Avliyo Yelena - Saint Helena

Avliyo Yelena
Saint Helena, Asensioning va Tristan da Cunha tarkibiy qismidir
Bayroq Gerb
Shior (lar): "Sodiq va sarsılmaz"
Madhiya: "Xudo qirolichani asrasin "
Norasmiy madhiya: "Mening avliyo Helena orolim "
Sankt-Helena xaritasi
Janubda avliyo Helena joylashgan joy Atlantika okeani
Suveren davlat	Birlashgan Qirollik
Mustamlaka nizomi	1657
Toj koloniyasi	1834 yil 22-aprel[1]
Amaldagi konstitutsiya	2009 yil 1 sentyabr
Poytaxt	Jeymstaun 15 ° 56′S 05 ° 43′W / 15.933 ° S 5.717 ° Vt / -15.933; -5.717
Eng katta shahar	Yarim daraxt ichi bo'sh 15 ° 56′0 ″ S 5 ° 43′12 ″ V / 15.93333 ° S 5.72000 ° Vt / -15.93333; -5.72000
Rasmiy tillar	Ingliz tili
Demonim (lar)	Avliyo Xeleniya Heleniya Avliyo (norasmiy)
Hukumat	Devor qilindi parlament qaramlik ostida konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya
• Monarx	Yelizaveta II
• Hokim	Filipp Rushbruk
Qonunchilik palatasi	Qonunchilik kengashi
Buyuk Britaniya hukumati
• vazir	Tariq Ahmad
Maydon
• Jami	121 km2 (47 kvadrat milya)
Eng yuqori balandlik	2 684 fut (818 m)
Aholisi
• 2016 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish	4,534[2]
• zichlik	37,5 / km2 (97,1 / kvadrat milya)
Valyuta	Sankt-Helena funt (£) (SHP )
Vaqt zonasi	UTC ± 00: 00 (GMT )
Sana formati	dd / mm / yyyy
Haydash tomoni	chap
Qo'ng'iroq kodi	+290
Buyuk Britaniyaning pochta indeksi	STHL 1ZZ
ISO 3166 kodi	SH-HL
Internet TLD	.sh

Avliyo Yelena (/həˈliːnə/) a Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududi joylashgan Janubiy Atlantika okeani. U masofadan boshqarish pultidan iborat vulkanik tropik orol Afrikaning janubi-g'arbiy qirg'og'idan 1950 kilometr (1210 milya) g'arbda va sharqdan 4000 kilometr (2500 mil) uzoqlikda joylashgan. Rio-de-Janeyro ustida Janubiy Amerika qirg'oq. Bu uchta tarkibiy qismdan biridir Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari ning Sankt-Helena, Asension va Tristan-da-Kunya.^[3]

Sankt-Helena taxminan 16,8 kilometrni tashkil etadi (10 dan 5 milya) va 4534 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi (2016 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish).^[2] Uning nomi berilgan Konstantinopolning muqaddas Yelena shahri. Bu dunyodagi eng izolyatsiya qilingan orollardan biri va uni kashf etganida odam yashamagan Portugal 1502 yilda. Bu suzib ketayotgan kemalar uchun muhim to'xtash joy edi Evropa dan Osiyo va Janubiy Afrika asrlar davomida. Sankt-Helena Buyuk Britaniyaning ikkinchi eng qadimgi chet el hududidir Bermuda.

Sankt-Helena tarixi

Dastlabki tarix (1502-1658)

Ko'pgina tarixiy ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, orol 1502 yil 21-mayda ko'rilgan Galisiya navigator João da Nova xizmatida suzib yurish Portugaliya va u unga Santa Helena deb nom bergan Konstantinopolning muqaddas Yelena shahri. 2015 yilda nashr etilgan maqolada 21 may katolik yoki pravoslavlarning bayrami emas, balki protestantlar bo'lishi mumkinligi va bu sana birinchi marta 1596 yilda keltirilgan Yan Gyuygen van Linshoten, kim adashgan bo'lishi mumkin, chunki orol undan bir necha o'n yillar oldin kashf etilgan Islohot va boshlanishi Protestantizm.^[4][5][6] Tarixiy jihatdan ko'proq ishonchli deb topilgan muqobil kashfiyot sanasi - 3 may. bu topilgan katoliklarning bayram kuni Haqiqiy xoch avliyo Helena tomonidan Quddus, va Odoardo Duarte Lopes tomonidan keltirilgan^[7] va Ser Tomas Gerbert.^[8]

Portugaliyalik vitse-prezident Fransisko de Almeyda 1505 yilda oroldan o'tgan, ammo tusha olmagan - boshqasi Portugal haqiqatan ham ilgari tushgan kashfiyotchilar kiradi João da Nova 1502 yilda va Estêvão da Gama 1503 yilda.

Boshqa bir nazariya da Nova tomonidan topilgan orol haqiqatan ham mavjud deb hisoblaydi Tristan da Kunya, Janubdan 2430 kilometr (1,510 milya),^[9] va Avliyo Helenaning ba'zi bir kemalari tomonidan kashf etilgan Estêvão da Gama ekspeditsiya 1503 yil 30-iyulda (kotibning hisobotida aytilganidek) Tome Lopes ).^[10][11][12] Tome Lopes Avliyo, Kabo-Verde, San-Tome va Yaxshi umid burni kabi joylarga nisbatan masofasi va yo'nalishini keltirganda Sent-Xelenaning geografik holatini oqilona aniqlik bilan aniqladi. Orolning ko'tarilish va Yaxshi umid buruniga nisbatan xaritasi joylashuvi xuddi shu tarzda 1505 yilgi Portugaliya ekspeditsiyasi boshchiligida tasvirlangan. Fransisko de Almeyda orol o'z uyi sayohatida o'tgan, ammo quruqlikka tushmagan. "[o] iyulning yigirma birinchi kunida biz quruqlikni ko'rdik. Bu orol Keypdan olti yuz ellik chaqirim uzoqlikda va avliyo Helena deb nomlangan edi. biz u erga tusha olmadik. [...] Va Sankt-Helena orolidan chiqib ketganimizdan so'ng, u erdan ikki yuz mil narida yana bir orolni ko'rdik, u "Ko'tarilish" deb nomlanadi.^[13]

Linsxoten 1589 yil 12-mayda kelganida, u anjir daraxtidagi dengizchilarga tashrif buyurib, 1510 yildayoq ilgari surilgan o'ymakorliklarni ko'rganligi haqida xabar berdi.^[14] Portugaliyaliklar, ehtimol, etuk daraxtlarni emas, balki ko'chatlarni ekishgan va 1510 yilga kelib ular o'ymakorliklarni ko'tarish uchun etarlicha katta bo'lishi uchun o'simliklar orolga jo'natilgan va bir necha yil oldin, ehtimol kashf etilganidan bir necha yil ichida u erga ekilgan.

XVI asr tarixchisi aytgan uchinchi kashfiyot hikoyasi Gaspar Correia, orolni portugaliyalik zodagon va jangchi Dom topgan deb hisoblaydi Garsiya de Noronxa, 1511 yil oxirlarida yoki 1512 yil boshlarida Hindistonga ketayotganda orolni ko'rgan. Uning uchuvchilari orolga o'z jadvallariga kirdilar va bu voqea, ehtimol orolni dam olish uchun doimiy to'xtash joyi sifatida ishlatilishiga olib keldi, deb taxmin qilingan. va shu kundan boshlab XVII asrgacha Hindistondan Evropaga yo'l olgan kemalar uchun to'ldirish.^[15] 1502–1613 yillarda Sent-Xelenaga kelgan portugaliyalik kemalarning tahlili nashr etilgan.^[16]

Portugaliyaliklar orolni odamsiz, ko'p daraxtlar va toza suv bilan topdilar. Ular chorva mollari, mevali daraxtlar va sabzavotlarni chetdan olib kelib, cherkov va bitta-ikkita uy qurdilar. Joao da Novaning buzilib ketgan karraklaridan biridan ibodatxonani qurishi azaliy an'ana yozuvlarni noto'g'ri o'qishga asoslanganligi ko'rsatilgan.^[17] Ular doimiy yashash joyini yaratmaganlar, ammo orol muhim uchrashuv nuqtasi va sayohat qilayotgan kemalar uchun oziq-ovqat manbai bo'lgan Cape Route Osiyodan Evropaga va tez-tez kasal dengizchilar orolga qo'ng'iroq qilish uchun keyingi kemada o'tishdan oldin sog'ayish uchun orolda qoldirilgan.^[18]

Ingliz Ser Frensis Dreyk ehtimol orolni dunyo bo'ylab aylanib chiqishining so'nggi qismida (1577-1580) joylashgan.^[19] Boshqa ingliz kashfiyotchilarining keyingi tashriflari va Sankt-Xelenaning joylashuvi yanada kengroq ma'lum bo'lgandan so'ng, ingliz harbiy kemalari Portugaliyalik Hindistonga hujum qilish uchun bu joyda kutib o'tira boshladilar. karraklar uyga ketayotganlarida.^[20]

