalarida asosiy pullik plazma mavjud edi.[7] Pullik plazalari olib tashlanganidan so'ng, 15-chiqish yo'li I-95 va 128-yo'nalish uchun 15A-chiqish yo'liga qayta o'rnatildi va 15B-chiqish yo'li 30-yo'nalishga to'g'ri keldi.[15] Ushbu tutashuv joyida burilish moslamasi kesib o'tadi Charlz daryosi.[8]

Boston kengaytmasi

Bostondagi 1A yo'nalish bo'yicha shtatdagi burilish yo'lining sharqiy terminali va milliy miqyosda I-90.

Boston kengaytmasining birinchi chiqishi, chiqish 16 sharq tomonga kirish va g'arbiy yo'nalishda chiqishdir Marshrut 16 Nyutonda.[16] Burilish mashinasi kiradi Suffolk okrugi Bostonda "Allston-Brayton Boston mahallalariga olib boruvchi trafikni depozitga qo'yish " Allston va Brayton va yaqin shahar Kembrij.[4] 18-chikish - chap tomonga sharq tomonga chiqish va g'arbiy tomonga kirish, 20-chiqish esa g'arbiy va sharqqa kirish; ilgari trafik orqali ularning o'rtasida magistral pullik plazasi joylashtirilgan va "19 chiqish" deb tasniflangan.[16] Sharqqa kirish va g'arbiy yo'nalishdagi chiqishlarning siyrakligini qoplash Orqa ko'rfaz va Boston markazi, sharq tomon yo'nalgan g'arbiy yo'nalishda burilish rampasi 2007 yilda Allstonda ochilgan;[17] chiqish raqami bilan imzo qo'yilmagan bo'lsa, u ma'muriy maqsadlar uchun 20A chiqish sifatida tan olinadi.[4] Burilish trassasi kesib o'tadi Muddy daryosi Allston-Brayton pulliklaridan o'tgan.[8]

22-chi chiqish va yopiq Klarendon ko'chasidagi rampa ichida joylashgan Ehtiyojli tunnel, prudentsial markaz ostidagi burilishni olib boradi;[18] birinchisi, Sharqiy tomonga qarab, Prudentsial Markazga va Kopli maydoni, ikkinchisi Klarendon ko'chasidan faqat g'arbiy yo'nalishda joylashgan kirish joyi.[16] Prudentsial tunneldan tashqarida, 24-g'arbiy yo'nalishda harakatlanadigan singular chiqish deb belgilanadi, ammo sharqiy yo'nalishda sayohat qilish uchun uchta rampaga bo'linadi; chiqish 24A - chap tomonga qarab chiqish Janubiy vokzal, 24B va 24C chiqish tomon yo'naltirilgan I-93 navbati bilan shimoliy va janubiy yo'nalishda.[16] Burilish mashinasi tagidan o'tadi Fort Point kanali yetmasdan oldin Janubiy Boston 25 chiqishda,[16] shundan so'ng u Boston Makoni ostidan o'tish uchun Ted Uilyams tunneliga kiradi.[19] Logan xalqaro aeroportiga chiqish 26 - Ted Uilyams tunnelidagi yagona chiqish yo'li, burilish yo'lakchasi tunneldan chiqib, shimoliy yo'nalishda 1A yo'lga qo'shilishidan oldin. Hurmatli.[16]

Xizmat plazalari

Ludlow Service Plaza g'arbiy yo'nalishda
Lee Service Plaza sharq tomonga qarab
ManzilYo'nalishmilya (km)Xizmatlar[20]
LiSharq tomon8,5 mil (13,7 km)
G'arbiy yo'nalishda
  • EV quvvatlantirish stantsiyalari
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • McDonald's
BlandfordSharq tomon29 mil (47 km)
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • McDonald's
G'arbiy yo'nalishda
LudlovSharq tomon55,6 mil (89,5 km)
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • McDonald's
  • Bostonning asl pizza
G'arbiy yo'nalishda
  • Boston bozori
  • D'Angelo
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • Asal shudringli donuts
CharltonSharq tomon80,2 mil (129,1 km)
  • D'Angelo
  • Yangi shahar
  • Giffordning mashhur muzqaymoqi
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • Izone
  • McDonald's
  • Papa Gino's
G'arbiy yo'nalishda84,8 mil (136,5 km)
  • Annaning xolasi
  • D'Angelo
  • Yangi shahar
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • Izone
  • McDonald's
  • Papa Gino's
VestboroG'arbiy yo'nalishda104,6 mil (168,3 km)
  • Annaning xolasi
  • Boston bozori
  • Cheesy Street Grill
  • D'Angelo
  • Dunkin 'Donuts
  • Yangi shahar
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • Papa Gino's
FraminghamG'arbiy yo'nalishda114,4 mil (184,1 km)
NatikSharq tomon117,6 mil (189,3 km)
  • Cheesy Street Grill
  • D'Angelo
  • Dunkin 'Donuts
  • EV quvvatlantirish stantsiyalari
  • E-ZPass MA xizmat ko'rsatish markazi
  • Fors ko'rfazi
  • Gulf Express
  • Izone
  • McDonald's
  • Papa Gino's
  • Avtotransport vositalarining reestri Ekspres

Yo'l haqlari

2009 yildan boshlab, Massachusets shtatidagi burilish yo'lidan olinadigan pullik daromad u yig'ilgan qismda yoki G'arbiy burilish yoki Boston kengaytmasi (ma'muriy maqsadlar uchun "Metropolitan avtomagistral tizimi" deb nomlanadi) qismida sarflanishi kerak.[21] G'arbiy Stokbridge-dagi 1-chikopedan Chikopedagi 6-chikish orqali yo'l haqi o'sha paytdagi gubernator tomonidan olib tashlangan Bill Weld 1996 yilda, pullik yig'ilgan shikoyatlardan so'ng G'arbiy Massachusets shtati Bostondagi Big Dig-ni moliyalashtirgan;[22] ular oxir-oqibat 2013 yil oktyabr oyida qayta tiklandi.[23]

Sobiq ma'muriyat va moliya kotibining tavsiyasi bilan Erik Kriss Logan xalqaro aeroportiga olib boruvchi tunnellar bundan mustasno.[24] Massachusetts Turnpike Authority 2006 yil oktyabr oyida Weston shahridagi 128-yo'nalish g'arbidagi barcha pulliklarni olib tashlashga ovoz berdi.[25] Massachusets shtatidagi qonun chiqaruvchi transport qo'mitasi a'zolari shtat qonunchiligiga o'zgartirishlar kiritish zarurligi va aylanma yo'lni qanday saqlab qolish kerakligi haqidagi noaniqliklarni oxir-oqibat hech qachon amalga oshirilmaydigan pullarni olib tashlashdagi to'siqlar sifatida qayd etishdi.[26]

Yo'l haqini olib tashlash masalasi siyosiy jihatdan yuqori darajada ayblanmoqda. Shtatning bir nechta a'zolari Demokratik partiya buni gubernatorlik kampaniyasini kuchaytirish uchun siyosiy manevr sifatida e'lon qildi Hokim leytenant Kerri Xili, a Respublika, e'lon paytida saylov uchastkalarida kim orqada qolgan. Shuningdek, MTA kengashi Romni tomonidan tayinlanganlardan, Krissning Romni ma'muriyati bilan sobiq birlashmasi va o'sha paytda davom etayotgan saylovlardan tashkil topganligi sababli, yo'lakning har ikki tomonidagi tarafkashlik va siyosiy kun tartibidagi ayblovlar bilan masala xira tortdi.

2006 yil 9-noyabrdagi nashrida Boston Globe, Romni saylangan gubernator oldida pulliklarni olib tashlashga urinish niyati borligini ma'lum qildi Deval Patrik, a Demokrat, 2007 yil yanvar oyida ochilgan, ammo bu sodir bo'lmadi. 2008 yil noyabr oyidan boshlab Patrikning rejasi g'arbiy qismdagi barcha pulliklarni olib tashlash edi Davlatlararo 95, G'arbiy Stokbridge va Sturbridge pulliklaridan tashqari,[27] ammo bu ham 2015 yil yanvar oyida uning vakolat muddati tugashidan oldin sodir bo'lmadi. Shtat qonunchiligi 128-chi marshrutdan g'arbga olib borilishini talab qiladi, chunki uning qarzi to'langanda va yo'l "yaxshi holatda" bo'lsa-da, MassDOT to'lovlarni davom ettirishni rejalashtirmoqda. obligatsiyalar 2017 yil yanvar oyida to'lanadi, chunki yo'l uchun hali ham 135 dollar kerak bo'ladi ta'mirlash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun yiliga million.[28][yangilanishga muhtoj ]

2009 yil 22-yanvar kuni bo'lib o'tgan kengash yig'ilishida "Turnpike" "Fast Lane" pullik transponderini sotib olish uchun bir martalik 25,95 AQSh dollari miqdorida to'lovni to'xtatishga qaror qildi va uni 50 sentlik oylik takrorlanadigan xizmat haqi bilan almashtirdi.[29] 50 sentlik oylik to'lovni amalga oshirish Pasxa yakshanba kuni pullik plazalardagi uzoq kechikishlar natijasida bekor qilindi.[30][31]

Pullik plazalar

Hozir buzilgan pullik maydonchasi chiqish pandusida, 2016 yil yanvar
Ochiq yo'llar bilan to'lash uchun konvertatsiyadan oldin foydalanilgan pullik chipta

An'anaviy ravishda burilish moslamasi ishlatilgan chipta tizimi to'lovlarni yig'ish uchun; haydovchi rampadan chipta olardi, ular rampadan tashqariga taslim bo'lishadi va yo'l bosib o'tgan masofaga qarab pul to'laydilar.[32] Aksariyat pullik plazalar burilish yo'lagi tomonidan kirish / chiqish panduslarida joylashgan bo'lsa-da, istisnolardan tashqari G'arbiy Stokbridge, Veston va Allston-Brayton shaharlaridagi asosiy pullik plazalar mavjud.[4] Elektron to'lovlarni yig'ish bilan naqd to'lovga alternativa sifatida kiritilgan Tez yo'l transponderlar 1998 yilda; transport vositasining ichki oynasiga o'rnatilgandan so'ng, uskunalar pullik plazmalaridagi maxsus yo'laklarda avtomatik ravishda tanib olinadi va avtoulovchining hisobidan to'lovlar miqdorini olib qo'yadi.[33] Dastlab homiylik qilgan BankBoston va keyinroq FleetBoston Financial, homiylik qabul qilinishidan oldin Fuqarolar banki 2003 yilda.[34] Avtoulovchilar ilgari apparatning o'zi uchun 27,50 AQSh dollari miqdorida haq olishgan[34] garchi bu to'lov olib tashlangan bo'lsa ham.[35] Pullik plazasi belgilariga homiylik qilishni taqiqlovchi federal avtomagistral qoidalariga asoslanib, fuqarolar banki bilan shartnoma muddati tugagandan so'ng uzaytirilmadi; Fast Lane nomi bilan almashtirildi E-ZPass 2012 yilda Fast Lane birgalikda ishlashi mumkin bo'lgan brendlash.[36]

