Patrik Xastings - Patrick Hastings

Ser Patrik Xastings QC
Angliya va Uelsning bosh prokurori
Ofisda 1924 yil 25-yanvar - 1924 yil 3-noyabr
Bosh Vazir	Ramsay MacDonald
Oldingi	Ser Duglas Xogg
Muvaffaqiyatli	Ser Duglas Xogg
Parlament a'zosi uchun Wallsend
Ofisda 1922 yil 15-noyabr  – 1926 yil 29-iyun
Oldingi	Metyu Ternbull Simm
Muvaffaqiyatli	Margaret Bondfild
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan	Patrik Gardiner Xastings (1880-03-17)17 mart 1880 yil London, Angliya
O'ldi	1952 yil 26-fevral(1952-02-26) (71 yosh) London, Angliya
Millati	Inglizlar
Siyosiy partiya	Mehnat

Ser Patrik Gardiner Xastings, QC (1880 yil 17 mart - 1952 yil 26 fevral) ingliz edi advokat va siyosatchi o'zining uzoq va juda muvaffaqiyatli faoliyati uchun advokatlik lavozimini egallaganligi va qisqa muddatli faoliyati bilan ajralib turdi Bosh prokuror. U o'qigan Charterhouse maktabi 1896 yilgacha, uning oilasi ko'chib o'tgan paytgacha Evropa qit'asi. U erda u otishni o'rganish va otlarga minishni o'rganib, unga qo'shilishga imkon berdi Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry paydo bo'lganidan keyin Ikkinchi Boer urushi. Keyin demobilizatsiya u advokat bo'lish uchun Londonga ko'chib o'tishdan oldin Uelsda muhandisga shogird bo'lib ishlagan. Xastings qo'shildi O'rta ma'bad talaba sifatida 1901 yil 4-noyabrda va ikki yil davomida pul tejashdan so'ng Barga qo'ng'iroq qiling u nihoyat 1904 yil 15-iyunda advokatlik huquqiga ega bo'ldi.

Natijada Xastings birinchi o'rinni egalladi Kaputli odamning ishi 1912 yilda va uning mahorati bilan tanilgan o'zaro tekshiruvlar. Uning muvaffaqiyatidan keyin Gruban v Booth 1917 yilda uning amaliyoti barqaror ravishda o'sib bordi va 1919 yilda u a Qirolning maslahati (KC). Kabi holatlarda KC sifatida turli xil muvaffaqiyatlardan so'ng Sievier v Wootton va Rassell va Rassell, uning amaliyoti 1922 yilda qaytarilganida to'xtatilgan edi Mehnat Parlament a'zosi uchun Wallsend yilda Northumberland. Xastings tayinlandi Angliya va Uelsning bosh prokurori 1924 yilda, tomonidan birinchi leyboristlar hukumati va ritsar. Prokuratura tomonidan uning vakolati J. R. Kempbell deb nomlangan narsada Kempbell ishi ammo, bir yilga etmay hokimiyat tepasida hukumat qulashiga olib keldi.

1926 yilda iste'foga chiqqandan keyin ruxsat berish Margaret Bondfild Parlamentda joy olish uchun Xastings o'zining advokati sifatida ishiga qaytdi va Umumiy palataga kirgunga qadar ancha muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi. Uning ishlariga quyidagilar kiradi Savidge so'rovi va Royal Mail Case, va 1948 yilda to'liq nafaqaga chiqqaniga qadar u Angliya Barida eng ko'p maosh oladigan advokatlardan biri edi. Gastings o'zining yuridik faoliyati bilan bir qatorda o'zini pyesalar yozishda ham sinab ko'rdi. Garchi ular aralash qabul qilishgan bo'lsa ham, Daryo nomli 1927 yilda jim filmga suratga olingan Mashhur xonim. 1948 va 1949 yillardagi qon tomirlaridan so'ng, uning faoliyati keskin cheklandi va u 1952 yil 26-fevralda uyda vafot etdi.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Xastings 1894-1886 yillarda ta'lim olgan Charterhouse maktabi

Xastings 1880 yil 17 martda Londonda Alfred Gardiner Xastings va Keyt Komins Karrda tug'ilgan, rassom va uning singlisi. J. Komins Karr. Tug'ilgan Avliyo Patrik kuni Xastings avliyoning nomi bilan atalgan.^[1] Uning otasi "biroz yumshoq mijozlar" bilan advokat bo'lgan,^[2] va oila bir necha bor bankrot bo'lgan. Moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, oilada Xastingsni oddiy askarga yuborish uchun etarli mablag 'bor edi tayyorlov maktabi 1890 yilda va Charterhouse maktabi 1894 yilda.^[3] Xastings maktabni yoqtirmasdi: "Men ertalab bizni qo'zg'atgan qo'ng'iroqdan nafratlandim, ustalardan nafratlandim; avvalambor meni hech qachon qiziqtirmagan ishdan nafratlanardim".^[3] U tayyorgarlik maktabida ham, Charterxausda ham bezorilikka uchragan va sportda ham, o'qishda ham ustun bo'lmagan.^[3]

1896 yilga kelib oila yana bir moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi va Xastings Charterxausni tark etib, onasi va akasi Archi bilan birga Londonga qaytish uchun etarli pul bo'lguncha Evropaga ko'chib o'tdi. Dastlab oila ko'chib keldi Ayaksio yilda Korsika, u erda ular bir nechta eski qurollarni sotib olib, Xastings va uning ukasiga qanday o'q otishni o'rgatishgan.^[4] Olti oy Ajacchoda bo'lganidan keyin oila yana ko'chib o'tdi Ardennes, bu erda ular baliq ovlashni va otlarga minishni ham o'rgandilar.^[5]

Ular Ardenda bo'lganlarida, Xastings va uning ukasi hibsga olingan va qotillik uchun qisqa muddat hibsga olingan. Archi yaqinidagi qishloqdagi fetega borganida, mahalliy ruhoniy bilan kelishmovchilik yuzaga keldi, u uning izohlaridan birini noto'g'ri tushunganidan keyin uni frantsuz cherkovini haqorat qilganlikda aybladi.^[5] Aka-ukalar ertasi kuni ruhoniyning oldiga kechirim so'rash uchun qaytib kelishdi va uni olganlaridan keyin uylariga qaytishdi.^[5] U erga borayotganda ularni ikkitasi to'xtatdi jandarmalar ularni qotillik uchun hibsga olgan, ular ruhoniyning uyidan chiqib ketganidan o'n daqiqadan so'ng o'lik holda topilganligi to'g'risida xabar bergan.^[5] Jandarmalar Xastingni politsiya bo'limiga olib borishga tayyorlanayotganda, yana ikkita ofitser qishloq kishisi kishan bilan kelishdi.^[5] Bu ruhoniyda bor edi ish u qishloqdoshining singlisi bilan va Xastingsesning ketishini kutib o'tirgandan keyin u ruhoniyning uyiga kirib, uni g'isht bilan o'ldirgan. Xastingslar tezda ozod qilindi.^[5]

Ushbu voqeadan ko'p o'tmay, oila Ardendan ko'chib o'tdi Bryussel moliyaviy muammolari tugaganligi haqida otalaridan kelgan xabardan keyin. Bryusselga etib borganlarida, vaziyat aslida avvalgidan ham yomonroq bo'lganini va oila arzon mehmonxonalar orasida harakat qilishganini, ularning har biri oldingisiga qaraganda yomonroq bo'lganini aniqladilar.^[6] Ish uchun umidsiz bo'lgan Xastings Shimoliy Uelsda oltin qazib olish uchun dastgoh ishlab chiqarganini da'vo qilgan ingliz muhandisi bilan shogirdlik taklifini qabul qildi.^[6] Taxminan bir yarim yillik ishdan so'ng ular Uelsning o'sha qismida oltin topilmasligini aniqladilar va Xastingsga uning xizmatlari endi kerak bo'lmasligi haqida xabar berildi.^[6]

Harbiy xizmat va advokatura chaqiruvi

Xastings 1899 yilda muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan kon qazish operatsiyasini tark etib, Londonga yo'l oldi.^[7] U kelganidan keyin Ikkinchi Boer urushi boshlanib, Britaniya hukumati ko'ngillilarni ekspeditsiya tarkibiga qo'shilishga chaqirdi.^[7] Talab qilinadigan yagona talab shu edi: yollovchining minishi va o'q otishi mumkin edi va Xastings darhol qo'shilish uchun ariza topshirdi Suffolk Imperial Yeomanry.^[7] U qabul qilindi va ikki haftalik mashg'ulotdan so'ng polkga otlar berildi va S.S. Got qal'asi Janubiy Afrikaga.^[7][8] Kema etib keldi Keyptaun uch hafta o'tgach, polk tushdi. Ularning otlari minish uchun juda zaif deb hisoblangan va shuning uchun ular bo'shatilgan, yoki qo'yilgan yoki boshqa askarlarga berilgan.^[9] Xastings armiyada bo'lgan vaqtidan zavqlanmadi; ob-havo yomon edi,^[10] berilgan buyruqlar chalkash edi va ular minimal uskunalar bilan ta'minlandi.^[11]

