Chrysler binosi - Chrysler Building

Ushbu maqola Nyu-York shahridagi Manxettendagi bino haqida. AQShning hozirgi Chrysler shtab-kvartirasi uchun qarang FCA US MChJ Bosh qarorgohi va Texnologiya markazi. Detroyt markazidagi Chrysler ofislari uchun qarang Chrysler House.

Chrysler binosi
Chrysler Building Devid Shankbone Retouched.jpg
Yozuv balandligi
1930 yil 27 maydan boshlab dunyodagi eng baland[1][2] 1931 yil 1 maygacha[3][Men]
Oldingi40 Wall Street
O'zib ketdiEmpire State Building
Umumiy ma'lumot
TuriIdora
Arxitektura uslubiArt Deco
ManzilNyu-York, Manxetten, Lexington avenyu, 405 10174
Koordinatalar40 ° 45′06 ″ N. 73 ° 58′31 ″ V / 40.75167 ° N 73.97528 ° Vt / 40.75167; -73.97528Koordinatalar: 40 ° 45′06 ″ N. 73 ° 58′31 ″ V / 40.75167 ° N 73.97528 ° Vt / 40.75167; -73.97528
Poydevor qo'yish1928 yil 18-sentabr[6]
Bajarildi1930 yil 27-may[1][2]
EgasiEr: Kuper ittifoqi
Bino: SIGNA guruhi
va RFR Holding MChJ[7]
Balandligi
Antenna shpil1,046 fut (319 m)[4]
Uyingizda925 fut (282 m)
Eng yuqori qavat899 fut (274 m)[4]
Texnik ma'lumotlar
Qavatlar soni77[4][5]
Qavatlar maydoni1 196 958 kvadrat metr (111201,0 m.)2)[4]
Liftlar / liftlar32[4]
Loyihalash va qurish
Me'morUilyam Van Alen
Chrysler binosi
NYC Landmark  Yo'q 0992, 0996
Arxitektura uslubiArt Deco
NRHP ma'lumotnomasiYo'q76001237
NYCLYo'q0992, 0996
Muhim sanalar
NRHP-ga qo'shildi1976[10]
Belgilangan NHL1976 yil 8-dekabr[11]
NYCL tomonidan belgilangan1978 yil 12 sentyabr[9]
Adabiyotlar
[4][8]

The Chrysler binosi bu Art Deco - uslub osmono'par bino ichida Turtle Bay mahalla Sharqiy tomon ning Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri, ning chorrahasida 42-ko'cha va Leksington avenyu yaqin Midtown Manxetten. 1049 fut (319 m) balandlikda, bu po'latdan yasalgan temir g'ishtli dunyodagi eng baland bino bo'lib, dunyodagi eng baland bino 1930 yilda qurib bitkazilgandan keyin 11 oy davomida.[4][12] 2019 yildan boshlab, Chrysler bu Shahardagi eng baland 11-bino bilan bog'langan Nyu-York Tayms binosi.[13]

Dastlab ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi va Nyu-York shtatining sobiq senatori loyihasi Uilyam H. Reynolds, bino tomonidan qurilgan Valter Chrysler, boshlig'i Chrysler korporatsiyasi. Chrysler Building-ning qurilishi bilan raqobat xarakterli edi 40 Wall Street va Empire State Building dunyodagi eng baland binoga aylanish. Chrysler Building avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchisi uchun maxsus qurilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan bo'lsa-da, korporatsiya uning qurilishiga pul to'lamagan va hech qachon unga egalik qilmagan; aksincha, Valter Krisler o'z farzandlari meros qilib olishlari uchun uni o'zi to'lashga qaror qildi. 1952 yilda ilova qurib bitkazildi va bino keyingi yili ko'plab egalari bilan Krislerlar oilasi tomonidan sotildi.

Chrysler binosi ochilgandan so'ng, bino dizayniga turli xil sharhlar berildi, ular zamonaviy va o'ziga xos degan g'oyaga binoan, u o'ziga xos bo'lmagan va asl emas edi. Binoning tasavvurlari asta-sekin rivojlanib, endi uning paragonasi sifatida qaralmoqda Art Deco me'moriy uslub; va 2007 yilda u to'qqizinchi o'rinni egalladi Amerikaning sevimli me'morchiligi ro'yxati tomonidan Amerika me'morlari instituti. Bino a Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joyi 1978 yilda va qo'shilgan Tarixiy joylarning milliy reestri kabi Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish 1976 yilda.

Sayt

Chrysler binosi sharq tomonda joylashgan Leksington avenyu o'rtasida 42-chi va 43-ko'chalar.[14] Er xayr-ehson qilindi Ilm-fan va san'atni rivojlantirish bo'yicha Kuper Ittifoqi 1902 yilda.[15][16] Sayt taxminan a trapezoid uzunligi 201 fut (61 m) bilan frontaj Leksington prospektida; 42-ko'chada uzunligi 167 fut (51 m) bo'lgan old qism; va 43-ko'chada 205 fut uzunlikdagi (62 m) old qism.[17] Sayt eskisi bilan chegaradosh edi Boston Post yo'li,[18][19] tomonidan tashkil etilgan Manxetten ko'chalari tarmog'idan oldinroq bo'lgan va yugurgan 1811 yilgi Komissarlarning rejasi. Natijada, binoning poydevorining sharqiy tomoni ham xuddi shunday aslantlangan.[20]

The Grand Hyatt Nyu-York mehmonxona va Graybar binosi Lexington avenyu bo'ylab, esa Socony-Mobil binosi 42-ko'chaning narigi tomonida. Bundan tashqari, Chanin binosi janubi-g'arbiy qismida, diagonal ravishda Lexington avenyusi va 42-ko'chasi bo'ylab joylashgan.[14]

Tarix

Kontekst

Krizler binosining Empire State Building-dan ko'rinishi
Chrysler binosi Empire State Building, ikkalasi ham Nyu-York shahrining 1920-yillardagi qurilish portlashi doirasida barpo etilgan

1920-yillarning o'rtalarida, Nyu-York metropoliteni oshdiLondonniki sifatida dunyodagi eng gavjum metropoliten[21] va 30-yillarning boshlarida uning aholisi o'n milliondan oshdi.[22] Davr chuqur ijtimoiy va texnologik o'zgarishlar bilan ajralib turardi. Radio, kino va avtomobil kabi iste'mol tovarlari keng tarqaldi.[23] 1927 yilda, Valter Chrysler avtomobilsozlik kompaniyasi Chrysler Korporatsiya, Qo'shma Shtatlardagi uchinchi eng yirik avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'ldiFord vaGeneral Motors.[24][25] Keyingi yil Chrysler nomi berildi Vaqt jurnalining "Yil odami".[26][27]

The 20-yillarning iqtisodiy o'sishi va ko'chmas mulk bozoridagi spekülasyonlar Nyu-York shahridagi yangi osmono'par binolar loyihalarining to'lqinini kuchaytirdi.[27] Chrysler binosi davom etayotgan qurilish jadalligining bir qismi sifatida qurilgan bo'lib, natijada shaharda shunday bino mavjud edi dunyodagi eng baland bino 1908 yildan 1974 yilgacha.[28] Oxiridan keyin Birinchi jahon urushi, Evropa va Amerika me'morlari soddalashtirilgan dizaynni zamonaviy davrning timsoli sifatida ko'rishdi Art Deco taraqqiyot, yangilik va zamonaviylikni ramziy ma'noda osmono'par binolar. The 1916 yilni rayonlashtirish qarori Nyu-York shahridagi binolarning ko'chadagi tashqi devorlari kerak bo'lgunga qadar ko'tarilishi mumkin bo'lgan balandlikni chekladi orqaga chekinish ko'chadan.[a][31] Bu Nyu-York shahrida Art Deco inshootlarini barbod bo'lishiga olib keldi, bu katta muvaffaqiyatsizliklar, katta hajmlar va ajoyib siluetlar bo'lib, ular tez-tez chiroyli tarzda bezatilgan edi.[32][33] Art Deco binolari faqat qisqa vaqt ichida qurilgan; Ammo bu davr shahar 1920-yillarning oxirlarida ko'chmas mulk portlashi davrida bo'lganligi sababli, Art Deco uslubida qurilgan ko'p sonli osmono'par binolar shahar silsilasida ustunlik qilib, unga filmlar va spektakllarda ko'rilgan romantik sifatni berdi.[34] Chrysler Building loyihasi ana shu holatlar asosida shakllandi.[27]

Rivojlanish

Rejalashtirish

Chrysler binosining 42-ko'chadan ko'rinishi

Dastlab, Chrysler Building ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi va Nyu-York shtatining sobiq senatori Reynolds binosi bo'lishi kerak edi. Uilyam H. Reynolds.[35][9][36] Binoni rejalashtirishda ishtirok etishidan oldin, Reynolds rivojlanish bilan mashhur bo'lgan Koni oroli "s Dreamland o'yin parki. 1911 yilda o'yin parki olov bilan vayron bo'lganida, Reynolds unga e'tibor qaratdiManxetten u dunyodagi eng baland bino qurishni maqsad qilgan ko'chmas mulk.[35][9][37]