Ochiq yo'llar bilan to'lash

Nyutonda narxlarni yig'ish porti

2014 yilda, Raytheon $ 130 yutib oldi Massachusetts Turnpike-ni elektronga o'tkazish bo'yicha million shartnoma ochiq yo'l to'lash.[37] O'zgarishning belgilangan maqsadi "transport vositalarini xavfsizroq va samaraliroq qilish" edi.[38] Qo'shimcha o'zgarishlar qatoriga to'lovlarni amalga oshiruvchi operatorlarni yo'q qilish, shuningdek, mavjud pullik plazalarni buzish va atrofdagi yo'llarning yo'llarini qayta sozlash kiradi.[28][39][40] Ko'pgina chiqish yo'llari orasidagi yuk ko'taruvchi qurilmalar E-ZPass transponderlarini o'qiydi. Transponder ishlatmaydigan haydovchilar ish haqi, ularning davlat raqamini suratga olish va ro'yxatdan o'tgan egasiga hisob-fakturani yuborish. Ushbu to'lov usuli har bir hisob-faktura uchun 0,60 AQSh dollar miqdorida qo'shimcha to'lovni to'laydi, to'lovni Internet orqali yoki mahalliy chakana savdo joyida naqd pul bilan amalga oshiradi.[41][42] Portallarni o'rnatish 2016 yil yanvar oyida boshlangan, ochiq yo'llar uchun to'lovlar esa 2016 yil 28 oktyabrda boshlangan.[39] Ushbu sanadan 30 kun o'tgach, pullik to'lash shoxobchalarining ichki qismlari buzib tashlandi, bu esa transport tezligini oshirishga imkon berdi. Pullik to'lash shoxobchalarini to'liq buzish va rekonstruktsiya qilish 2017 yil oxiriga qadar yakunlandi.[39][43]

4 va 7-chi chiqishlar yoki 10 va 11-chi eshiklar o'rtasida hech qanday portlash mavjud bo'lmaganligi sababli, Massachusets shtatidagi Ternpike bu juftliklar o'rtasida asosan bepul. Aks holda, ochiq yo'llar bilan to'lashga o'tish daromadlarni neytral deb hisoblaydi, ya'ni boshqa har qanday juftlik yo'llari orasidagi to'lovlar faqat kichik tuzatishlarni amalga oshirgan. E-ZPassMA transponderi bo'lmagan shtatdan tashqarida yashovchilar uchun to'lovlar biroz yuqoriroq, transpondersiz pulliklar esa yuqori.[44]

To'liq elektron to'lash Mass Pike-da jonli efirga uzatilganda Tobin ko'prigi, Kallaxon tunnel, Sumner tunnel va Ted Uilyams tunnel tizimga qo'shildi va bitta yo'nalishda ikki barobar emas, balki har ikki yo'nalishda ham bitta bojni to'lashga aylantirildi. Tobin ko'prigi faqat 2014 yil iyul oyida janubga yo'naltirilgan barcha elektron to'lqinlarga o'tkazildi.[39]

Avtomobillar davlat raqamlari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlardan tashqari, portlar transport vositalarining tezligi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni ham to'playdi, bu MassDOT vakili "tezlikni buzish uchun AET tizimidan foydalanmaydi".[45] Pullik ma'lumotlar oshkor etilishi kerak bo'lgan ommaviy yozuv emas Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun so'rovlar va MassDOT "Barcha to'plangan ma'lumotlar xavfsiz va sir saqlanadi."[39] Pullik ma'lumotlarini quyidagi orqali olish mumkin sudga chaqiruv va huquqni muhofaza qilish idoralari tizim tomonidan aniqlangan taqdirda darhol elektron pochta xabarlarini ishlab chiqaradigan raqamlarni aniqlay olishadi.[46]

Tarix

Fon va qurilish

Bostonning savdo va ishlab chiqarish markazi sifatida o'rni XVIII asr oxiri va XIX asrning boshlarida o'sib bora boshlaganligi sababli, shahar portlariga tovarlarni o'sib borayotgan tegirmon va fabrikalardan ko'chirish zarurati, masalan. Vester, Louell va Providens, Rod-Aylend, shahardagi omborlarga yangi transport usullariga sarmoyalar kerak edi. Shaharda kema qurilishining o'sishi, shuningdek, ichki hududlardan xom ashyo olib kirishni talab qildi. Shuningdek, shahar ichkarisida yangi kengaytirilgan bozorlar Faneuil zali, o'z mahsulotlarini bozorga olib chiqish yo'llari zarur edi. Ushbu ehtiyojlarga javoban shahar va Hamdo'stlik shaharga transport yo'llarini kengaytirish jarayonini boshladi. Ko'priklar, iskala va feribotlar kabi yangi infratuzilma, ko'pincha Hamdo'stlik tomonidan ijaraga olingan dastlabki davlat-xususiy korporatsiyalar tomonidan tashkil etildi.[47][48]

O'sha paytda mintaqada mavjud bo'lgan ibtidoiy yo'llar savdogarlarning ehtiyojlari uchun juda achinarli darajada edi, chunki ular o'sha paytdagi Hamdo'stlik va shahar hokimiyatlarining moliyaviy imkoniyatlaridan tashqarida bo'lgan katta ta'mir va yangilanishlarga muhtoj edilar. Shtatdagi, shuningdek, yosh millatdagi boshqa avtomobil yo'llarining sifatsizligi, yuklarni portlardan ichki qismga transport yo'li bilan olib o'tishni iqtisodiy jihatdan foydasiz qiladi.[47]

Inqilob paytida odamlarni va mollarni tashishning harbiy zarurati shtatlarning dastlabki avtomagistrallarining bir qismini yaxshilashga yordam bergan bo'lsa-da, ularning aksariyati urush tugaganidan keyin saqlanib qolmagan yoki yangilanmagan. Ko'pgina avtomobil yo'llarida sayohatchilarni ovqatlantirish va joylashtirish uchun ko'priklar va etarli sharoitlar yo'q edi, bu ko'pincha bir necha kundan haftaga qadar davom etadi. Ko'pgina jamoalar, shuningdek, o'z shaharlari orqali o'tganlar uchun qulayliklarni yaratish yoki saqlash uchun zarur bo'lgan mablag'ni ta'minlay olmaydilar.[49]

Sharqiy Massachusets shtatidagi burilish yo'llari xaritasi
Sharqiy Massachusets shtatidagi burilish yo'llari xaritasi, Vustester burilish yo'li zamonaviy 9-marshrut bilan deyarli bir xil yo'ldan yurgan.

1805 yil 16-martda Massachusets qonun chiqaruvchisi sayohat va tijoratni Hamdo'stlikning umumiy qonunlariga aylantirishga yordam berish uchun mo'ljallangan xususiy yo'llar yoki burilish yo'llari tizimini ijaraga oldi. Sayohatchilarga yo'l haqini yig'ish uchun ishlatilgan tolgleytlar tizimi nomi bilan atalgan ushbu burilish yo'llari pullik daromaddan foydalangan holda yo'llarni qurish, saqlash va ekspluatatsiya qilish bilan shug'ullanadigan franshizaga o'xshash xususiy operatorlar tizimiga asoslangan edi. Turniketlar tez-tez zarar ko'rgan va ko'plari ochilgandan ko'p o'tmay buklangan.[50]

Shunday turniketlardan biri yugurish uchun mo'ljallangan edi Roksberi Worcester-ga va 1806-yil 7-martda Worcester Turnpike Corporation sifatida nizomga olingan Worcester Turnpike Bostonga g'arbiy yondoshishda asosiy yo'l bo'lishi uchun ishlab chiqilgan va Tremont va Xantington ko'chalari bo'ylab eski Konnektikut yo'lining bir qismidan foydalangan, Bruklingacha va g'arbiy qismida Vorstergacha zamonaviy 9-marshrut bilan bir xil yo'nalishda davom etgan. Shrusberida zarur bo'lgan ko'priklar yomonlasha boshlaganligi sababli, yo'lni saqlash spiralga aylana boshladi va uning ustavida marshrut bo'ylab eski va aloqasi bo'lmagan yo'llarni boshqarish va saqlash bo'yicha vakolatlar Korporatsiya uchun rentabellikni saqlashni qiyinlashtirdi. Ko'pgina zamonaviy burilish yo'llari singari, Worcester Turnpike 1841 yilda oxir-oqibat muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, uning nizomi Hamdo'stlik tomonidan tarqatib yuborildi va yo'l bo'linib ketdi va nazorat mahalliy munitsipalitetlarga o'tkazildi.[51]

Worcester Turnpike halokatiga asosiy hissa qo'shganlardan biri 1830-yillarda temir yo'lning ko'tarilishi edi.[52] 1831 yilda Bosh sud tomonidan ijaraga olingan Boston va Vorsester temir yo'llari 1832 yilda o'z liniyasini qurishni boshladilar va magistral yo'nalish 1835 yil iyulda qurib bitkazildi.[53] Yangi qurib bitkazilgan temir yo'l dastlab Bostondan Vorsestergacha o'tgan yana bir muvaffaqiyatsiz burilish yo'li - Markaziy burilish yo'lidan foydalangan. Bruklin, Uelsli, Natik, Framingham va hozirgi zamon bo'ylab joylashgan boshqa jamoalar Framingham / Worcester MBTA qatnovchi temir yo'l liniyasi.[54] Dastlab temir yo'l Orqa ko'rfazidagi suv toshqini bo'ylab o'tib ketgan va uning shaharga ta'siri faqat shaharning janubiy qismlarida sezilgan. Dastlab uzoq masofali temir yo'l sifatida ishlab chiqilgan bo'lsa-da, B&W va boshqa temir yo'llarning egalari, oxir-oqibat marshrutlar bo'ylab shahar transporti xizmatlari uchun tayyor bozor mavjudligini aniqladilar va 1845 yilga kelib o'z yo'nalishi bo'ylab bir qator temir yo'l transporti vositalarini yaratdilar.[55] Keyingi bir necha o'n yilliklar ichida birlashmalar seriyasi orqali Boston va Worcester temir yo'li oxir-oqibat Boston va Olbani temir yo'li 1870 yilda Massachusets va Nyu-York shtatlari kapitallarini birlashtirgan.[53]