Xastings skautga aylantirildi, bu unga juda yoqdi; demak u birinchi navbatda maqsadli fermer xo'jaliklariga etib borgan va undan oldin tovuqlar va boshqa oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini o'g'irlashga ulgurgan Qirollik harbiy politsiyasi keldi (talon-taroj qilish jinoiy javobgarlik bo'lgani uchun).^[12] Xastings namunali askar emas edi; u talon-taroj qilish bilan bir qatorda, u armiyani tark etguniga qadar "harbiy qonunlarda ma'lum bo'lgan har qanday jinoyat ustida ayblanib, sud qilingan" deb taxmin qildi.^[13] Ikki yillik kurashdan so'ng Vereeniging shartnomasi 1902 yilda imzolangan, Ikkinchi Bur urushiga nuqta qo'yilgan va uning polki Londonga qaytarilgan va safdan chiqarilgan.^[14]

Xastings qaytib kelganida, u a bo'lishga qaror qilgan edi advokat.^[15] Ushbu maqsad bilan bog'liq turli xil muammolar mavjud edi: xususan, uning puli yo'q edi va advokatlar uchun o'qitish juda qimmatga tushdi.^[15] Shunga qaramay, u karerasini o'zgartirish haqida o'ylashdan bosh tortdi va unga qo'shildi O'rta ma'bad talaba sifatida 1901 yil 4-noyabrda.^[15] Nega aynan shu narsani tanlagani noma'lum Inn of Court (amakisi J. Komins Karr, uning Bar bilan yagona aloqasi, a'zosi bo'lgan Ichki ma'bad ), ammo, ehtimol, O'rta ibodatxonaning Irlandiyalik huquqshunoslar tomonidan mashhur bo'lganligi va Xastingsning Irlandiyaning nasl-nasabidan bo'lganligi haqidagi tushuncha.^[15] Advokat bo'lish uchun talab qilinadigan imtihonlar unchalik qiyin va qimmat bo'lmagan, ammo talaba barcha imtihonlarni topshirgandan so'ng, o'sha paytdagi ulkan summani to'lashi kerak edi £ 100 bo'lganida Barga chaqirdi - 1901 yilda 100 funt sterling 2015 yilda taxminan 10.900 funtga teng bo'ladi^[16] - va Xastings tom ma'noda pulsiz edi.^[15]

O'rta ibodatxonaga qo'shilishi bilanoq, Xastings yarim soatdan boshlab barga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun pul yig'ishni boshladi toj uning sotilishidan Qirolichaning Janubiy Afrika medali a garov vositasi.^[17] Sud Inns qoidalari va qoidalari talabaga "sifatida ishlashga ruxsat berilmasligini anglatadi"savdogar "ammo jurnalist sifatida ishlashga qarshi qoida yo'q edi va uning amakivachchasi Filipp Karr, drama tanqidchisi Daily News, unga g'iybat ustunini yozish uchun ish topdi Yangiliklar haftasiga bir funt uchun.^[17] Ushbu ish taxminan uch oy davom etdi; Xastings Karr tomonidan bajarilishi kerak bo'lgan qog'oz uchun bir parcha yozganidan keyin u ham, Karr ham ishdan bo'shatildi.^[17] Shunga qaramay, uning jurnalistikadagi yangi aloqalari unga vaqtinchalik ish joylarini olish uchun imkon berdi Pall Mall gazetasi va Xonimlar maydoni.^[17] Ikki yillik o'n sakkiz soatlik ishdan so'ng, u 100 funt sterlingdan 60 funt sterlingni yig'ib, advokatlikka chaqirilishi kerak edi, ammo biron bir qonun kitobini sotib olishga imkoni bo'lmagani uchun imtihonlarga hali o'qimagan edi.^[18] Keyingi yil uning daromadi kamaydi, chunki u gazetalarda ishlashdan ko'ra imtihonlarga o'qishga majbur bo'ldi.^[18] 1904 yil may oyining oxiriga kelib u 100 funt sterlingga ega bo'ldi va u 15 iyunda barga chaqirildi.^[18]

Advokatlik lavozimi

The Qirollik adliya sudlari bu erda Xastings o'zini qanday mashq qilishni o'rgatgan advokat

O'sha paytda, yangi advokat uchun a topishning hech qanday uyushgan usuli yo'q edi o'quvchi usta yoki to'plami kameralar va bundan tashqari, advokat shogird ustasiga 50 dan 100 gacha to'lashi kerak edi gvineyalar (2015 yildagi 5,700 dan 11,400 funtgacha teng).^[16] Bu Xastings uchun gap bo'lishi mumkin emas edi; uning narxiga rahmat Barga qo'ng'iroq qiling, u juda kambag'al edi, chunki u parik va xalat sotib olish kerak edi kredit. Buning o'rniga u O'rta ibodatxonani aylanib chiqdi va tasodifan duch keldi Frederik Korbet, u tanigan yagona amaliyotchi advokat. Xastings o'z holatini tushuntirgandan so'ng, Korbet unga o'z xonalaridan joy taklif qildi va Xastings darhol qabul qildi.^[19] Garchi u endi xonalarda o'z joyiga ega bo'lsa-da, Xastingsda bunday imkoniyatga ega bo'lish imkoniyati yo'q edi o'quvchi (Korbet bilan faqat shug'ullangan Maxfiy kengash va) o'rniga u ishni ko'rib chiqish orqali o'zini o'rgatishga qaror qildi Qirollik adliya sudlari.^[20] Xastingsga omad kulib boqdi: u ko'rgan birinchi holat Rufus Isaaks, Genri Dyuk va Edvard Karson, 20-asr boshidagi eng taniqli ingliz barristlaridan uchtasi.^[20] Keyingi olti hafta davomida sud ta'tili, Xastings ushbu uchta advokatni suddan sudga "ishonchli it kabi" kuzatib bordi.^[20][21]

Ijarani topish

Ser Horace Avory, kim oxir-oqibat Xastingsga taklif qildi ijaraga olish

1904 yil avgustda sud ta'tilining boshlanishida Xastings a topishni eng yaxshi deb qaror qildi ijaraga olish yanada obro'li xonalar to'plamida; Korbet yiliga atigi ikki-uchta ishni ko'rib chiqadi,^[19] va advokatlar berishlari dargumon edi qisqacha ma'lumotlar ular haqida hech qachon eshitmagan advokatga. Korbet ostidagi kameralar majmuasi boshqarilardi Charlz Gill, taniqli advokat. Xastings Gill bilan uyushma orqali o'z faoliyatini yaxshilashi mumkin edi, ammo Gill Xastingsni aslida bilmas edi va unga o'z xonalarida joy taklif qilish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q edi. Xastings sud ta'tilini qonun bo'yicha kitob yozish bilan o'tkazishga qaror qildi va o'zini Gillga unga bag'ishlangan kitobni berishni xohlamasligini so'rab o'zini tanishtirdi. Xastings kitobni tegishli qonun mavzusida yozgan pul qarz berish, u haqida juda oz narsa biladigan narsa. U pulni qarz berish bilan bog'liq ishlarga oid sud qarorlaridan katta ko'chirmalar qo'shib, kitobning hajmini oshirib, aslida yozishi kerak bo'lgan miqdorni kamaytirgan.^[22]

Xastings sudda ta'til tugashidan oldin kitobni tugatdi va loyihani darhol Gillga taqdim etdi.^[22] Gill Xastingsga xonalaridan joy taklif qilmadi, aksincha unga "u [Gill] uchun foydasi tegadigan yozuv yozib qo'yishini bilish uchun" qisqacha nusxasini berdi.^[22] U bir necha soat yozuvlar yozish bilan shug'ullangan va "hamma narsani qisqacha aytganda, musiqa bilan bog'lab qo'ygan",^[23] uni mamnun Gillga qaytarishdan oldin, u unga yana bir qisqartirishni olib tashlashga ruxsat berdi.^[24] Keyingi ikki yil ichida Gill unga deyarli har qanday ishda ishlashga ruxsat berdi.^[24] Oxir oqibat u advokatlar tomonidan e'tiborga olinib, ular Gillga emas, balki unga qisqacha ma'lumot qoldirdilar. Advokatlik lavozimidagi birinchi yilining oxiriga kelib u 60 ta gvineya va ikkinchi yilining oxiriga kelib 200 funt (2015 yilda taxminan 6800 funt va 21700 funt sterlingga teng) ishladi.^[25][16]

1906 yil 1-iyun kuni Xastings nafaqaga chiqqan qizi Meri Grundiga uylandi Podpolkovnik F. L. Grundy, barcha avliyolar cherkovida, Kensington. Ular Xastingsni Grundisning uyida kechki ovqatga olib kelgan amakisi J.Komins Karrning oilasi orqali uchrashishgan.^[25] Bir nechta uchrashuvlardan so'ng Xastings taklif qildi, ammo pul yo'qligi sababli to'y uzoq vaqtga qoldirildi. 1906 yil yanvar oyida Xastings vaqtinchalik kotib bo'ldi Jon Simon, kim shunchaki a bo'lgan Parlament a'zosi va u lavozimini tark etgach, Simon unga £ 50 evaziga chek berdi.^[25] Xastings va uning kelini "ilgari buncha pulga ega bo'lmagan",^[26] va buning ustiga ular turmush qurishga qaror qilishdi.^[25] Uning nikohi uning hayotga bo'lgan qarashini o'zgartirdi: endi u xotinini boqish uchun ishlarni ko'rib chiqishda ko'proq ishlash kerakligini tushundi.^[27] Buning uchun u obro'li xonalar to'plamiga qo'shilishi kerak edi; Garchi Gill unga qisqacha ma'lumot berayotgan bo'lsa-da, u hali ham Korbetning xonalarida edi, u erda ozgina ish bor edi.^[27]