1921 yilda Reynolds burchakda katta er uchastkasini ijaraga oldi Leksington avenyu va 42-ko'cha saytda baland bino qurish niyatida.[9][36] 1927 yilda, bir necha yillik kechikishlardan so'ng, Reynolds me'morni yolladiUilyam Van Alen u erda qirq qavatli binoning loyihasini tuzish.[38] Van Alenning o'ziga xos dizayni ko'pchilikka xos edi Modernist stilistik elementlar, burchaklarida sirlangan, egri derazalar mavjud.[35]

Van Alen o'z sherigi bilan hamkorlikda uni loyihalashtirib, Broadway va 24-ko'chadagi Albemarle binosidagi ishi uchun o'z sohasida hurmat qozongan.H. Kreyg Severance.[39][40] Van Alen va Severance bir-birini to'ldirdi, Van Alen asl, hayoliy me'mor, Severance esa firmaning moliya bilan shug'ullanadigan aqlli ishbilarmon edi.[41] Biroq, ular o'rtasidagi munosabatlar firmani yaxshiroq boshqarish bo'yicha kelishmovchiliklar tufayli keskinlashdi.[38] Buzilish nuqtasi 1924 yildagi maqoladan keyin paydo bo'ldiArxitektura sharhi, Albemarle Building dizaynini maqtab; Van Alen firmaning dizayneriga aylandi, Severancening roli esa umuman e'tiborsiz qoldirildi.[42][43][44] Arxitektorlar sherikligi bir necha oydan so'ng keskin buzilib, firma mijozlari va aktivlari ustidan sud jarayoni bir yil davom etdi.[43][44] Raqobat kelajakdagi Chrysler binosining dizayni uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi, chunki Severancening an'anaviy me'moriy uslubi aks holda Van Alenning zamonaviy dunyoqarashini cheklab qo'ygan bo'lar edi.[45]

Dizaynlarni takomillashtirish

1928 yil 2-fevralgacha taklif qilingan bino balandligi 54 qavatga ko'tarildi, bu uni Midtowndagi eng baland binoga aylantiradi.[46] Taklif ikki haftadan so'ng yana o'zgartirilib, 63 qavatli binoning rasmiy rejalari tuzildi.[47] Shundan bir haftadan biroz ko'proq vaqt o'tgach, reja uchinchi marta o'zgartirildi va ikkita qo'shimcha hikoyalar qo'shildi.[48] Bu vaqtga kelib, 42-chi ko'cha va Leksington avenyu, olib tashlanganligi sababli, qurilish ishlari uchun ikkala markaz edi Uchinchi avenyu ko'tarilgan 42-chi ko'cha shovqini, bu hududni bezovta qilish sifatida ko'rilgan. Qo'shni 56 qavatli Chanin binosi ham qurilayotgan edi. Ko'tarilgan ko'tarilish tufayli ko'chmas mulk chayqovchilari Lexington avenyu "Sharqiy tomonning Broadway" qismiga aylanadi, deb ishonishdi. dalgalanma ta'siri bu esa sharqqa qadar rivojlanishga yordam beradi.[49]

1928 yil aprel oyida Reynolds uchastka uchun 67 yillik ijara shartnomasini imzoladi va o'zining ulkan loyihasi tafsilotlarini yakunladi.[50] Van Alenning osmono'par bino uchun original dizaynida minora havoda suzib yuribdi degan taassurot qoldirish uchun birinchi qavatdagi ko'rgazma zalining derazalari uch qavatli va undan yuqorisida burchak bilan o'ralgan 12 qavatli binolar bo'lishi kerak edi.[36][51] Reynoldsning bino dizayniga qo'shgan asosiy hissasi, Van Alenning dastlabki qarshiliklariga qaramay, uning metall tojga ega bo'lishini talab qilishi edi;[5] tunda metall-billur toj "marvarid shar" kabi ko'rinardi.[52] Dastlab, osmono'par bino 678 qavatdan iborat bo'lib, 248 m balandlikda ko'tarilgan bo'lar edi.[8][53][51] Ushbu rejalar 1928 yil iyun oyida tasdiqlangan.[54] Van Alenning rasmlari keyingi avgust oyida namoyish etildi va jurnal tomonidan nashr etildiAmerika me'morlari instituti (AIA).[55]

Oxir-oqibat, ushbu dizayn Reynolds uchun juda rivojlangan va qimmatga tushadi.[6] U buning o'rniga 1928 yil avgustda nashr etilgan Reynolds binosining muqobil dizaynini ishlab chiqdi. Yangi dizayn ancha konservativ bo'lib, Italyancha gumbaz, bu hokimga nisbatan tanqidchi Al Smit Bowler shapkasi va burchakdagi derazalarni simulyatsiya qilgan yuqori qavatlardagi g'isht bilan ishlangan joy, hozirgi Chrysler Building-da saqlanib qolgan detal. Ushbu dizayn hozirgi binoning shakli, to'siqlari va derazalarining joylashishini deyarli to'liq aks ettirgan, ammo boshqa gumbaz bilan.[36]

Yakuniy rejalar va qurilishni boshlash

Dizayn tugallangandan so'ng, Reynolds binosining poydevori 1928 yil 19 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tdi,[6] ammo Reynoldsning qurilish ishlarini olib borishga imkoniyati yo'q edi.[56][37] Reynolds 1928 yil 15-oktabrda uchastkani, ijarani, rejalarini va me'mor xizmatlarini Walter Chrysler-ga 2 million dollarga sotdi.[57][56][17] O'sha kuni Goodwin qurilish kompaniyasi qurilgan narsalarni buzishni boshladi.[58][17] 28 oktyabr kuni shartnoma tuzildi,[59] va buzish ishlari 9-noyabr kuni yakunlandi.[58] Chryslerning bino uchun dastlabki rejalari Reynoldsnikiga o'xshash edi, ammo 808 metrlik bino 67 emas, 68 qavat edi. Rejalar pastki qavatni o'z ichiga oladi piyodalar arkadasi; a jabha beshinchi qavat ostidagi toshdan va g'isht -va-terakota yuqorida; tepada esa uch qavatli bronza va shishadan yasalgan "kuzatish gumbazi" joylashgan.[57][17] Biroq, Krisler yanada ilg'or dizaynni xohlagan va u Van Alen bilan birgalikda osmono'par binoning balandligini 282 metr (282 m) qilib qayta ishlashga kirishgan.[60][6] Yangi balandlikda Chrysler binosi 792 futdan (241 m) balandroq bo'lar edi Woolworth binosi, bino pastki Manxetten bu o'sha paytda dunyodagi eng baland bo'yli edi.[61][17] Bir paytlar Krisler Van Alendan dizaynni o'n qavatga qisqartirishni iltimos qilgan edi, ammo balandlikning oshishi ham oshkoralikni kuchayishiga olib kelishini anglab, qarorni rad etdi.[62]

Lardan biri radiator mavzuli bezaklar

1928 yil oxiridan 1929 yil boshigacha gumbaz dizaynini o'zgartirishlar davom etdi.[38] 1929 yil mart oyida matbuotda o'ttiz uchli ulkan yulduz shakliga ega bo'lgan "badiiy gumbaz" tafsilotlari chop etildi, uni balandligi besh metr bo'lgan haykal o'rnatadi.[63][36][64] Gumbazning so'nggi dizayni bir nechta kamar va uchburchak derazalarni o'z ichiga olgan.[38] Pastga tushgan dizaynga Walter Chryslerning binoni Chrysler Corporation korporatsiyasining bosh qarorgohiga aylantirish niyati ta'sir qildi va shu tariqa turli xil me'moriy detallar Chrysler avtoulovlari mahsulotlaridan namunalar olindi, masalan qalpoqcha bezaklari Plimut (qarang § muvaffaqiyatsizliklar orasidagi dizaynlar ).[36][8] Binoning 31-qavatidagi gargoyles va 61-qavatdagi burgutlar parvozni namoyish etish uchun yaratilgan,[65] va vaqtning mashina yoshini o'zida mujassam etish uchun.[36][8] Hatto eng yuqori igna ham o'z mashinalarini ishlab chiqarishda ishlatiladigan "Chrysler" ga o'xshash jarayon yordamida aniq "qo'lda ishlov berish" bilan qurilgan.[66] O'zining tarjimai holida Chrysler o'zining binosi balandroq bino bo'lishini taklif qilganini aytadi Eyfel minorasi.[67][9]

