Whataboutism - Whataboutism - Wikipedia

Whataboutism
TaktikTarg'ibot texnikasi
TuriTu quoque (ikkiyuzlamachilikka murojaat qilish)
MantiqMantiqiy xato
Faol davrSovuq urush - hozirgi
Taniqli foydalanish
Bog'liq

Whataboutism, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan nima haqida, ning bir variantidir tu quoque mantiqiy xato raqibning pozitsiyasini ularni zaryadlash orqali obro'sizlantirishga urinishlar ikkiyuzlamachilik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ularning dalillarini rad qilmasdan yoki inkor qilmasdan.[1][2][3]

Whataboutism ayniqsa bog'liqdir Sovet va Rossiya propagandasi.[4][5][6] Sovet Ittifoqi davrida tanqidlar bo'lganida Sovuq urush, Sovet javobi ko'pincha "Nima bo'ladi ..." bo'lishi mumkin, keyin voqea yoki hodisani boshlash G'arbiy dunyo.[7][8][9] Rus yozuvchisi, shaxmat grossmeysteri va siyosiy faolning so'zlariga ko'ra Garri Kasparov, bu sovet apologlari va diktatorlari tomonidan zulm ayblovlariga qarshi turadigan ritorik burilishni tez-tez ishlatilishini tavsiflash uchun yaratilgan so'z, "qirg'inlar, gulaglar va majburiy deportatsiya "amerikaliklarni chaqirish orqali qullik, irqchilik, linchings, va boshqalar.[10] Whataboutism boshqa siyosatchilar va mamlakatlar tomonidan ham qo'llanilgan.

Etimologiya

Atama nima haqida a portmanteau ning nima va haqida, bilan sinonimdir nima haqida, va tanqidni dastlabki tanqidchiga qaytarish degan ma'noni anglatadi.[7][8][11][12]

Yoki aniq emas nima haqida yoki nima haqida birinchi bo'lib paydo bo'lgan; bo'lsa-da nima haqida bir necha yil oldin qayd etilgan nima haqida. Lug'atshunosning so'zlariga ko'ra Ben Zimmer[13], nima haqida 1970-yillarda shunga o'xshash ma'noda ishlatilgan. U 1974 yilda nashr etilgan Shon O'Konaylning maktubini keltiradi Irish Times va ular "Vaqtinchalik I.R.A.ning har bir hukmiga javoban," dushman "ning axloqsizligini isbotlovchi dalillar bilan javob beradigan" nima bo'lganligi "haqida so'z yuritgan.'"va" Backbencher "(Irlandiyalik jurnalistlar Jon Xili) tomonidan" Britaniyaning madaniy armiyasiga kiring "deb nomlangan fikrlar ustuni xuddi shu maqolada" nima "degan iborani qo'llagan holda yozilgan. Ehtimol. nima haqida Xilining O'Konaillning xatiga bergan javobidan kelib chiqqan.

Agar u nima bo'lgan bo'lsa, men bunday narsani taklif qilmayman. Bular Muvaqqat I.R.A.ning har bir hukmiga javob beradigan odamlardir. "dushman" ning ko'proq axloqsizligini isbotlash uchun dalil bilan va shuning uchun Provizionlar ishining adolati: "Qonli yakshanba, ichki jazo, qiynoqqa solish, kuch bilan ovqatlantirish, armiyani qo'rqitish haqida nima deyish mumkin?". To'xtashga bo'lgan har bir chaqiriqga xuddi shunday javob beriladi: “Limerik shartnomasi haqida nima deyish mumkin; 1921 yildagi Angliya-Irlandiya shartnomasi; Lenadoon? "Deb nomlangan. Cherkov ham immunitetga ega emas: “Katolik cherkovi hech qachon milliy ishni qo'llab-quvvatlamagan. Norman bosqini uchun Papa sanktsiyasi haqida nima deyish mumkin; Moriarti tomonidan feniyaliklarni qoralash; Parnell? ”Deb so'radi.