Xastings Gillga yaqinlashib, uning xonalaridan joy so'radi. Gillning xonalari to'la edi, lekin u taniqli advokat ismli advokatni taklif qildi F. E. Smit, va Xastings Gillning tavsiyanomasi bilan uni ko'rishga bordi. Smit tashqarida edi va Xastings uning o'rniga gaplashdi xizmatchi; ikkalasi ham o'tirmadi va Xastings joy topmasdan chiqib ketdi.^[27] Keyinchalik Xastings buni "butun faoliyatimdagi eng baxtli on" deb ta'rifladi.^[28] To'g'ridan-to'g'ri Smit xonalari ostida bo'lganlar Horace Avory 19-asr va 20-asr boshlarida eng taniqli advokatlardan biri.^[29] Uyga qaytishga tayyorgarlik ko'rayotganda, Xastingsga bu haqda xabar berishdi Chartres Biron (Avori xonalarini egallab olgan advokatlardan biri) Metropolitan Magistrati etib tayinlandi va bu palatalarda bo'sh joy bo'shatdi.^[29] U zudlik bilan Avori xodimiga murojaat qildi va uni Xastingsni Avori bilan tanishtirishga majbur qildi. Dastlab Avori Xastingsga xonalardan joy berishni rad etgan edi, ammo Xastings o'zini yo'qotib: "Agar u menga yordam berishimni istamasa, bu menga ko'proq vaqt qoldiradi", deb xitob qilganidan so'ng, Avori kulib yubordi va fikrini o'zgartirdi.^[29]

O'zining xonalari

1910 yilda Horace Avory sudya bo'ldi. Xastings birinchi navbatda ertalabki gazetalarda hisobotni o'qigach, bundan xabar topdi va yana boshqa xonalardan ijaraga uy izlashi kerakligidan xafa bo'ldi. Buning o'rniga u Avorining xonalarini o'zi egallashi mumkin, degan fikrga ega edi va unga yangi ijarachi topish muammosidan qochishga imkon berdi.^[30] Bir qator kameralarni saqlash juda qimmatga tushdi; shuningdek, ijara haqini to'lash bilan birga, palata boshlig'i kotiblarga to'lashi kerak edi.^[30] Xastings Avoriga Avori ijara haqini to'lashi mumkin, keyin Xastings pulga ega bo'lganda uni qaytarib berishni taklif qildi.^[31] Avorining "sovuq va qattiq" obro'siga qaramay, u bu fikrga rozi bo'ldi va hatto Xastingsga mebelni, shu jumladan ilgari Avory ning qimmatbaho stulini saqlashga ruxsat berdi. Garri Polsha.^[32]

Garchi bu yaxshi boshlanish bo'lsa-da, Xastings ayniqsa taniqli advokat emas edi va bu holatlar juda kam edi.^[32] Mablag'lar etishmasligi atrofida Xastings qabul qildi o'quvchi Keyingi yil uchun Xastings deyarli faqat o'quvchi unga to'lagan to'lovlar hisobiga yashadi. Xastings faol va gavjum palataning ko'rinishini saqlab qolish uchun uning xodimi boshqa advokatlardan hujjatlarni qarzga olib, o'quvchiga ishlash uchun berishi kerak edi, chunki ular Xastingsning ishi deb aytishgan.^[33]

Kaputli odamning ishi

Istburnning bir qismi, qaerda Kaputli odamning ishi bo'lib o'tdi.

Uning birinchi yirik ishi "Kaputli odamning ishi" edi. 1912 yil 9 oktyabrda haydovchi a ot aravasi grafinya Flora Sztaray uyining old eshigi yonida cho'kkan odamni ko'rdi Istburn. Sztaray katta miqdordagi qimmatbaho zargarlik buyumlariga ega bo'lganligi va Vengriyaning boy zodagonlariga uylangani va mash'um odam o'g'ri ekanligini taxmin qilib, haydovchi darhol politsiyani chaqirgan.^[34] Tekshiruvchi Artur Uolls tekshiruvga yuborildi va odamga tushishni buyurdi. Erkak ikkita o'q uzdi, birinchisi Uolsni urib o'ldirdi.^[35]

Qotillikdan bir necha kun o'tgach, Edgar Pauer ismli tibbiyot fakultetining sobiq talabasi politsiyaga murojaat qilib, ularga qotil tomonidan yozilgan deb da'vo qilgan xatni ko'rsatdi.^[36] Unda "Agar siz mening hayotimni qutqargan bo'lsangiz, bu erga birdan Tideswell yo'lining 4-ga keling. Seymurni so'rang. O'zingiz bilan naqd pul olib keling. Juda shoshilinch" deb yozilgan edi.^[34] Pauer politsiyaga bu maktubni uning do'sti Jon Uilyams yozganini aytdi, u politsiyachini o'ldirishdan va qochishdan oldin Sztarayning uyiga tashrif buyurganini aytdi. Keyin Uilyams sevgilisi Florens Seymur bilan uchrashdi va nima bo'lganini tushuntirdi. Ikkalasi qurolni sohilga ko'mishga qaror qildilar va Uilyamsning akasiga Londonga qaytish uchun pul so'rab xat yuborishdi, keyin esa Pauersga berildi.^[34]

Kuchlar politsiyaga a sting operatsiyasi, Seymurga politsiya nima bo'lganini bilishini va Uilyamsni qutqarishning yagona yo'li qurolni qazib olish va uni xavfsizroq joyga ko'chirish kerakligini aytdi. Seymur va Pauers bunga borganlarida, bir necha politsiyachilar (kutib turgan) darhol uni va Pauersni (bir necha soatdan keyin ozod qilingan) darhol hibsga oldilar. Seymur jismoniy va ruhiy jihatdan yomon ahvolda edi va bir necha soatdan so'ng Uilyamsni ayblagan bayonot yozdi va imzoladi. Pauer yana politsiyaga yordam berib, Uilyamsni u bilan uchrashishga ishontirdi Moorgate stantsiyasi, Uilyams politsiya tomonidan hibsga olingan va Artur Uollni o'ldirishda ayblangan. Uilyams qotillik va o'g'irlikda aybsiz ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[37]

Uilyamsning ishi sudda 1912 yil 12-dekabrda Lyusda bo'lib o'tgan Assize, himoya uchun Xastings bilan. Uilyamsga qarshi kuchli tortishuvlarga va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri dalillarga qaramay, u aybdor deb topildi va o'limga mahkum etildi.^[38] Ushbu ish katta miqdordagi e'lonlarni yaratdi, shuningdek Xastings o'zining huquqiy ko'nikmalarini namoyish etgan apellyatsiya sudida qatnashdi. Ish uni ajoyib advokat sifatida tanitdi, ayniqsa gap ketganda so'roq qilish.^[38] U dastlabki hakam tomonidan maqtandi, Artur Kanell,^[38] va apellyatsiya shikoyatini ko'rib chiqayotgan sudya raisi, Lord Alverstone, Uilyamsni himoya qilishdagi mahorati uchun.^[39] Ushbu ish uning mahoratini ko'rsatgan reklama unga o'zining ba'zi bir amaliyotlarini tuman sudlari uchun Oliy adliya sudi, bu erda uning ishi asta-sekin qiymati va hajmi oshdi.^[40]

Bu ish uning ismini taniqli qildi va unga ish olib borishga yordam berdi, ammo u hali ham tuman sudlaridagi ishlarda ishladi.^[41] Ular juda yaxshi pul to'lamadilar va bu pul etishmasligidan qutulish uchun uning xodimi birdaniga oltita yangi o'quvchini qabul qilishga majbur qildi.^[41] Viloyat sudi ishlarining qisqa davomiyligi va Xastingsning soni shuni anglatadiki, u bir kunda oltita ish bilan shug'ullangan,^[41] shogirdlari bilan suddan sudga yugurish "Mafeking Keyinchalik u "zamonaviylarning kashfiyotchilari" deb ta'riflagan Panzer bo'limi ".^[42]

Birinchi jahon urushi

Birinchi jahon urushi boshlanishidan sal oldin Xastings va uning oilasi Germaniyaga ta'tilga borishga tayyorgarlik ko'rishgan. Ketish kuni u mijozdan "Siz menga Germaniyaga ketayotganingizni aytasiz. Bormang, biz qirq sakkiz soat ichida urush qilamiz" degan yozuvni oldi.^[43] Xastings bu ogohlantirishga e'tibor qaratdi va Angliyada qoldi - ikki kundan kam vaqt o'tmay Buyuk Britaniya va Germaniya o'rtasida urush e'lon qilindi.^[43] Xastingsning o'zi qurolli kuchlarda xizmat qilishga ixtiyoriy ravishda murojaat qildi, ammo tibbiy jihatdan yaroqsiz deb rad etildi.^[44]