Ayni paytda yangi binoning 69 metr chuqurlikdagi (21 m) poydevorini qazish 1928 yil noyabr oyining o'rtalarida boshlandi[68][69] va 1929 yil yanvar oyining o'rtalarida, tog 'jinslariga erishilganda yakunlandi.[58] Poydevor uchun jami 105,000,000 funt (48,000,000 kg) tosh va 36,000,000 funt (16,000,000 kg) tuproq qazilgan, bu kelajakdagi bino og'irligining 63% ga teng.[69] Binoning to'g'ri qurilishi 1929 yil 21 yanvarda boshlangan.[58] The Carnegie Steel Company birinchisi 27 martda o'rnatiladigan temir nurlar bilan ta'minlangan; va 9 aprelga qadar birinchi tik nurlar o'rnatildi.[69] Po'latdan yasalgan konstruktsiya 1929 yil iyunda "bir necha qavat", avgust boshida 35 qavat balandlikda edi,[69] va sentyabrgacha yakunlandi.[27] Haftasiga to'rt qavatdan iborat temir po'latdan yasalgan qurilish tezligiga qaramay,[6] osmono'par bino po'lat buyumlarini qurish paytida hech qanday ishchi halok bo'lmadi.[6][70] Krisler ushbu yutuqni maqtab, shunday dedi: "Dunyoda har qanday inshoot birinchi marta bunday yuksaklikka erishmoqda, shu bilan birga butun temir konstruktsiya hayotni yo'qotmasdan amalga oshirildi".[70] Hammasi bo'lib 391,881 ta perchin ishlatilgan va taxminan 3,826,000 dona g'isht qo'lda yotqizilgan[6] osmono'par binoning yuk ko'tarmaydigan devorlarini yaratish.[71] Uolter Krisler qurilishni shaxsan o'zining avtomobil ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyasining daromadi bilan moliyalashtirgan.[72] Chrysler Building balandligi rasmiy ravishda 1929 yil 16-oktabrda Woolworth'dan oshib ketdi va shu bilan dunyodagi eng baland inshootga aylandi.[73]

"Dunyodagi eng baland bino" unvoni uchun tanlov

Chrysler Building qurilishi boshlangan o'sha yili, bankir Jorj L. Ohrstrom da 47 qavatli ofis binosini qurishni taklif qildi 40 Wall Street shahar markazida. Ko'p o'tmay, Ohrstrom o'zining loyihasini 60 qavatli qilib o'zgartirdi, ammo u hali Woolworth va 1928 yilda e'lon qilingan 808 futlik Chrysler Building loyihasi ostida edi.[61] Van Alenning sobiq hamkori va 40 ta Uoll-strit me'mori H. Kreyg Severans o'sha yilning aprel oyida 40 ta Uollning balandligini 62 qavat bilan 260 m gacha ko'targan. Shunday qilib, u Vulvortning balandligidan 15 futdan (15 m) va Chrysler'dan 32 futdan (9,8 m) oshib ketadi.[61] 40 Uoll-strit va Krisler binosi farqlash uchun raqobatlasha boshladilar.dunyodagi eng baland bino ".[74][75] The Empire State Building, 34-ko'chada va Beshinchi avenyuda, 1929 yilda tanlovga qo'shildi.[76] Musobaqa kamida beshta boshqa takliflar bilan aniqlandi, ammo faqatgina Empire State Building omon qolishi mumkin edi 1929 yildagi Wall Street halokati.[77][b] O'sha paytda mashhur ommaviy axborot vositalari deb atagan "Osmonga poyga" 1920-yillarda mamlakatning optimizmining vakili bo'lib, bu yirik shaharlarda qurilishning avj olishiga yordam berdi.[76] 1929 yil aprel oyida 40 ta Uoll-strit minorasi 260 m dan 925 futgacha qayta ko'rib chiqildi va bu uni dunyodagi eng balandga aylantiradi.[79] Keyin Severance dunyodagi eng baland bino unvoniga ega bo'ldi.[80] 40 ta Uoll-stritning qurilishi 1929 yil may oyida juda tez sur'atlar bilan boshlandi va o'n ikki oydan so'ng qurib bitkazildi.[61]

Bunga javoban Van Alen 125 metr uzunlikdagi (38 m) shpil uchun ruxsat oldi[81][82][c] va uning binosi ramkasida yashirincha qurilgan edi.[79][62] Spire saytga to'rt xil bo'limda etkazib berildi.[81] 1929 yil 23 oktyabrda, Woolworth Building balandligidan oshib ketganidan bir hafta o'tgach va falokatdan bir kun oldin 1929 yildagi Wall Street halokati boshlandi, shpil yig'ildi. Bir ma'lumotga ko'ra, "shpilning pastki qismi bino gumbazining tepasiga ko'tarilgan va binoning 66-qavatiga tushirilgan".[61] So'ngra, 90 daqiqa ichida shpilning qolgan qismlari ko'tarildi va navbat bilan perchinlandi,[83] minora balandligini 1046 metrga ko'tarishga yordam beradi.[84][85] Bu jarayonni uning muhandislari va Uolter Krisler bilan birga ko'chadan ko'rgan Van Alen,[84] tajribani kapalakning pillasini tark etishini tomosha qilish bilan taqqosladi.[62][85]

"Chrysler binosining tuzilishi va metall bilan ishlashida", 1930 yil oktyabr oyida nashr etilgan maqola Arxitektura forumi, Van Alen toj va igna dizayni va qurilishini quyidagicha izohladi:[86][27]

Ignaga o'xshash tugatilgan baland shpil konstruktsiyasi gumbazdan oshib ketish uchun mo'ljallangan edi. Bu 185 fut balandlikda va uning tagida 8 fut kvadrat. U to'rtburchaklar burchaklardan tashkil topgan, engil burchakli va diagonal a'zolar bilan, ularning barchasi 27 tonna og'irlik bilan aytilgan. Ushbu tuzilmani yig'ish va uni erdan birlik sifatida ko'tarish imkonsiz edi, va uni qismlarga ko'tarib, ularni so'nggi holatiga qo'yish ham bir xil darajada imkonsiz edi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu bulutni teshadigan igna kutilmaganda paydo bo'lishi, jamoatchilik uchun muhimroq bo'ladi.

Po'latdan yasalgan uchi Chrysler Building-ni 1046 fut (319 m) balandlikka olib kelib, Uoll-Stritning balandligidan 40 baravar oshib ketdi.[87] Biroq, zamonaviy yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalarida shpilning o'rnatilishi haqida yozilmagan va shpalning o'rnatilishini nishonlaydigan biron bir press-relizlar bo'lmagan. Hatto New York Herald Tribune, minora qurilishining deyarli uzluksiz yoritilishini ta'minlagan, shpil ko'tarilganidan bir necha kun o'tgach, shpil o'rnatilishi haqida xabar bermagan.[88]

Krisler o'zining minorasi balandligi Empire State Building-dan ham oshib ketishini anglab etdi va Van Alenga Chrysler-ning asl tomini qoqib qo'yishni buyurdi. Romanesk gumbazni tor po'lat shpilga qadar.[79] Biroq, Empire State ishlab chiqaruvchisi Jon J. Raskob rejalarni ko'rib chiqib, o'zining 80 qavatli binosiga yana besh qavat va o'ziga xos shprits qo'shishi mumkinligini tushundi,[89] va keyinchalik ushbu binoning balandligini kengaytirish uchun zarur bo'lgan yaqin atrofdagi uchastkalarni sotib oldi.[90][91] Ikki kundan so'ng, Empire State Building-ning hammuallifi, sobiq gubernator Al Smit, 86-qavatdagi tomni 1050 fut (320 m) balandlikda, Chrysler'dan balandroq bo'lgan kuzatuv maydonchasi bilan osmono'par bino uchun yangilangan rejalarini e'lon qildi. 71 qavatdagi kuzatuv maydonchasi 783 fut (239 m).[89]

Tugatish

1932 yilda Chrysler binosi

1930 yil yanvar oyida Chrysler korporatsiyasi avtoulovlar ko'rgazmasi haftaligi paytida Chrysler binosida ofislarini saqlab turishi e'lon qilindi,[92] va tashqi ijarachilarning birinchi ijaralari 1930 yil aprel oyida bino rasman qurib bitkazilmasdan oldin e'lon qilingan.[93][1] Bino rasmiy ravishda 1930 yil 27 mayda, 42-ko'chadagi mulk egalari va savdogarlar uyushmasining o'sha yilgi yig'ilishiga to'g'ri kelgan marosimda ochilgan. Binoning foyesida "janob Krislerning fuqarolik taraqqiyotiga qo'shgan hissasini inobatga olgan holda" deb yozilgan bronza plakat ochildi. Sobiq gubernator Smit, sobiq assambleyachi Martin G. Makku va 42-chi ko'chalar uyushmasi prezidenti Jorj V. Suini ishtirok etganlar orasida edi.[1][2] Iyun oyiga qadar mavjud maydonlarning 65 foizi ijaraga berilgani haqida xabar berildi.[94] Avgustga qadar bino tugallangan deb e'lon qilindi, ammo Nyu-York shahar qurilish boshqarmasi uni 1932 yil fevraligacha qurib bitkazilgan deb belgilamadi.[1]