— Shon O'Konayl, "Muharrirga xat", Irish Times, 1974 yil 30-yanvar

Xili bu atamani o'ylab topgan ko'rinadi nima haqida ushbu maktubga bergan javobida: "Yaqinda ushbu nashrga yo'llagan maktubida muxbirimiz ta'kidlaganidek, biz" Axloqiylik to'g'risida "juda katta fikrdamiz, bir tarixiy adolatsizlikni boshqa haqli adolatsizlik bilan uyg'unlashtirmoqdamiz. Ushbu qotillik kunlarida bizda" Whataboutery "ning qorni bor. Va shundan kelib chiqadigan aniq bir haqiqat shundaki, odamlar to'q sariq va yashil ranglar tufayli o'lmoqda, barda o'tirgan erkaklar kabi o'limni keltirib chiqaradi, bir tur boshqasini chaqiradi, bitta yashil o'q javob berishni talab qiladi. Apelsin o'qi, mos keladigan apelsin qabri uchun bitta yashil qabr. "[14]

Zimmerning ta'kidlashicha, bu mojaro haqidagi izohlarda keng valyutaga ega bo'ldi.[13] Zimmer, shuningdek, variantni ta'kidlaydi nima haqida tomonidan 1993 yilda nashr etilgan kitobda xuddi shu mazmunda ishlatilgan Toni Parker.[13]

The Merriam-Vebster lug'at ushbu atamaning ilgari qayd qilinganligini aniqlaydi nima haqida jurnalist Maykl Bernardning bir qismida Yosh bu 1978 yilga tegishli - Xeli kolonnasidan to'rt yil o'tgach. Bernard shunday deb yozgan edi: "Janubiy Afrikada bir nechta g'isht tashlamasdan, hech kim Kremlning qonunbuzarliklariga qarshi hujumdan qochib qutulmasligi kerakligi, nevoutitizmning zaif tomonlari, hech kim Kuba politsiyasi davlatini Prezident Parkni jirkanmasdan ayblamasligi kerak. Iroq, Liviya yoki Falastinni ozod qilish tashkiloti Isroilga qarshi kurash olib bormasdan ".[15]

Tarix

Rossiyalik jurnalist Konstantin fon Eggertning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu atama 1960-yillarda "Sovet Ittifoqining G'arb tanqidiga qarshi harakatlari" ning kinoya bilan ta'rifi sifatida paydo bo'lgan.[iqtibos kerak ] Biroq, Sovet Ittifoqiga ushbu atama qo'llanilishidan oldin uning qo'llanilishining biron bir misoli mavjud emas Yosh 1978 yilda.[16]

Britaniyalik jurnalist Edvard Lukas so'zni ishlatgan nima haqida 2007 yil 29 oktyabrdagi blog postida,[17] Rossiya haqida 2 noyabr sonida chop etilgan kundalikning bir qismi sifatida hisobot Iqtisodchi.[18] "Whataboutism" maqolaning sarlavhasi edi Iqtisodchi Lukas shunday deb yozgan edi: "Sovuq urush davrida Sovet targ'ibotchilari g'arbiy suhbatdoshlari" nima degani "laqabini olgan taktikada o'qitilgan.'".[7] Zimmer Lukasni 2007-2008 yillarda ushbu atamani ommalashtirganiga ishongan.[13] Ivan Tsvetkov, Sankt-Peterburgdagi Xalqaro munosabatlar kafedrasi dotsenti, nevoterizm amaliyotini 1950 yildan boshlab "qora tanlilarni lychlash "argument, ammo u ushbu atamaning yaqinda ommalashganligi uchun Lukasga ham ishonadi.[19]

Sovet va Rossiya rahbarlaridan foydalanish

Asosiy maqola: Va siz negrlarni lychin qilyapsiz

1986 yilda Chernobil fojiasi, Serj Shmemann ning The New York Times bu haqida xabar berdi[20]

Sovet Ittifoqining Chernobil AESidagi avariya to'g'risidagi bayonoti Tass dispetcherligi tomonidan amalga oshirilib, Qo'shma Shtatlarda juda ko'p baxtsiz hodisalar bo'lganligini ta'kidladi. Uch mil oroli Xarrisburgdan tashqarida, Pa., to Jinna zavodi Rochester yaqinida. Tassning aytishicha, 1979 yilda Amerikaning antinulear guruhi 2300 avariya, avariya va boshqa nosozliklarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazgan.