Gruban v Booth

Uning keyingi qayd etilgan fuqarolik ishi shu edi Gruban v Booth. Jon Gruban Germaniyada tug'ilgan, dastlab Johann Wilhelm Gruban ismli tadbirkor bo'lgan va 1893 yilda Angliyaga Haigh and Company muhandislik kompaniyasida ishlash uchun kelgan. 1913 yilga kelib u biznesni deyarli bankrot bo'lgan kompaniyadan dastgohlar ishlab chiqaradigan muvaffaqiyatli ishlab chiqaruvchiga aylantirdi va Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganda u o'q-dorilar yasash uchun ishlatiladigan dastgohlar ishlab chiqaradigan birinchi kompaniyalardan biri bo'ldi.^[45] Bu Grubanni hozirda katta bozorda muhim shaxsga aylantirdi va u o'z biznesini kengaytirish uchun 5000 funt sterling to'plashga harakat qildi (2015 yilda taxminan 483,400 funtga teng).^[16][45] Mustaqil maslahat bo'yicha u murojaat qildi Frederik Xandelning stendi, qayd etilgan Liberal Parlament a'zosi Yorkshir temir va ko'mir kompaniyasining raisi bo'lgan va hukumat so'roviga rahbarlik qilgan Markoni janjali. Gruban But bilan bog'langanida, But unga "sizning kompaniyangiz uchun Angliyadagi har qanday odamdan ko'ra ko'proq narsani" qila olishini aytdi. Devid Lloyd Jorj (vaqtida O'q-dorilar vaziri ) va boshqa ko'plab muhim davlat amaldorlari yaqin do'st edilar.^[46] 3500 funt sterlingni qaynonasidan qarzga olgan holda, But darhol Gruban kompaniyasiga sarmoya kiritdi.^[46]

But kompaniyaga o'z ta'siriga oid yolg'on da'volar bilan kirib keldi va nihoyat uning raisi bo'ldi boshliqlar kengashi bu Gruban bo'lishdan saqlanishning yagona usuli deb da'vo qilish bilan internirlangan uning nemis kelib chiqishi tufayli. Bu sodir bo'lishi bilanoq, u Grubanni kambag'al qoldirib, kompaniyadan chiqarib tashladi va oxir-oqibat uni internatlashtirishni tashkil qildi.^[47] Gruban internatga qarshi apellyatsiya shikoyati bilan sudga Boutni olib keldi.^[48]

Ishi Gruban v Booth 1917 yil 7 mayda ochilgan Qirol skameykalari bo'limi ning Oliy adliya sudi ni oldida Janob Adliya Kolodj. Patrik Xastings va Xubert Uollington Gruban vakili, But esa vakili bo'lgan Rigbi Svift KC va Duglas Xogg. Sud jarayoni jamoatchilikning qiziqishini shu qadar ko'paytirdiki, oxirgi kuni advokatlar sud mahkamalari atrofidagi olomondan o'tishni jismonan qiyinlashtirdilar.^[48] Rigbi Smit ham, Duglas Xogg ham hurmatga sazovor advokatlar bo'lishgan bo'lsa-da, Bout so'roq qilish Xastings tomonidan shunday mohirlik bilan qilinganki, hakamlar hay'ati uning firibgar ekanligini aniqlash uchun atigi o'n daqiqa vaqt ajratdi; ular Grubanga 4750 funt (2015 yilda taxminan 268.100 funt) mukofot berishdi.^[16][49]

Qirolning maslahati

Uning muvaffaqiyati Gruban v Booth Xastingsga o'z amaliyotini okrug sudlaridan Oliy sudga o'tkazishga va boshida ruxsat berdi Hillari atamasi 1919 yil u a Qirolning maslahati (KC). KCga aylanish xavf edi; u boshqa kichik huquqshunoslar bilan raqobatlashishdan kasbning eng zo'r fikrlariga qarshi chiqishgacha borar edi. Shunga qaramay, u tavakkal qilishga qaror qildi va u o'sha yil oxirida qabul qilindi.^[50]

Lordlar palatasining qo'mitasini tanlang

Qirolning maslahatchisi sifatida uning birinchi katta ishi polkovnik Bersi vakili bo'lgan Ayollar qirollik harbiy-havo kuchlari Lordlar palatasining qo'mitasini tanlang. Bersi katta ofitser edi Ayollar Qirollik havo kuchlari (WRAF) va boshqa bir qator zobitlar bilan birga WRAF komendantiga qarshi fitna uyushtirishda ayblangan, Binafsharang Duglas-Pennant, WRAF lagerlarida davom etayotgan "axloqsizlikni" yashirish uchun lavozimidan chetlashtirildi.^[51] Lord Stanhope shakllangan a Lordlar palatasi Qo'mitani tanlang ushbu da'volarni tekshirish uchun va 1918 yil 14 oktyabrda o'tira boshladi.^[51]

Duglas-Pennantni o'zaro tekshirishda Xastings etakchilik qildi.^[52] U Bersi va boshqalarni ushbu "axloqsizlikni" targ'ib qilayotganlikda va WRAF manfaatlarini ko'zlamaganlikda aybladi.^[53] Biroq, xochni tekshirganda, u o'zi borgan lagerlarda o'ziga xos "axloqsizlik" holatini topa olmaganligini va bu "har doim axloqsizlikning" biron bir dalilini keltira olmadi yoki fitna uyushtirdi. mish-mish ".^[54] Uch hafta o'tgach, qo'mita barcha guvohlarni ishdan bo'shatdi. Yakuniy hisobot 1919 yil dekabrda tayyorlangan va Duglas-Pennant o'zining da'volarini to'liq isbotlay olmaganligi va "eng qattiq tanbehga" loyiq ekanligi aniqlandi.^[53] Natijada, Duglas-Pennant yana hukumat tomonidan ishlamadi.^[55]

Tuhmat va ajralish

Ser Edvard Karson KC, Xastingsni kim boshqargan Sievier v Wootton

Barda ishlagan davrida Xastings turli xil tuhmat ishlarida va ajralish to'g'risidagi ishda qatnashgan, bu qonuniy yoki bolaning noqonuniyligi to'g'risida turmush o'rtoqlardan dalillarni qabul qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni sezilarli darajada o'zgartirgan. Uning birinchi muhim tuhmat ishi edi Sievier v Wootton.^[55] Robert Sievier taniqli ot poygasi jurnalisti va ilgari shantaj qilish uchun sud qilingan va texnik asosda oqlangan, qonun va qo'l ostidagi muomalalar bilan mashhur bo'lgan egasi edi.^[56] 1913 yilda u poyga otlarining taniqli murabbiyi Richard Vuttonni katta miqdordagi pul ishlashiga imkon berish uchun boshqa otga garov tikib qo'ygan bo'lsa, jokeylariga poygalardan chiqib ketishni buyurganlikda aybladi. Vatt uni tuhmat uchun sudga berdi va g'alaba qozondi, ammo faqat ramziy ma'noga ega bo'ldi topraklama zararni qoplash uchun, chunki hakamlar hay'ati Sievier zarar etkazishni mo'ljallamagan deb o'ylagan. Buning natijasida piretik g'alaba, Vuott ko'p yillar davomida Sievierga qarshi g'azabini saqlagan.^[55]

Qasos sifatida Vutton risolasini yozdi Robert Standish Sievierning ijtimoiy hayotidagi voqealar unda u Sievierning chetlatilganligini da'vo qildi Viktoriya poyga klubi, ikki marta bankrot deb e'lon qilingan, 600 funt sterling bo'lgan odamni o'yinda aldagan billiard va boshqasini 5000 funt evaziga shantaj qildi.^[57] Risola shu kuni chiqarilgan Buyuk milliy va olomon orasida keng tarqaldi va bunga javoban Sievier Vuttonni tuhmat uchun sudga berdi. Sievier advokatsiz paydo bo'ldi, Vott esa vakili edi Ser Edvard Karson KC, Xastings va E. H. Spens. Sudning ikkinchi kunidan so'ng, Karson Irlandiyaga siyosiy ish bilan shug'ullanishga chaqirildi va Xastings Vutton uchun asosiy maslahatchi sifatida qatnashishga majbur bo'ldi. Xastings Sievierning obro'sini so'roq qilishda yo'q qildi va hakamlar hay'ati Vutton foydasiga qaror qildilar.^[58]

1922 yilda u ishtirok etdi Rassell va Rassell, oxir-oqibat Lordlar palatasi, kim o'rnatdi umumiy Qonun nikohda tug'ilgan bolalarning qonuniyligi yoki noqonuniyligi to'g'risidagi dalillarga, agar ular turmush o'rtog'idan biri tomonidan berilsa, yo'l qo'yilmaydi.^[59] Janob Rassel, keyinroq Lord Ammpill, 1918 yilda Rassel xonimga uylandi, ikkala turmush o'rtog'i ham farzand ko'rishni xohlamasliklariga rozi bo'lishdi. 1921 yil oktyabrda Rassel xonim o'g'il tug'di, Jefri Rassel va janob Rassel zudlik bilan ajrashish va bolani yaramas deb e'lon qilish uchun ariza berdi.^[60] Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, bola unga ega bo'lolmaydi, chunki u bo'lmagan jinsiy aloqa 1920 yil avgustidan beri rafiqasi bilan.^[60]