Shahar asta-sekin to'ldirishni boshlaganda Orqa ko'rfaz shaharning janubiy uchi va orqaga ko'rfazidagi uchastkalarini yaratish uchun temir yo'l daryosi, temir yo'l trassasi ushbu dengiz oqimining o'rtasida joylashgan yolg'iz yo'ldan shaharning g'arbiy qismining markazidan o'tib ketadigan katta transportga o'tdi. Jismoniy ajratuvchi bo'lishdan tashqari, temir yo'l ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy to'siq ham bo'lgan; "South End" melioratsiya loyihasi har qanday qat'iy rejalashtirishga muhtoj bo'lmagan shahar loyihasi bo'lgan bo'lsa, "Back Bay" meliorativ loyihasi davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan dastur bo'lib, u tuman ichida kim istiqomat qilishi to'g'risida aniq g'oyalarni belgilab bergan. Temir yo'lning yaqinligi ham kutilmagan ta'sirga, shahar atrofi parvoziga olib keldi. Butun shaharga yaqin bo'lgan yangi temir yo'l liniyalari bilan ko'plab badavlat fuqarolar Bostondan g'arbiy shahar va shaharchalarga ko'chishni boshladilar. Ushbu ko'chish ushbu jamoalarga suv va kanalizatsiya, o't o'chirish va politsiya kabi shahar xizmatlari uchun moliyaviy yuklarni yukladi va ularni Bostonga qo'shib olishga olib keldi va shahar chegaralarini yanada kengaytirdi.[56] Ushbu muammolarga qaramay, XIX asr oxiriga kelib g'arbiy temir yo'l va uning zamondoshlari shahar iqtisodiyotini boshqarishda mahalliy sanoat korxonalariga Boston portiga mahsulot olib kelishlariga yordam berib, sharqiy dengiz sohilidagi eng gavjum ikkinchi portga aylanishiga yordam berishdi.[57]

Boston va Olbani temir yo'l transporti hajmining o'sishiga yordam berish uchun ikkita katta temir yo'l maydonchasini qurishdi Allston shahar bo'limi va Xantington st-dagi Lennox mehmonxonasiga ulashgan yana bir joy, Orqa ko'rfazga qo'shni. Boston va Olbani va uning zamonaviy temir yo'llari yangi hovlilar barpo etayotgan bir paytda, shahar boyligining pasayishini ko'rsatadigan boshqa omillar XIX asr oxiri va yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida namoyon bo'ldi; Boston portiga transport harakati pasayib ketdi, shu sababli Federal hukumatdan asosiy yuk tashish kanallarini chuqurlashtirish va katta kemalarni boshqarish uchun yangi ustunlar qurish zarurati tug'ildi; AT&T 1910 yilda o'z operatsiyasini va shtab-kvartirasini Bostondan Nyu-Yorkka ko'chirdi. Shahar va meriya ma'muriyatlari tasarrufidagi shahar va biznes sektori o'rtasidagi muammoli munosabatlar. Jeyms Maykl Karli Bostondagi ish beruvchilarga yordam berib, ushbu korxonalar va munitsipal hukumat o'rtasida xafagarchilikni keltirib chiqardi. Ushbu muammolarga qo'shimcha ravishda iqtisodiy tanazzul davrlari qatori bilan yakunlanadi Katta depressiya og'ir soliq yuki bilan birgalikda shahar moliya ahvoliga tushib qoldi. Ikki Jahon Urushining safarbarligidan kichik ko'tarilishlarga qaramay, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi oxirlarida shahar juda og'ir ahvolda edi.[58] Bostondan g'arbiy shtat infratuzilmasining katta qismi jiddiy tanazzulga uchragan, asosiy sharqiy-g'arbiy 2 va 9-yo'nalishlar sezilarli yangilanishga muhtoj edi. Shu bilan birga, mintaqadagi temir yo'l transporti temir yo'llarning eskirgan narxlari tuzilmalari va cheklangan geografik imkoniyatlari tufayli davrning yangi paydo bo'lgan texnologik kompaniyalari uchun moddiy transportdan foydalanishda moliyaviy jihatdan imkonsiz bo'lib qoldi.[59]

1948 yil Massachusets magistral yo'lining bosh rejasida keltirilgan taklif etilayotgan magistral yo'l xaritasi.
1948 yil Massachusets magistral yo'lining bosh rejasida keltirilgan taklif etilayotgan magistral yo'l xaritasi. Ushbu taklif qilingan avtomobil yo'llari shtatning sharqiy qismidagi shtatning eng muhim transport yo'nalishlariga aylanadi.

Keyingi davrda Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Boston to'xtab qolgan o'sishning chuqur davriga tushib qolgan edi. Portdagi transport harakati kamayganligi sababli shaharning sobiq dengizchilik sohalari yopilgan edi, shahar boyligining katta qismini ta'minlagan to'qimachilik korxonalari daromadlarni ko'paytirishga imkon beradigan yangi joylarni qidirib, mintaqadan chiqib ketishdi va mulkni rivojlantirishga asos bo'ldi. Buyuk Depressiya boshlanganidan beri deyarli hech qanday yangi ta'sirga ega bo'lmagan qurilish to'xtaydi.[60] Kabi Boston chakana savdo stalvarts Fayllar va Jordan Marsh energiya va o'sishni shahar atrofiga yo'naltirishga qaror qildilar; Boston fuqarolari shaharda mol-mulk solig'i osmonga ko'tarilganidek, shahar atrofidagi yaylovlarga ham qochishni boshladilar. Sifatida AQSh yangiliklari va dunyo hisoboti Boston "tokda o'layotgani" ni ta'kidladi.[61]

Urush tugagandan so'ng, Massachusets shtati yangi avtostrada loyihalarini rejalashtirish davriga o'tdi va bu davlat azob chekayotgan iqtisodiy tanazzulni tugatishga yordam berishga intildi. Bu 1947 yilda edi Respublika Hokim Robert Bredford Hamdo'stlik ushbu yangi yo'llarni rejalashtirish va qurishda to'g'ri rahbarlik qilish uchun standart asoslarni amalga oshirishi kerakligini anglab etdi. U sharqiy mintaqa uchun yangi avtomagistralning Bosh rejasini ishlab chiqarish bo'yicha tadqiqotni buyurdi va 1948 yilga kelib u tugallandi. Bredford jamoat ishlari bo'yicha yirik loyiha olib keladigan siyosiy manfaatlarni qidirib, o'z rejasini yubordi Demokratik - nazorat qilingan Massachusets qonun chiqaruvchi organi tasdiqlash uchun; ammo Demokratlar o'z nomzodlari, yangi saylangan Demokratik Gubernatorgacha loyihada o'tirishdi Pol A. Dever, 1949 yil yanvar oyida ish boshlagan.[59]

1949 yilda ish boshlaganidan ko'p o'tmay shaharning magistral rejasini amalga oshirish dasturini aynan Dever boshlagan. Demokratik ko'pchilikdan bahramand bo'lish Davlat uyi Hamdo'stlik tarixida birinchi marta Demokratik gubernator bilan birgalikda u 1949-1952 yillar oralig'ida 400 million AQSh dollaridan (2014 yilda inflyatsiya darajasiga qarab 3,97 milliard AQSh dollari) oshgan gaz bilan bog'liq soliqni ko'payishi bilan bir qator avtomagistral qonun loyihalarini amalga oshirdi.[62] Ushbu ishni nazorat qilish uchun Dever sobiq Komissarni olib keldi Massachusets shtatining jamoat ishlari bo'limi, Uilyam F. Kallahan 1934 yildan 1939 yilgacha boshqargan agentlikka yana bir bor rahbarlik qildi. O'zining kuchli shaxsi va loyihalarni amalga oshirishga intilishi bilan tanilgan,[62] Kallaxon darhol nima bo'lishini hisobga olmaganda, taklif qilingan uchta avtomobil yo'lini qurishga kirishdi 1947 yildan rejalashtirilgan Boston atrofidagi oxir-oqibat "eng tashqi" kamar: aylananing "asl tashqi" avtomagistrali Marshrut 128, Janubi-sharqiy shosse, va Markaziy arteriya Boston markazining yuragi orqali. Umumiy qiymati 92 million AQSh dollaridan oshadigan ushbu uchta loyiha (2014 yilda 913 million AQSh dollari, inflyatsiyani hisobga olgan holda) kelajakda shahar o'sishi uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega deb hisoblandi. Biroq, ushbu yo'llarning qurilishi shu qadar katta miqdordagi mablag'ni talab qildiki, Hamdo'stlik G'arbiy tezyurar loyihasi uchun mablag 'ajratolmadi. Biroq, Kallaxan 128-marshrutning janubiy qismining qurib bitkazilishini nazorat qilishidan oldin, Dever tomonidan yangi tashkil etilgan Massachusets shtatidagi torna piktogrammasini boshqarish uchun tayinlangan.[63][64]

Ushbu boshqa avtomagistrallarni qurish uchun ishlatilgan obligatsiyalar chiqarilishi natijasida yuzaga kelgan moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar tufayli Hamdo'stlik Bostonning G'arbiy yondashuv yo'lagi bo'ylab G'arbiy tezyurar yo'lni qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan xarajatlarni moliyalashtirish uchun ko'proq obligatsiyalar suzish xarajatlarini qoplay olmadi. Kallaxan yangi tezyurar avtomobilni o'z zayom obligatsiyalarini suzish va ularni avtomagistral bo'ylab pullik yo'li bilan moliyalashtirish orqali moliyalashtiradigan kuchli, mustaqil va yarim jamoat transporti idorasini yaratishni taklif qildi. taniqli domen uni qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan erni ta'minlash uchun. U jamoat ishlari bo'yicha komissar sifatida ishlagan paytida, asosan, keng qamrovli patronaj yollash orqali to'plagan siyosiy xayrixohlikdan foydalanib,[62] Kallaxon yangi hokimiyat haqidagi g'oyasini davlat binosi orqali osonlikcha ilgari surdi.[65] Vakolat 1952 yil boshida tuzilgan va 1955 yilga kelib Nyu-York-Massachusets chegarasidan yaqinda tugallangan 128-marshrutgacha 123 mil (198 km) avtomobil yo'lini qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan zayomlarni chiqargan. Veston. 1957 yilda qurib bitkazilgan bo'lishiga qaramay, Hamdo'stlik ichida ko'pchilik Bostonga boradigan mahalliy yo'nalishlar hali ham ularga yuklangan yuk tashish yuklari uchun etarli emasligini tezda angladilar.[66]

