Xonanda binosi - Singer Building

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Xonanda binosi (so'z ma'nosi).

Xonanda binosi
SingerBuilding crop.jpg
Yozuv balandligi
1908 yildan 1909 yilgacha dunyodagi eng baland[Men]
OldingiFiladelfiya shahar hokimligi
O'zib ketdiMetropolitan Life Insurance Company minorasi
Umumiy ma'lumot
HolatVayron qilingan
TuriTijorat idoralari
Arxitektura uslubiBeaux-Art
Manzil149 Broadway
Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri
Koordinatalar40 ° 42′35 ″ N. 74 ° 00′39 ″ Vt / 40.70972 ° N 74.01083 ° Vt / 40.70972; -74.01083Koordinatalar: 40 ° 42′35 ″ N. 74 ° 00′39 ″ Vt / 40.70972 ° N 74.01083 ° Vt / 40.70972; -74.01083
Qurilish boshlandi1897
Bajarildi1900
Ta'mirlangan1906–1908
Vayron qilingan1968
Balandligi
Maslahat674 fut (205 m)
Uyingizda612 fut (187 m)
Eng yuqori qavat41
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Qavatlar soni41 (er ostidan +1)
Liftlar / liftlar15
Loyihalash va qurish
Me'morErnest Flagg
TuzuvchiSinger ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi
Tarkibiy muhandisBoller & Hodge

The Xonanda binosi (shuningdek Xonanda minorasi[a]) ofis binosi bo'lgan va erta osmono'par bino yilda Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri. Bosh qarorgohi sifatida xizmat qilish Singer ishlab chiqarish kompaniyasi, shimoliy-g'arbiy burchagida edi Ozodlik ko'chasi va Broadway ichida Moliyaviy tuman ning Quyi Manxetten. Bino tomonidan foydalanishga topshirildi Frederik Gilbert Born, Singer kompaniyasining rahbari va me'mor tomonidan bir necha bosqichda yaratilgan Ernest Flagg, ning erta tarafdori Beaux-Art me'moriy uslub, 1897 yildan 1908 yilgacha.

Tugallangan Singer Building 14 qavatli bazadan iborat bo'lib, uni to'liq qamrab olgan yer uchastkasi, shuningdek, tayanchning kichik qismidan qo'shimcha 27 qavat ko'tarilgan minora. 149 Broadway-dagi asl Singer binosi, Ozodlik ko'chasidagi Bourne binosi va keyinchalik ikkala binoga qo'shimchalar kiritilgan. The jabha g'isht, tosh va .dan qilingan edi terakota va minora fonar bilan gumbaz bilan yopilgan. The poydevor minora pastki yotqiziqgacha qazilgan, bazasi esa nisbatan sayoz poydevorlarga suyangan. Singer Building po'lat skeletdan foydalangan, garchi dastlabki tuzilish dastlab qo'llab-quvvatlangan bo'lsa yuk ko'taruvchi devorlar o'zgartirishdan oldin. Qurib bo'lingandan so'ng, binoda katta qabulxona, 16 ta lift va rasadxona mavjud edi.

Dastlab 10 qavatli Xonanda binosi 1897 yildan 1898 yilgacha qurilgan, 14 qavatli Bourne binosi unga 1898 yildan 1899 yilgacha qo'shni holda qurilgan. Xonanda binosining minorasi 1906 yildan 1908 yilgacha yana bir kengayish doirasida qurilgan va ikkalasi ham asl binolar kengaytirilib, kengaytirilgan Singer binosining asosiga aylandi. Singer minorasi edi dunyodagi eng baland bino 1908 yildan 1909 yilgacha, tomining balandligi 612 fut (187 m). Xonanda binosi va unga qo'shni City Investing Building 1968 yilda yo'l ochish uchun vayron qilingan Bitta Liberty Plaza, shahar belgisi sifatida qaralishiga qaramay. Xonanda binosi edi buzilgan eng baland bino uni yo'q qilish paytida.

Sayt

Xonanda binosi shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Ozodlik ko'chasi va Broadway ichida Moliyaviy tuman ning Quyi Manxetten, Abutting City Investing Building shimolga.[3][4] Uchastka deyarli to'rtburchaklar shaklida edi, garchi ko'cha panjarasining joylashuvi tufayli biroz qiyshaygan bo'lsa.[5][6] Lot lotereyasi Ozodlik ko'chasidagi Brodveyda 22,5 m (34 m) ga teng edi.[6]

Dizayn

Broadway-dan, shimoldan shimolga qaragan Singer Building Teng bino

Singer binosi, 1908 yilda qurib bitkazilgan bo'lib, bir necha qismdan iborat edi: original Singer Building, Bourne Building, Singer va Bourne binolari yonidagi ilova va minora. Hammasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Ernest Flagg komissiya ostida Frederik Born, rahbari Xonanda tikuvchilik mashinalari kompaniyasi.[7] Ning erta tarafdori bo'lgan Flagg Beaux-Art me'moriy uslubda, kompaniyaning avvalgi bosh qarorgohini ham loyihalashtirgan edi 561 Broadway,[b] 149-sonli Broadway-dagi Singer binosi qurilganidan keyin "Kichik xonanda binosi" deb nomlangan va ikkinchisi buzilgandan keyin ham mavjud bo'lgan.[8][9]

Rejalar va ishchi rasmlar tayyorlandi Jorj V.Konable.[10] Qurilishni Otto F. Semsch boshchiligidagi muhandislik bo'limi bilan me'moriy idora nazorat qildi,[11][4] shuningdek mexanik uskunalar bo'yicha maslahatchilar Charlz G. Armstrong va po'lat maslahatchilar Boller & Hodge.[4] Qurilish jarayoniga 40 dan ortiq boshqa kompaniyalar jalb qilingan,[4] va 100 ga yaqin qurilish shartnomalari tuzildi. Loyihada bosh pudratchilar yo'q edi; egalari har bir shartnoma uchun mas'ul etkazib beruvchilar bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri aloqa qilishdi.[12][13]

Bino qurilishi paytidagi zamonaviy manbalar "Singer Tower" ni binoning asosini emas, balki faqat minoraning qismini nazarda tutgan deb ta'riflagan. "Singer Building" nomi dastlab bazaning faqat bir qismiga tegishli edi, garchi 20-asrning o'rtalariga kelib u butun tuzilishga murojaat qilgan bo'lsa.[1][2] 1908 yilda minora qo'shilishi tugagach, uning tomi balandligi 187 metr (187 m),[14] tepasida 62 metrlik (19 m) bayroq ustuni o'rnatilib, unga balandlikdan 674 futgacha (205 m) balandlik berildi.[15] Singer binosi qurilishi tugaguniga qadar dunyodagi eng baland bino bo'lgan, shuningdek, buzilgandan keyin vayron qilingan dunyodagi eng baland bino bo'lgan.[16]