Xastings Oliy suddagi dastlabki sud jarayonida Rassel xonimning vakili bo'lib, yutqazdi; qaror ustidan shikoyat qilingan Apellyatsiya sudi, u erda yana yutqazdi. Keyin ish sudga yuborilgan Lordlar palatasi, kim ko'pchilik uchdan ikkitagacha (bilan Lord Birkenhead etakchi hukmni berish) avvalgi hukmlarni bekor qildi va janob Rasselning o'g'lining qonuniyligi to'g'risidagi dalillariga yo'l qo'yib bo'lmasligini aytdi.^[59] Xastings Lordlar palatasi ishida Rassel xonimning vakili bo'lmagan, ammo shu paytgacha u allaqachon edi Bosh prokuror.^[59]

Siyosat

Xastings birinchi bo'lib urushga qo'shilgandan so'ng Birinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin siyosat bilan shug'ullangan Liberal partiya Buyuk Britaniyaning kambag'al aholisi uchun ijtimoiy sharoitlarni yaxshilashga yordam berish.^[61] U liberal nomzod bo'lishga tayyorlanayotgan edi Ilford ichida 1918 yilgi umumiy saylovlar lekin Liberal ittifoq tomonidan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi Konservativ partiya va shuningdek partiyadagi bo'linmalar tomonidan; natijada u nomzodlikdan voz kechdi.^[62]

Oxir-oqibat Xastings yon tomonlarini o'zgartirib, tomonlarga qo'shildi Mehnat partiyasi.^[63] Uning konvertatsiyasini, ayniqsa keyingi voqealarni hisobga olgan holda, ba'zilar uni shubhali deb hisoblashdi: uning kirib borishi Mehnat biografiyasining lug'ati Xastings Leyboristlarning hukumatga kelishi mumkinligini taxmin qilgan va bu lavozimni to'ldirish uchun kam sonli advokatlar bo'lgan degan taxminlar haqida xabar beradi Huquqshunos xabarlar.^[64] Jon Paton, o'sha gapdan keyin Mustaqil Mehnat partiyasi (ILP) platformasi Xastings sifatida Xastings advokatlik mahoratidan foydalanib, qisqacha mahorat olish uchun siyosiy ma'ruzalar qilgan degan xulosaga keldi; uyga ketayotgan poezdda Xastings ILP haqida eshitmaganga o'xshaydi.^[65]

Bilan suhbatdan so'ng Sidni va Beatrice Uebb u leyboristlar nomzodiga aylandi Wallsend 1920 yil dekabrida. Keyinchalik Beatris Uebb o'z kundaliklarida Xastingsni "hech qanday samimiy jamoat maqsadisiz" va "yoqimsiz aqlli da'vogar va siyosiy tip" deb yozishi kerak edi. kelmoq, 1922 yilgi saylovlar oldidan, Leyboristlar partiyasi muqobil hukumat ekanligi aniq bo'lganida va unga biriktirilgan lavozim bo'yicha bitta advokati bo'lmaganida, Leyboristlar partiyasiga sakrab chiqdi ".^[66] Ammo Xastings Wallsend uchun qaytarilgan edi 1922 yilgi umumiy saylov.^[67]

Uolsenddan Londonga qaytib kelgandan so'ng, u Leyboristlar partiyasining raisi kim bo'lishini hal qilish uchun to'liq parlament yig'ilishida qatnashdi. Bu etakchini tanlashni anglatardi Janob hazratlarining sodiq muxolifati, chunki Leyboristlar partiyasidagi eng yirik muxolifat partiyasi edi Jamiyat palatasi.^[67] Ikki nomzod edi Ramsay MacDonald va J. R. Klinz va Makdonaldni qo'llab-quvvatlagan Xastings oltita yangi deputatni uni qo'llab-quvvatlashga ko'ndirdi.^[67] Makdonald atigi besh ovoz farqi bilan saylandi va Xastings keyinchalik uni qo'llab-quvvatlaganidan afsuslandi.^[67]

Xastings haqiqatan ham o'sha paytda jamoatchilik palatasida Leyboristlarning yagona tajribali advokati edi va darhol a frontbencher va partiyaning huquqiy masalalar bo'yicha asosiy vakili.^[68] U o'zining debyut nutqini 1923 yil 22 fevralda Ijara haqini cheklash to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasiga qarshi tuzatishga qarshi chiqdi Ijara to'g'risidagi qonun 1921 yil. U unga "dahshatli qonun hujjati" sifatida hujum qildi,^[68] va bir necha marotaba konservativ deputatlar tomonidan "o'z sinfiga xoin" deb baqirilgan.^[69] Buning va parlamentning sust ishlashi natijasida Xastings tezda siyosatdan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi.^[68]

Xalqaro buyurtmalar

Keyingi Irlandiya mustaqillik urushi The Irlandiyaning Ozod shtati mustaqil ingliz sifatida tashkil etilgan Dominion ko'pini qamrab oladi Irlandiya oroli. Qisqadan keyin Fuqarolar urushi Ozod davlat tarafdorlari va a'zolari o'rtasida Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) har qanday mustaqil millatning butun orolni qamrab olishini istagan, Irlandiya Ozod Davlat maqomi tasdiqlangan va IRA yer ostiga majbur qilingan.^[70] AIRning Buyuk Britaniyada tarafdorlari bor edi Irlandiyaning o'zini o'zi aniqlash ligasi (ISDL) va Erkin Shtat hukumati ushbu tarafdorlarining nomlarini ularni diqqat bilan kuzatib turadigan Britaniya ma'murlari bilan bo'lishdi.^[69] Fevral-mart oylari orasida Ozod Shtat hukumati Britaniya hududida tayyorlanayotgan Irlandiya Ozod Davlatiga qarshi keng tarqalgan fitnalarning bir qismi bo'lgan shaxslar to'g'risida ma'lumot berdi.^[71] 1923 yil 11 martda Britaniyadagi politsiya, shu jumladan Britaniyada yashovchi IRA tarafdorlarini hibsga oldi Art O'Brayen, ISDL rahbari.^[72] Manbalar raqamlar bo'yicha ixtilof qiladi yoki taxminan saksonni beradi^[30] yoki taxminan 100 ga teng.^[72] Hibsga olingan erkaklar maxsus poezdlarga joylashtirildi va Liverpulga jo'natildi, u erda a orqali Dublinga ko'chirildi Qirollik floti qiruvchi.^[30] Keyinchalik nafaqat Buyuk Britaniyaning ko'plab fuqarolari (Art O'Brayen o'zi Angliyada tug'ilgan),^[73] kamida oltitasi ilgari hech qachon Irlandiyada bo'lmagan.^[72]

Ertasi kuni hibsga olish jamoatchilik palatasida va leyboristlarning yordamchisi tomonidan ommaviy ravishda so'roq qilindi Jek Jons tushdan keyin mavzu bo'yicha munozarani boshladi. W. C. Bridgeman, Uy kotibi, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri politsiyaga ISDL a'zolarini hibsga olishni buyurganligini aytdi Irlandiyada tartibni tiklash to'g'risidagi qonun 1920 yil va u bilan maslahatlashgan Bosh prokuror kim buni mukammal qonuniy deb hisoblagan. Xastings darhol o'rnidan turib norozilik bildirdi va ushbu Qonun "mamlakatimiz tarixida amalga oshirilgan eng dahshatli ishlardan biri" ekanligini va ichki ishlar va deportatsiya amalda noqonuniy ekanligini aytdi.^[72]

Bir necha kundan so'ng, O'Brayenning advokatlari Xastings bilan aloqa qilishdi.^[74] 1923 yil 23 martda u paydo bo'ldi R v Ichki ishlar bo'yicha davlat kotibi sobiq partiyasi O'Brayen [1923] 2 KB 361 at a Divizion sudi iborat Janob Adliya Avori va Janob Adliya Salter hujjati uchun murojaat qilish habeas corpus O'Brayen uchun boshqalarning ozod qilinishiga imkon beradigan sinov ishi sifatida. Dastlabki tinglash samarasiz bo'lib o'tdi, chunki Xastings O'Brayen tomonidan imzolangan ma'lumotni taqdim eta olmadi, chunki bu yozuv uchun talab qilingan. habeas corpus ko'rib chiqilishi kerak edi, ammo tinglov 10 aprelda qayta boshlangunga qadar u tinglashga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[74] Xastingsning ta'kidlashicha, Irlandiya Erkin Shtati mustaqil davlat bo'lganligi sababli, uni tartibga soluvchi Buyuk Britaniya qonunlari, masalan, 1920 yilgi qonun, amalda bekor qilingan.^[75]