Ularning rivojlanishida Uzoq Sharq savdo, Golland shuningdek, orolga tez-tez kela boshladi. Tez orada portugaliyaliklar va ispaniyaliklar orolga muntazam qo'ng'iroq qilishdan voz kechishdi, chunki qisman ular portlardan foydalanganlar G'arbiy Afrika qirg'oq, shuningdek, ularning jo'natilishiga hujumlar, cherkov va diniy ikonalarni tahqirlash, chorva mollarini o'ldirish va ularni yo'q qilish sababli plantatsiyalar Gollandiyalik tomonidan qaroqchilar.^[20]

The Gollandiya Respublikasi 1633 yilda avliyo Xelena rasmiy ravishda da'vo qildi, garchi ular uni hech qachon egallab olgani, mustamlaka qilgani yoki mustahkamlagani haqida hech qanday dalil yo'q. 1651 yilga kelib gollandlar orolni asosan o'z mustamlakasi foydasiga tark etishdi Yaxshi umid burni.^[20]

Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi (1658–1815)

Atlantika okeanidagi Sankt-Helena shahri va orolining ko'rinishi British East India kompaniyasi, o'yma, v. 1790

1657 yilda, Oliver Kromvel berilgan East India kompaniyasi Sankt-Helenani boshqarish to'g'risidagi nizom va keyingi yil kompaniya orolni mustahkamlab, uni ekish bilan shug'ullanishga qaror qildi.^[21] Dastlabki ko'chmanchilar 1666 yilgi Londonda sodir bo'lgan Buyuk Yong'inda uyidan judo bo'lganlarning ko'pini o'z ichiga olgan uzoq an'analar afsona sifatida namoyon bo'ldi.^[22] Birinchi gubernator kapitan Jon Dutton 1659 yilda kelib, Avliyo Xelenani biriga aylantiradi Britaniyaning dastlabki mustamlakalari tashqarida Shimoliy Amerika va Karib dengizi. Qal'a va uylar qurildi. Keyin Qayta tiklash 1660 yilda ingliz monarxiyasining, Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi a qirol nizomi unga orolni mustaxkamlash va mustamlaka qilish uchun yagona huquq berish. Qal'aning nomi Jeyms Fort va shaharcha deb o'zgartirildi Jeymstaun, sharafiga York gersogi, keyinroq Qirol Jeyms II.^[20]

1673 yil yanvar va may oylari orasida Dutch East India kompaniyasi ingliz qo'shinlari Sharqiy Hindiston kompaniyasi boshqaruvini tiklamasdan oldin orolni egallab oldi. Kompaniya yangi muhojirlarni jalb qilishda qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi va aholida notinchlik va isyon kayfiyati paydo bo'ldi. Ning ekologik muammolari o'rmonlarni yo'q qilish, tuproq eroziyasi, zararkunandalar va qurg'oqchilik gubernator Isaak Paykni 1715 yilda aholini ko'chirishni taklif qilishiga olib keldi Mavrikiy, ammo bu amalga oshirilmadi va orolning strategik joylashuvi tufayli kompaniya jamiyatni subsidiyalashda davom etdi. 1723 yilda o'tkazilgan aholini ro'yxatga olishda 1110 nafar aholi, shu jumladan 610 ta qul qayd etilgan.

XVIII asr hokimlari orol muammolarini daraxtlarni ekish, istehkomlarni obodonlashtirish, korrupsiyani yo'q qilish, kasalxonani qurish, ekinlar va chorva mollariga e'tiborsizlik bilan kurashish, spirtli ichimliklar iste'molini nazorat qilish va huquqiy islohotlarni amalga oshirish orqali hal qilishga urindilar. Orol taxminan 1770 yildan buyon uzoq yillik farovonlik davrini boshdan kechirdi. Kapitan Jeyms Kuk 1775 yilda dunyoni ikkinchi marta aylanib chiqishining so'nggi qismida orolga tashrif buyurdi. Sent-Jeyms cherkovi Jeymstaun shahrida 1774 yilda qurilgan va Plantatsiya uyi 1791–1792 yillarda; ikkinchisi o'shandan beri hokimning rasmiy qarorgohi bo'lgan.

Edmond Xelli tark etib, Avliyo Elenaga tashrif buyurdi Oksford universiteti 1676 yilda va astronomik o'rnatdi rasadxona 7,3 metr uzunlikda (24 fut) havo teleskopi, yulduzlarni o'rganish niyatida Janubiy yarim shar.^[23] Ushbu teleskopning joylashgan joyi yaqin Avliyo Metyu cherkovi Xatt darvozasida Longvud tuman. U erda 680 metr (2230 fut) balandlikdagi tepalik unga nomlangan va Xeyli tog'i deb nomlangan.

Ushbu davr mobaynida Sankt-Helena muhim ahamiyatga ega edi East India kompaniyasining chaqiruv porti. Sharqiy Indiamen safarlarining qaytib boradigan joyida to'xtashadi Britaniya Hindistoni va Xitoy. Sankt-Xelenada kemalar suv va oziq-ovqat zahiralarini to'ldirishi va urush paytida, kemalar himoyasi ostida suzib yuradigan karvonlarini tashkil qilishi mumkin edi. Qirollik floti. Kapitan Jeyms Kukning kemasi HMS Harakat qiling 1771 yil may oyida Evropaning sharqiy qirg'og'idagi kashfiyotidan qaytib kelgandan keyin avliyo Xelena qirg'og'ida langar tashlagan va ta'minlangan. Avstraliya va qayta kashf etilishi Yangi Zelandiya.^[24]

Qullarni olib kirish 1792 yilda noqonuniy qabul qilingan. Gubernator Robert Patton (1802-1807) shirkatga qishloq ishchilarini to'ldirish uchun Xitoydan ishchilar olib kirishni tavsiya qildi. Xitoylik mardikorlar 1810 yilda kela boshladilar va 1818 yilga kelib ularning soni 600 taga etdi. Ko'pchilik yashashga ruxsat berildi va ularning avlodlari aholi tarkibiga kirdilar. 1814 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olishda orolda 3507 kishi qayd etilgan.

Britaniya hukmronligi (1815–1821) va Napoleonning surgun qilinishi

Sankt-Xelen shahridagi Napoleon Fransua-Jozef Sandmann tomonidan

Longwood uyi 2014 yil sentyabr oyida

1815 yilda Angliya hukumati Sankt-Helenani joy sifatida tanladi surgun uchun Napoleon Bonapart uning qochishidan keyin Elba; uning majburiy surgun qilingan dastlabki joyi.^[25] U 1815 yil oktabrda orolga olib ketilgan. Britaniya ham tajribali zobit bilan birga garnizon askarlarini yuborish chorasini ko'rgan (Edvard Nikoll ), yashash uchun Ko'tarilish oroli, bu Avliyo Helena va Evropa o'rtasida joylashgan.^[26]:87

Napoleon uyda qoldi Briars paviloni asoslari bo'yicha Balcombe oilasi da doimiy yashash joyigacha uy Longwood uyi 1815 yil dekabrda yakunlandi. U 1821 yil 5 mayda vafot etdi.^[27]

Britaniyaning Ost-Hindiston kompaniyasi (1821–1834)

Napoleon vafotidan so'ng, minglab vaqtinchalik mehmonlar qaytarib olindi va Ost-Hind kompaniyasi Sankt-Helena ustidan to'liq nazoratni tikladi. 1815 yildan 1830 yilgacha EIC tomonidan paket skuner Sent-Xelena orol hukumati tomonidan mavjud bo'lib, u orol va Keyp o'rtasida yiliga bir necha bor sayohat qilib, yo'lovchilarni ikkala yo'l va sharob bilan ta'minlab, orolga qaytarib olib borgan. Napoleon orolda surgun paytida Saint Helena qahvasini maqtagan va mahsulot qisqa vaqt ichida mashhurlikka ega bo'lgan Parij vafotidan keyingi yillarda.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

1792 yilda avliyo Xelenaga qullarni olib kirish taqiqlangan va 800 dan ortiq doimiy yashovchi qullarni ozod qilish 1827 yilda, Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti mustamlakalarda qullikni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilishidan taxminan olti yil oldin sodir bo'lgan.^[28]

1791-1833 yillarda Sankt-Helena tabiatni muhofaza qilish, o'rmonlarni tiklash va sun'iy ravishda yog'ingarchilikni ko'paytirishga urinishlar bo'yicha bir qator tajribalar maydoniga aylandi.^[29] Ushbu atrof-muhit aralashuvi atrof-muhit o'zgarishi jarayonlarini kontseptualizatsiya qilish bilan chambarchas bog'liq edi va ekologizmning ildizlarini aniqlashga yordam berdi.^[29]

Toj koloniyasi (1834-1981)

Ushbu bo'lim uchun qo'shimcha iqtiboslar kerak tekshirish. Iltimos yordam bering ushbu maqolani yaxshilang tomonidan ishonchli manbalarga iqtiboslarni qo'shish. Ma'lumot manbasi bo'lmagan material shubha ostiga olinishi va olib tashlanishi mumkin. Manbalarni toping: "Avliyo Helena"  – Yangiliklar  · gazetalar  · kitoblar  · olim  · JSTOR (2017 yil oktyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