Shakl

Binoning poydevori butunlay to'ldirilgan yer uchastkasi. U 10 qavatli asl inshootdan (keyinchalik 14 qavatga kengaytirilgan) va Bourne binosi deb nomlanuvchi 14 qavatli qo'shimchadan iborat edi.[4] Dastlabki Singer binosi Broadwayda 18 metr va Ozodlik ko'chasida 110 fut (34 m), Bourne Building esa 58 fut chuqurlikda va Ozodlik ko'chasida taxminan 23 fut (23 m) frontajga ega edi. .[17] 1906-1907 yillarda asl Singer binosi shimolga qo'shimcha ravishda 30 fut (9,1 m) kengaytirildi va Bourne Building ham g'arbga kengaytirildi.[18] Dastlab Singer va Bourne binolarining balandligi 61 metrga teng edi.[19]

Poydevorning shimoli-g'arbiy burchagi ustidagi 41 qavatli minora to'rtburchaklar shaklida bo'lib, uning o'lchamlari 65 x 65 fut (20 x 20 m) ni tashkil etdi.[4][6][14] Minora cho'qqisidagi gumbaz va chiroqni qo'shganda, Singer minorasi 47 qavatli binoga teng edi.[4][20] Minora taglik orqasida 9,1 metr orqaga qaytarilgan,[4][6] va umumiy maydonning atigi oltidan bir qismini to'ldirdi.[20] Singer Building minorasi bilan minorasi o'rtasida 10 fut (3,0 m) masofa bor edi City Investing Building darhol bir vaqtning o'zida qurilgan shimolga. Bo'shliqning torligi, Singer minorasini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun zarur bo'lgan ustunlar asl Singer Binosi ustiga joylashish uchun juda katta bo'lar edi.[3]

Fasad

Fasad qizil g'ishtdan, och rangli toshdan va terakota.[5] 733000 kvadrat metr (68100 m)2) terakota ham fasad, ham ichki qism uchun ishlatilgan. Butun loyihada besh millionga yaqin g'isht ishlatilgan, shu jumladan minora qismida bir million dona g'isht.[21][22] Taxminan 1500 kub fut (42 m.)3) Shimoliy daryo ko'k tosh ham ishlatilgan,[22] asosan 33-qavat ustida 4,280,000 funt (1,940,000 kg) ohaktosh bo'lgan.[23] Ushbu materiallar uchun pudratchilar orasida g'isht uchun Jon B. Rose kompaniyasi bor edi; Moviy tosh uchun Martin P. Lodj; J.J. Ohaktosh uchun Spurr & Sons; va terakota uchun Nyu-Jersi Terra-Kotta.[24][25][26]

Dekorativ elementlar uchun 101 ta qisqa tonna (90 uzun tonna; 92 t) choyshab mis ishlatilgan.[21] Whale Creek Iron Works, Jno esa bezakli temir bilan ta'minladi. Dekorativ bronzani Uilyams MChJ ta'minladi.[27][2] 85203 kvadrat metr (7915,6 m) bo'lgan2) butun binoda ishlatiladigan shisha, ularning taxminan 10% ichki shisha edi.[21][28] Binoning hamma joylarida, masalan, minora tashqi tomonidagi sakkizta kamar kabi keng bezaklar ishlatilgan.[29]

Asosiy

Asl xonanda binosi qurib bitkazilgan binoning asosini tashkil etdi.

Aslida, Singer Building tosh va g'isht bilan qoplangan. U qurilganida, eng past ikki qavat tosh bilan qoplangan bo'lishi kerak edi. Uchinchi hikoyada ikkala fasad bo'ylab cho'zilgan balkon bor edi. Quyidagi to'rtta hikoya g'isht bilan qoplangan va tosh bilan o'ralgan derazalardan iborat edi. Ettinchi qavat tosh bilan o'ralgan va balkon karniz kabi ikki baravar ko'paygan, sakkizinchi qavatning jabhasi g'ishtdan qilingan. Asl ustki hikoyalar mis va slanetsdan ishlangan, shiftli va toshbo'ronli mo'ynali tomlardan iborat edi. Asosiy kirish joyi Ozodlik ko'chasida bo'lib, haykallar va bezaklar mavjud edi.[30] Bourne Building eng past ikki qavatda va yuqoridagi qizil g'ishtda Indiana shtatidagi ohaktosh bilan to'qnashdi.[31] Baza tarkibida temirdan yasalgan naqshlar bor edi mollar va deraza panjaralari.[32]

1906-1908 yilgi modifikatsiyadan so'ng, asosiy kirish sharqiy jabhada Broadwayga qaragan. Ushbu asosiy kirish uch qavatli baland yarim doira kamariga ega edi. Ikki qavatli arxitrav kamar ostida, o'yib yozilgan kartoshka markazda "Xonanda" ni o'qish. Arkning yuqori qismida beshta vertikal bilan fonar bor edi mollar, uning ostida eni 13 fut (4,0 m) va balandligi 7 fut (7,3 m) bo'lgan bronza panjara bor edi.[33]

O'zgarishlar natijasida dastlabki uchta qavat Shimoliy daryoning rustiklangan tosh toshiga duch keldi.[6] O'sha paytda 7-qavat va uch qavatli tom o'rtasida to'rtta qavatlar qo'shilgan va Broadway jabhasi ikkita koydan beshgacha kengaytirilgan.[2][34] O'zgartirishlar bilan vertikal koylar 4-qavatdan 10-qavatgacha vertikal chiziqlar bilan, 6-qavatdagi derazalar ustidagi pedimentalar bilan ajratildi. O'zgartirilgan taglikning 11 va 12-qavatlari ikki qatorli kichik derazalardan iborat bo'lib, 11-qavatdagi derazalar oralig'ida joylashgan qavslar 12-qavatdagi temir balkonni qo'llab-quvvatlash. Eng yaxshi ikkita hikoya yotoqxona dan chiqadigan derazalar Mansard tomi.[33] Tomning yonbag'ir qismlari shifer bilan qoplangan, tekis qismi esa o'z-o'zidan yaltiroq tom plitalari bilan qoplangan.[35]