Shpilning balandligi Chrysler Building-dan oshib ketishiga imkon berdi 40 Wall Street dunyodagi eng baland bino sifatida va eng baland bino sifatida Eyfel minorasi.[89] Shunday qilib, Chrysler binosi 300 metrdan baland bo'lgan birinchi sun'iy inshoot edi;[95] va bitta gazetada ta'kidlanganidek, minora ham balandroq edi beshta shtatning eng yuqori nuqtalari.[96] Chrysler Building 14 million dollarga baholandi, ammo Kuperlar ittifoqiga qarashli saytlarga soliq imtiyozlarini beradigan 1859 yilda qabul qilingan qonunga binoan shahar soliqlaridan ozod qilindi.[97] Shahar soliq imtiyozlarini bekor qilishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo Kuper Ittifoqi bu choraga qarshi chiqdi.[98] Chrysler Building soliq imtiyozlarini saqlab qolganligi sababli, u ochilganidan buyon Cooper Union-ga ularning erlaridan foydalanganligi uchun to'laydi.[99]

Van Alen ushbu yutuqlardan mamnunligini, keyinchalik Valter Krisler o'zining me'moriy to'lovi qoldig'ini to'lashdan bosh tortganligi sababli to'xtatgan.[36] Krislerning ta'kidlashicha, Van Alen etkazib beruvchilardan pora olgan va Van Alen loyihani o'z zimmasiga olganida Uolter Krisler bilan hech qanday shartnoma imzolamagan.[37][38] Van Alen da'vo qo'zg'atdi va sudlar uning foydasiga qaror chiqardilar va Chryslerdan Van Alenga 840 ming dollar yoki binoning umumiy byudjetining 6 foizini to'lashni talab qilishdi.[100] Biroq, Krislerga qarshi da'vo Van Alenning me'mor sifatidagi obro'sini sezilarli darajada pasaytirdi, bu esa uning ta'siri bilan birga Katta depressiya va salbiy tanqidlar, natijada uning karerasini barbod qildi.[101][37][38] Van Alen haykaltaroshlik professori lavozimini yaqin orada tugatdi Beaux-Arts dizayn instituti va 1954 yilda vafot etgan. Muallifning so'zlariga ko'ra Neil Bascomb, "Chrysler Building - bu uning eng katta yutug'i va uning xiralashganligini kafolatlagan narsa edi."[38]

Chrysler Building-ning dunyodagi eng baland bino sifatida ajralib turishi qisqa muddatli edi. John Raskob, 1050 metrlik Empire State Building-ning Chrysler Building-dan atigi 4 metr (1,2 m) balandroq bo'lishini tushundi.[89] Raskob esa Uolter Krisler "tayoqni shpilga yashirib, so'ngra uni so'nggi daqiqada yopishtirish kabi hiyla-nayrangni tortib olishga" urinishidan qo'rqardi.[102] Yana bir reviziya Empire State Building tomini 1250 fut (380 m) ga ko'tarib, uni dunyodagi eng baland binoga aylantirdi.[103][104] 1931 yil 1 mayda ochilganda.[3] Biroq, Chrysler Building dunyodagi eng baland po'lat g'ishtli bino hisoblanadi.[8] Chrysler Building Empire State Buildingga qaraganda tijorat jihatidan yaxshiroq edi: 1935 yilga kelib Chrysler o'zining maydonining 70 foizini ijaraga olgan edi,[105] Empire State esa faqatgina 23% maydonini ijaraga olgan edi[106] va xalq orasida "Bo'sh davlat binosi" deb nomlangan.[107]

Chrysler korporatsiyasi Chrysler Building-ni qurish yoki unga egalik qilish bilan shug'ullanmagan, garchi u korporatsiya uchun qurilgan va ishlab chiqilgan bo'lsa. Bu Valter P. Chrislerning bolalari uchun loyihasi edi.[36] O'zining tarjimai holida Chrysler binoni "o'g'illari mas'ul bo'lgan narsaga ega bo'lishi uchun" qurmoqchi ekanligini yozgan.[67][9]

Foydalanish

20-asr

Nyu-York shahridagi binolarning balandligini taqqoslash

Xrislerlar oilasi 1940 yilda Valter Krisler vafot etganidan keyin mulkni meros qilib olgan, mulk V.P. Chrysler Building Corporation.[108] 1944 yilda korporatsiya binoning sharqida, Uchinchi avenyu 666 da 38 qavatli ilova qurishni rejalashtirgan.[109] 1949 yilda bu 9 million dollarlik 32 qavatli ilova sifatida qayta ko'rib chiqilgan.[110] Tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan qo'shimcha bino Reinhard, Hofmeister & Walquist,[111][112] o'zining asl nusxasi Chrysler Building binosiga o'xshash jabhaga ega edi. Asl bino uchun tosh endi ishlab chiqarilmadi va uni maxsus nusxalash kerak edi.[113] Qo'shimcha qurilish 1950 yil iyun oyida boshlangan,[114] va birinchi ijarachilar 1951 yil iyun oyida lizingni boshladilar.[115] Binoning o'zi 1952 yilgacha qurilgan,[111] va a osmon ko'prigi ikki binoning ettinchi qavatini birlashtiruvchi 1959 yilda qurilgan.[116]

Oila 1953 yilda binoni sotdi Uilyam Zekendorf[117] uning 18 million dollar baholangan narxi uchun.[118] 1953 yilgi bitimga ilova va unga yaqin joylar kiritilgan Graybar binosi, Chrysler Building bilan birgalikda 52 million dollarga sotilgan. Yangi egalari Zeckendorfning kompaniyasi edi Veb va Knapp, kim sotishda 75 foiz ulushga ega bo'lsa va 25 foiz ulushga ega bo'lgan Graysler korporatsiyasi. O'sha paytda bu Nyu-York shahri tarixidagi eng yirik ko'chmas mulk savdosi bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[119][120] 1957 yilda Chrysler binosi, uning qo'shimchasi va Greybar binosi 66 million dollarga sotildi Lourens Vien Realty sindikat, shaharda eng katta savdo bo'yicha yangi rekord o'rnatdi.[121] 1960 yilda kompleks tomonidan sotib olingan Sol Goldman va Aleks DiLorenzo,[122] dan ipoteka kreditini olgan Massachusets Mutual Hayot sug'urtasi kompaniyasi.[123] 1961 yilda binoning zanglamas po'latdan yasalgan elementlari, shu jumladan igna, toj, gargoyl va kirish eshiklari birinchi marta jilolangan.[124][125] O'n kishilik ishchilar guruhi 30-qavat ostidagi jabhani bug 'bilan tozalashdi va minoraning 30-qavat ustidagi qismini qo'lda tozalashdi, qiymati taxminan 200 000 AQSh dollarini tashkil qildi.[125]

Massachusets Mutual 1975 yilda Goldman va DiLorenzodan keyin to'g'ridan-to'g'ri egalik huquqiga ega bo'ldi sukut bo'yicha ipoteka bo'yicha.[123][126] Kompaniya binoni 35 million dollarga sotib oldi.[126] 1978 yilda ular fasadni yangilash, isitish, ventilyatsiya, konditsioner, liftlar, lobbi devor rasmlari va Bulut klubi shtab-kvartirasi 23 million dollarlik loyihada.[126] Ushbu ta'mirlash 1979 yilda yakunlangan.[127][128] Ular bino maydonini ijaraga berishni Edvard S.Gordon kompaniyasiga topshirdilar, u 750,000 kvadrat fut (70,000 m) ni ijaraga oldi.2) besh yil ichida bo'sh joy.[129] Massachusets Mutualning Krisler binosiga egalik qilish paytida minora ikkita tarixiy belgini oldi. Bino a sifatida belgilangan Milliy tarixiy yo'nalish 1976 yilda,[11][130] va a Nyu-York shahrining diqqatga sazovor joyi 1978 yilda,[9] shahar faqat qabulxona va o'zining old qismini belgilab qo'ygan bo'lsa-da.[131] Massachusets Mutual shaharning muhim belgisini belgilashga qarshi chiqdi, chunki bu "yangi ijarachilarni osmono'par binoga ko'chirishda" muqarrar kechikish "keltirib chiqaradi".[132] O'sha paytda bino 500000 kvadrat metr (46000 m) bo'lgan2) bo'sh maydonning umumiy maydoni 40% ni tashkil etadi.[126] 1979 yil sentyabr oyida bino yana sotildi, bu safar tadbirkor va Vashington Redskins egasi Jek Kent Kuk, shuningdek, egalik huquqini o'tkazgan bitimda Los-Anjeles qirollari va Leykers ga Jerri Buss.[128][133]