1833 yilgi Hindiston to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan, Saint Helena ustidan nazorat Ost-Hind Kompaniyasidan Britaniya tojiga o'tdi va u toj koloniyasi.^[1] Keyinchalik ma'muriy xarajatlarni qisqartirish aholining uzoq muddatli pasayishiga olib keldi: bunga qodir bo'lganlar orolni boshqa joylarda yaxshi imkoniyatlar uchun tark etishga intilishdi. 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida paroxodlarning paydo bo'lishi unga bog'liq emas edi savdo shamollari, shuningdek Uzoq Sharq savdosini an'anaviydan uzoqlashtirish Janubiy Atlantika orqali yo'lni jo'natish Qizil dengiz (bino qurishdan oldin Suvaysh kanali, quruqlikning qisqa qismida qatnashgan). Shunday qilib, orolga qo'ng'iroq qiladigan kemalar soni 1855 yilda 1100 dan 1889 yilda atigi 288 taga tushdi.^[20]

1840 yilda bostirish uchun ingliz dengiz stantsiyasi tashkil etildi Atlantika qul savdosi orolda joylashgan bo'lib, 1840-1849 yillarda "ozod qilingan afrikaliklar" nomi bilan tanilgan 15000 dan ortiq ozod qilingan qullar bu erga kelib tushishgan.^[20]

1858 yilda Frantsiya imperatori Napoleon III Frantsiya hukumati nomidan sotib olingan, Longwood uyi va uning atrofidagi erlar, oxirgi yashash joyi Napoleon I (1821 yilda u erda vafot etgan). Bu hanuzgacha frantsuz vakili tomonidan boshqariladigan va frantsuzlar hokimiyati ostida bo'lgan frantsuz mulkidir Tashqi Ishlar Vazirligi.

1898 yil 11 aprelda amerikalik Joshua Slocum, butun dunyo bo'ylab yakka sayohatida Jeymstaunga etib bordi. U 1898 yil 20 aprelda gubernator janob ser R A Standale tomonidan mehmondo'stlik ko'rsatib, atrofini aylanib chiqishning so'nggi bosqichiga jo'nab ketdi. U o'zining sayohati to'g'risida ikkita ma'ruza qildi va Frantsiyaning konsullik agenti tomonidan Longvudga taklif qilindi.^[30]

1900 va 1901 yillarda 6000 dan ortiq Boer mahbuslar orolda ushlab turilgan, xususan Piet Cronjé mag'lubiyatidan keyin va uning rafiqasi Paardeberg jangi.^[31][32] Natijada paydo bo'lgan aholi 1901 yilda barcha eng yuqori darajadagi 9850 ga etdi.

Mahsulot ishlab chiqaradigan mahalliy sanoat Yangi Zelandiya zig'ir 1907 yilda muvaffaqiyatli qayta tiklandi va davomida katta daromad keltirdi Birinchi jahon urushi. Ko'tarilish oroli 1922 yilda Avliyo Yelena qaramligiga aylantirildi, 1938 yilda Tristan da Künha unga ergashdi. Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Qo'shma Shtatlar qurdi Wideawake aeroporti 1942 yilda ko'tarilish to'g'risida, ammo avliyo Yelena mudofaasini saqlashdan boshqa harbiy maqsadlarda foydalanilmagan.^[33]

Ushbu davrda orol zig'ir sotishdan tushadigan daromadlarni ko'paytirdi, 1951 yilda narxlar eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi. Biroq transport xarajatlari va sintetik tolalar raqobati tufayli sanoat pasayib ketdi. Inglizlarning qarori Pochta sintetik tolalarni pochta xaltalari uchun ishlatish, bu 1965 yilda orolning zig'ir tegirmonlarini yopilishiga hissa qo'shgan yana bir zarba edi.

1958 yildan boshlab Union qal'asi transport liniyasi orolga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi qo'ng'iroqlarni asta-sekin kamaytirdi. Curnow Shipping, asoslangan Avonmut, 1977 yilda Union-Castle Line pochta xizmatini RMS yordamida almashtirdi (Royal Mail Ship ) Sent-Xelena 1989 yilda kiritilgan.

1981 yilgacha

Kosmosdan ko'ringan Avliyo Xelena (surat shimoli-g'arb tomon tepaga yo'naltirilgan)

The Britaniya fuqaroligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1981 yil Sankt-Helena va boshqalari tasniflangan Toj koloniyalari kabi Britaniyaning qaram hududlari. Orolliklar o'zlarini yo'qotdilar yashash huquqi Britaniyada. Keyingi 20 yil ichida ko'pchilik orol hukumati bilan faqat kam haq to'lanadigan ish topishi mumkin edi va Avliyo Xelena tashqarisidagi yagona ish Folklend orollari va Ko'tarilish oroli. Rivojlanish va iqtisodiy rejalashtirish bo'limi (hanuzgacha faoliyat yuritib kelmoqda) 1988 yilda Sankt-Helena aholisining turmush darajasini oshirishga hissa qo'shish uchun tashkil etilgan.

1989 yilda, Shahzoda Endryu almashtirishni boshladi RMS Sent-Xelena orolga xizmat qilish; kema uchun maxsus qurilgan Kardiff –Keyptaun marshrutni va yo'lovchilarning aralash tartibini namoyish etdi.

Avliyo Helena Konstitutsiyasi 1989 yilda kuchga kirdi va orolni gubernator, Bosh qo'mondon va saylangan ijroiya va qonun chiqaruvchi kengash boshqarishini ta'minladi. 2002 yilda, Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2002 yil orol aholisiga to'liq Buyuk Britaniya fuqaroligini berdi va qaram hududlarni (shu jumladan Avliyo Helena) Buyuk Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari deb o'zgartirdi. 2009 yilda Sankt-Helena va uning ikkita hududi yangi konstitutsiyaga binoan teng maqomga ega bo'ldi va Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududi nomi o'zgartirildi Sankt-Helena, Asension va Tristan-da-Kunya.

Geografiya

Pozitsiyalari (shimoldan janubga) Ko'tarilish oroli, Avliyo Helena va Tristan da Kunya janubda Atlantika okeani

Joylashgan Janubiy Atlantika okeani ustida O'rta Atlantika tizmasi, eng yaqin quruqlikdan 2000 kilometrdan (1200 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan Avliyo Elena dunyodagi eng chekka joylardan biri hisoblanadi. Materikning eng yaqin porti Mochames janubda Angola; Janubiy Afrikadagi Keyptaun bilan bog'lanishlar orolga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi yuk kemasi, MS kabi ko'plab yuk tashish ehtiyojlari uchun ishlatiladi Helena.

Orol Atlantika janubidagi yana ikkita alohida orol bilan, shuningdek Britaniyaning hududlari bilan bog'liq: Ko'tarilish oroli taxminan 1300 kilometr (810 milya) shimoli-g'arbiy qismida ko'proq ekvatorial suvlarda va Tristan da Kunya tropik mintaqadan tashqarida, janubda 2430 kilometr (1510 mil). Orol mintaqada joylashgan G'arbiy yarim shar va shu narsaga ega uzunlik kabi Kornuol Buyuk Britaniyada. Uzoq joylashganligiga qaramay, u mavjud deb tasniflanadi G'arbiy Afrika tomonidan Birlashgan Millatlar.

Sankt-Helena oroli 122 km² (47 kvadrat milya) maydonga ega va asosan vulqon kelib chiqadigan qo'pol erlardan iborat (oxirgi vulqon otilishi taxminan 7 million yil oldin sodir bo'lgan).^[34] Sohil bo'yidagi hududlar vulkanik tosh bilan qoplangan va markazga qaraganda issiqroq va quruqroq. Orolning eng baland joyi Diana cho'qqisi 818 m (2,684 fut) da. 1996 yilda bu orolning birinchi bo'ldi milliy bog. Orolning katta qismi qoplanadi Yangi Zelandiya zig'ir, sobiq sanoatning merosi, ammo plantatsiyalar tomonidan ko'paytirilgan ba'zi asl daraxtlar, shu jumladan 2002 yilda yo'qolgan Buyuk Yog'ochning bir qismini qayta tiklash uchun tashkil etilgan va hozirda uni boshqaradigan "Ming yillik o'rmoni" loyihasi ham mavjud. Saint Helena National Trust. Mingyillik o'rmoni mahalliy aholi bilan ekilmoqda gumwood daraxtlar.

Orol kashf etilgach, u noyob mahalliy o'simliklar bilan qoplangan, shu jumladan ajoyib karam daraxti turlari. Orolning ichki qismi zich tropik o'rmon bo'lishi kerak edi, lekin qirg'oq mintaqalari ham juda yashil edi. Zamonaviy landshaft juda boshqacha, pastki qismida keng yalang'och toshlar mavjud, garchi ichki qismida u asosan yashil rangga ega bo'lsa-da, asosan o'simliklarni tanitganligi sababli. Mahalliy sutemizuvchilar yo'q, ammo qoramol, mushuk, it, eshak, echki, sichqonlar, quyonlar, kalamushlar va qo'ylar joriy qilingan va natijada mahalliy turlar salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatmoqda. Landshaftning keskin o'zgarishini ushbu kirish so'zlari bilan bog'lash kerak. Natijada, mag'lubiyat daraxti (Acalypha rubrinervis ) va Aziz Helena zaytuni (Nesiota elliptica ) endi yo'q bo'lib ketgan va boshqa ko'plab endemik o'simliklarning yo'q bo'lib ketish xavfi mavjud.