Bostonga kengayish

Magistral yo'llar qurilishining avj olishi ushbu yangi yo'llar shahar atrofi jamoalari uchun omadli ekanligiga qaramay, Boston iqtisodiyoti hali ham zaif ahvolda edi.[67] Boston hali ham shaharning taniqli iqtisodiyoti va obro'sini o'zgartirishga yordam berish uchun Turnpikka ulanishi kerakligini anglab, Callahan 1955 yilda qonun chiqaruvchi tomonidan shaharning boyliklarini o'zgartirishga yordam beradigan shaharga kengaytma yaratish vazifasini topshirdi. . Ushbu yangi avtomagistral Massachusets shtatidagi Tirpikni shaharning markaziga, davlatlararo yo'lning 12,3 millik kengaytmasi bilan bog'laydi. G'arbiy Nyutondagi 128-chi marshrutdan pullik aylanuvchi avtomagistralni Boston va Olbani temir yo'li bo'ylab shaharga olib kelib, Janubi-Sharqiy tezyurar yo'l bilan bog'lash uning rejasi edi. Ushbu reja shaharga har doim G'arbiy tezyurar yo'l qurishni taklif qilgan shahar uchun 1948 yilgi magistral yo'llar rejasiga muvofiq edi. Biroq, 1956 yilda Davlatlararo avtomobil yo'llari to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilinishi bilan Federal hukumat shtatlarga to'qson foizli subsidiya bilan yangi avtomobil yo'llarini qurish uchun etarli mablag 'ajratdi - bu shaharga pullik yo'l zarurligini keltirib chiqardi.[68]

Nyu-York markaziy temir yo'li (Boston va Olbani ota-kompaniya) xodimlar jurnali 1965 yil fevral oyidan boshlab Massachusets burilish punktining Bostonda qurib bitkazilgani haqidagi fotosuratni namoyish etuvchi Faralar.

Muammoni murakkablashtirgan holda, Kallaxonning rejalashtirilgan kengaytirilgan yo'lini shtatdagi boshqalar, masalan, yangi saylangan gubernator qabul qilmagan Jon A. Volpe va Nyuton meri Donald Gibbs, ular Chegaralar orasidagi boshqa yo'nalish bo'ylab harakatlanadigan magistral yo'lni qurishga intildilar. Nyuton, Valtam va Watertown bo'ylab Charlz daryosi va AQSh 20-marshrut va hozirda taqdim etilayotgan mablag'lardan foydalangan holda qurilishi kerak Federal avtomobil yo'llari ma'muriyati.[69] Bundan tashqari, Nyuton shahri aholisi, shahar atrofidagi mahallalarni va uning markaziy ishbilarmonlik qismining katta qismlarini Turnpike kengaytmasiga yo'l ochish uchun sezilarli darajada buzilishini ko'rganlar, taklif qilingan Boston va Olbani yo'lining yo'nalishini qat'iyan qarshi edilar.[70] Nyuton, ikki shahar hokimining shartlari bo'yicha, Bosh sudda tobora befoyda qonunchilik manevralari orqali Turnpike taklifiga qarshi kurashga kirishdi. Kichik shaharning ehtiyojlari va ehtiyojlari Kallaxonning davlat kapitoliyidagi ta'sirini engib chiqa olmasligini anglagan holda, kichik shahar buning o'rniga davlatlararo tijorat komissiyasi va Federal sudlar orqali federal darajada avtomagistralni to'sish bo'yicha harakatlarini yo'naltiradi.[71] Bostondagi ta'sirlangan mulk egalari, shuningdek, o'z uylari va bizneslarini yo'qotish ehtimolini ko'rib chiqmoqdalar, ular taklif qilingan muddatni bekor qilishni umid qilgan bir qator davlat va federal sudlarga murojaat qilib, Nyutonning etakchiligiga ergashdilar.[72]

Ehtiyotkorlik kompaniyasi

Kallaxanning yangi yo'lga qarshi bo'lganlar bilan bo'lgan ko'plab muammolariga qo'shimcha ravishda Prudensial hayot sug'urtasi kompaniyasi 32-gektarlik Boston va Olbani Tremont Sankt-temir yo'llarini o'zlarining Shimoliy-Sharqiy Amerikadagi operatsiyalarini o'tkazish uchun yangi bino va tegishli majmuani qurish uchun sotib olish jarayonida, Hamdo'stlik bypass rejasi bilan bir vaqtda Turnpike Authority e'lon qilinayotgan edi. Ushbu taklif qilingan loyiha Kallaxonning rejalashtirilgan Turnpike kengaytmasining Boston oyog'ining o'rtasida joylashgan bo'lib, ehtimol uning taklif qilingan kengaytmasini o'ldirishi mumkin.[73][68] Shahar ichkarisida va tashqarisida ko'plab raqiblar Prudensial e'lonni Kallaxonning taklif qilingan pullik yo'li uchun tobutga qo'yilishi mumkin bo'lgan so'nggi tobut deb qarashgan bo'lsa-da, Bostonni qayta qurish bo'yicha ma'muriyat bosh Edvard J. Logue Kallaxanning prudentsial muammosini BRA shahardan prudentsial loyihaga rozilik olishda bo'lgan muammolarni bartaraf etishning bir usuli deb bildi.[73][74]

Logue ko'p jihatdan Kallaxonga teng edi; ishlarini oxiriga etkazish uchun kuchini qidirib topgan, yarim mustaqil hokimiyatning rahbari sifatida, uning tuzilishi Kallaxonning Turnpike ma'muriyatida namuna qilingan.[73][75] O'sha paytda Bostondagi ko'plab shaharlarni yangilash loyihalari, shu jumladan Storrow Drive va West Endni qayta qurish loyihalari uchun mas'ul bo'lgan Logue, Prudensial loyihani Bostonni qayta qurish harakatlari uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega ekanligini tushundi. Loyihani davom ettirishdagi asosiy masala - soliq imtiyozlari bo'yicha kelishuvning yo'qligi, loyihani ilgari surish uchun Prudensial talab qilmoqda.[76] Bundan tashqari, tomonidan bir nechta qonuniy qarorlar qabul qilindi Massachusets Oliy sud sudi majmuani qurish uchun zarur bo'lgan er uchastkalari konstitutsiyasiga muvofiqligini shubha ostiga qo'yadi.[73][77]

"Prudensial" loyihasi bilan bog'liq muammolarga qo'shimcha ravishda 1960 va 1961 yillar davomida Kallaxonning jamoat ishlari bo'yicha komissari lavozimidagi ikkinchi faoliyati bilan bog'liq noqonuniy faoliyat bilan shug'ullanganligi to'g'risida bir qator ayblovlar paydo bo'ldi. Ushbu da'volarga moliyaviy zarbalar, takliflarni qalbakilashtirish va boshqa shubhali amaliyotlar uchun ayblovlar kiritilgan. Bu korrupsiya bo'yicha sud jarayoniga olib keldi va bu uning obro'siga putur etkazdi, bu uning Turnpike kengaytmasini qurish g'oyasiga yordam bermadi. Huquqiy da'volar ustiga, MIT va Garvardning uchta professorlaridan iborat guruh "Turnpike Authority" kompaniyasi o'zining obligatsiyalarini chiqarishda pulni ko'tarib, ularning qadriyatlarini sun'iy ravishda oshirib yuborganligi to'g'risida ommaviy da'volar qildi. Bu tanqidchilar "Turnpike Authority" ning qurilish uchun zarur mablag 'to'planishiga to'sqinlik qiladi deb umid qilgan bir qator majburiy bo'lmagan obligatsiyalar chiqarilishiga olib keldi.[78]

Aynan mana shu ko'plab huquqiy muammolar o'rtasida Prudential 1960 yil aprelida ularning qurilish loyihasini davom ettirish Boston va Olbani temir yo'llari bo'ylab pullik yo'l orqali to'g'ridan-to'g'ri magistral yo'lga bog'liqligini e'lon qildi.[73][78] Bundan tashqari, Prudential Turnpike Authority tomonidan posilkalarga havo huquqini ijaraga oladi va Agentlik tomonidan chiqarilgan obligatsiyalarning katta qismini sotib oladi. Ushbu kelishuvga qaramay, gubernator Volpe Boston va Olbani bo'ylab Ternpaykning rejalarini bekor qilishga urinib ko'rdi, Nyuton shahrining yo'lini qurishni to'xtatish to'g'risida XKMga murojaat qildi. Volpe, Kallaxan va Prudensial rahbarlar o'rtasidagi qator uchrashuvlardan so'nggina gubernator ICC hujjatini qaytarib olishga va pullik yo'lni istamay qo'llab-quvvatlashga ishontirildi.[79] With the new deal in place, a not-guilty finding in the criminal case, and public relations push-back to the allegations of market tampering by the Turnpike Authority, the bond measures were once again seen as a sound investment and investors quickly picked up the $175 million (US$1.4 billion in 2014, adjusted for inflation) bond issuance.[78][77] With the Turnpike-Prudential agreement in place, Logue was able to petition the General Court to once again authorize a land taking deal and tax-deferment bill, which was passed rather quickly and signed by then-Governor Foster Furcolo. While this new bill was again deemed unconstitutional by the SJC, in its decision the Court provided a framework for the legislature to construct a bill that would pass constitutional muster. The bill also gave Logue's BRA considerable powers over the redevelopment project, allowing him to rapidly move forward with permit approvals and tax issues.[73][78] The Turnpike-Prudential deal linked with the Logue and the BRA's new powers to move the project forward quickly quieted much of the remaining opposition to the new roadway, and cemented the idea of air right development as an integral part of the Turnpike moving forward.[80] By 1965 the Massachusetts Turnpike had been connected to the Central Artery, and the Prudential Center was on its way to completion; however, Callahan did not live to see this. On April 24, 1964, he died of a massive heart attack at his home.[81]

The year 1968 saw the beginning of the first major expansion of the Turnpike after the completion of the Boston extension in 1965. While the original design of the roadway called for an eight-lane expressway along the majority of the route, it was only constructed as a four-lane roadway along most of its length until it reached the junction of Marshrut 9 in Framingham where the roadway expanded to six lanes. Starting in 1968 the highway from the Interstate 84 interchange in Sturbridge to Route 9 was widened from its original four lanes to six; that widening project was completed around 1971. However, the mainline right-of-way was constructed to allow future expansion of the roadway, with most bridges over the highway built with the eight-lane roadway in mind, so few bridges had to be rebuilt when it was widened in the late 1960s.