Minora

Singer minorasining jabhasi qalinligi yuqori qismida 12 dyuymdan (300 mm) taglikgacha 40 dyuymgacha (1000 mm) gacha bo'lgan g'ishtdan qilingan g'ishtdan qilingan.[36] Singer minorasida har ikki tomonning kengligi 3 futdan iborat bo'lgan beshta koy bor edi.[37] Qurilish rejalarida har bir qavatda 36 ta deraza borligi ko'rsatilgan.[19] Minoraning yuzlari to'q qizil g'ishtdan qilingan, faqat pardozlash kabi dekorativ elementlardan tashqari ko'paytirish, kurslar va derazalar Shimoliy daryoning ko'k toshidan yasalgan. Eng vertikal toshlarni har ikki tomonning uchta markaziy ko'rfazidan ajratib turar ekan, minora old tomonini har ikki tomonning uchta vertikal qismiga ajratdi.[38] 17, 18, 23, 24, 29 va 30-qavatlarning ustki qismida gorizontal kamar kursilari o'ralgan, 18, 24 va 30-qavatlarda esa har ikki tomonda terakota balkonlar mavjud edi.[6] Binodan temir balkonlar ettita qavatli intervalgacha chiqib turardi.[32][38] Minora tepasi yonida vertikal tosh chiziqlar minora gumbazini uyg'otadigan baland bo'yli kamar hosil qildi.[39]

36-qavatdan qariyb 8 metr (2,4 m) uzoqlikda joylashgan, 35-qavatda qavslar yordamida qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan manzarali balkon.[19][35][40] Balkonni konsollar qo'llab-quvvatladilar.[41] 36 va 37 qavatlarning burchak derazalari toshdan yasalgan arxitravlar bilan o'ralgan bo'lsa, 36 dan 38 qavatgacha bo'lgan markaziy ko'rfazlar naqshinkor tosh kamarlar bilan o'ralgan. 38-qavatda joylashgan har bir burchakda oval oynalar bor edi. Ushbu darajadan yuqorisida og'ir toshli korniş burchak va ayvonlarning yuqori qismida yugurdi.[35]

Minora tepasida balandligi 15 metr bo'lgan gumbaz mavjud bo'lib, uning ustki uch qavati joylashgan.[6][41] Uni poydevor bo'ylab 2,7 metr o'lchamdagi fonar yopib qo'ygan,[41] bo'yi 63,75 fut (19 m) ga cho'zilgan.[42] Gumbazning tomi shiferdan, tomning bezaklari, yotoqxonalari va fonarlari misdan ishlangan.[39][43] So'nggi yillarda gumbazning trapetsiyali nurlari o'rniga yotoq oynalari o'rnatildi.[35] Fonarning ustki qismi er sathidan 612 fut (187 m) balandlikda bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, po'lat bayroq ustuni chiroqdan 62 fut (19 m) yuqoriga ko'tarilib, Singer minorasining balandligini erdan o'lchaganida 674 fut (205 m) ga etkazdi. uchi.[32][44] Bayroq ustunining uzunligi aslida 90 fut (27 m) bo'lgan, ammo bayroq ustunining asosi minora ichiga o'rnatilgan edi.[44] Kechasi minora 1600 cho'g'lanma lampalar va o'ttiz 18 dyuymli (460 mm) projektorlar bilan yoritilgan,[45] 32 milya masofada ko'rinib turardi.[21]

Strukturaviy xususiyatlar

Yuqori tuzilish

149 Broadway-dagi asl Singer Building dastlab qo'llab-quvvatlandi yuk ko'taruvchi devorlar, Ozodlik ko'chasidagi 85-89 Bourne Building qo'shimchasida ichki po'lat skelet bor edi.[4] Dastlab Singer Building 1906-1908 yillarda po'lat skeletdan foydalanish uchun o'zgartirilgan.[46] Butun binoda 850 temir ustun ishlatilgan.[47] Ustunlar, asosan, ikki qavatli segmentlarda qurilgan, faqat podvallardan, birinchi qavatdan va 14-16 qavatlardan tashqari.[46][48] Minora tashqari poydevorning mansard tomi qo'llab-quvvatlandi rafters.[49] Millikin Brothers Inc. loyihaning tarkibiy po'lat etkazib beruvchisi edi.[13][41]

Minora qismida odatiy zamin rejasi

1906-1908 yillardagi Singer minorasi qo'shimchasida po'lat skelet bor edi va og'irligi 18 365 tonna (16 397 uzun tonna; 16 660 tonna).[37] Minora ustunlari markazlarida bir-biridan 12 fut (3,7 m) masofada joylashgan.[14] Ikkala tomonning uchta markaziy qismida derazalar joylashganligi sababli, faqat burchaklarda to'liq diagonali mustahkamlash ishlatilgan va shunga o'xshash tarzda kvadrat prizmalar sifatida ko'rib chiqilgan.[49][50] Ichkarida minora burchaklari bilan uzunasiga bog'langan, markaziy joylashgan lift vallari uchun yana bir inshoot mavjud edi.[19][38][51] Minora burchaklaridagi ustunlar to'rtinchi qavatda to'siq bilan qo'llab-quvvatlangan, 36 ta ustun podvaldan minoraga ko'tarilgan.[41][52] Minoraning har bir burchagiga to'rtta ustun qo'yilgan, yana oltita ustun esa lift shaftalariga joylashtirilgan.[19][52] Har bir truss yuqoriga qarab ikki qavatga cho'zilib, ustunlar va qavslar shamolga chidamli konsol vazifasini o'taydi.[19][49] Shimol va janubdagi qavslar har birida o'n bitta, sharq va g'arbda esa o'nta panel bor edi.[19] Minora markazidagi to'rtta ustun uning gumbazini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[41][53]

Yuqori qurilish ikkita bom yordamida o'rnatildi derriklar. Ulardan biri quvvati 40 qisqa tonna (36 uzun tonna; 36 t), 75 fut (23 m) ustun va 65 fut (20 m) bom, po'lat nurlarini er sathidan balandlikka ko'targan 17-qavatli platforma. Ikkinchisi 17-qavatga o'rnatildi va uning quvvati 25 qisqa tonna (22 uzun tonna; 23 t); bu qasr minoraning po'latini o'rnatdi.[54][55] Odatda, temirni zamin sathidan ustki tuzilishga o'tkazish uchun besh daqiqadan kam vaqt ketdi.[55] Nemis po'lati Singer minorasi ramkasida nemis mahorati amerikaliklarga qaraganda yaxshiroq ekanligiga ishonganligi sababli ishlatilgan.[38][56] Minora ustki tuzilishi har kvadrat metr uchun (1,4 kPa) 30 funt shamol bosimiga bardosh berishga mo'ljallangan edi,[53][57][58] mahallada qayd etilgan shamolning eng yuqori bosimi Singer Building qurilishi paytida kvadrat metr uchun 10 funtdan (0,48 kPa) kam bo'lgan bo'lsa ham.[57][59]