Sohil bo'yida bir nechta toshlar va orollar mavjud, shu jumladan: Qal'aning Roki, Speery Island, Igna, Quyi Qora tosh, Yuqori Qora tosh (Janubiy), Qushlar oroli (Janubi-g'arbiy), Qora tosh, Tompson vodiysining orollari, Peaked Island, Tuxum orollari. , Lady's stul, Lighter Rock (G'arbiy), Long Ledge (Shimoli-G'arbiy), Shore Island, Jorj oroli, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (Sharqiy), Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, bacadan, White Bird Island va Frightus Rock (Janubi-Sharqiy). ), ularning barchasi qirg'oqdan bir kilometr (0,62 milya) uzoqlikda joylashgan.

The milliy qush avliyo Helena Sankt-Helena plover, uning simlariga o'xshash oyoqlari tufayli, mahalliy aholi simli qush sifatida tanilgan. Bu ko'rinadi avliyo Helena gerbi va bayroqda.^[35][36]

Iqlim

Sankt-Helena iqlimi tropik, dengiz va mo''tadil, bilan ajralib turadi Benguela oqimi va deyarli doimiy ravishda esadigan shamollar.^[37][38] Orol bo'ylab iqlim sezilarli darajada o'zgarib turadi. Harorat Jeymstaun shimoliy qirg'og'ida, yozda (yanvar-aprel) 21-28 ° C (70-82 ° F) oralig'ida va yilning qolgan qismida 17-24 ° C (63-75 ° F). . Markaziy hududlarda harorat o'rtacha 5-6 ° C (9.0-10.8 ° F) pastroq.^[38] Jeymstaunda yiliga juda kam yog'ingarchilik bo'ladi, har yili 750-1000 mm (30-39 dyuym) balandlik va janubiy sohilga tushadi, u erda ham bulutli bo'ladi.^[39] Lar bor ob-havoni qayd etish stantsiyalari ichida Longvud va Moviy tepalik tumanlar.

Ma'muriy bo'linmalar

Sankt-Helena tumanlari

Sankt-Helena sakkizta tumanga bo'lingan,^[40] aksariyat qismi jamoat markazi joylashgan. Tumanlar statistik bo'limlar sifatida ham xizmat qiladi. Orol bitta saylov okrugi bo'lib, unga 12 vakilni saylaydi Qonunchilik kengashi^[41] 15 dan.

Ma'muriy okruglar aholisining umumiy soni bilan 2016 yilgi Aholini ro'yxatga olish o'rtasidagi farq, aholini ro'yxatga olishda 183 nafar avliyo Xelena shahrida va portda yaxtalarda bo'lgan 13 kishini o'z ichiga olganligi sababli paydo bo'ladi.^[44]

Aholisi

Demografiya

Jeymstaun, yuqoridan

Jeymstaun, Saint Helena poytaxti

Sent-Xelena birinchi marta 1659 yilda inglizlar tomonidan joylashtirilgan. 2018 yil yanvaridan boshlab^[yangilash], orolda 4897 nafar aholi istiqomat qilgan,^[45] asosan Britaniyadan bo'lgan odamlardan kelib chiqqan - ko'chmanchilar ("ekishchilar") va askarlar - va u erga aholi punktining boshidanoq olib kelingan qullar - dastlab Afrikadan ( Kabo-Verde orollari, Oltin sohil va Afrikaning g'arbiy qirg'oqlari dastlabki yozuvlarda qayd etilgan), keyin Hindiston va Madagaskar. Qullarni olib kirish 1792 yilda noqonuniy qilingan va shu bilan ularning sonining ko'payishiga yo'l qo'yilmagan.

1840 yilda Sankt-Helena inglizlar uchun ta'minot stantsiyasiga aylandi G'arbiy Afrika eskadrilyasi,^[37] qullarni tashishni oldini olish Braziliya (asosan), va orolda minglab qullar ozod qilindi. Bularning hammasi afrikalik edi va 500 ga yaqin kishi qolgan, qolganlari esa yuborilgan G'arbiy Hindiston va Keyptaun va oxir-oqibat Serra-Leone.

Import qilingan xitoylik ishchilar 1810 yilda kelib, 1818 yilda eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarilib, 618 ga yetgan, shundan keyin ularning soni kamaygan. Britaniya toji orolni hukumatni o'z qo'liga olganidan keyin faqat bir necha keksa erkaklar qoldi East India kompaniyasi 1834 yilda. Ko'pchilik Xitoyga qaytarib yuborildi, garchi Keypdagi yozuvlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, ular hech qachon Keyptaundan uzoqroqqa bormagan. Shuningdek, hindular ham bor edi laskarlar port ustasi ostida ishlagan.

Sankt-Helena fuqarolari Britaniya chet el hududlari fuqaroligi. 2002 yil 21 mayda Buyuk Britaniyaning to'liq fuqaroligi tiklandi Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari to'g'risidagi qonun 2002 yil.^[46] Shuningdek qarang Britaniya fuqaroligi to'g'risidagi qonun.

Ishsizlik davrida, Napoleondan keyingi davrdan beri oroldan uzoq muddatli ko'chish kuzatilgan. "Azizlar" ning aksariyati Buyuk Britaniyaga, Janubiy Afrikaga va dastlabki yillarda Avstraliyaga ko'chib ketishdi. 1980-yillarning oxiridan boshlab aholi doimiy ravishda kamayib borgan va 1998 yilda o'tkazilgan aholi ro'yxatidagi 5157 kishidan 2008 yilda 4257 kishiga kamaygan.^[43] Biroq, 2016 yilgi aholi ro'yxatiga ko'ra, aholi soni 4534 kishiga ko'tarildi.^[2] Ilgari emigratsiya yosh kuzatuvsiz shaxslar tomonidan ko'tarilish va uzoq muddatli shartnomalar asosida ishlashga ketishi bilan ajralib turardi. Folklend orollari 2002 yilda "avliyolar" yana Buyuk Britaniya fuqaroligini olganidan beri, ish haqi oluvchilarning keng doirasi tomonidan Britaniyaga ko'chish tezlashdi, chunki ish haqi oshishi va rivojlanish istiqbollari yaxshilandi.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} 2018 yilga kelib Svindon, Uiltshir, Sent-Xelenadan kelib chiqqan odamlarning kontsentratsiyasi bor edi va shuning uchun u "Swindolena" laqabini oldi.^[47]

Din

Aksariyat aholi Anglikan va a'zolari Yelena Yeparxiyasi, o'z episkopiga ega va o'z ichiga oladi Ko'tarilish oroli. Yeparxiyaning 150 yilligi 2009 yil iyun oyida nishonlangan.

Orolning boshqa nasroniy konfessiyalariga quyidagilar kiradi Rim katolik (1852 yildan) Najot armiyasi (1884 yildan), Baptist (1845 yildan beri)^[48] va so'nggi paytlarda Ettinchi kun adventisti (1949 yildan), Yangi Apostol cherkovi va Yahova Shohidlari (shundan 36 nafar aholidan bittasi a'zo, bu har qanday mamlakatning eng yuqori nisbati).^[49]

Rim katoliklariga pastoral xizmat ko'rsatiladi Muqaddas Yelena, Asensioning va Tristan-da-Kunhaning vazifalari ruhoniyning vakolatxonasi Folklend orollarining apostolik prefekturasi.

Hukumat

Avliyo Yelena
Ushbu maqola bir qator qismidir siyosati va hukumati Avliyo Yelena
Toj Monarx Qirolicha Yelizaveta II
Hukumat Hokim Filipp Rushbruk Plantatsiya uyi Qal'a Qonunchilik kengashi Ijroiya kengashi Bosh kotib Sherif Mas'ul vazir (Buyuk Britaniya) Tariq Ahmad
Sud hokimiyati Bosh prokuror Apellyatsiya sudi Oliy sud Magistratlar va balog'atga etmagan bolalar ishlari bo'yicha sudlar
Boshqalar Bayroq Jeymstaun (poytaxt) Sankt-Helena funt Yarim daraxt ichi bo'sh Sankt-Polning Longvud Signal o'rmoni Kasaba uyushmalari Saint Helena aeroporti
Boshqa mamlakatlar

Saint Helena-dagi ijro etuvchi hokimiyat zimmasiga yuklatilgan Qirolicha Yelizaveta II va tomonidan uning nomidan amalga oshiriladi Sankt-Helena gubernatori. Gubernator qirolichaning maslahati bilan tayinlanadi Britaniya hukumati. Mudofaa va tashqi ishlar Buyuk Britaniya zimmasida qoladi.