Katta qazish

When designing the Central Artery/Tunnel project in the 1970s and 1980s, the horror stories regarding urban renewal projects such as the construction of the old viaduct in the 1950s weighed heavy on the minds of Frederick Salvucci va uning jamoasi. It was realized early on that the Commonwealth could not just lay waste to parts of the city and pave them over; the state would have to ensure that construction would balance the needs of the highways against the livability of the city and neighborhoods the project would pass through. Mitigation efforts would be of utmost importance in moving ahead with the project.[82][83]

Hokim Frensis Sarjent had shut down any ideas of further freeway construction within the MA Route 128 beltway in 1970, thereby cancelling both the I-695 "inner belt" va Janubi-g'arbiy yo'lak freeway projects, placing more emphasis on the already-completed Boston extension of I-90, and the work to eventually depress Boston's Central Artery below ground level as the only unbuilt freeway-related construction projects "inside" of Route 128 that would be allowed to go forward.[84]

The notions of using existing rights of way or areas where neighborhood displacement would be minimized were applied to the second extension of the Turnpike as part of the CA/T project. Salvucci deliberately planned to bring the East Boston Extension through areas with little or no occupancy or those properties already owned by the Commonwealth. As a result, East Boston saw almost no takings of buildings or homes through eminent domain or the destruction of neighborhoods because construction was relegated to the then-unoccupied areas of the South Boston Seaport va Logan aeroporti. Like the first Turnpike extension, the connection of the Turnpike to East Boston was also designed to provide an economic stimulus to the city, this one to revitalize the desolate Seaport district.[83]

Diagram of the highway system in downtown Boston before and after completion of the Big Dig

The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority managed the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (the "Katta qazish "), which rerouted the elevated Markaziy arteriya ichiga O'Nil tunnel through downtown Boston, and extended the turnpike beyond its terminus at the Central Artery into the Ted Uilyams tunnel and connected it to Marshrut 1A tashqarida Logan xalqaro aeroporti. Construction began in 1991, and the final extension of the turnpike was opened in 2003.

It was for the financial needs of the project that the "Metropolitan Highway System" was created with the turnpike east of Route 128; the Ted Williams, Sumner va Kallaxon ostidagi tunnellar Boston Makoni; and I-93 from Southampton Street through the O'Neill Tunnel and the Zakim ko'prigi to the foot of the Tobin ko'prigi.[85] Finances for the Western Turnpike and the Boston Extension continue to be handled separately with this reorganization.

Ceiling collapse

Shuningdek qarang: Big Dig shiftining qulashi
Boston traffic crawling over the closed Ted Williams Tunnel entrance during shoshilinch soat, one day after the ceiling collapse

In response to a fatality caused by the collapse of the ceiling of the eastbound I-90 connector tunnel approaching the Ted Uilyams tunnel on July 10, 2006, and in response to Turnpike Authority Chairman Matthew J. Amorello 's refusal (at the time) to resign, Romney took legal steps to have Amorello forcibly removed as head of the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority.[86] This effort culminated in Amorello's resignation on August 15, 2006. The next day, John Cogliano was sworn in as the new Chairman of the Turnpike Authority by Romney.[87] On November 27, 2006, departing Bosh prokuror Tom Reyli (Demokrat ) announced the state will launch a civil suit over the collapse of the ceiling in the Ted Uilyams tunnel. The Commonwealth will be seeking over $150 million from project manager Bechtel /Parsons Brinckerhoff, builder Zamonaviy Continental Construction Co. and the manufacturer of the epoksi used to hold the ceiling bolts.[88][89][90][91]

Infill exits

With the exception of exits opened during construction of the Boston Extension, two infill exits were opened between existing interchanges on the Western Turnpike. Exit 11A in Hopkinton connects the turnpike with I-495 and enables transit between northern New England and Cape Cod; it was opened in 1969.[92] Exit 10A in Millbury connects the turnpike to Marshrut 146 va AQSh 20 via the Route 20 Connector, which in turn facilitates movement between Vester va Providens, Rod-Aylend; construction began in 1996 and was opened in 1998 before being completed in 1999.[93]

Havo huquqlari

Star Market (briefly Shaw's Supermarket) built over the turnpike in Newton, August 2009

Much of the air space ("havo huquqlari ") over the Boston Extension has been leased to third parties for commercial development. This concept was originally designed to "knit together communities" that were divided by the new highway,[94] since the turnpike had been described as "wider and more divisive to the city" than the original Markaziy arteriya.[95] More recently, the income received from the leased air rights have been used for paying off the Katta qazish.[95] There are 23 parcels of air space over the highway, the majority of which have not been developed.[96] Among other objectives, guidelines established by the "Civic Vision for Turnpike Air Rights in Boston" in 2000 recommend that the proposed use of the parcels "[foster] increased use and capacity of public transportation" and "[reinforce] the vitality and quality of life in adjacent neighborhoods".[97]

The Yulduzli bozor (briefly renamed Shaw's Supermarket) in Newton is the earliest example of commercial construction over the turnpike. In the 1960s, the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority intended to route the highway through the parking lot of the supermarket's previous location in the city; this alignment that was ultimately approved by the Massachusets Oliy sud sudi, under the condition that a replacement Star Market was allowed to be built over the turnpike.[98] Other projects developed through air rights include the Newton Plaza Hotel in Newton,[99][100] The Copley Place shopping mall in Boston,[100][101] va Ehtiyotkorlik markazi Bostonda.[100][102] Proposals for future air rights projects include the mixed-use Fenway Center,[103] va kengaytmasi Boston universiteti yaqinidagi kampus Boston universiteti ko'prigi.[104]

After four decades of no new developments, in August 2020, construction began on Parcel 12, and construction was expected to begin within the month at Fenway Center pending a final agreement with MassDOT,[105] leading to planned closure of one lane in each direction for a year.[106] Parcel 12[107] is between Newbury Street, Boylston Street, and the west side of Massachusetts Avenue, and is expected to feature a 13-story Citizen M hotel, a 20-story office tower (including the headquarters of CarGurus ), a reconstructed bus shelter, a public park, street-level retail, and a new entrance to the Hynes Convention Center stantsiyasi ning MBTA Green Line metro.[105] The developer of Parcel 13, on the east side of Massachusetts Avenue along Boylston Street, submitted updated plans in February 2020, with 17 stories of condos, hotel, parking, and public space.[108] An approved plan for Parcel 15 (known as 1000 Boylston Street) was cancelled by the developer in August, 2019,[109] with the dissolution resulting in a lawsuit.[110]

Kelajak

Taklif etilgan chiqishlar

The construction of an exit between exit 2 in Lee and exit 3 in Westfield, separated by a 30-mile (48 km) gap, has been controversial since the 1960s.[111] The state conducted a study to determine the feasibility of such a project in 2018;[111] land occupied by a service plaza and a maintenance facility (both in Blandford) and Algerie Road in Otis have been suggested as locations for a potential exit.[112] As of November 2020, the proposal for a new interchange between exits 2 and 3 is officially dead with a 79-no vote compared to a 63-yes vote.

Allston interchange

The "I-90 Allston Multimodal Project" is a plan to replace a deteriorating viyaduk yilda Allston by straightening the turnpike through the land of the former Beacon Park Yard ga tegishli bo'lgan Garvard universiteti, along with improvements to the MBTA "s Framingham / Worcester Line.[113][114] The preliminary design plan calls for the turnpike to be realigned at-grade and off of the existing viaduct, and for the adjacent Soldiers Field Road to be partially realigned onto a new viaduct above the turnpike and off of the existing at-grade roadbed. The design is of a considerably smaller footprint than the existing configuration; this would facilitate the construction of the proposed G'arbiy stantsiya and the expansion of Harvard University on land where the existing viaduct is located.[115] The design phase was expected to be completed in 2019, and with a planned ground breaking in 2020.[116] A 2019 timeline of the project proposed by MassDOT has the design phase now running through 2020-2021, with a proposed start in 2022 with construction lasting 8-10 years.[117]

I-495 interchange

The "I-495/I-90 Interchange Improvements Project" is intended to realign exit 11A in Hopkinton, where the existing interchange (designed for the now-demolished toll plazas) is notoriously congested and accident-prone during rush hour and holiday travel times.[118] As of 2018, MassDOT is examining three design proposals, which have raised the suggestions of separate northbound/southbound I-495 exits and the extension of acceleration lanes through exit 12 in Framingham. The project initially was estimated to cost between $296–413 million, and the design phase expected to be 25-percent complete by 2020.[119]} In July 2019, MassDOT announced that the state would be moving ahead with preferred design for overhaul of I-495-Mass Pike interchange consisting of a series of "flyover ramps" that would eliminate the interweaving of traffic that causes bottlenecks and crashes at the interchange. The state expects that the construction would begin in 2022 and run through 2026 at an estimated cost of approximately $296.4 million.[120]

Milepost-based exit numbering

While Massachusetts has used sequential chiqish raqamlari 1964 yildan beri,[121] the 2009 edition of the Trafikni boshqarishning yagona moslamalari bo'yicha qo'llanma required that all U.S. states submit plans to transition to milepost-based exit numbering by 2012.[122] All exits on the turnpike were expected to be renumbered following this convention with two sign replacement projects scheduled for completion by 2018; the contractors were ultimately instructed to install the new signs with the existing numbers, albeit with wider exit tabs that would accommodate larger two- and three-digit exit numbers should the conversion take place in the future.[123] In November 2019, MassDOT announced that statewide milepost-based exit renumbering would begin in Western Massachusetts in summer 2020.[124]

Government oversight

The Massachusetts Turnpike near the Chicopee Chiqish

Since 2001, the Turnpike Authority had come under fire from state politicians in a fight for control of the quasi-state agency. Beginning in 2001, former Massachusetts gubernator vazifasini bajaruvchi Jeyn Svift (Respublika ) attempted to fire Kristi Mihos, a former Turnpike taxta a'zosi va Jordan Levy, the Vice Rais kengashning.