Ichki tuzilishda 4520 qisqa tonna (4040 uzun tonna; 4100 tonna) dan foydalanilgan Portlend tsement va 300000 kvadrat metr (28000 m.)2) beton zamin qoplamasi.[28] Singer Building-ning qavatlarida odatda 10 dyuym (250 mm) chuqurlikdagi terakota yassi kamarlari ishlatilgan va ko'plab ichki qismlarda terakota bloklari ham ishlatilgan.[36]

Jamg'arma

Ning asosiy qatlami tosh chuqurligi 28 metr bo'lgan, uning ustida qatlamlar bo'lgan tez qum, qattiq tosh, toshlar, loy va tuproq. Bundan tashqari, suv sathi Singer binosidan 20 fut (6,1 m) pastroq bo'lgan.[60][61] Biroq, uchastkaning er osti tarkibi sezilarli darajada o'zgarib turardi, chunki qattiq joy ba'zi joylarda ixcham, boshqalarda esa bo'shashgan edi.[62] Suv sathidan pastda, er osti suvlari bilan to'yingan edi, shu sababli podvalni an'anaviy ravishda qazish mumkin emas edi.[59] Jamg'arma kompaniyasi poydevor bo'lgan.[13][62]

The poydevor chunki minora pnevmatik yordamida 85 fut (26 m) chuqurlikda qazilgan kessonlar.[c] Kessonlar pastki tuproqni olish uchun ishlatilgan, so'ngra beton bilan to'ldirilib, ustunlar hosil qilingan.[59][61][63] Har bir kesson tirgagi har bir kvadrat metr uchun (1400 kPa) 30000 funt ko'tarishga mo'ljallangan edi.[37] Kesson tirgaklari ustiga temir po'latdan yasalgan to'siqlar qo'yildi.[64] Minora qo'shimchasining shamolni kuchaytiruvchi ustki tuzilishi dizayni tufayli ba'zi tirgaklarning yuqoriga qarab tortilishi o'lik yuk bu tirgaklar olib borgan. Natijada, turli uzunlikdagi ko'plab ko'zoynaklar kessonlarning o'ntasiga singdirildi, beton esa ko'zoynaklar ustiga quyildi.[53][57][65] Tayoqchalar kesson tirgaklariga 50 metr (15 metr) ichiga joylashtirilgan. Tizim o'ylab topilgan uyda Flagg ofisida odatdagi poydevordan ikki baravar qimmatroq bo'lganligi Singer minorasi o'lchamidagi bino uchun sarflanishi mumkin edi.[37][66] Dastlabki rejada kessonlar atigi 20 fut (6,1 m) chuqurlikda cho'ktirilishi kerak edi, ammo quruvchilar qazish ishlari o'rtalarida rejalarini o'zgartirdilar, shunda kessonlar qattiq yo'lga tushishdi.[63]

Binoning asl qismlari qurilgan panjara Yulka sathidan 24 fut (7,3 m) pastda.[62] Ushbu poydevor minora qo'shilganda mustahkamlandi.[34] Singer binosining umumiy og'irligi, shu jumladan minora qo'shilishi bilan, beton poydevor ustunlari ustidagi 54 ta temir ustunlar tomonidan bajarilgan.[67]

Ichki ishlar

Singer Building yong'inga chidamli bo'lishi uchun mo'ljallangan edi va minora qismida asosan beton pollar ishlatilgan, ba'zi eshiklar, derazalar, to'siqlar va dekorativ elementlarda yog'och ishlatilgan.[68][69] Baza minoradan ko'proq yog'och ishlatar edi, asosan pollar, derazalar va eshiklarda.[68] Binoning barcha zinapoyalari quyma temirdan yasalgan.[32] Singer binosidagi ichki bezak yog'ochga, shu jumladan eshiklarga o'xshash qilib bo'yalgan metalldan qilingan. 34-qavatdagi Singer kompaniyasining asosiy ofislarida haqiqiy yog'och mebel ishlatilgan.[69][70] Shuningdek, H. W. Miller Inc tomonidan bajarilgan dekorativ gips xususiyatlari ham mavjud edi.[2][71] Gips devorlar va shiftlar uchun juda ko'p ishlatilgan.[69] Binodagi foydalanishga yaroqli ofis maydoni 9,5 gektar maydonni (38000 m) tashkil etdi2).[14]

Xonanda binosi suv oldi Nyu-York shahrining suv ta'minoti tizimi, u erda ammiak spirallari orqali filtrlangan va keyin ikkita filtr orqali ikkita assimilyatsiya idishiga solingan.[72] Singer binosining ichkarisida soatiga 15000 AQSh gallon (57000 l; 12000 imp gal) talab qilinadigan ehtiyojni qondirish uchun ettita suv idishi bor edi. Singer minorasining 29, 39 va 42-qavatlaridagi uchta tankning umumiy hajmi 15000 AQSh gallonni (57000 l; 12000 imp gal) tashkil qilgan va minoraning turli qismlariga xizmat qilgan. Bunga qo'shimcha ravishda, bazani suv bilan ta'minlash uchun Bourne Building-da 5000 AQSh gallonlik (19000 l; 4200 imp gal) bo'lgan bitta tank va dastlabki 18000 AQSh gallon (68000 l; 15000 imp gal) ning uchta tanki bor edi. Xonanda binosi.[19][73] Bu minora qismidagi barcha idoralarni sovuq, issiq va muzli suv bilan ta'minlashga imkon berdi.[73] Bodrumdagi ikkita isitgich butun binoni isitadigan suv bilan ta'minladi. Ikkita nasosli sovutgich zavodi va har kuni 500 dan 1000 funtgacha (230 dan 450 kg gacha) muz ishlab chiqarishga qodir bo'lgan kichik muzlatish tizimi mavjud edi.[74]