Shpil 1995 yilda qurib bitkazilgan. Hozir yopiq kuzatuv maydonchasidagi bo'g'inlar jilolangan va 1,5 million dollarlik loyiha doirasida fasad tiklangan. Ignaning ba'zi shikastlangan temir chiziqlari almashtirildi va gargoyllarning bir nechta qismlari qayta payvandlandi.[134] Tozalash qabul qilindi Nyu-Yorkdagi diqqatga sazovor joylarni himoya qilish 1997 yilgi Lucy G. Moses-ni saqlab qolish mukofoti.[135] Kuk 1997 yilda vafot etdi va kreditorlar ko'p o'tmay ko'chmas mulkning to'lanmagan to'lovlarini undirib olishga harakat qilishdi.[136] Tishman Speyer xususiyatlari va Travellers sug'urta guruhi sotib oldi Chrysler markazi 1997-1998 yillarda banklar konsortsiumi va Jek Kent Kukning mulkidan taxminan 220 million dollarga (2019 yilda 350 million dollarga teng). Tishman Speyer Properties kompaniyasi Cooper Union-dan 150 yillik ijaraga olish to'g'risida muzokara olib borgan va kollej Chrysler Building ostidagi erga egalik qilishni davom ettirmoqda.[117] Kuper ittifoqining nomi hujjatda.[99]

21-asr

2001 yilda binoning 75% ulushi 300 million AQSh dollariga (2019 yildagi 430 million dollarga teng) Germaniyaning Germaniya qo'li TMW ga sotildi. Atlanta - asoslangan investitsiya fondi.[137] 2008 yil iyun oyida xabar berilishicha Abu-Dabi Investitsiya kengashi TMW ning 75% iqtisodiy foizini, binoda Tishman Speyer Properties kompaniyasining 15% ulushini va qo'shni Trylons chakana tuzilishining ulushini 800 million dollarga sotib olish bo'yicha muzokaralar olib bordi.[138] 2008 yil iyul oyida tranzaksiya tugallanganligi va Abu-Dabi investitsiya kengashi endi binoning 90% egasi bo'lgan, Tishman Speyer esa 10% ni o'zida saqlab qolgan.[139][140]

2010 yildan 2011 yilgacha binoning energiya, sanitariya-tesisat va chiqindilarni boshqarish tizimlari yangilandi. Buning natijasida binoning umumiy energiya sarfi 21%, suv iste'moli 64% kamaydi va chiqindilar qayta ishlanmoqda 81%. 2012 yilda bino a LEED Oltin akkreditatsiyasi AQSh Yashil qurilish kengashi binoning ekologik barqarorligi va energiya samaradorligini tan olgan.[141]

Abu-Dabi investitsiya kengashi va Tishman Speyer Chrysler Building-ni 2019 yil yanvar oyida yana sotuvga qo'ydi.[142][143] Bu haqda 2019 yil mart oyida xabar berilgan edi Aby Rozen "RFR Holding" MChJ, avstriyalik bilan qo'shma korxonada SIGNA guruhi, Chrysler Building sotib olish to'g'risida kelishuvga erishgan,[7][144] 150 million AQSh dollariga teng chegirmali narxda bo'lsa ham.[145][146]

Dizayn

Binoning o'ziga xos Art Deco toji va shpili

Chrysler binosi namunali namunadir Art Deco me'morchilik.[147][148] U devor bilan to'ldirilgan, bezakli metall qoplamalar joylari bo'lgan temir ramkadan qurilgan. Tuzilishda 3862 ta tashqi oyna mavjud.[8] Taxminan ellik dona metalldan yasalgan bezaklar binoning besh qavatidagi burchaklariga eslatib turadi gargoyles kuni Gotik soborlar.[149] 31-qavatda gargoyles mavjud[65] va 1929 yil Chrysler nusxalari radiator qopqoqlari,[150][151] 61-qavatdagi burgutlar,[65] Amerikaga ishora milliy qush.[152]

Chrysler binosi yorqin "Nirosta" dan foydalanadi[153] zanglamaydigan po'lat dizaynida keng, an ostenitik tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan qotishma Krupp[154][155] (nemis qisqartma uchun nichtronozik Stahl, "zanglamaydigan po'lat" degan ma'noni anglatadi).[36][156] Bu "18-8 zanglamaydigan po'latdan" Amerika loyihasida birinchi marta foydalanish edi,[157] 18% dan iborat xrom va 8% nikel.[156] Nirosta tashqi bezaklarda, deraza romlarida, tojda va ignada ishlatilgan.[158] EE Thum tushuntirganidek, po'lat Van Alen dizaynining ajralmas qismi edi: "Doimiy yorqin metalldan foydalanish ko'tarilgan chiziqlar va tomga ishlov berishda kamayib boruvchi dumaloq shakllarni ko'tarishda eng katta yordam bo'ldi. tom ma'noda osmonda erigunicha tebranish .... "[149][159] Zanglamas po'latdan ishlab chiqaruvchilar me'morchilikda mahsulotning chidamliligini baholash uchun Chrysler Building-dan foydalanganlar. 1929 yilda Materiallarni sinovdan o'tkazish bo'yicha Amerika jamiyati uning faoliyatini o'rganish uchun inspeksiya qo'mitasini tashkil etdi, u Chrysler Building-ni eng yaxshi joy deb hisobladi; kichik qo'mita 1960 yilgacha har besh yilda bir marta bino panellarini tekshirib ko'rdi, panellar minimal darajada buzilganligi sababli tekshiruvlar bekor qilindi.[152]

Shakl

Shunga o'xshash bezaklar:
Kaputdan bezaklar
(31-qavat)
Hubcaps va qanotlari
(31-qavat)
Burgutlar
(61-qavat)

Chrysler Building-ning balandligi va qonuniy majburiy muvaffaqiyatsizliklar Van Alenga dizaynida ta'sir ko'rsatdi.[155] Eng pastki o'n olti qavatning devorlari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri piyodalar ko'chasi chizig'idan ko'tariladi, faqat to'rtinchi qavatdan yuqorida binoga "U" shaklidagi qavat rejasini beradigan bir tomondan chuqurchadan tashqari.[35][160] 16, 18, 23, 28 va 31 qavatlarda muvaffaqiyatsizliklar mavjud bo'lib, ular binoni 1916 yilgi rayonlashtirish to'g'risidagi Qarorga muvofiqlashtirmoqda. Bu binoga a ko'rinishini beradi ziggurat bir tomonida va U shaklida palazzo boshqa tomondan.[160] 31-qavatning yuqorisida 60-qavatga qadar hech qanday to'siqlar yo'q, buning ustiga struktura Malta xochi shakli[161] bu "kvadrat milni nihoyatda ", muallif va fotografga ko'ra Cervin Robinson.[160]

Birinchi o'n oltita qavatning rejalari iloji boricha kattaroq bo'lib, eng maqbul deb hisoblangan er sathidagi eng yaqin ijara maydoni miqdorini optimallashtirishga imkon berdi. To'rtinchi qavat ustidagi U shaklidagi kesma havo oqimi va yoritish uchun mil bo'lib xizmat qildi. 28 va 31 qavatlar orasidagi maydon "binoning o'rtasiga vizual qiziqish qo'shib, uning pastki qavatining og'ir detallari va finialning ko'zga tashlanadigan dizayni ustun bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ymasdi. Ular ustun ustuniga asos bo'lib xizmat qiladi. to'siq osti qavatlari va baland mil o'rtasida o'tishni amalga oshiruvchi minora. "[160]

Fasad

Taglik va mil

Birinchi qavatning tashqi tomoni jilolangan qora granit Shastonedan, yuqoridagi uchta qavat bilan qoplangan oq marmar Gruziyadan. Lexington prospektida va 42-ko'chada ikkita asosiy kirish joyi bor, ularning har biri uch qavat balandlikda, Shastone granit bilan o'rab olingan. proscenium - shakllangan kirish joyi. Har bir asosiy kirish eshigiga bir oz masofada, "murakkab naqshli metall va shisha ekranlar ostida" aylanma eshiklar mavjud bo'lib, ular kirish dekorativ ta'sirini kuchaytirish Art Deco qoidalarini o'zida mujassam etgan. 43-ko'chadagi kichikroq kirish eshigi bir qavatli balandlikda joylashgan.[57][155][162] Ikkinchi va to'rtinchi qavatlardagi ofis oynalari joylashgan, zamin darajasida katta Nirosta po'latdan yasalgan romli derazalardan tashkil topgan vitrinalar mavjud.[155]

Binoning g'arbiy va sharqiy balandliklari to'rtinchi qavat ustidagi havo shaftalarini, shimoliy va janubiy tomonlari esa orqaga chekinayotgan to'siqlarni o'z ichiga oladi.[155] 16-qavatdan pastda, fasad oq g'isht bilan qoplangan bo'lib, oq marmar chiziqlar bilan kesilgan. savat to'qish.[163] Panjara shaklida joylashgan derazalar yo'q deraza tokchalari, ramkalar jabhada bir tekis joylashgan.[155] 16 va 24-qavatlar orasida tashqi tomondan vertikal oq g'isht ustunlari namoyish etiladi, ular har bir qavatda derazalar bilan ajralib turadi. Ushbu vizual effekt alyuminiy mavjudligi tufayli amalga oshiriladi spandrels har bir qavatdagi derazalar ustunlari orasida. 20-qavatdan 22-qavatgacha bo'lgan spandrellarda mavhum releflar mavjud, 24-qavatda 9 metrli (2,7 m) dekorativ ananaslar mavjud.[155]