Mihos and Levy had cast votes on the board to postpone a toll hike. Swift objected, saying such a delay was "fiscally irresponsible" and saying the two men "interfered with the effective daily management of the Authority."[125] Mihos and Levy refused to step down and sued Swift to retain their positions. The Massachusets Oliy sud sudi (SJC) ruled that the Turnpike was "not part of the machinery of the government" and therefore not subject to Swift's decisions.[126]

Hokim Mitt Romni, elected in 2002 during a fiscal crisis, ran on a political platform of streamlining state government and eliminating waste. Part of this was the elimination of the Turnpike Authority. Romney wanted to fold the Turnpike into MassHighway, the state highway department, operated under the Executive Office of Transportation. A first step to this was to replace the Chairman of the Board, Matthew J. Amorello with someone loyal to the Governor. The Governor has the power to appoint members to the board, but the Massachusets Oliy sud sudi (SJC) advised in an maslahat fikri that "nothing in G. L. c. 81A explicitly provides for the removal and reassignment of the chairperson to the position of "member."[127][128]

Romney put pressure on Amorello to step down. Amorello announced he would do so in 2007, after Romney would have left office. Romney continued to press the legislature to give him the power to remove members from the board, specifically the chairman, pointing to a series of financial and construction mishaps over the last several years. However, the legislature instead sought to keep Amorello on board by extending the terms of various board members to prevent Romney from removing Amorello.[129]

Under a plan to save state funds, the Massachusetts Avtotransport vositalarining reestri (RMV) announced plans to close eleven of its branches in leased locations and move the operations into facilities owned by MassHighway and the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority located in toll plazas, visitor centers, and offices. RMV branch closings were planned for Framingham, Lowell, North Attleboro, Cambridgeside Galleria Mall in Cambridge, New Bedford, Eastfield Mall in Springfield, Southbridge, Falmouth, Eastham, Beverly, and Boston.[130] Also, a portion of the newly increased sales tax in the state averted a planned toll increase. The MTA will receive approximately $100 million from the state general fund over the next few years, alleviating the need for the toll hike.[131]

Under legislation signed into law by Gov. Deval Patrik on June 26, 2009, the turnpike was folded into a new super-agency that controls all surface transportation in the state. The new agency, the Massachusets transport departamenti (MassDOT), operates all highways formerly under MassHighway and the Turnpike Authority as well as eight urban roadways formerly owned and maintained by the state Tabiatni muhofaza qilish va rekreatsiya bo'limi (DCR).[132] In addition, MassDOT oversees the RMV, the Massachusets ko'rfazi transport boshqarmasi (MBTA), regional transit authorities, and the state aeronautics commission.[133] The new Transportation Department began operations on November 1, 2009.[134]

The Turnpike Authority also owned the Kallaxon tunnel va Sumner tunnel, the other two road connections between downtown Boston and Sharqiy Boston ostida Boston Makoni.[135] Tugagandan so'ng Markaziy arteriya / tunnel loyihasi, all tunnels constructed as part of the Big Dig, including the O'Nil tunnel segmenti I-93, were transferred to its control.[136] The Authority received no state or federal government funding. Its revenues came from tolls, leases on air rights and service areas, and advertising. Its assets were all transferred to the new MassDOT agency as part of the restructuring of agencies.[137]

Magistral qalqon

Original logotip
Previous incarnation of the pilgrim hat, seen on a shield for the Sumner tunnel

The original logo depicted Pol Revere on horseback with the words "Massachusetts Turnpike Authority" in a circle around him. One incarnation of the pilgrim hat shield had a Native American arrow sticking through the pilgrim hat. It was replaced with a plain hat and the words "Mass Pike" in 1989. It has been reported variously that the sign was changed due to confusion among motorists who sometimes mistakenly turned in the direction the arrow pointed (right) when attempting to enter the turnpike,[138] or that it was the result of a letter campaign describing the signs as offensive to Native Americans.[139]

According to MTA board member Meri Z. Konnaton 's blog entry for the Boston Herald, all of the pilgrim-hat signage unique to the Turnpike will be eliminated.[140] However, in a personal correspondence with AARoads.com's road blog, a MassDOT official said that usage of the hat would actually increase. When guide signs on I-95 and I-495 are replaced, the "Mass Pike" signage will be replaced with pilgrim hat shields.[141]

Ro'yxatdan chiqish

TumanManzil[142]mil[142]kmEski chiqishYangi chiqish[143]Belgilangan joylar[143]Izohlar
BerkshirG'arbiy Stokbridge0.0000.000—– I-90 g'arbiy / Berkshire Connector ga I-87 – AlbaniDavom etish Nyu York
2.7364.40313 41-marshrut ga 102-marshrut – G'arbiy StokbridgeG'arbiy tomonga chiqish va sharqqa kirish
Li8.513.7Lee Service Plaza
10.0116.11Electronic toll gantry[39]
10.59217.046210 AQSh 20 – Li, PitsfildKimga 102-marshrut va AQSh 7
XempdenBlandford26.2542.25Electronic toll gantry[39]
29.046.7Blandford Service Plaza
Vestfild40.43465.072341 AQSh 202 / 10-marshrut – Vestfild, Nortxempton
40.8665.76Electronic toll gantry[39]
G'arbiy Springfild45.74073.611445 Men ‑ 91 / AQSh 5 – Springfild, HolyokeExit 14 on I-91
Chicopee49.04178.924549 Marshrut 33 – Chicopee, Holyoke
51.15482.324651 I‑291 g'arbiy - Springfild, Xartford, KTExit 7 on I-291
Ludlov54.78088.160754 21-marshrut – Ludlov, Belchtaun
55.689.5Ludlow Service Plaza
57.6892.83Electronic toll gantry[39]
Palmer62.641100.811863 Marshrut 32 – Palmer, Buyum
VesterUorren69.78112.30Electronic toll gantry[39]
Shturbridge78.300126.012978 Men ‑ 84 g'arbiy - Xartford, KT, Nyu-York shahriEastern terminus of I-84
Charlton80.2129.1Charlton Service Plaza
83.10133.74Electronic toll gantry[39]
Auburn90.049144.9201090 Men ‑ 290 sharq / 12-marshrut (AQSh 20 ) / Men ‑ 395 janub - Vester, Nyu-London, KTExit 7 on I-290
Millbury93.642150.70210A94 Marshrut 146 (Route 122A ) / AQSh 20 – Vester, Providence, RIExit 10 on Route 146
96.343155.0491196 122-marshrut – Millbury, VesterKimga 30-marshrut va Yo'nalish 140
Vestboro104.6168.3Westborough Service Plaza (westbound only)
MidlseksXopkinton104.86168.76Electronic toll gantry[39]
106.236170.97011A106 Men ‑ 495 – Portsmut, NH, TontonExit 22 on I-495
VesterSautboro109.07175.53Electronic toll gantry[39]
MidlseksFramingham111.181178.92812111 Marshrut 9 – Framingham, Sautboro
113.92183.34Electronic toll gantry[39]
114.4184.1Framingham Service Plaza (westbound only)
116.600187.65013117 30-marshrut – Natik, Framingham
Natik117.6189.3Natick Service Plaza / Fast Lane Service Center (eastbound only)
Veston120.21193.46Electronic toll gantry[39]
122.600197.30614123 Men ‑ 95 / Marshrut 128 – Portsmut, NH, Providence, RISharqqa chiqish va g'arb tomon kirish; exit 25 on I-95
123.458198.68615A123A Men ‑ 95 / Marshrut 128 – Valtam, Providence, RIG'arbiy tomonga chiqish va sharqqa kirish; exit 25 on I-95
15B123B 30-marshrut – VestonG'arbiy tomonga chiqish; shared ramp with exit 15A until 2017
Nyuton125.207201.50116125 Marshrut 16 – G'arbiy Nyuton, UelsliG'arbiy tomonga chiqish va sharqqa kirish
126.18203.07Electronic toll gantry[39]
127.553205.27717127Washington Street / Galen Street / Centre Street / Park Street / St. James Street – Nyuton, Watertown
SuffolkBoston130.04209.28Electronic toll gantry[39]
130.991210.81018131Cambridge Street / Ertaga haydang  – Brayton, KembrijLefthand eastbound exit and westbound entrance
20131Cambridge Street / Ertaga haydang  – Brayton, KembrijG'arbiy tomonga chiqish va sharqqa kirish
—U-turn to BostonWestbound U-turn only
131.15211.07Electronic toll gantry[39]
132.863213.82221— 2A yo'nalish (Massachusets prospektida )Faqat g'arbiy tomonga kirish
132.889213.864G'arbiy oxiri Prudential Tunnel
133.344214.59622133Dartmouth Street – Ehtiyotkorlik markazi, Kopli maydoniSharqqa chiqish va g'arbga kirish
133.586214.98622A—Clarendon StreetFormer westbound entrance only; permanently closed on September 3, 2019[144]
133.576214.970Sharqning oxiri Prudential Tunnel
133.876215.45323—Arlington StreetFaqat g'arbiy tomonga kirish
134.315216.15924A134AJanubiy vokzalFaqat sharqqa chiqish
24B134B Men ‑ 93 shimoliy - Konkord, NHFaqat sharqqa chiqish; exit 20B on I-93
24C134C Men ‑ 93 janub - KvinsiSharqqa chiqish va g'arb tomon kirish; exit 20 on I-93
24134 Men ‑ 93 – Konkord, NH, KvinsiFaqat g'arbiy tomonga chiqish va kirish
134.275216.095Fort Point Tunnel under Fort Point kanali
134.773216.89625135Janubiy BostonAccess via Congress Street
Ted Uilyams tunnel ostida Boston Makoni
Electronic toll gantry[39]
137.239220.86526137 Logan aeroportiFaqat sharqqa chiqish
138.15222.33—— Marshrut 1A shimoliy - HurmatliNational eastern terminus of I-90
1.000 milya = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mil