Singer Building vakuumli bug 'tizimini o'z ichiga olgan, garchi pastki qavat lobbi va podvaldagi tonozlar bilvosita bug' tizimi bilan isitilgan. Isitish har bir qavatda joylashgan po'lat radiatorlardan kelib chiqqan; pastki qavatdagi bank xonalaridagi radiatorlar va Singer kompaniyasining 33 va 34 qavatdagi ofislari dekorativ ekranlar bilan o'ralgan.[75] Bino bo'ylab 1600 ga yaqin bug 'radiatorlari o'rnatildi.[76] Binoning qozonxonalari issiqlik bilan ta'minlashdan tashqari, butun binoni quvvat bilan ta'minlagan.[77] Qozonxonalar ehtiyojni qondirish uchun 150.000.000 funt (68.000.000 kg) bug 'bosimi ishlab chiqarishi kerak edi.[21] Dastlab Bourne va original Singer binolarida 546 ot kuchiga ega qozonxonalar (407 kVt) va 387,5 kilovatt (519,6 ot kuchi) quvvat generatorlari mavjud edi.[78] 1906-1908 yillardagi qo'shimchalar bilan 1925 ot kuchiga ega (1435 kVt) qozonxonalar o'rnatildi,[44][77] va 1400 kilovatt (1900 ot kuchiga ega) generatorlar qo'shilib, eskilarini almashtirdi. Binoning shimoli-g'arbiy burchagida joylashgan temir tutun City Investing Building shimolga.[78]

Lobbi mezzaninining ichki ko'rinishi

Lobbi

Broadway-dan kirish joyi,[35] Pavonazzo marmar bilan ishlangan va 42 qisqa tonna (38 uzun tonna; 38 tonna) bronza bilan ishlangan.[79][80] Qabulxona "osmon nurlari" bilan ajralib turardi.[7] Lobbi shiftini bronza munchoqlar bilan ishlangan ikki qatorli sakkiz kvadrat marmar ustunlar qo'llab-quvvatlagan.[39][69][80] Har bir ustun ustida Singer Company monogrammasi yoki igna, ip va bobin tasvirlangan katta bronza medallar bor edi.[7][39][80] Ustunlarning tepalari dekorativ edi iloji bor,[80] yuqoridagi sirlangan gips gumbazlarini qo'llab-quvvatlagan.[71] Pendentivlar oltin barg bilan bezatilgan.[81] Gumbazlarning barabanlari dastlab temir ramkalarda tekis, aylana shaklidagi sarg'ish rangli shisha chiroqlarni o'z ichiga olgan bo'lib, keyinchalik ular zamonaviy shisha yoritish moslamalari bilan almashtirildi.[69]

Darhol kirish eshigi tashqarisida, qabulxonaning ikki tomonida balkonga va podvalga tushadigan narvon bor edi,[35][82] janubiy devorda esa asl Singer binosiga zinapoyalar bor edi.[69][82] Liftlar shimoliy devorga, asl Singer binosiga zinapoya qarshisida to'plangan.[35][82][83] Bronza bilan bezatilgan balkon qabulxonani ko'rib chiqmadi.[80] Qabulxonaning orqa tomonida Italiyaning marmar zinalari bor edi, ular balkonning har ikki qismiga ulanadigan ikkita parvozga bo'lingan.[69][80] Orqa zinapoyaning markaziy qo'nish joyidagi usta soat binoning boshqa barcha soatlarini boshqargan.[69][84]

Ozodlik ko'chasida asosiy qabulxonadan tashqari ikkita ikkinchi darajali kirish joyi bor edi: biri asl Singer binosiga va yana biri Bourne binosiga. Ikkala ikkinchi darajali kirish joylari ham shimolga asosiy qabulxonaga ulangan. Birinchi qavatda chakana savdo maydoni ham mavjud edi.[83]

Bodrum

Qozonxona va mexanik zavod podvalda bo'lib, beshta qozon va beshta generatordan iborat edi.[78] Qozonxonalar binoning g'arbiy qismi ostida to'plangan, markazda esa dvigatel xonasi joylashgan. Nasos xonasi va mashina xonasi janubi-sharqiy burchakda, bosh muhandisning ish xonasi, elektrchining xonasi va chiqindi qog'oz xonasi bo'lgan. Kompressor xonasi shimoli-sharqiy burchakda edi.[85]

Erto'ladan yo'lak sharqqa xavfsiz depozitlargacha cho'zilgan.[85] Nyu-Yorkning Xavfsiz Depozit Kompaniyasi tomonidan 10 000 kvadrat metr (930 m) oralig'ida o'nta kassa ishlatilgan2). Xazinalarning har birida bir necha ming kassa bor edi va kassa devorlari bir necha po'latdan yasalgan edi. Eng katta tonoz eshigi og'irligi 16 qisqa tonnadan (14 uzun tonna; 15 tonna) bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, tonozlar kompaniyaning uchta qo'mita xonasida joylashgan.[86]

Boshqa qavatlar

2-13 qavatlarda liftlardan uzoqda joylashgan "T" shaklidagi yo'lak yonida joylashgan idoralar joylashgan.[69] 2 - 13 qavatlarning shiftlari odatda oq rangga bo'yalgan akvarel devorlari engil qoraygan paytda.[81] Baza o'rtacha qavatida 40 ta ofis joylashgan.[14]

Minora qavatlarida bino markazidagi liftlarni o'rab turgan "U" shaklidagi tartib bor edi, minora yadrosida avariya zinapoyalari bo'lgan. Singer Building minorasida juda kam bo'linmalar bor edi, faqat liftlar va hojatxonalardan tashqari.[69][87] Minoraning o'rtacha qavatida 16 ta ofis joylashgan.[14][19] Ushbu qavatlardagi shiftlar fil suyagiga bo'yalgan va devorlari zaytun yashil rangiga bo'yalgan.[81] Singer kompaniyasining asosiy ofislari 33-35 qavatlarida, u erda bezak gipslari ko'p bo'lgan.[71]

Singer binosida jamoat uchun eng baland nuqta chiroqlar balkonida yo'l chetidan 564 fut (172 m) balandlikda joylashgan.[40] Rasadxona 1908 yil 23-iyunda ochilganda,[88] mehmonlar binoning yuqori qismidagi kuzatuv maydonidan foydalanish uchun 0,50 dollar to'lashdi (2019 yilda 14 dollarga teng). Ushbu rasadxonadan tashrif buyuruvchilar 48 km uzoqlikda ko'rishlari mumkin edi.[89] Ikki kishi rasadxonadan sakrab vafot etgandan so'ng, Singer minorasi "O'z joniga qasd qilishning eng yuqori cho'qqisi" laqabini oldi va 1930-yillarda rasadxona yopildi.[79] Rasadxonadan bir qator tik narvon va zinapoyalar fonarga olib bordi.[43]