24-27 qavatlardan iborat uchinchi to'siqdan yuqori qismida fasad gorizontal chiziqlar va zigzaglangan kulrang-qora g'ishtli naqshlarni o'z ichiga oladi. To'rtinchi to'siq ustidagi qism, 27-31 qavatlar orasida, binoning asosiy o'qi uchun podium bo'lib xizmat qiladi.[35][155] 31-qavatning har bir burchagida Nirosta po'latidan yasalgan katta mashina qopqog'i bezaklari poydevorni kattaroq ko'rinishga olib keladigan ingl. Ushbu burchak kengaytmalari gorizontal chiziqli baland binolarda ko'rilgan keng tarqalgan optik illuziyani engishga yordam beradi, ularning baland qavatlari odatda kattaroq ko'rinadi.[160][161] Shuningdek, 31-qavatda kulrang va oq friz, hubcaps va fenders mavjud,[57][5] bu ikkala Chrysler korporatsiyasining ramzi bo'lib, binoning Art Deco dizaynining ingl.[8][36][57] Kapotning bezaklari shaklga ega Merkuriyniki qanotli dubulg'a va o'sha paytda Chrysler avtoulovlariga o'rnatilgan kapot bezaklariga o'xshaydi.[161]

Minora o'qi gorizontal va vertikalni ta'kidlash uchun ishlab chiqilgan: minoraning har to'rt tomonida uchta ustun derazalar joylashgan bo'lib, ularning har biri g'isht bilan bezatilgan va har tomoni bo'ylab ko'tarilgan uzilmagan marmar ustun. Derazalarni ajratib turadigan spandrellarda "kulrang va oq g'ishtda o'zgaruvchan vertikal chiziqlar", har bir burchakda gorizontal qatorlarda qora g'isht bor.[164]

Toj va shpil

Art Deco-ning tojda bezaklari haqida batafsil ma'lumot

Chrysler binosi asosiy minoraning kengaytmasi bo'lgan teras toji bilan tanilgan va tanilgan.[160] Ettita nurli teras kamaridan tashkil topgan Van Alenning toj dizayni xochga mixlangan tos suyagi bir-birining orqasiga o'rnatilgan, o'tish davri muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lgan etti konsentrik a'zoning.[57][165] Butun toj Nirosta po'lati bilan o'ralgan, qovurg'a bilan o'ralgan va perchin bilan nurlangan quyosh botishi g'ildirak tirgaklarini eslatuvchi ko'plab uchburchak tonozli derazalar bilan naqsh.[57][36][166] Derazalar kichkina shaklda, teraslangan tojning ettita tor to'siqlarida takrorlanadi.[36][166] Gumbazning egri shakli tufayli Nirosta choyshablarini joyida o'lchash kerak edi, shuning uchun ishlarning aksariyati binoning 67 va 75 qavatidagi ustaxonalarda amalga oshirildi.[27] Robinzonning so'zlariga ko'ra, teraslangan toj "binoning o'zi to'y-tort qatlamini davom ettiradi. Ushbu kontseptsiya 61-qavatdan, burgut gargoyllari 31-chi muolajani aks ettiruvchi shpilgacha ko'tarilib, kontseptsiyani kengaytiradi. cheksiz balandlik va cheksiz kenglik tomon "balandroq va tor" oldinga siljish. Ushbu noyob muomala binoning balandligini ta'kidlab, unga Koni orolining yoki Uzoq Sharqning hayoliy me'morchiligini eslatuvchi boshqa dunyoviy muhitni taqdim etadi. "[160]

Kechasi binoning yoritilishi

Televizion stantsiya WCBS-TV (2-kanal) 1938 yilda Chrysler binosining yuqori qismidan uzatilgan.[167] WCBS-TV translyatsiyalari 1960 yilda Empire State Building-ga ko'chirilgan[168] raqobatiga javoban RCA 's transmitter on that building.[169] Ko'p yillar davomida WPAT-FM va WTFM (now WKTU) also transmitted from the Chrysler Building, but their move to the Empire State Building by the 1970s ended commercial broadcasting from the structure.[168]

The crown and spire are illuminated by a combination of fluorescent lights framing the crown's distinctive triangular windows and colored floodlights that face toward the building, allowing it to be lit in a variety of schemes for special occasions.[8] The V-shaped fluorescent "tube lighting" – hundreds of 480V 40W bulbs framing 120 window openings[170] – was added in 1981, although it had been part of the original design.[52][131] Until 1998, the lights were turned off at 2 a.m., but Nyu-York kuzatuvchisi sharhlovchi Ron Rozenbaum convinced Tishman Speyer to keep the lights on until 6 a.m.[171] Since 2015, the Chrysler Building and other city skyscrapers have been part of the Audubon Jamiyati 's Lights Out program, turning off their lights during qushlarning ko'chishi fasllar.[172]

Ichki ishlar

The interior of the building contains several innovative elements. The partitions between the offices are soundproofed and divided into interchangeable sections, so that the layout of any could be changed quickly and comfortably. Pipes under the floors carry both telephone and electricity cables.[164]

Lobbi

Lobbi
Art Deco lamp
Kirish eshiklari
Futuristic digital clock

The triangular lobby[173][174][162] is regarded as a paragon of the Art Deco style, with clear influences of Nemis ekspressionizmi.[5] Chrysler wanted the design to impress other architects and automobile magnates, so he imported various materials without giving consideration to the extra costs incurred.[175] He covered the walls with huge slabs of African red granit.[175][99] On the floor, he marked a path from the entrances to the elevators using traverten dan Siena.[176][174][177] Originally, Van Alen's plans for the lobby included four large supporting columns, but they were removed after Chrysler objected on the grounds that the columns made the lobby appear "cramped".[174] Opposite the main entrance is a security guard's desk topped by a digital clock.[177]

The lobby has dim lighting that gives it a somewhat subdued quality, although the appliqués of the lamps are striking and iconic. Both combine to create an intimate atmosphere and act to highlight the place.[175][177] Vertical bars of fluorescent light are covered with Belgian blue marble and Mexican amber onyx, which soften and diffuse the light, to both illuminate and blend with the red marble walls.[178] The lobby also contains four elevator banks, each with a different design.[148][174]

The ceiling contains a 110-by-67-foot (34 by 20 m) mural named "Transport and Human Endeavor", commissioned by Edvard Trumbull in 1930. The mural's theme is "energy and man's application of it to the solution of his problems", and it pays homage to the Aviatsiya oltin davri va Machine Age.[179][174][177] The mural is painted in the shape of a "Y" with ocher and golden tones. The central image of the mural is a "muscled giant whose brain directs his boundless energy to the attainment of the triumphs of this mechanical era", according to a 1930 pamphlet that advertised the building. The mural's Art Deco style is manifested in characteristic triangles, sharp angles, slightly curved lines, chrome ornaments, and numerous patterns.[179] The mural depicts several silver planes, including the Sent-Luis ruhi, as well as furnaces of incandescent steel and the building itself.[180][5] There is a wall panel dedicated to the work of clinchers, surveyors, masons, carpenters, plasterers, and builders. Fifty different figures were modeled after workers who participated in its construction.[180] In 1999, the mural was returned to its original state after a restoration that removed the polyurethane coating and filled-in holes added in the 1970s.[179]

Presently, the lobby is the only publicly accessible part of the Chrysler Building.[181]:129[99] When the building opened, the first and second floors housed a public exhibition of Chrysler vehicles.[176][182][183] The exhibition, known as the Chrysler Automobile Salon, was near the corner of Lexington Avenue and 42nd Streets, and opened in 1936.[184] The ground floor featured "invisible glass" displey oynalari,[185][186][187] a 51-foot (16 m) diameter turntable upon which automobiles were displayed, and a ceiling with lights arranged in concentric circles.[185][186][188] Escalators led to the showroom's second floor where Plimutlar, Dodges va DeSotos sotildi.[189] The Chrysler Salon remained operational through at least the 1960s.[190]

Liftlar

Open doors
Yopiq eshiklar
Elevator interior with inlaid wood

There are 32 elevators in the skyscraper, clustered into four banks.[177][191] At the time of opening, 28 of these elevators were for passenger use.[192] Each bank serves different floors within the building, with several "express" elevators going from the lobby to a few landings in between, while "local" elevators connect the landings with the floors above these intermediate landings.[193] As per Walter Chrysler's wishes, the elevators were designed to run at a rate of 900 feet per minute (270 m/min),[63] despite the 700-foot-per-minute (210 m/min) speed restriction enforced in all city elevators at the time.[164] This restriction was loosened soon after the Empire State Building opened in 1931, as that building had also been equipped with high-speed elevators.[194] The Chrysler Building also had three of the longest elevator shafts in the world at the time of completion.[177][164]