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ "Hazardous material route designation". Mass.gov. Olingan 15 yanvar, 2018.
  2. ^ "State Numbered Routes with Milepoints in District 4" (PDF). Massachusets shtati. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2011 yil 19 iyulda. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  3. ^ "Open Road Toll Structure Now On Mass Pike In Weston". WBZ-TV. 2016 yil 4-yanvar. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  4. ^ a b v d e Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (January 28, 2010). "Massachusetts Turnpike: Metropolitan Highway System" (PDF). Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2015 yil 20 oktyabrda. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  5. ^ "Massachusetts SuperGraphic". U-Haul. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  6. ^ O'Brien, Tim (March 25, 2010). "Thruway connector's name spurs question". Times Union. Xearst korporatsiyasi. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  7. ^ a b v d e f g h "I-90: Massachusetts Turnpike" (PDF). Central Transportation Planning Staff. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  8. ^ a b v d e f "Travel Activities". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 14-iyun kuni. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  9. ^ Sacharczyk, Tamara (May 17, 2016). "Hilltown residents pushing for new Mass Pike exit". WWLP. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  10. ^ Carey, Anne (August 13, 2011). "Davlatlararo chiqish yo'llari orasidagi eng uzun 16 bo'shliq". USA Today. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  11. ^ Vanhoenacker, Mark (August 18, 2014). "What Does This Beloved Road Sign on the Massachusetts Turnpike Actually Mean?". Slate. Olingan 19 iyun, 2017.
  12. ^ "Runaway Truck Ramp". Flickr. 2017 yil 9 sentyabr. Olingan 20 iyul, 2018.
  13. ^ a b "Official Massachusetts Transportation Map". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2018 yil 24-iyun kuni. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  14. ^ "2015 Triennial Inspection: Metropolitan Highway System" (PDF). TranSystems. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  15. ^ "Weston: Newly Constructed Ramp Opens Friday, June 23". Massachusets transport departamenti. 2017 yil 22-iyun. Olingan 27 iyun, 2017.
  16. ^ a b v d e f "I-90: Mass Turnpike (Route 16, Newton, to Route 1A, East Boston)" (PDF). Central Transportation Planning Staff. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  17. ^ Estes, Andrea (September 10, 2007). "Pike U-turn ramp opening delayed". Boston Globe. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  18. ^ Sweet, Laurel (March 26, 2017). "Man killed as car goes airborne in Pru tunnel". Boston Herald. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  19. ^ "Tunnels & Bridges". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 22-iyun kuni. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  20. ^ "Travel Service Plazas & Tourist Information Center". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 28-iyun kuni. Olingan 20 iyun, 2017.
  21. ^ Mullan, Jeffrey (December 13, 2010). "Transportation Budget in Plain Language Explanation of MassDOT Funding Sources". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 3 martda. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  22. ^ Fanto, Clarence (July 30, 2013). "Update: Westernmost Pike tolls will return, but how much will they be?". Berkshir burguti. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  23. ^ "Western Mass. tolls set to be restored". Boston Globe. 2013 yil 13 oktyabr. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2013 yil 14 oktyabrda. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  24. ^ Kriss, Eric (October 18, 2006). "Turnpike Task Force Final Report" (PDF). Turnpike Task Force. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2011 yil 17-iyulda. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  25. ^ Misrha, Raja; Daniel, Mac (October 29, 2006). "Pike board acts to end tolls west of Route 128". Boston Globe. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  26. ^ Daniel, Mac (October 10, 2006). "Ending Pike tolls is called illegal". Boston Globe. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  27. ^ Patrick planning to dismantle Mass. Turnpike - News - MetroWest Daily News, Framingham, MA - Framingham, MA
  28. ^ a b Tompson, Eleyn (2016 yil 23-yanvar). "Elektron to'lashni ommaviy Pike-ga o'rnatish boshlanadi". Telegram va gazeta. Worcester, MA. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2016.
  29. ^ Martin Finucane (January 21, 2009). "Fast Lane transponders will be free, but users will see a new fee". Boston Globe. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 24 yanvarda. Olingan 3 aprel, 2010.
  30. ^ Noah Bierman (April 22, 2009). "After Easter snafus, Pike puts toll taker layoffs on hold". Boston Globe. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 25 aprelda. Olingan 3 aprel, 2010.
  31. ^ "Fast Lane Transponders Are Now Fee Free". WBZ-TV. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 28 aprelda. Olingan 6 avgust, 2009.
  32. ^ Burke, Isaac (July 1, 2016). "Mass Pike prepares to phase out toll booths". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  33. ^ Chesto, Jon (May 10, 2012). "Massachusetts pulls out of the Fast Lane in favor of E-ZPass". Yomon mahalliy. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2017 yil 11-iyun kuni. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  34. ^ a b Flint, Anthony (October 24, 2003). "Turnpike users may get a free toll device". Boston Globe. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  35. ^ "Mass. Pike Electronic Tolling: What You Should Know". CBS Boston. 2016 yil 27 oktyabr. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  36. ^ O'Connell, Scott (June 16, 2012). "Mass Pike says goodbye to 'Fast Lane'". MetroWest Daily News. GateHouse Media. Olingan 22 iyun, 2017.
  37. ^ Baker, Cynthia (August 13, 2014). "Raytheon Awarded $130 Million to Convert Massachusetts to Electronic Highway Tolling System" (Matbuot xabari). Raytheon. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2016.
  38. ^ Dummies, Gintautas (June 7, 2016). "New Mass. Pike Electronic Tolling: Will There Be Any Cost Savings from Eliminating Toll Plazas?". MassLive. Olingan 9 avgust, 2016.
  39. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m n o p q r s "All Electronic Tolling". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 28 oktyabrda. Olingan 6 iyun, 2017.
  40. ^ Dummies, Gintautas (2016 yil 27-iyul). "Paykning yangi massa tuzilishi avgust oyida chiqarilishi kutilmoqda". MassLive. Olingan 9 avgust, 2016.
  41. ^ Highway Division (2016). "Pay By Plate MA". Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 7 sentyabrda. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2016.
  42. ^ McKay, David (July 19, 2016). "'Open Road Tolling Coming Soon: Time to Get an E-ZPass". Chicopee, MA: WWLP-TV. Olingan 9 avgust, 2016.
  43. ^ Highway Division (August 22, 2016). "All Electronic Tolling: Toll Plaza Demolition and Roadway Reconstruction" (PDF). Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2016 yil 24 avgustda. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2016.
  44. ^ Rocheleau, Matt (August 22, 2016). "How Much Will Your New Mass. Pike Toll Be?". Boston Globe. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2016.
  45. ^ Bombard, Noah R. (July 19, 2016). "Yes, Those New Electronic Toll Gantries on the Mass. Pike Are Clocking Your Speed". MassLive. Olingan 9 avgust, 2016.
  46. ^ Matt Rocheleau (August 22, 2016). "New Mass. Gantries Can Send Authorities Alerts". Boston Globe. Olingan 5 sentyabr, 2016.
  47. ^ a b Wood, Frederick J. & Karr, Ronald D. (1997) [1919]. Yangi Angliyaning burilish joylari. Peperell, Massachusetts: Branch Line Press. p. 3. ISBN  0942147057.
  48. ^ Kennedy, Lawrence (1994). Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630 (3-nashr). Boston: Massachusets universiteti matbuoti. 46-50 betlar. ISBN  0870239236.
  49. ^ Wood & Karr (1997), 5-6 bet.
  50. ^ Wood & Karr (1997), 8-10 betlar.
  51. ^ Wood & Karr (1997), 138–147 betlar.
  52. ^ Wood & Karr (1997), 146–147 betlar.
  53. ^ a b "Boston and Albany Collection". Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School – via Harvard University Library.
  54. ^ "Boston and Albany Railroad Station". Historic Framingham. 2010 yil 5-yanvar. Olingan 10 sentyabr, 2014.
  55. ^ Kennedy (1994), p. 46.
  56. ^ Kennedy (1994), 68-71 bet.
  57. ^ Kennedy (1994), 110-11 betlar.
  58. ^ Kennedy (1994), 130-154 betlar.
  59. ^ a b Tsipis, Yanni (2002). Building the Mass Pike. Pleasant Mount, Janubiy Karolina: Arcadia nashriyoti. 7-8 betlar. ISBN  0738509728.
  60. ^ Tsipis (2002), 9-10 betlar.
  61. ^ Berkman, Toby (1998). Six Lanes, Five Miles, a Decade of Construction. The Concord Review. p. 200.
  62. ^ a b v "Baystate Notes Spending Record". The New York Times. 1958 yil 5-noyabr.[sahifa kerak ]
  63. ^ Tsipis, Yanni (2003). Building 128. Pleasant Mount, Janubiy Karolina: Arcadia nashriyoti. 8-9 betlar. ISBN  0738511633.
  64. ^ Tsipis (2002), 27-28 betlar.
  65. ^ Berkman (1998), 180-181 betlar
  66. ^ Tsipis (2002), 27-29 betlar.
  67. ^ Kennedy (1994), p. 168.
  68. ^ a b Tsipis (2002), 47-48 betlar.
  69. ^ Britten[to'liq iqtibos kerak ]
  70. ^ Berkman (1998), 170-173 betlar
  71. ^ Berkman (1998), 177-181 betlar
  72. ^ Fenton[to'liq iqtibos kerak ]
  73. ^ a b v d e f Aloisi, James (October 3, 2013). "Collins and Logue: a formidable team". CommonWealth jurnali. Olingan 11 sentyabr, 2014.
  74. ^ Kennedy (1994), 172–173-betlar.
  75. ^ Aloisi, James (October 26, 2013). "The New Boston was a mix of good and bad". CommonWealth jurnali. Olingan 11 sentyabr, 2014.
  76. ^ Kennedy (1994), p. 172.
  77. ^ a b Berkman (1998), pp.188
  78. ^ a b v d Lyuis, Entoni (1961 yil 20-iyun). "Massachusets shtatidagi aylanma yo'l boshlig'i o'sayotgan mojarolarda tanqid qilindi". The New York Times. p. 1.
  79. ^ Tsipis (2002), p. 48.