Liftlar

O'n besh edi Otis qurib bitkazilgan binoda elektr tortish liftlari,[90][91] shuningdek bitta elektr barabanli lift, jami o'n oltita lift.[92][93] Minora qismida to'qqizta lift mavjud bo'lib, ulardan sakkiztasi qabulxonadan chiqib ketgan.[12] Ulardan to'rttasi vestibyul va 13-qavat o'rtasida to'xtab turadigan "mahalliy" liftlar bo'lib, ulardan ikkitasi yerto'laga tushgan. Qabulxonadan to'rtta "ekspress" liftlar yuqori qavatlargacha yugurdi, ulardan uchtasi 35-qavatda, to'rtinchisi 40-qavatda tugadi. Yana bir "avtoulov" lifti faqat 35 dan 38 gacha bo'lgan qavatlarga xizmat qilgan.[12][94] Liftlar 2500 funt (1100 kg) gacha bo'lgan yuklarni ko'tarishi va qabulxonadan yuqori qavatga daqiqada 600 fut (180 m / min) tezlikda borishi mumkin edi, bu o'sha paytdagi barcha liftlardan tezroq.[90][93][95]

Baza ettita liftga ega edi: to'rttasi Bourne binosida va uchta asl Singer binosida. Bazadagi ikkita lift, Bornda va o'ziga xos Singer binolarida bittadan, podvaldan tomgacha bo'lgan barcha qavatlarga xizmat ko'rsatgan. Qolgan beshtasi faqat birinchi qavatdan 14 qavatga yugurishdi.[93] Original Singer Building liftlari binoning janubi-sharqiy qismida bitta guruhga, Bourne Building liftlari esa qarama-qarshi ikkita juftlikda bo'lgan.[82] Bino rahbarlari ayollarni yollashdi lift operatorlari, ular "har doim tayyor" orqa gap "bilan shafqatsiz erkak operator" dan farqli o'laroq, ularni "tashqi qiyofada ishbilarmon va muloyim muomala" deb ta'rifladilar.[96] Shuningdek, kabinalarda lift operatorlari va boshlang'ichlarning aloqa o'rnatishi uchun telefonlar o'rnatildi.[97][98]

Tarix

Asl bino va ilova

1890 yil fevral oyida Singer Manufacturing Company 151-153 Broadway-da lotni sotib oldi.[99] Keyingi oy ular ikki ko'chaning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Broadway 149 va Ozodlik ko'chasi, 83-uydan sotib olishdi.[99][100] Uchta uchastka kompaniyaga 950,000 dollardan (2019 yildagi 25,352,000 dollar) teng bo'lgan va o'sha paytda to'rt-olti qavatli binolar egallagan.[99] Uchta lot Singer Kompaniyasini sotib olishdan oldin alohida bo'lgan, ammo sotib olinganidan keyin birlashtirilgan.[101]

Ernest Flagg 1897 yil boshida asl Singer binosi uchun rejalar tuzgan. Rejalar bo'yicha eng past ikki qavatda bank xonalari, Singer kompaniyasining ofislari markazida va ijaraga berilgan ofis binolari bo'lgan 10 qavatli tosh va g'ishtli bino qurilishi kerak edi. o'rta oltita hikoyalar.[30][102] Qurilish o'sha yili boshlangan. Qurilish paytida, ishchilar 1897 yil iyun oyida ushbu joyni qazishayotganda, suv quvuri yorilib, uchastkani suv bosdi.[103] Shunga qaramay, original Singer Building 1898 yil boshida qurib bitkazildi.[4][104]

1897 yil dekabrda, "Singer Building" ning asl qurilishi tugamasdan, Bourne Ozodlik ko'chasidagi 85-89-uylarda 74,8 x 99,8 fut (22,8 x 30,4 m) uchastkada uchta besh qavatli inshootlarni sotib oldi.[102][105][106] Saytdagi 14 qavatli Bourne binosini loyihalashtirish uchun Flagg saqlanib qoldi va 1898 yilda qurilish rejalarini taqdim etganida, ilova qiymati 450 ming dollarga baholandi.[107][31] Bourne Bourne Building saytiga 1899 yil sentyabrgacha ega bo'lmadi,[108] va Bourne Building shu yili qurib bitkazildi.[4] 1900 yilga kelib, asl Singer va Bourne binolari ikkalasi ham to'liq ishg'ol qilingan.[102] Ijarachilar orasida yuridik idora ham bo'lgan Augustus Van Uayk,[109] shuningdek Amerikaning Trust kompaniyasi.[110] Qozon ishlab chiqaruvchilari Babkok va Uilkoks 20-asrning boshidan boshlab qirq yildan ko'proq vaqt davomida Singer Building-ni egallab olgan uzoq muddatli ijarachilar edi.[111]

Kengayish

1919 yilda Quyi Manxettenning sharqqa qarab havodan ko'rinishi; Singer minorasi o'ng markazda joylashgan

Keyinchalik sotib olish 1900-yillarda kuzatilgan. Bourne, 1900 yilda Broadway-da 39,8 fut (12,1 m) atrofida bo'lgan 155 va 157 Broadway-da temirdan yasalgan bino sotib oldi.[102][105] Buning ortidan 1902 yilda faqat 12,5 fut (3,8 m) frontajli 163 Broadway uyi sotib olindi,[112] va 1903 yilda Ozodlik ko'chasi 93 qavatli besh qavatli uyni sotib olish yo'li bilan, uning old tomoni 27 fut (8,2 m).[113] 1905 yilga kelib, Singer kompaniyasi Broadway va Ozodlik ko'chalari bo'ylab blokning katta qismini nazorat qildi; original Singer Building G'arbga, keyin Broadway va Ozodlik ko'chasining shimoli-g'arbiy burchagidan shimolga cho'zilgan L shaklidagi inshoot edi.[114]

Minora qurilishi

Er sotib olish bilan bir vaqtda, Flagg 1902 yilda Singer binosiga ikkinchi qo'shimchani loyihalash uchun saqlab qolindi. Keyingi yil boshlarida u dunyodagi eng baland bino bo'lib, 35 qavatdan iborat binoni rejalashtirgan edi.[4] Ammo Singer Manufacturing Company 1906 yil fevralgacha dunyodagi eng baland 594 futlik (181 m) minorani qurishini e'lon qilguniga qadar aniq tafsilotlarni oshkor qilmadi.[89][115] 1906 yil iyul oyida qayta ko'rib chiqilgan rejalar tuzildi, bu esa shamolga chidamli tuzilishni ta'minladi.[116] Kompaniya 31-qavat ustidagi joyni egallashni mo'ljallagan va yuqori qavatlardan foydalanishni subsidiyalash uchun minoraning pastki qismini ijarachilarga ijaraga berishni rejalashtirgan.[4] Singer kompaniyasi yiliga $ 250,000 ijaraga olishini prognoz qildi, kvadrat metr boshiga $ 3 ijaraga berishning boshlang'ich narxi ($ 32 / m)2).[117] Me'morning rejalari va texnik shartlari nashr etilishi bilanoq qurilish rejalarini tuzish uchun ko'plab muhandislar yollangan.[118]