Sud oxir-oqibat ular hujjat chiqara olmasligini e'lon qildi, chunki Habeas korpus to'g'risidagi qonun 1862 sudga ega bo'lgan har qanday koloniyaga hujjat berishga to'sqinlik qildi, u ham hujjat chiqarishi mumkin. Irlandiya bunday sudga ega bo'lganligi sababli, Angliya Divizion sudi harakat qila olmadi.^[75] Xastings bu yozuv ichki ishlar vaziriga qarshi chiqarilishi mumkinligi haqida bahs yuritishga urindi, ammo bu ham muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, chunki ichki ishlar vaziri O'Brayenga ega emas edi.^[76] Uch kundan so'ng, Xastings ishni Apellyatsiya sudiga topshirdi, u "Buyurtmani tiklash to'g'risida" gi Qonun endi qo'llanilmagani sababli ichki buyurtmalar haqiqiy emas deb e'lon qildi.^[76] Hukumat Parlamentga o'z vakolatidan oshib ketganligi uchun o'ziga retrospektiv immunitet beradigan qonun loyihasini kiritishga majbur bo'ldi va bu voqea partiya va shaxsan Xastings uchun siyosiy va huquqiy g'alaba bo'ldi.^[77]

Bosh prokuror

1923 yilda yangi parlament ochilganda Bosh vazir Stenli Bolduin buni taklif qildi tarif islohoti Angliyaning iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklarini hal qilishning eng yaxshi usuli edi. Afsuski Bonar qonuni, uning salafi hozirgi parlament paytida joriy qilingan tarif islohotlari bo'lmaydi deb va'da bergan edi. Bolduinning fikriga ko'ra, yagona echim - yangi umumiy saylovlarni tayinlash.^[78] In keyingi saylovlar Boldvinniki Konservatorlar 88 o'rindan mahrum bo'ldi, Leyboristlar partiyasi 47 va Liberal partiyalar 41 g'oliblarga aylanishdi osilgan parlament va Leyboristlar va Liberallar asosiy partiya sifatida Leyboristlar bilan koalitsion hukumat tuzdilar.^[78] Xastingsning o'zi ko'pchilikni ko'paytirib, qiyinchiliksiz qayta saylandi.^[78]

Bilan Ramsay MacDonald yangi Bosh vazir sifatida birinchi leyboristlar hukumati, Xastings tayinlandi Angliya va Uelsning bosh prokurori. Buning ajablanarli joyi yo'q edi - Leyboristlarning parlamentda atigi ikkita KC bor edi, ikkinchisi (Edvard Hemmerde ) "shaxsiy sabablarga ko'ra yaroqsiz" edi.^[79] Xastings ritsarlik va lavozimga kelgan Barning boshlig'i lavozimiga tayinlanganiga qaramay, tayinlanishni qabul qilishdan oldin ikkilanib turdi va keyinroq "agar men keyingi yil oldinga siljish uchun nima qilishni bilgan bo'lsam, men deyarli rad etishim kerak edi" deb aytdi.^[79]

Xastings Bosh prokuror bo'lgan vaqtini "mening jahannam haqidagi g'oyam" deb ta'riflagan - u yagona advokat bo'lgan, chunki u advokat parlament a'zosi bo'lmagan va natijada parlamentdagi qonunlar haqidagi barcha savollarga javob berishi kerak edi. Bundan tashqari, u hukumat idoralarining huquqiy muammolarini hal qilish bo'yicha odatdagi vazifalariga ega edi va bu kun "sud sudlari, hukumat idoralari va jamoatlar palatasi o'rtasida uzoq davom etgan shoshqaloqlik" ekanligini aytdi.^[80] Uning ish vaqti muntazam ravishda ertasi kuni ertalab soat 7 dan 5 gacha bo'lgan va jamoatlar uyida navbatchilik qilayotgan politsiyachilar unga u juda uzoq ishlayotgani haqida shikoyat qilishgan, chunki u o'zlari xizmatda bo'lishlari shart edi.^[80]

Kempbell ishi

1924 yilda Xastings ishtirok etdi Kempbell ishi, oxir-oqibat Leyboristlar hukumati qulashiga olib kelgan prokuratura.^[81] 1924 yil 30-iyun kuni uni kutib olishdi Archibald Bodkin, Davlat ayblovlari bo'yicha direktor, o'zi bilan birga kommunistik gazetaning nusxasini olib kelgan Ishchilar haftaligi. Gazetada harbiy xizmatchilarni urush paytida "hamkasblarini" otishdan bosh tortishga da'vat etgan maqola bor edi.^[82] Xastings gazeta muharriri jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishini ma'qulladi, J. R. Kempbell buzganligi uchun 1797. To'qnashuv aktiga da'vat.^[82]

6 avgust kuni Kempbellning uyiga bostirib kirildi va u politsiya tomonidan hibsga olindi. Xuddi shu kuni Jon Scurr, ishchi kuchi orqa tomon, Ichki ishlar vaziridan Kempbell nima uchun hibsga olinganligi va kimning buyrug'i bilan ushlanganini so'radi.^[83] Xastingsning o'zi javobni o'qidi, unda yozilishicha, prokuratura direktori ushbu maqola qo'shinlarni isyonga undayotganidan shikoyat qilgan. Yana bir ishchi yordamchi, Jimmi Makston, rose and asked the Prime Minister "if he has read the article, and if he is aware that the article contains mainly a call to the troops not to allow themselves to be used in industrial disputes, and that that point of view is shared by a large number of Members sitting on these benches?"^[84] This statement lead to uproar, and the Speaker was forced to intervene and halt further discussions.^[84]

The next day Hastings called for both the Solicitor General, Ser Genri Slesser, and Jimmy Maxton, to ask their opinion on the prosecution.^[85] Maxton knew Campbell, and revealed that he was only the temporary editor and had not written the article – the article had actually been copied from another newspaper.^[86] Along with Guy Stevenson, the Assistant Director of Public Prosecutions, Hastings then visited Ramsay MacDonald to explain the facts of the case.^[85] MacDonald blamed the Director of Public Prosecutions for starting the case, although Hastings intervened and admitted to Macdonald that it was entirely his fault.^[86] The Prime Minister said that he felt they should go through with the case now they had started, but Hastings suggested that a member of the Treasury Counsel appear at Bow Street Magistratlar sudi and withdraw the prosecution. MacDonald agreed, and the next morning Humphreys-ni boshqaradi appeared for the Crown at the Magistrates Court and had Campbell discharged.^[86]

The reaction of the public and the press was that the case had been thrown out because of direct pressure from the government, and that this had happened behind closed doors.^[87] MacDonald was "furious", and the opinion of the Liberal and Conservative parties was that the government was attempting to pervert the course of justice.^[87] 30 sentyabrda Ser Kingsli Vud, a Conservative MP, asked the Prime Minister in Parliament whether he had instructed the Director of Public Prosecutions to withdraw the case.^[88] MacDonald replied that "I was not consulted regarding either the institution or the subsequent withdrawal of these proceedings".^[88]

A Parliamentary debate and motion to censure the Labour government on this was set for 8 October, but before this MacDonald called Hastings into his office and suggested a way to solve the problem. Hastings would accept all the blame and resign as Attorney General, and in exchange MacDonald and the rest of the cabinet would speak for Hastings at the resulting by-election.^[89] Hastings refused the general suggestion, but planned to make a speech at the upcoming debate explaining his actions.^[89]

Hastings on the cover of Time jurnali, with the quotation "What have I done wrong?" from his speech

Immediately after the debate began the Prime Minister rose to speak, and said that he "sought to correct the impression [I] gave" that he knew nothing about the prosecution.^[90] This was followed by a motion of censure pushed forward by Robert Xorn, and after Horne had presented the motion Hastings rose to speak, and explained the facts of the case. His speech took over an hour, and was frequently interrupted by Conservative MPs.^[90] In his speech, Hastings took full responsibility for both the decision to prosecute and the subsequent decision to withdraw the prosecution, asking whether a censure was merited for correcting a mistake. His speech quieted the Conservatives and made it clear that a censure for the entire Parliament was going to be difficult for the Whips to enforce. The Liberal spokesman Jon Simon stood to speak, however, and called for the appointment of a Select Committee to investigate the case.^[81] This was rejected by MacDonald, and MPs continued to speak for several more hours.^[81]

Konservativ rahbar Stenli Bolduin privately wrote to MacDonald offering to withdraw the motion of censure in exchange for the government's support for the appointment of a Select Committee. MacDonald consulted with Jimmi Tomas and Hastings (whose reply was simply "Go to hell") and decided to reject the offer. Although the motion of censure failed, the motion to appoint a Select Committee passed the House over the opposition of the government, and the Labour government was forced out of office.^[81] Hastings was embittered by the disaster, and considered immediately quitting politics altogether, although he did not do so.^[91] His plight was depicted on the cover of Time jurnali, along with a quotation ("What have I done wrong?") from his speech.