  80. ^ Berkman (1998), 188-189 betlar
  81. ^ Janoza[to'liq iqtibos kerak ]
  82. ^ DOT[to'liq iqtibos kerak ]
  83. ^ a b Altshuler, p. 95-96.[to'liq iqtibos kerak ]
  84. ^ https://www.pbs.org/greatprojects/interviews/salvucci_6.html
  85. ^ "MGL 81A-bob, 3-bo'lim".. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2010 yil 26 iyulda. Olingan 21 fevral, 2009.
  86. ^ Lehigh, Shotlandiya (2006 yil 14-iyul). "Amorello, endi adashib qoldim". Boston Globe. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2008 yil 7 sentyabrda. Olingan 20 avgust, 2008.
  87. ^ "Kogliano yangi yo'l boshlig'i sifatida qasamyod qildi". WCVB-TV. 2006 yil 16-avgust. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2007 yil 30 sentyabrda. Olingan 27 oktyabr, 2009.
  88. ^ Xerbst, Svea (2006 yil 28-noyabr). "Massaj. Big Dig firmalarini tunneldagi avariya uchun sudga berish". Reuters.
  89. ^ Merfi, Shon P.; Andrea Estes (2007 yil 11-iyul). "Keng xavf, keng ayb". Boston Globe. Olingan 9 oktyabr, 2009.
  90. ^ Salsman, Jonathan (2008 yil 15-noyabr). "Kompaniyalar tunnel qulashi bilan 26 million dollarga kelishmoqchi". Boston Globe. Olingan 9 oktyabr, 2009.
  91. ^ Finucane, Martin (2009 yil 27 mart). "AG Big Dig tunnelining halokatli qulashi bilan yakuniy ikki firma bilan kelishdi". Boston Globe. Olingan 9 oktyabr, 2009.
  92. ^ "Tarixiy sharh". Boston yo'llari. Olingan 18 aprel, 2019.
  93. ^ "Worcester-ning MassPike-ga havolasi: 146-yo'nalish ulagichidagi yangilanish" (PDF). Worcester mintaqaviy tadqiqot byurosi. 2003 yil 15-may. Olingan 18 aprel, 2019.
  94. ^ "Nima uchun havo huquqlarini rivojlantirish kerak" (PDF). Boston axborot agentligi. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  95. ^ a b "Pike-ning ommaviy huquqlari". Boston Globe. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  96. ^ ARCH 7130 tadqiqot studiyasi (2013 yil 14 mart). "Shimoliy-sharqiy arxitektura maktabi tomonidan havo huquqlari". Issuu. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  97. ^ "Fuqarolik Vizyoni Bostondagi turpka havo huquqlariga". Bostonni qayta qurish bo'yicha ma'muriyat. 2003 yil 3 mart. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2004 yil 3 fevralda. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  98. ^ Hervik III, Edgar (2017 yil 24-may). "Qanday qilib bu yulduzlar bozori Massachusets shtatidagi pog'onada tugadi?". WGBH. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  99. ^ "Mass Pike ustidan Sheraton Crowne Plazaga aylandi". Boston Globe. 2009 yil 26 iyun. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  100. ^ a b v DePaola, Frank (2013 yil 15 mart). "Havo huquqlarini rivojlantirish bilan qamrab olingan avtomobil yo'llari uchun tunnelni tekshirish va sinovdan o'tkazish protokoli" (PDF). Massachusets transport departamenti. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2017 yil 21-iyulda. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  101. ^ Palmer, Tomas (2006 yil 19 mart). "Paykda qurilish". Boston Globe. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  102. ^ Treffaysen, Bet (28 oktyabr, 2016 yil). "Qurilishni qurish loyihasi haqiqatga yaqinlashadi". Bet Treffeisen Fotosurati. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  103. ^ Acitelli, Tom (2016 yil 24-oktabr). "Fenway Center nihoyat keyingi yil ketishi mumkin". Tizilgan. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  104. ^ "BU kampusning kelajagi osmonda" deydi. Daily Free Press. Boston universiteti. 2008 yil 6-may. Olingan 21 iyun, 2017.
  105. ^ a b Mass Pike ustidan kimdir qurganiga 40 yil bo'ldi. Hozirgacha
  106. ^ Orqa ko'rfaz orqali Paykda bir yillik transport cheklovlariga tayyor bo'ling
  107. ^ Uydagi hamma qavatlar soni 12 | Bostonni rejalashtirish va rivojlantirish agentligi
  108. ^ Boylston ko'chasidagi Massachusets shtatidagi torpik loyihasi hayotga qaytmoqda
  109. ^ Orqaga ko'rfazdagi 1000 Boylston ko'chasi Massachusets shtatidagi torpik orqali o'tishga yo'l qo'yilmaydi
  110. ^ Rivojlanish loyihasini saqlab qolish uchun umidsiz iltimos: "Kim yana menga yana ishonadi?"
  111. ^ a b Kinni, Jim (2018 yil 9-may). "Keyingi o'ngdagi 2.5-chi chiqish: Massachusets shtatidagi Ternpikning yangi chiqishi Vestfild va Li o'rtasida qayerga borishi mumkin?". MassLive. Olingan 20 iyul, 2018.
  112. ^ Kinni, Jim (2018 yil 11-sentyabr). "MassDOT Massachusetts Turnpike-dan yangi chiqish uchun mumkin bo'lgan saytlarni toraytirdi". MassLive. Olingan 19 sentyabr, 2018.
  113. ^ "Allston multimodal loyihasi". Massachusets transport departamenti. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2020.
  114. ^ Sperance, Kemeron (2017 yil 12-oktabr). "Garvardning Bostondagi ko'chmas mulk ko'chishi uni Kembrij kampusiga ega bo'lgan Allston universitetiga aylantirdi'". Bisnow Media. Olingan 28 iyun, 2018.
  115. ^ Vakkaro, Adam (2019 yil 10-yanvar). "Allston shahridagi Mass Pike, Soldiers Field Road kapital ta'mirlanmoqda". Boston Globe. Olingan 20 yanvar, 2019.
  116. ^ "I-90 Allston almashinuvini yaxshilash bo'yicha loyihani yangilash". Massachusets transport departamenti. 2017 yil 14-noyabr. Olingan 28 iyun, 2018.
  117. ^ "Allston multimodal loyihasi to'g'risida". Massachusets transport departamenti. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2020.
  118. ^ "Loyiha tarixi: I-495 / I-90 almashinuvini takomillashtirish". Massachusets transport departamenti. Olingan 19 aprel, 2019.
  119. ^ Felps, Jonathan (10 oktyabr 2018). "Uchburchak yo'l / 495 yo'l almashinuvi tepaga ko'tarildi". Telegram va gazeta. Worcester, MA. Olingan 19 aprel, 2019.
  120. ^ Malaxovskiy, Jeff (26-iyul, 2019-yil). "Shtat rasmiylari I-495-Mass Pike almashinuvini kapital ta'mirlash uchun afzal qilingan dizaynni namoyish etishdi". Telegram va gazeta. Worcester, MA. Olingan 10 yanvar, 2020.
  121. ^ Klauss, Kayl Skot (2016 yil 8-aprel). "Massachusets shtatidagi ko'plab avtomobil yo'llarining chiqish raqamlari tez orada o'zgarishi mumkin". Boston jurnali. Olingan 28 iyun, 2018.
  122. ^ Tompson, Eleyn (2016 yil 19 mart). "Watchdog hisoboti: Exit-konversiyani ishga tushirish bo'yicha davlatdan hali hech qanday belgi yo'q". Telegram va gazeta. Worcester, MA. Olingan 28 iyun, 2018.
  123. ^ Malme, Robert H. "Turli xil. Massachusets magistral yo'lining fotosuratlari: MassDOT-dan chiqish raqamini o'zgartirish loyihasi 2016". XXI asr uchun Massachusets magistral yo'llari. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 5 martda. Olingan 13 iyul, 2018.[o'z-o'zini nashr etgan manba ]
  124. ^ "Milepost-ga asoslangan chiqish raqamini o'zgartirish" (PDF). Massachusets transport departamenti. 2019 yil 5-dekabr. Olingan 5 dekabr, 2019.
  125. ^ "Jordan Levy va boshqasi gubernator vazifasini bajaruvchisi va yana biri". 2001 yil 19-noyabr. Olingan 13 iyul, 2007.
  126. ^ "Jordan Levy va yana bir kishi - gubernator vazifasini bajaruvchi va yana bir SJC-08730". 2002 yil 7-may. Olingan 2 iyul, 2007.
  127. ^ "Hokimga odil sudlovning javobi". 2005 yil 29 iyun. Olingan 2 iyul, 2007.
  128. ^ "Maslahatchi fikri uchun so'rov, A-108 SJC-09461". 2005 yil 29 iyun. Olingan 2 iyul, 2007.
  129. ^ Murphy, Shon P. (2006 yil 2-iyun). "Senatdagi byudjetga o'zgartirishlar kiritish Amorelloga ish joyida qolishiga imkon beradi". Boston Globe.
  130. ^ Riley, Devid Rili (2009 yil 3-iyul). "Framingham filialini yopish uchun ro'yxatdan o'tish, yana 10 ta joy". MetroWest Daily News. Olingan 1 avgust, 2009.
  131. ^ "Masspike pullik yurishi bekor qilindi". WWLP. Associated Press. 2009 yil 29 iyun. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2011 yil 27 sentyabrda. Olingan 1 avgust, 2009.
  132. ^ "2009 yilgi aktlarning 25-bobi". Massachusets shtatining 186-umumiy sudi. Olingan 5-noyabr, 2009.
  133. ^ "Gubernator Patrik transport tizimini keskin isloh qilish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini imzoladi". Massachusets shtati. 2009 yil 26 iyun. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2009 yil 30 iyunda. Olingan 1 avgust, 2009.
  134. ^ "Biz haqimizda". Massachusets shtati. Olingan 3-noyabr, 2009.
  135. ^ Transportni rejalashtirish idorasi (2007 yil 12-yanvar). 4-okrugdagi yo'llarning yurisdiksiyasi (PDF) (Xarita). 1: 95,040. Boston: Massachusets shtatining transport boshqarmasi. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi (PDF) 2007 yil 15 iyunda.
  136. ^ "Katta qazish". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2009 yil 13 dekabrda. Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2014.
  137. ^ Shvorm, Piter (2009 yil 16 oktyabr). "Mass Pike uchun yo'lning oxiri". Boston Globe. Olingan 3-noyabr, 2009.
  138. ^ Montgomeri, M. R. (1991 yil 28 fevral). "Mahalliy Amerika qiyofasini qayta tiklash". Boston Globe. p. 69. Olingan 3 aprel, 2010. Juda ko'p sayyohlar, ingliz bo'lmagan o'quvchilar va reflektiv haydovchilar har doim o'ng tomonga burilib, siyosiy noto'g'ri o'qni hech qaerga ergashtirmaydilar.
  139. ^ Bazinet, Kennet R. (1989 yil 22-noyabr). "Logotipni o'zgartirish uchun ommaviy burilish: o'qituvchi, sinf hoji qalpog'idan o'q chiqarib oling". Schenectady gazetasi. p. A8. Olingan 25 dekabr, 2019 - orqali Google News.
  140. ^ Konnauton, Meri Z. (2009 yil 21-iyul). "Shlyapa yopiq, hokim". Boston Herald. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 18 sentyabrda. Olingan 1 avgust, 2009.
  141. ^ "Ommaviy burilish tashkiloti yangi ommaviy er usti transport idorasiga singib ketadi". Olingan 4 oktyabr, 2014.
  142. ^ a b MassDOT rejalashtirish bo'limi. "Massachusets shtatidagi marshrutni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish uchun ariza". Massachusets transport departamenti. Olingan 22 avgust, 2014.
  143. ^ a b Massachusets transport departamenti. "Chiqish raqamlari va ismlari: I-90-yo'nalish (G'arbiy Stokbridge-dan Bostongacha)". MassDOT. Olingan 13 iyun, 2016.
  144. ^ "Avariyaga uchragan Klarendon ko'chasidagi Mass Pike doimiy ravishda yopildi". WCVB-TV. 2019 yil 3 sentyabr. Olingan 3 sentyabr, 2019.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Yo'nalish xaritasi:

KML fayli (tahrirlash • Yordam bering)
KML Vikidatadan olingan
Davlatlararo 90
Oldingi holat:
Nyu York		 Massachusets shtatiKeyingi holat:
Terminus