Sovet Ittifoqida sodir bo'lgan paytda boshqa joylarda ofatlarga e'tibor qaratish amaliyoti shunchalik keng tarqalganki, Sovet televideniesida chet elda sodir bo'lgan falokat to'g'risida reportajni tomosha qilgandan so'ng, ruslar tez-tez G'arb do'stlariga qo'ng'iroq qilib Sovet Ittifoqida biron bir voqea bo'lganmi yoki yo'qligini bilishadi.

Jurnalist Luqo Xarding rus nevoutizmini "amalda milliy mafkura" deb ta'riflagan.[21] Jurnalist Julia Ioffe "Sovet Ittifoqini o'rgangan har bir kishi" ushbu texnikadan xabardor ekanligini yozgan va Sovet tanqidga qaytganini aytib, Va siz negrlarni lychin qilyapsiz, taktikaning "klassik" namunasi sifatida.[22] Yozish Bloomberg yangiliklari,Leonid Bershidskiy nevoterizmni "rus an'anasi" deb atagan,[23] esa Nyu-Yorker texnikani "soxta axloqiy ekvivalentlar strategiyasi" deb ta'riflagan.[24] Ioffe nevaterizmni "muqaddas rus taktikasi",[25][26] va uni ayblash bilan taqqosladilar choynakni qora deb atash uchun idish.[27]

Ga binoan Iqtisodchi "Sovuq urush davrida Sovet targ'ibotchilari g'arbiy suhbatdoshlari" nima "degan laqab bilan taktikada o'qitilgan. Sovet Ittifoqini har qanday tanqid qilish (Afg'oniston, Polshada harbiy holat, dissidentlarni qamoqqa olish, tsenzurani) "Xo'sh ..." bilan kutib olindi (aparteid Janubiy Afrika, qamoqdagi kasaba uyushmalari, Qarama-qarshiliklar Nikaraguada va boshqalar). "[7][8][9] Texnika raqibni asl tanqididan chalg'itish uchun chalg'ituvchi taktika vazifasini bajaradi.[28][29][30] Shunday qilib, texnika raqibning dastlabki bahsini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri rad etish yoki inkor etishdan saqlanish uchun ishlatiladi.[31][32] Taktika - bu urinish axloqiy nisbiylik,[33][34][9] va yolg'onning bir shakli axloqiy ekvivalentlik.[24][35][36]

Iqtisodchi nima bilan bog'liq narsalarga qarshi to'g'ri kurashishning ikkita usulini tavsiya qildi: "Rossiya rahbarlari o'zlari aytgan fikrlardan G'arbga tatbiq etilmasligi uchun foydalanish" va G'arb davlatlari ko'proq ish qilishlari uchun o'z-o'zini tanqid qilish o'z ommaviy axborot vositalari va hukumatining.[7] Euromaidan Press strategiyani whataboutism xususida, ikkinchisi rus propagandasi bo'yicha uch qismli ta'lim serialida muhokama qildi.[37][38] Serialda nevoterizm Rossiyani jiddiy tanqid qilishdan qasddan chalg'itish deb ta'riflangan.[37][38] Asarda nima haqida gapirish mumkinligi mavzusi, emotsional manipulyatsiya va javob berish vasvasasiga qarshi turing.[37][38]