Remaining time in politics

Hastings was again returned for Wallsend at the ensuing election, despite the crisis caused by the Zinoviev xati, although with a reduced majority.^[92] Although Hastings remained on the Labour frontbench he rarely spoke in the House of Commons, and attended less and less frequently. After suffering from kidney problems during 1925, he left Parliament by accepting the nominal position of Northstead Manor-ning boshqaruvchisi — a legal fiction office with the same effect as, but less well known than, the Chiltern yuzlab odamlarni boshqarish^[93][94]) on 29 June 1926; this enabled Margaret Bondfild, who had lost her seat in the previous election, to return to Parliament in his place at the ensuing by-election. He never returned to politics.^[95][96]

Return to the Bar

After leaving politics, Hastings returned to his work as a barrister, and eventually surpassed even his previous reputation and success as an advocate.^[97] His first major case after returning was representing F. A. Mitchell-Hedges, a noted professional explorer, in his libel action against London Express Newspapers, the owner of the Daily Express.^[97] The Daily Express had published two articles saying that he was a liar, and had planned out a bogus robbery to advertise a device known as the Monomark. The case opened on 9 February 1928 in front of Lord Xyuart, with Hastings and Norman Birkett representing Mitchell-Hedges and Uilyam Jowitt and J.B. Melville representing London Express Newspapers.^[97] Despite the skills of both Hastings and Birkett, who later became a much-lauded barrister in his own right, Mitchell-Hedges lost his case and had his reputation destroyed as a result.^[97]

Savidge Inquiry

Ser Leo Chiozza pullari

In 1928, Hastings became involved in the Savidge Inquiry. Ser Leo Chiozza pullari was a noted journalist, economist and former Liberal MP. On 23 April 1928, he and Irene Savidge were sitting in Hyde Park in London when they were arrested by two plain-clothes police officers and taken to the nearest police station, where they were charged under the Parks Regulation Act 1872 with committing an indecent offence. The next morning, they were remanded for a week at Great Marlborough Street Police Court. At the next hearing a week later, the case was dismissed by the magistrate, who criticised the police for failing to contact a man seen running through the park to establish some kind of corroborative evidence, and failing to report at once to Shotland-Yard to avoid having to charge the defendants immediately.^[98]

After his release, Money immediately spoke to his official contacts, and the next morning the matter was raised in the House of Commons. It was suggested that the police evidence was shikastlangan, and as a result the Home Secretary Uilyam Joynson-Xiks instructed Sir Archibald Bodkin, the Director of Public Prosecutions, to investigate the possibility of perjury.^[99] Bodkin had the Metropolitan Police Commissioner appoint Chief Inspector Collins, one of his most experienced CID officers, to investigate the claims and interview Savidge.^[100]

The next day, two police officers (Inspector Collins and Sergeant Clarke) and one policewoman (Lilian Uaylz ) called at Savidge's workplace and took her to Scotland Yard, where she was questioned.^[100] The events of that day were brought up two days later in the House of Commons, where it was alleged that Savidge had been given a "third degree" interview by Collins lasting for five hours.^[100] A public outcry followed, and the Home Secretary appointed a tribunal to investigate.^[100]

The tribunal (led by Ser Jon Eldon Bankes, avvalgi Lord Apellyatsiya Adolat ) began sitting on 15 May 1928; Xastings, Genri Kurtis-Bennet and Walter Frampton represented Savidge, and Norman Birkett represented the police.^[100] When called as a witness, Savidge testified that she had not wanted to go to Scotland Yard and had been persuaded to do so by the presence of a female police officer, Miss Wyles. After they arrived at Scotland Yard, Collins told Wyles that he was going to send Savidge home, and Wyles could leave. After Wyles had left, Collins began interviewing Savidge, threatening that she and Money would "suffer severely" if she did not tell the truth.^[101] Savidge said that Collins' manner had become more and more familiar during the interview, and that at several points he and Sergeant Clarke had implied that they wanted her to have sexual intercourse with them.^[102] Savidge spent almost six hours in the witness box, and her testimony left Collins looking guilty in the eyes of the tribunal. Collins, Clarke and Wyles were all interviewed, along with the Metropolitan Police Commissioner and Archibald Bodkin himself.^[103]

The final report of the tribunal was released on 13 June 1928 and consisted of both a majority report and a minority one, since not all of the tribunal members agreed on the validity of Savidge's evidence. The majority report said that Savidge was not intimidated into answering questions, nor treated inappropriately, and that "we are unable therefore to accept Miss Savidge's statement. We are satisfied that the interrogation followed the lines indicated to [Collins] by the Director of Public Prosecutions and was not unduly extended".^[104] The minority report blamed the police, particularly Collins, for the method in which Savidge was interviewed.^[104] The inquiry resulted in three changes to police procedure, however: firstly, that anyone interrogated should be told beforehand about the possible consequences and purpose of the statement; secondly, that the statement should normally be taken at home; and thirdly, that in cases "involving matters intimately affecting [a woman's] morals" another woman should always be present for any interviews.^[105]

United Diamond Fields v Joel

Hastings was next involved in United Diamond Fields of British Guiana Ltd v Joel and Others, which he considered both his most difficult and most interesting case.^[106] Following the discovery of the diamond mines in South Africa, men such as Solly Joel had established a diamond syndicate to restrict the amount of diamonds on the market. For this to work, they had to control the entire output of diamonds in the world, which they planned to do by acquiring interests in all of the diamond mines.^[106] 1925 yilda, Britaniya Gvianasi began producing enough diamonds to attract the attention of the syndicate, and in November 1925 a Mr Oppenheimer, representing the syndicate, entered into a contract with Mr Perez, the operator of the Guiana mines, to have 12,000 carats (2.4 kg) worth of diamonds provided to the syndicate over a twelve-month period.^[107]

A few months later, United Diamond Fields of British Guiana was incorporated as a cheklangan kompaniya. The company used Oppenheimer as a technical adviser, and immediately arranged to have its diamonds sold to the syndicate. The price was to be fixed for six months, with an auditor's certificate at the end of that time used to negotiate a new price.^[107] Oppenheimer was the only one with access to the accounting information, and the rest of the company had no way of checking that his figures were correct. In the same time frame, a new deposit of diamonds was discovered in South Africa, forcing the syndicate to acquire several million pounds worth of these new diamonds to prevent their control over the market being destroyed.^[108] This strained their finances and the new diamonds forced the price down.

To correct this, the syndicate were forced to reduce the flow of diamonds from British Guiana, which they did by getting Oppenheimer to reduce the price of Guianan diamonds to the point where the company output dropped from 2,000 carats (0.40 kg) a month to less than 300 carats (0.060 kg) per month. Oppenheimer then claimed that the profits were only five percent, forcing the company to reduce the price yet again. As a result of this the company was forced into liquidation in September 1927.^[108]

A company board member, Victor Coen, was convinced that the company had been treated wrongly and insisted in bringing it before the courts.^[108] In May 1929, he convinced the rest of the board to issue a writ against the syndicate and Oppenheimer, alleging fraudulent conspiracy, and began instructing Hastings.^[109] Hastings worried that the case would become unmanageable, with the syndicate relying on over 4,000 documents for their defence, but luckily found a certificate showing that the company profits, rather than the five percent Oppenheimer had reported, were in fact seventeen percent.^[109]

The trial began before Mr Justice McCardie on 4 March 1930, with Hastings for the company, and Stuart Bevan and Norman Birkett for the syndicate.^[110] The first witness called was Coen himself, who Hastings later described as "the best witness without exception that I have ever seen in the witness-box". He was interviewed over seven days by Hastings, then Bevan and then Birkett. Eight days into the trial the matter of the certificate came up, and Oppenheimer was unable to provide an explanation. As a result, the jury found against the syndicate - they were ordered to pay back all of the company's costs, and all of its losses.^[110]

Royal Mail Case

In 1931, Hastings represented John Morland in the Royal Mail Case. Direktori Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, Lord Kilsant, had falsified a trading prospectus with the aid of the company accountant, John Morland, to make it look as if the company was profitable and to entice potential investors. At the same time, he had been falsifying accounting records by drawing money from the reserves and having it appear on the records as profit. Tomonidan qo'zg'atilgan mustaqil auditdan so'ng xazina, Kylsant and John Morland, the company auditor, were arrested and charged with falsifying both the trading prospectus and the company records and accounts.

Sud jarayoni boshlandi Qari Beyli oldin 1931 yil 20-iyulda Mr Justice Wright, bilan Ser Uilyam Jovit, D. N. Pritt va prokuratura uchun Eustace Fulton, Ser Jon Simon, J. E. Singleton and Wilfred Lewis for Lord Kylsant, and Hastings, Stuart Bevan, Frederik Taker and C. J. Conway for John Morland.^[111] Both defendants pleaded not guilty.^[112]

Yashirin zaxira hisobini ishlatish bo'yicha asosiy mudofaa yordami bilan kelgan Lord Plender. Plender Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng muhim va ishonchli buxgalterlardan biri bo'lgan va o'zaro tekshiruvda "eng yuqori obro'ga ega" firmalar uchun daromadni deklaratsiya qilmasdan maxfiy zaxiralardan foydalanish odatiy hol ekanligi ta'kidlangan.^[113] Hastings said that "if my client ... was guilty of a criminal offence, there is not a single accountant in the City of London or in the world who is not in the same position."^[114] Both Kylsant and Morland were acquitted of falsifying records on this account, but Kylsant was found guilty of "making, circulating or publishing a written statement which he knew to be false", namely the 1928 prospectus,^[115] va 12 oylik qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi.^[116]

Elvira Barni

Well known to dislike appearing in capital cases and having a heavy workload, Hastings hesitated in 1932 when approached by Sir John Mullens, a trustee of the Stock Exchange, to defend his daughter Elvira Mullens Barney on a charge of murder. Mrs Barney, who led a dissolute life of partying and drug-taking, was accused of shooting her lover in the Knightsbridge mews house they shared; she insisted that her gun had gone off by accident in a struggle. Hastings was persuaded to take the case by his wife who remembered that their children had shared a governess who had also cared for "dear little Elvira". He appeared at the Magistrates' Court, where he cross-examined the forensic scientist Sir Bernard Spilsberi^[117] and at a three-day trial in the Old Bailey where Hastings was described by Peter Cotes in his book about the case as "the star performer".^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