Poydevor qurilishidan oldin, quruvchilar pastki tuproq tarkibini aniqlash uchun bir nechta sinov burg'ulashlarini o'tkazdilar.[20][62] Poydevor qazish bo'yicha shartnomalar 1906 yil avgust oyida rejalar tasdiqlanmasdan oldin berildi.[119] Singer minorasining rejalari 1906 yil 12 sentyabrda tasdiqlangan,[120] va qazish ishlari o'sha oyning oxirida boshlandi,[60][61][120] rasman 19 sentyabrda boshlanadigan ish bilan.[13][120] Kengligi 30 fut (9,1 m) bo'lgan va Broadway-dan qazish maydoniga tushadigan yog'och platforma qurilgan bo'lib, ishchilar materiallarni olishlari va tuproqni samarali qazib olishlari mumkin edi.[61] Dastlabki temir jo'natmalar, ankrajlar uchun 1906 yil oktyabrda kelgan.[118] Poydevor ishlari 1907 yil 18-fevralda yakunlandi.[120]

Keyinchalik yuqori qurilish qurilgan. Minora ustqurmasi o'rnatilayotganda vaqtincha lift o'rnatildi.[121] Qurilish jarayonida shahar qurilish inspektorlari qurilishchilar shahar qonunchiligini buzib, ichi bo'sh plitka o'rniga beton taxta o'rnatgan deb da'vo qilishdi. Natijada, qurilishchilar talablarga javob bermaydigan kamarlarning bir qismini almashtirishni buyurdilar.[122] 1907 yil avgustga kelib po'latdan yasalgan ramka 36 qavatni tashkil etdi Vashington yodgorligi balandligi.[123] O'sha oy, Shahzoda Vilgelm qurilish jarayonini ko'rish uchun Shvetsiya 29 qavatiga tashrif buyurdi.[124] 1907 yil 4 oktyabrda bino chiqib ketdi bayroq ustunini ko'tarish bilan.[125][126] Bino tepadan ko'tarilgandan so'ng, ichki qismlar jihozlangan va shiva qilingan.[71] Kuchli shamollarga qaramay, qurilishda jiddiy baxtsiz hodisalar bo'lmagan.[11] 1908 yil fevral oyida 40-qavatda kichik bir yong'in sodir bo'lgan Los Anjeles Tayms o'sha paytda "dunyodagi har qanday binoda eng yuqori yong'in" deb ta'riflangan.[127]

Baza kengayishi

Minora qurilishi bilan birgalikda, 1905 yil oxirida Flagg Bourne Building-ga g'arbiy yo'nalishdagi qo'shiqni va asl Singer Building-ning shimolga qo'shimchasini loyihalash uchun yollandi. Bourne va Singer binolari ichki birlashishi kerak edi va eski Singer Building 14 qavatli qilib kengaytirilishi kerak edi.[17] Bourne Building-ning eng yuqori hikoyasi Bourne Building-ning pastki qavatlari bilan bir xil maydonni qamrab oladigan darajada kengaytirilishi kerak edi.[128] Bourne va Singer kengaytmalari uchun rejalar mos ravishda 1906 yil oxiri va 1907 yil boshlarida tuzilgan.[120]

Singer minorasini qurish paytida asl Singer binosi paxta qilingan va qo'shimcha poydevorlar qurilgan.[34][63][129] Qadimgi Xonanda binosining eng yaxshi uchta qissasi, shu jumladan mansard peshtoqi 1907 yil iyun oyida vaqtincha ajratib olindi, shu sababli mavjud ettinchi qavatning ustiga to'rtta qo'shimcha hikoya qo'shilishi mumkin edi. Shunday qilib, eski Singer Binoning eski sakkizinchi hikoyasi yangi 12-hikoyaga aylandi. Bunga 15600 kvadrat metr (1450 m) qo'shildi2) pastki qavatlardagi ijarachilarni bezovta qilmaydigan foydali maydon.[34][130] Eski binoning old va orqa balandliklarida bir necha ustunlar ko'tarilib, ko'tarilgan tomni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun podvaldan 11-qavatga qadar cho'zilgan. Singer binosining mavjud qavatlarida tuynuklar podshipnik devorlari bilan emas, balki temir ustunlar bilan ta'minlanishi uchun yaratilgan.[46] Eski Xonanda binosi shimolga 74 metr (23 m) uzaytirildi, Broadway ustidagi uchta qo'shimcha koy esa asl ikkitasi bilan bir xil uslubda ishlangan.[2]

Bourne binosida mavjud bo'lgan uchta lift olib tashlandi va to'rtta lift bilan almashtirildi, bu eski lift vallari atrofidagi ramkalarni to'liq almashtirishni talab qildi.[46] Asl xonanda binosining asosiy eshigi kichkina deraza bilan almashtirildi.[2]

Tugatish va undan keyingi foydalanish

Xonanda binosi Hudson terminali 1909 yilda

1908 yil 1-mayda minora jamoatchilik uchun ochildi.[60][120] Qurilish ishchilari o'sha hafta ishning yakunlanishini nishonlash uchun kechki ovqatni uyushtirdilar.[131] Bir oy o'tgach, 23 iyun kuni kuzatuv balkoni ochildi.[88] Singer binosi tezda yoritilgan minorasi bilan Manxettenning ramziga aylandi.[11] Singer binosi minora qurilishi tugagandan so'ng bir yil davomida dunyodagi eng baland bino bo'ldi. Rekordni 700 metr (210 m) bosib o'tdi Metropolitan Life Insurance Company minorasi da 23-ko'cha va Medison-avenyu Manhettenda Flatiron tumani, 1909 yilda yakunlangan.[7][d]

In the building's first few months, the elevators were involved in at least two deaths: that of a painter on May 4,[132] and that of a plumber's assistant on July 24.[133] In a publicity stunt in 1911, the aviator Harry Atwood flew around the Singer Building.[134] The expanded building's tenants included Chatham and Phenix National Bank, whose main office moved to the Singer Building in 1916.[135] The vaults were originally occupied by the Safe Deposit Company of New York.[86][136] The power source for the building's steam plant was converted from coal to oil in 1921, making the Singer Building the city's first office building to use oil as a fuel.[137]