15 ta o'rindiq mavjud Sankt-Helena qonunchilik kengashi, a bir palatali Spiker va Spiker o'rinbosaridan tashqari, qonun chiqaruvchi organ. 15 a'zodan o'n ikkitasi har to'rt yilda bir marta o'tkaziladigan saylovlarda saylanadi. Uchtasi ex officio a'zolari - bosh kotib, moliya kotibi va bosh prokuror, hozirda mos ravishda Syuzan O'Bey, Dax Richards va Allen Kansik. Ijroiya kengashga viloyat hokimi rahbarlik qiladi va uch kishidan iborat ex officio ofitserlar va hokim tomonidan tayinlangan Qonunchilik kengashining beshta saylangan a'zosi. Saylanadigan Bosh vazir yo'q va hokim hukumat boshlig'i vazifasini bajaradi. 2013 yil yanvar oyida Ijroiya Kengashni Qonunchilik Kengashi a'zolari tomonidan saylanadigan va Ijroiya Kengashining boshqa a'zolarini nomzodini ko'rsatadigan Bosh Kengash boshqarishi taklif qilindi. Ushbu takliflar 2013 yil 23 martda bo'lib o'tgan referendumda 158 ta ovoz bilan 42 foizga qarshi 10 foiz ishtirokchi bilan mag'lubiyatga uchradi.^[50]

Ikkalasi ham Ko'tarilish oroli va Tristan da Kunya Sankt-Helena gubernatori vakili sifatida tayinlangan ma'murga ega.

Bir sharhlovchining ta'kidlashicha, 1981-2002 yillar davomida to'liq pasportlarning yo'qolishi natijasida paydo bo'lgan ishsizlikning yuqori darajasiga qaramay, Sent-Xelena aholisi tomonidan Buyuk Britaniya monarxiyasiga sodiqlik darajasi dunyoning boshqa biron bir qismida oshmagan.^[51]Qirol Jorj VI orolga tashrif buyurgan yagona hukmron monarxdir. Bu 1947 yilda qirol hamrohligida bo'lgan Qirolicha Yelizaveta (keyinchalik Qirolicha ona), malika Yelizaveta (keyinchalik qirolicha Yelizaveta II) va Malika Margaret Janubiy Afrikaga sayohat qilayotgan edilar. Edinburg gersogi 1957 yilda Sankt-Xelenaga, keyin uning o'g'li, Shahzoda Endryu, 1984 yilda qurolli kuchlar a'zosi sifatida tashrif buyurgan va uning qizi Malika Royal, 2002 yilda.

Inson huquqlari

2012 yilda Sankt-Helena hukumati Sankt-Helena Inson huquqlari bo'yicha 2012–2015 harakatlar rejasini yaratishni moliyalashtirdi.^[52] Ushbu tadbirlar rejasi bo'yicha ishlar olib borilmoqda, shu jumladan mahalliy gazetalarda xabardorlikni oshiruvchi maqolalarni nashr etish, jamoat a'zolarini inson huquqlari bo'yicha so'rovlar bilan qo'llab-quvvatlash va BMTning inson huquqlari bo'yicha bir necha konvensiyalarini Sankt-Xelenaga qadar kengaytirish.^[53]

Tenglik va inson huquqlari bo'yicha komissiyani tashkil etish to'g'risidagi qonun hujjatlari Qonunchilik Kengashi tomonidan 2015 yil iyul oyida qabul qilingan. Ushbu ish 2015 yil oktyabr oyida boshlangan.^[54]

Bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik mojarosi

2014 yilda Sankt-Helena shahrida bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik haqida xabarlar paydo bo'ldi. Britaniya Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi (FCO) ga yolg'on gapirishda ayblangan Birlashgan Millatlar ayblovlarni yashirish uchun Sankt-Helenada bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik haqida.^[55][56][57]

Sasha Vass QC va uning jamoasi 2015 yil 17 martda Surishtiruvni boshlash uchun Sent-Xelenga etib kelishdi va 2015 yil 1 aprelda jo'nab ketishdi.^[58] E'lonlar mahalliy gazetalarda 2015 yil 13 martda yakunlangan haftada e'lon qilindi.

Hukumatning hisoboti 2015 yil 10-dekabrda e'lon qilindi. Unda ayblovlar haddan tashqari oshirib yuborilganligi va gazetalarning noma'lum sarlavhalari Daily Mail hisobot qobiliyatsiz deb ta'riflangan ikkita ijtimoiy ishchining ma'lumotlaridan kelib chiqqan edi.^[59][60][61]

Bir jinsli nikoh

2017 yilda avliyo Helenian Ro'yxatdan o'tkazuvchiga Sent-Xelenadagi bir jinsli sherigiga uylanish to'g'risida ariza berdi.^[62] O'sha paytdagi qonunlarda erkaklar va ayollar o'rtasidagi nikoh haqida so'z bor edi va bir jinsli nikoh qonuniymi yoki yo'qligi aniq emas edi. Konsultatsiya tadbirlaridan so'ng, Ijtimoiy va jamoatchilikni rivojlantirish qo'mitasi va Ijroiya kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlangan Nikoh to'g'risidagi nizom 2017 yil dekabr oyida Qonunchilik Kengashi tomonidan yangilandi va kelishib olindi. Ro'yxatdan o'tuvchi Karen Yon 2017 yilgi asl arizachilar, Avliyo Helenian Lemark Tomas va birinchi jinsiy aloqa to'yini nazorat qildi. Shvetsiya fuqarosi Maykl Vernstedt, Plantation House-da bo'lib o'tgan marosimda 2018 yil 31 dekabrda.^[63]

Biologik xilma-xillik

Sankt-Helena uzoq vaqtdan beri yuqori nisbati bilan tanilgan endemik qushlar va qon tomir o'simliklar. Tog'li hududlarda hozirgi kungacha tan olingan 400 ta endemik turlarning aksariyati mavjud. Orolning katta qismi tomonidan aniqlangan BirdLife International qushlarni saqlash, ayniqsa endemik uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega Sankt-Helena plover yoki sim qush va uchun dengiz qushlari offshor adacıklarda ko'paytirish va vayronalar, ichida shimoliy-sharqiy va janubi-g'arbiy Qushlarning muhim joylari.^[64] Ushbu endemik kasalliklar va yashash joylarining alohida doirasi asosida Sankt-Helena Buyuk Britaniyaning kelajakdagi taxminiy ro'yxatiga kiritilgan YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ob'ektlari.^[65] Rassom Rolf Vayburg bu turli xil endemik qushlarni tasvirlab, Sankt-Xelenada turli xil zarblar yasagan.^[66][67]

Sankt-Helena biologik xilma-xilligi, shuningdek, dengiz umurtqali hayvonlar, umurtqasiz hayvonlar (chuchuk suv, quruqlik va dengiz), zamburug'lar (shu jumladan liken hosil qiluvchi turlar), qon tomir bo'lmagan o'simliklar, dengiz o'tlari va boshqa biologik guruhlarni ham o'z ichiga oladi. Bugungi kunga qadar bu haqda juda oz narsa ma'lum, garchi 200 dan ortiq liken hosil qiluvchi zamburug'lar, shu jumladan to'qqizta endemik,^[68] ko'plab muhim kashfiyotlar qilinishini taklif qilmoqda.

Orolda turli xil o'simlik va hayvonot dunyosi yo'q bo'lib ketdi. O'rmonlarning kesilishi tufayli so'nggi yovvoyi endemik Sent-Xelen zaytun daraxti, Nesiota elliptica 1994 yilda vafot etdi va 2003 yil dekabrga qadar oxirgi o'stirilgan zaytun daraxti vafot etdi.^[69] Mahalliy Sent-Xelena qulog'i oxirgi marta tabiatda 1967 yilda ko'rilgan.

2000 yildan buyon orolning shimoliy-sharqiy burchagida "Ming yillik o'rmoni" deb nomlangan yirik kolonizatsiya loyihasi amalga oshirilmoqda, bu mustamlakadan oldin mavjud bo'lgan Buyuk Yog'ochni qayta tiklash uchun.^[70]

Orolning qirg'og'i chuqur va uning tarkibida Qizil Qisqichbaqa (Chaceon affinis). 1991 yilda, Qisqichbaqa idishlarini tayyorlash bilan shug'ullanadigan "Oman Sea One" Qisqichbaqa baliq ovi kemasi ag'darilib ketdi va keyinchalik Avliyo orolidan ketayotib St.Helena qirg'og'ida cho'kib ketdi va to'rtta ekipaj a'zolarini yo'qotdi. Ekipajning bir a'zosi RMS St.Helana tomonidan qutqarildi.

Iqtisodiyot

Izoh: Ushbu bo'limdagi ba'zi ma'lumotlar manbaidan olingan St Helena hukumati Barqaror rivojlanish rejasi^[71]

Orolda a monokrop etishtirish va qayta ishlashga asoslangan 1966 yilgacha bo'lgan iqtisodiyot Yangi Zelandiya zig'ir arqon va ip uchun.