Over the course of a year, Van Alen painstakingly designed these elevators with the assistance of L.T.M. Ralston, who was in charge of developing the elevator cabs' mechanical parts.[191] The cabs were manufactured by the Otis Lift Company,[195][196] while the doors were made by the Tyler Company. The dimensions of each elevator were 5.5 feet (1.7 m) deep by 8 feet (2.4 m) wide.[191] The doors are made of metal and covered with eight types of exotic woods.[37] When the doors are closed, they resemble "tall fans set off by metallic palm fronds rising through a series of silver parabolas, whose edges were set off by curved lilies" from the outside, as noted by Curcio. However, when a set of doors is open, the cab behind the doors resembles "an exquisite Art Deco room".[191] These elements were influenced by ancient Egyptian designs, which significantly impacted the Art Deco style.[192] According to Vincent Curcio, "these elevator interiors were perhaps the single most beautiful and, next to the dome, the most important feature of the entire building."[191]

Even though the woods in the elevator cabs were arranged in four basic patterns, each cab had a unique combination of woods.[177][191] Curcio stated that "if anything the building is based on patterned fabrics, [the elevators] certainly are. Three of the designs could be characterized as having 'geometric', 'Mexican' and vaguely 'art nouveau' motifs, which reflect the various influences on the design of the entire building."[191] The roof of each elevator was covered with a metal plate whose design was unique to that cab, which in turn was placed on a polished wooden pattern that was also customized to the cab. Hidden behind these plates were ceiling fans.[192] Curcio wrote that these elevators "are among the most beautiful small enclosed spaces in New York, and it is fair to say that no one who has seen or been in them has forgotten them".[191] Curcio compared the elevators to the curtains of a Ziegfeld production, noting that each lobby contains lighting that peaks in the middle and slopes down on either side.[191] The decoration of the cabs' interiors was also a nod to the Chrysler Corporation's vehicles: cars built during the building's early years had dashboards with wooden moldings.[5] Both the doors and cab interiors were considered to be works of extraordinary marquetry.[197]

Bodrum

On the 42nd Street side of the Chrysler Building, a staircase from the street leads directly under the building to the Nyu-York metrosi "s 4, ​5, ​6, <6>​, 7, <7>Va S poezdlar Grand Central – 42-chi stantsiya.[198][199] It is part of the structure's original design.[177][200] The Interborough tezkor tranzit kompaniyasi, which at the time was the operator of all the routes serving the 42nd Street station, originally sued to block construction of the new entrance because it would cause crowding,[201] lekin Nyu-York shahar transport kengashi pushed to allow the corridor anyway.[202] Chrysler eventually built and paid for the building's subway entrance.[164] Work on the new entrance started in March 1930[203] and it opened along with the Chrysler Building two months later.[204]

The basement also had a "hydrozone water bottling unit" that would filter tap water into drinkable water for the building's tenants. The drinkable water would then be bottled and shipped to higher floors.[205]

Yuqori hikoyalar

Bulut klubi
View from one of the north-facing triangular windows
Asosiy maqola: Bulut klubi

Xususiy Bulut klubi formerly occupied the 66th through 68th floors.[131] It opened in July 1930 with some three hundred members, all wealthy males who formed the city's elite.[157][206][207] Its creation was spurred by Texako 's wish for a proper restaurant for its executives prior to renting fourteen floors in the building. The Cloud Club was a compromise between William Van Alen's modern style and Walter Chrysler's stately and traditional tastes.[206] A member had to be elected, and if accepted, paid an initial fee of $200, plus a $150 to $300 annual fee.[208]

Bor edi Tudor uslubi foye on the 66th floor with oak paneling, and an old English-style grill room with wooden floors, wooden beams, wrought-iron chandeliers, and glass and lead doors.[177][157][206] The main dining room, on the 67th floor, was connected to the 66th floor by a Renaissance-style marble and bronze staircase and had a futuristic appearance, with polished granite columns and etched glass appliqués in Art Deco style.[177][207] There was a mural of a cloud on the ceiling, and a mural of Manhattan on the dining room's north side.[206] It is believed that the dining room was an inspiration for the Kamalak xonasi and the Rockefeller Center Luncheon Club, both at 30 Rokfeller markazi.[209] On the same floor, Walter Chrysler and Texaco both had private dining rooms.[207] Chrysler's dining room had a black and frosted-blue glass frieze of automobile workers.[177] The 68th floor mainly contained service spaces.[207]

In the 1950s and 1960s, members left the Cloud Club for other clubs. Texaco, whose executives comprised most of the Cloud Club's membership, moved to Vestchester okrugi 1977 yilda,[210] and the club closed two years later.[206] Although there have been several projects to rehabilitate the club or transform it into a disco or a gastronomic club, these plans have never materialized,[207][211] as then-owner Cooke reportedly did not want a "conventional" restaurant operating within the old club.[212] Tishman Speyer rented the top two floors of the old Cloud Club.[213] The old staircase has been removed, as have many of the original decorations,[207] which prompted objections from the Art Deco Society of New York.[211]

Private Chrysler offices

Originally, Walter Chrysler had a two-story apartment on the 69th and 70th floors with a fireplace and a private office. The office also contained a gymnasium and the loftiest bathrooms in the city.[37] The office had a medieval ambience with leaded windows, elaborate wooden doors, and heavy plaster.[177] Chrysler did not use his gym much, instead choosing to stay at the Chrysler Corporation's headquarters in Detroit.[99] Subsequently, the 69th and 70th floors were converted into a dental clinic.[211] In 2005, a report by The New York Times found that one of the dentists, Charles Weiss, had operated at the clinic's current rooftop location since 1969.[214] The office still had the suite's original bathroom and gymnasium.[211] Chrysler also had a unit on the 58th through 60th floors, which served as his residence.[215]

Kuzatish maydonchasi

From the building's opening until 1945, it contained a 3,900 square feet (360 m2) kuzatuv maydonchasi on the 71st floor, called "Celestial".[216][208] For fifty cents visitors could transit its circumference through a corridor with vaulted ceilings painted with celestial motifs and bedecked with small hanging glass planets.[5][208][217] The center of the observatory contained the toolbox that Walter P. Chrysler used at the beginning of his career as a mechanic;[131][27][164][218] it was later preserved at the Chrysler Technology Center yilda Auburn Hills, Michigan.[219] An image of the building resembling a rocket hung above it.[208] According to a contemporary brochure, views of up to 100 miles (160 km) were possible on a clear day;[217] but the small triangular windows of the observatory created strange angles that made viewing difficult, depressing traffic. When the Empire State Building opened in 1931 with two observatories at a higher elevation, the Chrysler observatory lost its clientele.[27]

After the observatory closed, it was used to house radio and television broadcasting equipment.[220] Since 1986, the old observatory has housed the office of architects Harvey Morse and Cowperwood Interests.[220][221] 2020 yil may oyidan boshlab, a new observation deck has been proposed for the 61st floor of the building. The new deck will take advantage of that floor's setbacks to create an outdoor space.[222]

Boloxona

The stories above the 71st floor are designed mostly for exterior appearance, functioning mainly as landings for the stairway to the spire and do not contain office space.[223] They are very narrow, have low and sloping roofs, and are only used to house radio transmitters and other mechanical and electrical equipment.[36] For example, the 73rd floor houses the motors of the elevators and a 15,000-US-gallon (57,000 L) water tank, of which 3,500 US gallons (13,000 L) are reserved for extinguishing fires.[221]

Chrysler markazi

Chrysler East (at left), seen next to the original building
Chrysler Trylons

Chrysler Center is the name of the building complex consisting of the Chrysler Building, Chrysler Building East, and the commercial pavilion between the two, called Chrysler Trylons. In 1998, Tishman Speyer acquired the entire complex[117] and proceeded to renovate it completely over the next two years.[224]

The Chrysler Building annex at 666 Third Avenue, also known as the Kent Building at the time, was renovated and renamed Chrysler Building East.[224] Bu Xalqaro uslub building, built in 1952,[111] is 432 feet (132 m) high and has 32 floors.[225][226] The mechanical systems were modernized and the interior was modified. Taniqli me'mor Filipp Jonson replaced the glass facade with darker glass and added a 135,000 square feet (12,500 m2) kengaytma.[226][227] After the addition, the total area of this building was 770,000 square feet (72,000 m2).[228]

Finally, a new building, which was also designed by Philip Johnson, was built between the original skyscraper and the annex.[229] This became the Chrysler Trylons, a commercial pavilion three stories high with a retail area of 22,000 square feet (2,000 m2). Its design, consisting of three triangular glass pyramids that intersect each other, was inspired by the triangular windows of the Chrysler Building's crown. The building's design was so complex that a replica was built at Rimouski, Kvebek. Johnson designed Chrysler Trylons as "a monument for 42nd Street [...] to give you the top of the Chrysler Building at street level."[224]

After these modifications, the total leasable area of the complex was 2,062,772 square feet (191,637.8 m2).[228] The total cost of this project was about one hundred million dollars.[224] This renovation has won several awards and commendations, including an Energy Star reytingi Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi;[230] a LEED Gold designation;[141] and the Skyscraper Museum Outstanding Renovation Award of 2001.[231]