At the Old Bailey one of the principal crown witnesses was firearms expert Robert Churchill, who testified that the trigger of Mrs Barney's gun had a strong pull. When Hastings rose to cross-examine, he took up the gun, pointed it to the ceiling and repeatedly pulled the trigger over and over again. One crown witness had said that on another occasion she saw Elvira Barney firing the gun while holding it in her left hand; when he called his client Hastings had the gun placed in front of her. After a pause he shouted at her to pick up the gun and she spontaneously picked it up in her right hand. The Judge (Mr Justice Humphreys) described Hastings' final address as "certainly one of the finest speeches I have ever heard at the Bar" and Elvira Barney was found not guilty both of murder and manslaughter.^[118]

Osvald Mozli

Hastings appeared for Ser Osvald Mozli in several cases during the 1930s, having become friends with him while in Parliament.^[119] The first was a libel case against Yulduz, who had written a comment on one of Mosley's speeches implying that he advocated an armed revolution to overthrow the British government.^[120] The case opened at the Royal Courts of Justice on 5 November 1934 in front of Lord Xyuart, with Hastings representing Mosley, and Norman Birkett Yulduz. Birkett argued that Yulduz article was nothing more than a summary of Mosley's speech, and that any comments implying the overthrow of the British government were found in the speech itself.^[121] Hastings countered that Yulduz was effectively accusing Mosley of high treason, and said that "there is really no defence to this action...I do ask for such damages as will mark [the jury's] sense of the injustice which has been done to Sir Oswald".^[122] The jury eventually decided that Yulduz had libelled Mosley, and awarded him £5,000 in damages (approximately £358,000 in 2015).^[16][122]

Several weeks later, Hastings represented Mosley and three other members of the Britaniya fashistlar ittifoqi (BUF) in a criminal case after they were indicted for "causing a riotous assembly " on 9 October 1934 at a BUF meeting.^[123] The trial opened at the Sussex Assizes on 18 December 1934 in front of Mr Justice Branson, with Hastings for the defence and John Flowers KC prosecuting.^[123] According to Mosley, Hastings told him that Flowers, a former cricketer, had a poor reputation at the bar, and that Mosley should not show him up too much.^[124] The prosecution claimed that after a BUF meeting, Mosley and the other defendants had marched around Worthing, threatening and assaulting civilians. Hastings argued that the defendants had been deliberately provoked by a crowd of civilians, and several witnesses testified that the crowd had been throwing tomatoes and threatening Mosley. The judge eventually directed the jury to return a verdict of "not guilty".^[123] Hastings and Mosley were less successful in another libel action, against the Secretary of the Milliy temiryo'lchilar uyushmasi who had accused him of instructing his qora ko'ylaklar to arm themselves. Boshchiligidagi mudofaa D. N. Pritt KC, called several witnesses to a fight in Manchester between blackshirts and their opponents. Hastings, taking the view that the incident was too long in the past to be relevant, did not call any rebutting evidence. Although Mosley won the case, he was awarded only a farthing in damages, traditionally a way for the jury to indicate that the case should not have been brought.^[125]

Dramaturg sifatida ishlang

As well as his work as a barrister, Hastings also tried his hand at writing plays. Uning birinchi o'yini edi The Moscow Doctor, tomonidan yozilgan roman asosida Seton Merriman which he had rewritten; it ran for over a week in Brighton.^[126] He desired to have an original work performed, however, and to this end wrote Daryo over a period of 20 years before taking it to Sent-Jeyms teatri, where it was accepted and performed in June 1925.^[126] Spektaklda rol ijro etgan Ouen Nares and initially went well, but foundered in the second act due to the plot requiring the most popular actors to be taken off stage - the character played by Nares, for example, broke his leg.^[127] Reviews compared the plot to something out of the 'Bolaning o'z qog'ozi.^[127] The play lasted only a month before being cancelled, but Hastings was able to sell the film rights for £2,000, and it was turned into a Hollywood film called Mashhur xonim yulduzcha Lyuis Stoun va Barbara Bedford.^[127]

His next play was titled Shot tuman, and was put on at Sent-Martin teatri on 26 January 1926 starring Tallula Bankxed va Godfri Tearl. After a reviewer named St.John Ervine wrote a review starting "this is the worst play I have ever seen", the performances bizarrely sold out for weeks later.^[127] The play was later called "scandalous and immoral" by the London yepiskopi, Artur Winnington-Ingram, and as a result sold out for many months.^[128] Emboldened by this success Hastings wrote Harakatlanuvchi barmoq, which despite moderately good reviews was not popular, and was withdrawn as a result.^[127] In 1930 he wrote Slinglar va o'qlar, which never made it to the West End because when his family, who were familiar with the play, attended the shows, they read out the lines of the characters in bored and dreary voices just before the actors themselves spoke. As a result, the play was reduced to chaos.^[129]

Subsequent West End plays were Eskort (1942) va Ko'zi ojiz ma'buda (1947), the latter adapted into a xuddi shu nomdagi film tomonidan Gainsborough rasmlari keyingi yil.

Pensiya va o'lim

Hastings retired from most of his work as a barrister in 1938, but soon found a way to occupy himself after the outbreak of the Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1939 yilda.^[130] Although, at fifty-nine, far past the age at which he could join the armed forces, Hastings wrote to the Urush bo'yicha davlat kotibi offering his services, and was eventually contacted by Kingsli Vud, Havo bo'yicha davlat kotibi, who offered him a commission in the Qirollik havo kuchlari kabi otryad rahbari in Administrative and Special Duties Branch, serving with Fighter qo'mondoni.^[123] His commission was dated 25 September 1939.^[131] He then started work at RAF Stanmore Park, but found his work "very depressing" - most of the other officers were over thirty years younger than he was, and he suffered from continuous bad health while there.^[132] His one major contribution was to create a scheme allowing the purchase of small models of German aircraft, allowing the British forces on the ground an easy way to identify incoming planes and avoiding do'stona olov vaziyatlar.^[132] Due to his ill-health he relinquished his commission on 7 December 1939.^[133]

In Spring 1940 he was elected Treasurer of the O'rta ma'bad. He participated in only a few cases following his war service.^[134] One was a high-profile case in November and December 1946 in which he was engaged by the Nyuark Reklama beruvchi in defence of a libel action brought by Xarold Laski, who was seeking to clear his name from the newspaper's claim that he had called for socialism "even if it means violence". Cross-examining Laski, the following exchange occurred:

HASTINGS: Are there any privileged in the Socialist Party?
LASKI: Why, indeed, Sir Patrick, when you were a member—
THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE: No, Mr. Laski.
HASTINGS: Do not be rude.

Laski's counsel later said that he hoped that Hastings would at least have said "Touché".^[135] Laski lost the case, unable to counter the questioning from Hastings which referred to his previous written works.^[136] However the stress of the case told on Hastings.^[44]

In 1948, Hastings published his autobiography, simply titled The Autobiography of Sir Patrick Hastings, and the following year published Cases in Court, a book giving his views on 21 of his most noted cases. Xuddi shu yili u nashr etdi Famous and Infamous Cases, a book on noted trials through history, such as those at Nürnberg.^[137] In early 1948, he suffered a small stroke which forced him to retire permanently from work as a barrister. On 11 November 1949, he and his wife travelled to Kenya, where their son Nicky had moved to start a new life after the end of the Second World War. While there, he suffered a second stroke due to the air pressure, and he never fully recovered. Hastings spent the next two years of his life living in a flat in London, before dying on 26 February 1952 of miya trombozi.^[138]

Shaxsiy hayot

Hastings married Mary Grundy on 1 June 1906.^[25] The couple had two sons, David and Nicholas, and three daughters. David died in the Ikkinchi jahon urushi ichida jang qilish Tinch okeani teatri, and Nicholas became a farmer in Kenya.^[139] One daughter, Barbara, married Nikolas Bentli, a cartoonist.^[140]

Ajdodlar

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• Brooks, Colin (2008). The Royal Mail Case. Kitoblar o'qish. ISBN  978-1-4437-4016-6.
• Chandler, Porter R. (1924 yil mart). "Praemunire va Habeas Corpus qonuni. Irlandiyalik deportatsiyalar va Ex Parte O'Brienning ishi bilan bog'liq holda ko'rib chiqilgan". Columbia Law Review. Kolumbiya universiteti. 24 (3): 273. doi:10.2307/1111640. JSTOR  1111640.
• Hyde, H. Montgomery (1960). Ser Patrik Xastings, uning hayoti va ishlari. London: Geynemann. OCLC  498180.
• Hastings, Patrick, Cases in Court, London: Heinemann, 1949.
• Xastings, Patrik (1950). Tarjimai hol (4-nashr). London: Geynemann. OCLC  2502765.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Hastings, Patricia (1959). The Life of Patrick Hastings. London: Cresset Press. OCLC  505059.

Tashqi havolalar

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Patrick Hastings