Sankt-Helena iqtisodiyoti hozir rivojlanmoqda, ammo deyarli to'liq Britaniya hukumati yordami bilan ta'minlandi. Iqtisodiyotda davlat sektori ustunlik qiladi va bu yalpi ichki mahsulotning qariyb 50 foizini tashkil etadi. Biroq, muntazam havo qatnovi boshlangani sayyohlik rivojlanganligini anglatadi va Hukumat orolda investitsiyalarni rag'batlantirmoqda, buni ularning investitsiya siyosati va strategiyasi va investitsiyalar ko'rsatishi mumkin. prospekt potentsial investorlar uchun.^[72] 2019 yilda Sankt-Helena o'zining birinchi "Investitsiya darajasi" kredit reytingiga erishdi, bu Standard & Poors (S&P) global kredit reyting agentligi tomonidan BBB- (barqaror) kredit reytingiga ega bo'ldi.^[73]

Sent-Xelenaning Barqaror iqtisodiy rivojlanish rejasi, 2018–28 yillarda, 2017-18 yillarda 6 oylik mahalliy va xalqaro maslahatlashuvlar natijasida ishlab chiqilgan. Hujjat havoga kirish va tolaga ulanishdan so'ng iqtisodiyotni boshlash uchun 10 yillik rejani anglatadi va o'sish uchun faqat turizmga ishonishdan, "eksportni ko'paytirish va importni kamaytirish" mantrasiga o'tdi. SEDP Orolning solishtirma afzalliklari uning tabiiy resurslari va geografiyasi, Britaniyaning chet el hududi maqomi, valyutasi funt, funt-sterling, nisbatan arzon ish kuchi va mol-mulk xarajatlari va kam jinoyatchilik ekanligini ta'kidladi. Maqsadli eksport o'sish sohalariga turizm, baliqchilik, kofe, yer osti yo'ldosh stantsiyalari, uy sharoitida ishlash (raqamli ko'chmanchilar), akademiya, ilmiy tadqiqotlar va konferentsiyalar, likyor, vinolar va pivolar, kema registrlari va suzib yurish bo'yicha malakalar, an'anaviy mahsulotlar, asal va asal asalari va Filmning joylashuvi. Import o'rnini bosuvchi o'sish sohalariga qishloq xo'jaligi, yog'och, g'isht, bloklar, minerallar va toshlar va shisha suv kiradi.^[71]

Turistik sanoat ko'p jihatdan reklama qilishga asoslangan Napoleonning qamoqqa olinishi shuningdek, suv osti sho'ng'in, suzish kabi tabiat tadbirlari kit akulalari, kitlarni tomosha qilish, qushlarni tomosha qilish, dengiz sayohatlari va piyoda yurish. Golf maydonchasi ham mavjud va sport bilan shug'ullanish imkoniyati mavjud. Orolda bir nechta mehmonxonalar, B&B va Self-catering xonadonlar] ishlaydi va sayyohlarning kelishi bu bilan bog'liq Saint Helena aeroporti (va ilgari, endi nafaqaga chiqqanlarning kelish va ketish jadvali RMS Sent-Xelena ).^[74]

Sankt-Helena dunyodagi eng qimmat kofe deb ataladigan narsani ishlab chiqaradi.^[75] Shuningdek, u ishlab chiqaradi va eksport qiladi Tungi Spirit, tikanli yoki kaktusli nok mevalaridan tayyorlangan, Opuntia ficus-indica ("Tungi" - bu o'simlikning mahalliy Xeleniya nomi) va mahalliy spirtli ichimliklar zavodida kofe likyor, jin va rom.^[76] Asalarilarda parazitlar va kasalliklar yo'qligi sababli asalarichilar dunyodagi eng toza asalni to'plashadi.

Sankt-Helena kichik baliq ovlash sanoatiga ega, asosan orkinos tushadigan joy. Baliqchilik "bir qutb bir qatorda bitta baliq" shiori yordamida birma-bir baliq ovlashga sodiqdir. Sent-Xelenaning eksport qilingan ba'zi orkinos oromgohlari Keyptaundagi restoranlarda xizmat qilgan.^[77]

Ascension Island va Tristan da Cunha singari, St Helena-ga ruxsat beriladi o'z pochta markalarini chiqaradi, daromad keltiradigan korxona. St. Helena shuningdek .sh ostida domenlarni chiqaradi.

Iqtisodiy statistika

2009 yildan 2017 yilgacha St Helena's HDI 0,714 dan 0,756 gacha ko'tarildi; bu Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tomonidan qo'llaniladigan tasnifga ko'ra, St Helenani insoniyat rivojlanishining "yuqori" toifasiga kiritadi. Dunyo bo'ylab boshqa mamlakatlar bilan taqqoslaganda, St Helena-ning Inson taraqqiyoti indeksi reytingi dunyodagi 93-o'rindan (190 ta davlat orasida) 83-o'ringa ko'tarildi - o'nta joy yaxshilandi.^[78]

2018/19 yillarda Sent-Xelenada o'rtacha (o'rtacha) yillik ish haqi taxminan 8410 funt sterlingni tashkil etdi. O'rtacha erkaklarning ish haqi ayollarning o'rtacha ish haqidan yuqori edi. Ikkala o'rtasidagi farq 2013/14 yillarda o'sgan, ammo 2017/18 yillarda erkaklar ish haqi o'rtacha pasayganligi va ayollarning o'rtacha ish haqi darajasi o'sganligi sababli qisqargan. This is probably due to the completion of the construction of the Airport, since workers employed on the Project were predominantly male and many of them either left St Helena or found alternative employment during 2016/17 and 2017/18. Nonetheless, both female and male median wage levels fell sharply in 2018/19.^[79]

The overall Retail Price Index is measured quarterly on St Helena by the SHG Statistics Office. The RPI was measured at 105.9 in the first quarter of 2020. This is unchanged from the rate of the fourth quarter of 2019, and an increase from 104.1 in the first quarter of 2019. This means that retail prices rose, on average, by 1.7% over the past year, between the first quarter of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020. As most of the goods available in retail outlets on St Helena are imported from either South Africa or the United Kingdom, St Helena’s prices are heavily influenced by price inflation in those two countries, the value of the St Helena pound compared to the South African Rand, the cost of freight, and import taxes. In the UK, the annual price inflation rate (using the Consumer Price Index) was 1.7% for February 2020, down from 1.8% in January 2020. In South Africa, the Consumer Price Index was 4.6% for February, up from 4.5% in January 2020. In addition, since early 2019 the value of the South African Rand has steadily weakened, from around 17 Rand per pound to around 20 at the end of March 2020; this has a counter effect to the South African inflation, and in some cases may even have made South African goods cheaper to buy. This will mitigate against some pressures which might cause prices to rise, such as increasing freight prices on the MV Helena.^[80]

Between January 2010 and March 2016, just before the first 40 people arrived by air in April 2016, the average number of arrivals per month by sea (excluding day visitors arriving on cruise ships) was 307, with an average of 245 arriving on the Royal Mail Ship (RMS) St Helena. Between October 2017, when the first scheduled air service began, and September 2019, an average of 432 passengers arrived per month, with 314 of those passengers arriving by air. Since October 2017, a total of 3,337 people have arrived by air in the first 12-month period and 4,188 in the second. The increase in the second year follows the introduction of a mid-week flight during the peak period of December 2018 to April 2019. Arrivals by air were higher in the second year in every month apart from May and June.^[81]

Banking and currency

1673-1973 tercentenary 25 pence copper-nickel coin of St. Helena.

In 1821, Saul Solomon (the uncle of Saul Solomon ) issued 70,560 copper tokens worth a halfpenny each Payable at St Helena by Solomon, Dickson and Taylor – presumably London partners – that circulated alongside the East India Company's local coinage until the Crown took over the island in 1836. The coin remains readily available to collectors.

Saint Helena has its own currency since 1976, the Sankt-Helena funt, which is at parity with the funt sterling and is also the currency of Ko'tarilish oroli. The government of Saint Helena produces its own coinage, banknotes since 1976 and circulation coins since 1984. Whereas circulating coins are struck with “Saint Helena • Ascension”, the banknotes only say “Government of St. Helena”. There are also commemorative coins struck for Saint Helena only.

The Bank of St. Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jeymstaun on Saint Helena, and Georgetown, Ascension Island and it took over the business of the St. Helena government savings bank and Ascension Island Savings Bank.^[82]

For more information on currency in the wider region, see pound sterling in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic.

Turizm

Before the completion of the airport, the primary tourist groups were dedicated hikers and retirees, as the required ship voyage on the RMS Sent-Xelena would consume about two weeks roundtrip, making it unattractive to average tourists with regular jobs; the hikers were willing to use about two weeks of leave to get to/from St Helena and the retirees would not be concerned with voyage times. After the completion of the airport, the island has the potential to attract a broader range of tourists.^[83]

St Helena Tourism updated their Tourism Marketing Strategy in 2018. This outlined the targeted markets, St Helena's Strengths Weaknesses Opportunity and Threats. It also outlined the unique selling points of the Island including Nature (Whale Sharks and Wirebirds), Saint Culture (Safer Environment), Walking and Hiking, Diving, Arts and Crafts, Twin Destination with South Africa, Photography, Running, History and Heritage (Napoleon), Stargazing, Running, Arts and Crafts, and Food & Drink.^[84]

Up until the COVID-19 global pandemic, St Helena has been on track to meet its tourism targets of 12% growth a year, which is required to achieve over 29,000 leisure visitors by the 25th year of the service operating.^[85]

Most arrivals to St Helena are non-Saint tourists, followed by returning Saints (visiting friends and relatives), followed by returning residents and then business arrivals. Non-Saint tourists tend to stay for a week, whilst Saints visiting friends and relatives tend to stay for about a month. Around 37% of tourists are British, 21% South African, 13% European other than British, German or French and 9% American or from the Caribbean. Most non-Saint tourists are over 40 years of age, with around 40% being 40-59 and around 40% being 60+. In 2018 tourism contributed approximately £4-£5m to the economy, and in 2019 this increased to around £5m-£6m.^[86]