In 1921, the Singer Company placed the building for sale at an asking price of $10 million.[138] The building was sold in 1925 to a buyer representing the Utilities Power and Light Corporation, a holding company for several states' power companies. The transaction involved a cash deal of $8.5 million.[139] The same year, a subbasement vault was dug for the Chatham and Phenix National Bank after the bank's merger with the Metropolitan Trust Company, and three of the lower floors were renovated for the bank's use.[140]

Over the Singer Building's existence, its lighting was changed at least five times,[2] The copper ornamentation on the tower's dome was restored in 1939.[79] The flagpole and roof crestings were removed entirely in early 1947.[2] The building experienced an electrical fire in 1949 that forced the evacuation of the entire building, although only one person was injured.[141][142] The revolving doors at the base had been removed by 1958, being replaced with standard doors. A year later, new elevators and elevator doors were installed to comply with building codes. Toward the end of its existence, the Singer Building's two large ground-level storefronts were subdivided into smaller ones.[2] Taller buildings continued to be constructed in New York City, and by its 50th anniversary in 1958, the Singer Building was only the 16th tallest in the city.[143]

Buzish

In 1961, Singer announced that it would sell the building and move to Rokfeller markazi.[144] According to property records, the Singer Company sold the building to Iacovone Rose, who immediately sold it to Financial Place Inc.[13] The building was then acquired by real estate developer Uilyam Zekendorf, who sought unsuccessfully for the Nyu-York fond birjasi to move there. 1964 yilda, United States Steel acquired the Singer Building, along with the neighboring City Investing Building.[145] Shu joyda yangi 54 qavatli shtab-kvartirani qurish uchun US Steel butun blokni buzishni rejalashtirgan.[146]

The Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joylarini saqlash bo'yicha komissiyasi was created in 1965,[147] in the wake of several notable buildings in the city having been either demolished or threatened with demolition.[148] Although the Singer Building was considered to be one of the most iconic buildings in New York City, it did not receive landmark designation, which would have prevented it from being torn down. In August 1967, the commission's executive director Alan Burnham said that if the building were to have been made a landmark, the city would have to either find a buyer for it or acquire it.[149] Sem Roberts keyinchalik yozgan The New York Times that the Singer Building had been one of the city's notable structures that "weren't considered worth preserving".[150] Demolition had commenced by September 1967.[151] A Nyu-York Tayms writer observed in March 1968 that the lobby looked like "a bomb had hit it".[11] The last piece of scrap had been carted away in early 1969, and the Nyu-York Daily News observed, "The Singer fell victim to a malady called progress".[152]

AQShning po'lat binosi (keyinchalik ma'lum bo'lgan Bitta Liberty Plaza ) saytda qurilgan, 1973 yilda qurib bitkazilgan.[83] Bir Liberty Plazada 37000 kvadrat metr (3400 m) joylashgan2) per floor, compared with the 4,200 square feet (390 m2) per floor in the Singer Building's tower.[7] Liberty Plazaning bitta binosida avvalgi ikkita bino birlashtirilgan ichki maydon kamida ikki baravar ko'p bo'lgan.[153] At the time of the Singer Building's demolition, it was the tallest building ever to be destroyed.[16][154][155] The record remained until the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, bu sabab bo'lgan qulash of the nearby Jahon savdo markazi.[5] Afterward, the Singer Building remained the tallest building to be destroyed by its owners,[156] until 2019, when deconstruction of the 707-foot (215 m) Park xiyoboni 270 building started in Midtown Manxetten.[157]

Ta'sir

Diagram of the world's tallest buildings from 1908 to 1974; the Singer Building is at far left

Flagg, a noted critic of existing skyscrapers, justified taking on the project as a way of generating support for skyscraper reform, by convincing the public that such tall skyscrapers were detrimental because they blocked light from reaching the surrounding streets.[158] As late as 1904, one architectural magazine wrote that "Ten stories were his limit."[159] According to Flagg, buildings over 10 or 15 stories needed to have a setback tower occupying no more than a quarter of the lot.[101][1] He had once written, "Our rooms and offices are becoming so dark that we must use artificial light all day long."[3] Flagg's opinions on city planning and skyscraper design were expressed in the Singer Building's design.[101] Arxitektura yozuvchilari Sara Landau va Karl V. Kondit wrote in 1996 that the building's design partly influenced the city's 1916 yilni rayonlashtirish qarori, which required skyscrapers in New York City to have setbacks as they rose; this was designed to prevent the city's mid-20th century skyscrapers from overwhelming the streets with their sheer bulk.[e] However, these setbacks were not required if the building occupied 25% or less of its lot.[83]

Nyu-York Tayms me'morchilik tanqidchisi Kristofer Grey said in 2005 that the Singer Building's tower resembled "a bulbous mansard and giant lantern".[7] Me'moriy yozuvchi Jeyson Barr stated in 2016 that the Singer Building was a "transitional building" in skyscraper development.[5] Landau and Condit described the building as "an aesthetic triumph that enriched the city by demonstrating the sculptural possibilities of the steel-framed skyscraper".[83] When the building was being demolished, Ada Luiza Xukstable said, "The master never produced a more impressive ruin than the Singer Building under demolition."[162] Not all critics appraised the Singer Building positively; The Nyu-York Globu in the 1900s had called the Singer Building an "architectural giraffe" and said that such a tall building would hinder the ability of fire services to rescue people on the upper floors.[11]

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ The "Singer Tower" name generally referred only to the Singer Building's tower, which covered a small portion of the lot.[1][2]
  2. ^ 561 Broadway is between Prince and Bahor Streets in what is now SoHo.[8]
  3. ^ The building's chief engineer cites 30 caissons,[63] but the number of caissons is also cited as thirty-four.[6][64]
  4. ^ Although it was the world's tallest building, the Singer Building was not the tallest structure in the world; that record was held by the Eyfel minorasi, which was 1,063 feet (324 m) tall.[5]
  5. ^ 1916 yilgi rayonlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan, ko'chaga qaragan har qanday minoraning devori faqat ma'lum bir balandlikka ko'tarilishi mumkin, bu ko'chaning kengligi bilan mutanosib bo'lib, u holda binoni ma'lum nisbat bilan orqaga qaytarish kerak edi. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsizliklar tizimi minora qavat sathiga etib borguncha davom etaverar edi, unda bu qavat maydonchasi er sathidan 25% tashkil etadi. Shundan so'ng, 25% eshikka erishilgandan so'ng, bino cheklovsiz ko'tarilishi mumkin edi.[160] Ushbu qonun bekor qilingan 1961 yilni rayonlashtirish qarori.[161]

Iqtiboslar

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  4. ^ a b v d e f g h men j k l m Landau va Condit 1996 yil, p. 355.
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