Ijarachilar

The Chrysler Corporation moved into the building as an anchor tenant in 1930.[92] In addition to the Chrysler Salon on the first and second floors, parts of the building had the Chrysler Corporation's offices, as well as a lounge and a theater for showing films of Chrysler products.[189] Other original large tenants included Time, Inc. va Texako oil.[232] Needing more office space,[233] Time moved to Rokfeller markazi 1937 yilda.[234][235] Texaco relocated to a more suburban workplace in Xarid, Nyu-York, 1977 yilda.[210] In addition, the offices of Shaw Walker and J. S. Bache & Company were immediately atop the Chrysler Salon, while A. B. Dik, Pan American World Airways, Adams Hats, Schrafft's, and Florsheim Shoes also had offices in the building.[236]

Notable modern tenants include:

Ta'sir

Tanqidiy qabul

The completed Chrysler Building garnered mixed reviews in the press. Van Alen was hailed as the "Doctor of Altitude" by Me'mor magazine, while architect Kenneth Murchison called Van Alen the "Ziegfeld of his profession", comparing him to popular Broadway ishlab chiqaruvchi Kichik Florenz Zigfeld.[39][242] The building was praised for being "an expression of the intense activity and vibrant life of our day", and for "teem[ing] with the spirit of modernism, ... the epitome of modern business life, stand[ing] for progress in architecture and in modern building methods."[164][243][244] An anonymous critic wrote in Arxitektura forumi"s October 1930 issue: "The Chrysler...stands by itself, something apart and alone. It is simply the realization, the fulfillment in metal and masonry, of a one-man dream, a dream of such ambitions and such magnitude as to defy the comprehension and the criticism of ordinary men or by ordinary standards."[27][223] Aksincha, jurnalist George S. Chappell called the Chrysler's design "distinctly a stunt design, evolved to make the man in the street look up".[39][177] Duglas Xaskell stated that the building "embodies no compelling, organic idea",[39] and alleged that Van Alen had abandoned "some of his best innovations in behalf of stunts and new 'effects'".[57] Others compared the Chrysler Building to "an upended swordfish",[150][245] or claimed it had a "Kichkina Nemo "-like design.[150] Lewis Mumford, a supporter of the Xalqaro uslub and one of the foremost architectural critics of the United States at the time, despised the building for its "inane romanticism, meaningless voluptuousness, [and] void symbolism".[23][246][164] The public also had mixed reviews of the Chrysler Building, as Murchison wrote: "Some think it's a freak; some think it's a stunt."[101][242]

Keyinchalik sharhlar ijobiyroq bo'ldi. Me'mor Robert A. M. Stern wrote that the Chrysler Building was "the most extreme example of the [1920s and 1930s] period's stylistic experimentation", as contrasted with 40 Wall Street and its "thin" detailing.[247] George H. Douglas wrote in 2004 that the Chrysler Building "remains one of the most appealing and awe-inspiring of skyscrapers".[95] Me'mor Le Corbusier called the building "hot jazz in stone and steel".[174] Arxitektura tanqidchisi Ada Luiza Xukstable stated that the building had "a wonderful, decorative, evocative aesthetic", while Pol Goldberger noted the "compressed, intense energy" of the lobby, the "magnificent" elevators, and the "magical" view from the crown.[248]

The city's Landmarks Preservation Commission said that the tower "embodies the romantic essence of the New York City skyscraper".[9] The travel guide Frommernikidan gave the building an "exceptional" recommendation, with author Pauline Frommer writing, "In the Chrysler Building we see the roaring-twenties version of what Alan Greenspan called 'irrational exuberance'—a last burst of corporate headquarter building before stocks succumbed to the thudding crash of 1929."[249]

As icon

The Chrysler Building appears in several films set in New York[250] and is widely considered one of the most positively acclaimed buildings in the city.[251][36] A 1996 survey of New York architects revealed it as their favorite, and The New York Times described it in 2005 as "the single most important emblem of architectural imagery on the New York skyline".[23] 2005 yil yozida Osmono‘par binolar muzeyi yilda Quyi Manxetten asked 100 architects, builders, critics, engineers, historians, and scholars, among others, to choose their 10 favorites among 25 of the city's towers. The Chrysler Building came in first place, with 90% of respondents placing it on their ballots.[252] In 2007, the building ranked ninth among 150 buildings in the AIA's List of America's Favorite Architecture.[253]

The Chrysler Building is widely heralded as an Art Deco icon. Fodor Nyu-York shahri 2010 yil described the building as being "one of the great art deco masterpieces"[181]:123 which "wins many a New Yorker's vote for the city's most iconic and beloved skyscraper".[181]:129 Frommernikidan states that the Chrysler was "one of the most impressive Art Deco buildings ever constructed".[249] Insight Guide' 2016 edition maintains that the Chrysler Building is considered among the city's "most beautiful" buildings.[254] Its distinctive profile has inspired similar skyscrapers worldwide including Ozodlik uchun bitta joy yilda Filadelfiya[255] va Al Kazim Towers yilda Dubay.[256]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

While seen in many films, the Chrysler Building almost never appears as a main setting in them, prompting architect and author Jeyms Sanders to quip it should win "the Award for Best Supporting Skyscraper".[250] The building was supposed to be featured in the 1933 film King Kong, but only makes a kameo at the end thanks to its producers opting for the Empire State Building in a central role.[250] The Chrysler Building notably appears in the background of Sehrgar (1978); as the setting of much of Q - Qanotli ilon (1982); in the initial credits of The Shadow of the Witness (1987); and during or after apocalyptic events in Mustaqillik kuni (1996), Armageddon (1998), Chuqur ta'sir (1998), Godzilla (1998) va A.I. Sun'iy intellekt (2001).[250] The building also appears in other films, such as O'rgimchak odam (2002),[257] Fantastik to'rtlik: kumush sörfçünün ko'tarilishi (2007),[258] Two Weeks Notice (2002),[250] Sehrgarning shogirdi (2010)[259] va Qora kiyimli erkaklar 3 (2012).[260]

The Chrysler Building is frequently the subject of photographers. In December 1929, Walter Chrysler hired the famed Margaret Bourke-White to capture it for publicity purposes. She took the images from a scaffold 400 feet (120 m) high[261][262][263] and worked in a 61st-floor studio designed by Jon Vassos,[261][248] until she was evicted in 1934.[248] According to one account, Bourke-White wanted to live in the building for the duration of the photo shoot, but the only person able to do so was the janitor, so she was instead relegated to co-leasing a studio with Time Inc.[248] In 1930, several of her photographs were used in a special report on skyscrapers in the then-new Baxt jurnal.[264] In 1934, Bourke-White's partner Oscar Graubner took a famous photo called "Margaret Bourke-White atop the Chrysler Building", which depicts her taking a photo of the city's skyline while sitting on one of the 61st-floor eagle ornaments.[261][265] On October 5, 1998, Christie's auctioned the photograph for $96,000.[266] In addition, during a January 1931 dance organized by the Society of Beaux-Arts, six architects, including Van Alen, were photographed while wearing costumes resembling the buildings that each architect designed.[267][268]

The building is also mentioned in the lyrics of several songs,[269] as well as in the number "Bu qiyin hayot " for the musical Enni.[270] In the Squaresoft (now Square Enix ) videogame Parazit Momo Havo, the building is the setting for the post-game content.[271]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ 1916 yilgi rayonlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonunga binoan, ko'chaga qaragan har qanday minoraning devori faqat ma'lum bir balandlikka ko'tarilishi mumkin, bu ko'chaning kengligi bilan mutanosib bo'lib, binoni ma'lum bir nisbatda orqaga qaytarish kerak edi. Ushbu muvaffaqiyatsizliklar tizimi minora qavat sathiga etib borguncha davom etaveradi, unda bu qavatning maydonchasi er sathidan 25% tashkil etadi. Shundan so'ng, 25% eshikka erishilgandan so'ng, bino cheklovsiz ko'tarilishi mumkin edi.[29] Ushbu qonun bekor qilingan 1961 yilni rayonlashtirish qarori.[30]
  2. ^ These proposals included the 100-story Metropolitan Life Shimoliy binosi; a 1,050-foot (320 m) tower built by Ibrohim E. Lefkur at Broadway and 49th Street; a 100-story tower developed by the Fred F. French Company on Sixth Avenue between 43rd and 44th Streets; an 85-story tower to be developed on the site of the Belmont Hotel near Grand Central Terminal; and the Noyes-Schulte Company's proposed tower on Broadway between Duane and Worth Streets. Only one of these projects was even partially completed: the base of the Metropolitan Life North Building.[78]
  3. ^ Ga binoan Robert A. M. Stern, the spire was 185 feet (56 m) long.[62]

Iqtiboslar

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Bibliografiya

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

Yozuvlar
Oldingi
Eyfel minorasi		 Dunyoning eng baland tuzilishi
1930–1931		Muvaffaqiyatli
Empire State Building
Oldingi
40 Wall Street		 Dunyodagi eng baland bino
1930–1931
Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng baland bino
1930–1931