Transport

RMS Sent-Xelena in James Bay

Looking back at the island from the RMS Sent-Xelena

Saint Helena is one of the most remote islands in the world. It has one commercial airport, and the island has become somewhat more accessible since air traffic opened in 2017.^[87]

Dengiz

A freight ship, M/V Helena, handles all freight to the island (some express mail is transported by air). It sails from Keyptaun to Saint Helena and Ko'tarilish oroli, from the beginning of 2018. It uses a wharf at Ruperts Bay which was built to assist the airport construction. It can take a few passengers.^[88]

Until 2017, the Royal Mail Ship RMSSent-Xelena ran between Saint Helena and Keyptaun on a five-day voyage, then the only scheduled connection to the island. She berthed offshore in James Bay, Saint Helena, approximately 30 times per year, and passengers and freight were transferred by small boats ashore.^[89] AW Ship Management had a package deal where passengers could travel in one direction on the Sent-Xelena and in the other by taking British Royal Air Force flights to or from RAF ko'tarilish oroli va RAF Briz Norton yilda Briz Norton, Angliya.^[90][91]

Saint Helena receives around 600 yachting visitors a year. During 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was advised that yachting passengers should not leave port to travel to Saint Helena, however those seeking entry on humanitarian grounds can be granted entry after a two-week quarantine in port in James Bay.^[92]

Havo

Saint Helena aeroporti 2016 yilda

In March 2005, the British government announced plans to construct the Saint Helena aeroporti.^[93] On 22 July 2010, the British government agreed to help pay for the new airport.^[94] In November 2011, a deal was signed between the British government and South African qurilish ishi company Basil Read, and the airport was scheduled to open in February 2016 with flights to and from South Africa and the UK.^[95] The cost was £250 million. This is aimed at helping the island become more self-sufficient, encouraging economic development while reducing dependence on British government aid. It is also expected to kick-start the tourism industry, with up to 30,000 visitors expected annually.^[96]

The first aircraft landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigatsiya uskunalar.^[87][97]The airport's opening was scheduled for May 2016, but it was announced in June 2016 that it had been delayed indefinitely due to high winds and shamolni kesish.^[98] In 2017, South African airline Samolyot became the preferred bidder to provide weekly air service between the island and Yoxannesburg.The first commercial flight ever to land at Saint Helena was a charter flight carried out by Samolyot of South Africa on Wednesday, 3 May 2017 from Keyptaun orqali Mochames, Angola yordamida Avro RJ85 ZS-SSH (msn 2285). The flight picked up passengers of RMS Sent-Xelena stranded on the island when Sent-Xelena suffered pervanel zarar.^[99]

On 14 October 2017, Airlink began a weekly service between Johannesburg, South Africa, and Saint Helena Airport using an Embraer E190-100IGW, the first scheduled airline service in Saint Helena's history. With 78 passengers aboard, the airliner arrived at Saint Helena Airport after a flight of about six hours from Johannesburg with a refuel stop at Windhoek.^[100]

In April 2020, UK charter airline Titan Airways became the first operator to land an Airbus airliner on St Helena, following the arrival of an A318. The narrowbody (G-EUNB) was chartered by the UK government to carry medical staff and 2.5t of “essential medical supplies” for the residents of its overseas territory.^[101]

The airport is situated such that at times serious wind shear makes it difficult to land from the north. It is safe to land from the other direction, but it is plagued by tailwinds, which increase landing ground speed, and thus imposes a weight restriction, which translates to fewer passengers.^[102] Nevertheless, only a few flights were delayed to next day during the first half-year.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} This happened a little more often during the second half-year during the local winter.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Fog is a bigger problem than wind shear.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Tufayli Covid-19 pandemiyasi va qat'iy izolyatsiya in South Africa, the commercial air service between South Africa and St Helena was temporarily ceased from 21 March 2020. Private and charter jets shall be accepted only with permission from the Governor. All arriving air passengers are required to quarantine in Bradley's Camp near the airport to reduce the risk of COVID-19 reaching the Island and spreading amongst the population.^[103]

Mahalliy

A minibus offers a basic service to carry people around Saint Helena, with most services designed to take people into Jamestown for a few hours on weekdays to conduct their business. Car hire is available for visitors. There are also a number of taxi companies available including V2 Taxis and Crowie's Taxis.^[104]

Media and communications

Radio

Radio Saint Helena started operations on Christmas Day 1967, and provided a local radio service that had a range of about 100 km (62 mi) from the island, and also broadcast internationally on qisqa to'lqinli radio (11092.5 kHz) on one day a year. The station presented news, features, and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper the St Helena Herald. It closed on 25 December 2012 to make way for a new three-channel FM service, also funded by St. Helena Government and run by the South Atlantic Media Services (SAMS), formerly St. Helena Broadcasting (Guarantee) Corporation.^[105]

SAMS^[106] provides two radio channels to St Helena. SAMS Radio 1 is a music and entertainment channel; SAMS Radio 2 is a relay of the BBC Jahon xizmati. SAMS also produces a weekly newspaper, Qo'riqchi, and a weekly TV news broadcast.

Saint FM^[107] provided a local radio service for the island which was also available on Internet radio^[108] and relayed in Ascension Island. The station was not government-funded. It was launched in January 2005 and closed on 21 December 2012. It broadcast news, features, and music in collaboration with its sister newspaper the St Helena Independent, which continues.

Saint FM Community Radio took over the radio channels vacated by Saint FM and launched on 10 March 2013.^[109] The station operates as a limited-by-guarantee company owned by its members,^[110] and is registered as a fund-raising association. Membership is open to everyone and grants access to a live audio stream.

Vaqti-vaqti bilan havaskor radio operations also occur on the island. The ITU prefiksi used is ZD7.^[111]

Onlayn

Saint Helena Island Info^[112] is an online resource featuring the history of St. Helena from its discovery to the present day, plus photographs and information about life on St. Helena today.

Saint Helena Government^[113] is the official mouthpiece of the island's governing body. It includes news, information for potential visitors and investors, as well as official press releases and pages from the major government departments.

Saint Helena Tourism^[114] is a website aimed at the tourist trade with advice on accommodation, transport, food and drink, events and the like.

Televizor

Sure South Atlantic Ltd (Sure) offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of Inglizlar, BIZ va Janubiy Afrika dasturlash. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport, and BBC channels. The feed signal from MultiChoice DStv yilda Janubiy Afrika is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 20 and Intelsat 36 ichida K_siz guruh.^[115]

SAMS^[106] formerly produced a weekly TV news broadcast, Newsbyte, which was also published on YouTube.

Telekommunikatsiya

Sure provides the telecommunications service in the territory through a digital copper-based telephone network including ADSL broadband service. In August 2011 the first fibre-optic link was installed on the island, which connects the television reception antennas at Bryant's Beacon to the Kabel va simsiz plc Technical Centre in the Briars.

A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) sun'iy yo'ldosh antennasi installed in 1989^[116] at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom.^[117] Since all international telephone and Internet communications are relying on this single satellite link, both Internet and telephone service are subject to Sun outages.

Saint Helena has the xalqaro qo'ng'iroq kodi +290, which Tristan da Cunha has shared since 2006. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from four to five digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit "2", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers (these are still shown as four digits).^[118]

Mobile telephony started operating on the island by late 2015.^[119]

Sure South Atlantic has an exclusive public telecommunication licence until 31 December 2022. Considering the onset of new fibre capacity to the Island from 2022, and the new licence period, a consultation was undertaken which gathered public expectations of telecommunications and electronic communications post 2022.^[120] This is leading to a new Policy on Communications Networks and Services to be developed in 2020.

Internet

Saint Helena was granted the use of .sh as its own Internet mamlakat kodi yuqori darajadagi domen (ccTLD ). This is formally shared with Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha, Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududlari. Registrations of xalqaro domen nomlari are also accepted under this TLD so, for example, the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein uses the .sh domain for some quasi-governmental sites.^[121] In practice several sites dedicated to aspects of life on Saint Helena are run from elsewhere in the world, so they use other TLDs.

St Helena had a 10/3.6 Mbit/s^[117] Internet link via Intelsat 707 (deactivatedJanuary 2011) provided by Sure. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.^{[kim tomonidan? ]} As of December 2013 the total Internet bandwidth for the island was 40 Mbit/s download and 14.4 Mbit/s upload respectively.^[122]

By September 2014, ADSL broadband service was provided with maximum speeds of up to 1,536 kbit/s downstream and 512 kbit/s upstream offered on contract levels from lite at £16 per month to gold+ at £190 per month.^[123] There were a few public wi-fi hotspots in Jamestown in 2010, which were being operated by Sure (formerly Cable & Wireless).^[124]

The Janubiy Atlantika Ekspresi, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) dengiz osti aloqa kabeli connecting Africa to South America, as planned in 2012 by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, was planned to pass St Helena relatively closely. At the time, there were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's axborot jamiyati. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to subsidize the cost of landing the cable at St Helena.^[125] On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by Inson huquqi, a US NGO working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. In 2013, Islanders sought the assistance of the UK Xalqaro rivojlanish bo'limi va Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi in funding the £10m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK government announced in early 2013 that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed.^{[126][yangilanishga muhtoj ]}

In 2017, St Helena Government developed its Digital Strategy, drafted by the Assistant Chief Secretary at the time, Paul McGinnety. The Digital Strategy outlined intentions to connect to a Fibre Optic Cable to achieve developments in Education, Telemedicine and Digital Business.^[127]

In 2018, in Brussels SHG UK Representative, Mrs Kedell Worboys MBE, along with Director for Latin America & Caribbean, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, Jolita Butkeviciene, signed a Financing Agreement for the Territorial Allocation of the 11th European Development Fund (EDF 11). As a result, €21.5 million was allocated to St Helena to support the delivery of the SHG Digital Strategy through the realisation of the submarine cable to enable faster and more reliable internet connectivity on the Island.^[128]

On Christmas Eve in 2019, SHG announced that they had signed a contract with Google to land a branch of the Equiano Cable, named after Olaudah Equiano, an African Author who had been enslaved as a child. The main trunk of the cable will connect South Africa with Portugal. The press release explained that the branch between the main trunk of the Equiano cable and the Island will be 1140 km long and that the target is to deliver the cable and associated high-speed Internet to St Helena by early 2022; providing the cable laying, landing station and associated planning permissions and works to start the service proceed on time.^[129] The landing of the Fibre Optic Cable will help to develop the satellite ground station and work from home sectors, as was set out in St Helena's 2018 Sustainable Economic Development Plan.^[130] The Labour Market Strategy also set out the willingness to attract Digital Nomads to live and work on St Helena.^[131]

Satellite ground stations / Earth stations

In February 2018 St Helena Government launched the project to attract operators of satellite yer stantsiyalari to the island who would lease capacity on the planned submarine cable for backhauling and so contribute to the operational costs of the latter.^[132] Satellite ground stations on St Helena could support communications with satellites in past Yer orbitasi jumladan, ichida bo'lganlar qutbli, ekvatorial va moyil orbit va bilan high-throughput satellites yilda medium earth shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Geostatsionar orbit.^[133]

In 2020, the Policy Statement on Licensing Permanent Earth Stations and Receive Only Earth Stations was endorsed by Executive Council.^[134]

Mahalliy gazetalar

The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent^[135] has been published since November 2005. Qo'riqchi newspaper was introduced in 2012.^[136]

Madaniyat va jamiyat

Ta'lim

The Education and Employment Directorate, formerly the Saint Helena Education Department, in 2000 had its head office in The Canister in Jamestown.^[137] Education is free and compulsory between the ages of five and 16^[138] At the beginning of the academic year 2009–10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school.^[139] The island has three boshlang'ich maktablari for students of age four to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul's.

• St Paul's Primary School in St Paul's,^[140] formerly St Paul's Middle School, has both first and middle levels as it was formed by a 1 August 2000 merger.^[141] 2020 yildan boshlab^[yangilash] it has 134 students and serves, in addition to St Paul's, Bluehill, Gordons Post, New Ground, Sandy Bay, and Upper Half Tree Hollow.^[140] In 2002, in addition to St Paul's it served a portion of Half Tree Hollow as well as the communities of Blue Hill, Guinea Grass, Hunt's Bank, New Ground, Sandy Bay, Thompson's Hill, and Vaughn's.^[141]
• Harford Primary School in Longwood, with Governor James Harford as its namesake,^[140] opened as a senior school in 1957 and became Hardford Middle School in September 1988.^[142] It merged with Longwood First School in 2008. It It also serves Alarm Forest and Levelwood.^[140]
• Pilling Primary School is in Jamestown.^[143] Occupying a former garrison, the school was established in 1941 and became Pilling Middle School in 1988.^[144] Jamestown First School, located next door to Pilling Middle, merged into it in May 2005 as a result of declining enrollment. The merged school initially used both buildings, but as the enrollment continued its decline, the ex-Jamestown First Building, constructed in 1959, was no longer in use after 2007. In addition to Jamestown it serves Alarm Forest, Briars, Lower Half Tree Hollow, Rupert's, and Sea View. 2020 yildan boshlab^[yangilash] it had 126 students.^[143]

Shahzoda Endryu maktabi beradi o'rta ta'lim for students aged 11 to 18.

It formerly had separate first schools catering to younger students (ages 3–7 as of 2002):

• Half Tree Hollow First School, originally a primary school, opened as such in 1949 with its current name and year configuration in place since 1988. In addition to Half Tree Hollow it served Cleugh's Plain, New Ground, and Sapper Way.^[145]
• Jamestown First School, originally Jamestown Junior School, opened as such in 1959 with its current name and year configuration in place since 1988.^[146]
• Longwood First School, originally a primary school, opened in 1949 in a former mess hall for military officers that had been constructed in 1942; this building had an expansion in 1977, and there are four classrooms in a separate building that was built in 1958. Longwood became a "first school" in 1988.^[147]

The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with maxsus ehtiyojlar, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and Masofaviy ta'lim. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere,^[148] open since 1813^[149]) and a mobile library service which operates weekly in rural areas.^[150]

The English national curriculum is adapted for local use.^[150] A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and Vocationally Recognised Qualifications (VRQs):^[151]

GCSE

• Dizayn va texnologiya
• AKT
• Biznesni o'rganish

A/S & A2 and Level 3 Diploma

• Biznesni o'rganish
• Ingliz tili
• Ingliz adabiyoti
• Geografiya
• AKT
• Psixologiya
• Matematika
• Buxgalteriya

VRQ

• Bino va qurilish
• Automotive Studies

Saint Helena has no oliy ma'lumot. Scholarships are offered for students to study abroad.^[150] St Helena Community College (SHCC) has some vocational and professional education programmes available.^[152]

Sport

Historically, the St Helena Turf Club organised the island's first recorded sports events in 1818 with a series of horse races at Deadwood.^[153] Saint Helena has sent teams to a number ning Hamdo'stlik o'yinlari. Saint Helena is a member of the Xalqaro orol o'yinlari assotsiatsiyasi.^[154] The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in xalqaro kriket in Division Three of the African region ning Jahon kriket ligasi 2012 yilda Saint Helena football team first tournament was the 2019 Inter Games Football Tournament after which it was ranked tenth out of ten.

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Keyptaun and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December and January.

In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Yoqubning narvoni every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.^[155]

Skaut

Lar bor Skaut va Yo'l-yo'riq Groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912.^[156] Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book, titled African Adventures.^[157]

Oshxona

In 2017 Julia Buckley of Mustaqil wrote that due to the lack of nouveau cuisine, the food is "Pretty retro, at least by London standards."^[83] Baliq pishiriqlari in a St Helena style, with egg binding and chilli; va a risotto with curry dish called pilau yoki plo, are what Buckley describes as "staple[s]".^[83] Most local recipes are variation of world dishes brought to the island by travellers.^[158]

Taniqli odamlar

• Daniel Caldwell (1816–1875), colonial official.^[159]
• Fernao Lopes (died 1545), Portuguese soldier, first known permanent inhabitant of the island.
• Khalid bin Bargash, deposed Sultan of Zanzibar.
• Napoleon Bonapart, French Emperor, exiled in St Helena.
• Saul Solomon, liberal politician of the British Keyp koloniyasi.
• Sir John Doveton (1768–1847), East India kompaniyasi harbiy ofitser.

Notable creature

• Jonatan , a tortoise native to Saint Helena, the world's oldest known living land animal

Ism egasi

Sent-Xelena, shahar atrofi Melburn, Viktoriya, Avstraliya, was named after the island.

Shuningdek qarang

• Orollar ro'yxati
• Wildlife of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
• Manatee of Helena
• Outline of Saint Helena
• Saint Helena Police Service
• Healthcare on Saint Helena

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

OAV

• St Helena - Atlantika orolidagi uzoq orol kuni YouTube - Deutsche Welle - 2017 yil 28 oktyabr

Tashqi havolalar

• Saint Helena rasmiy hukumat veb-sayti
• St Helena turizmining rasmiy veb-sayti
• Saint Helena Napoleonic Heritage Ltd rasmiy veb-sayti
• Saint Helena Island ma'lumot veb-sayti
• Saint FM radiosi (Saint Helena-dan jonli efir)
• Avliyo Yelena Vikimedia Atlasi
• Sankt-Helena sayohati bo'yicha qo'llanma dan Travellerspoint.
• BBC News: Dunyoning eng chekka orollaridan biridagi hayot
• Napoleon asirligida orolning asosiy joylari, yashash joylari va aholisi
• Seal, Robert F. (1834) Bir qator ko'rinishlar, rejalar va bo'limlarda tasvirlangan Aziz Xelena orolining geognoziyasi. London: Achermann and Co. - raqamli faksimile Linda Xol kutubxonasi
• Izolyatsiya qilingan orollar: Avliyo Yelena (2014), Globe Trekker (Sayohat hujjatli filmi)

Koordinatalar: 15 ° 57′S 005 ° 43′W / 15.950 ° S 5.717 ° Vt / -15.950; -5.717