Sovet amaldorlari bu taktikadan foydalanganliklari sababli, G'arb yozuvchilari Sovet Ittifoqi davrini muhokama qilishda ushbu atamani tez-tez ishlatishadi.[39][40][41] Ushbu uslub hukumat tomonidan odatiy amaliyotga aylanmaguncha, sovet jamoatchilik bilan aloqalarida tobora keng tarqalgan.[42][11] Amerikaning obro'siga putur etkazish umidida, nima haqida gaplashayotgan sovet ommaviy axborot vositalari buni jurnalistik betaraflik hisobiga amalga oshirdilar.[43] Ga ko'ra Ottava fuqarosi Sovet Ittifoqi rasmiylari 1940-yillarning ikkinchi qismida taktikadan ko'proq foydalanib, Sovet Ittifoqini tanqid qilishdan chalg'itishni maqsad qildilar.[44]

Sovet Ittifoqi tomonidan ushbu texnikadan dastlabki foydalanishlardan biri 1947 yilda bo'lgan Uilyam Averell Harriman nutqida "Sovet imperializmi" ni tanqid qildi.[45] Ilya Erenburg javob "Pravda" Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari qonunlari va irqqa oid siyosatini tanqid qildi ozchiliklar, Sovet Ittifoqi ularni "inson qadr-qimmatini kamsituvchi" deb hisoblaganini, ammo ularni urush uchun bahona sifatida ishlatmaganligini yozdi.[45] Whataboutism Sovuq urush davrida Sovet jamoatchilik bilan aloqalarida ko'proq foydalanilgan.[46][47][48]

Sovuq urush davrida bu taktikadan asosan Sovet Ittifoqi nomidan so'zlovchi ommaviy axborot vositalari foydalangan.[49][50][51] Da sovuq urush tugashi, yonida AQSh fuqarolik huquqlari bo'yicha islohotlar, taktika o'chishni boshladi.[52]

Sovet Ittifoqidan keyingi Rossiya

Taktikasi postsovet davrida ishlatilgan Rossiya ga nisbatan inson huquqlari Rossiya hukumati tomonidan sodir etilgan qoidabuzarliklar va boshqa tanqidlar.[7][53][54] Whataboutism sevimli taktikasiga aylandi Kreml.[55][56] Rossiya jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar strategiyasi nimani bilishni boshqa sovet taktikalari bilan birlashtirgan, shu jumladan dezinformatsiya va faol choralar.[57][58][59] Whataboutism Rossiya propagandasi sifatida Rossiya davlatini tanqid qilishni buzish maqsadida ishlatiladi,[60] nutq darajasini Rossiyani oqilona tanqid qilishdan tortib, mayda janjalga tushirish.[61]

Nima bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, nimani nazarda tutish irqiy yoki e'tiqod tizimi bilan cheklanmagan Iqtisodchi, Ruslar ko'pincha taktikani haddan tashqari ishlatishgan.[7] Rossiya hukumatining nima haqida ma'lumot berishdan foydalanish rahbarligi ostida o'sdi Vladimir Putin.[62][63][64] Putin javob berdi Jorj V.Bush Rossiyani tanqid qilish: "Men siz bilan halol bo'laman: biz, albatta, biz kabi demokratiyaga ega bo'lishni xohlamaymiz Iroq.’[65] Jeyk Sallivan ning Tashqi siyosat, deb yozdi Putin "bu juda mohir amaliyotchi".[66] Business Insider "Putinning Rossiyani qanday boshqarayotgani haqidagi tanqidga defoltga yaqin munosabati - bu nima degan narsa" deb yozib, ushbu bahoni takrorladi.[67] Edvard Lukas ning Iqtisodchi zamonaviy rus siyosatida taktikani kuzatdi va uni Rossiya rahbariyatining sovetlar davridagi mentalitetga qaytishiga dalil sifatida keltirdi.[7]

Yozuvchi Miriam oqsoqol izoh berdi Guardian Putinning vakili, Dmitriy Peskov, taktikadan foydalangan; uning so'zlariga ko'ra, inson huquqlari buzilishi bo'yicha tanqidlarning aksariyati javobsiz qolgan. Peskov oqsoqolning Moskvadagi kimyoviy tozalash qiyinligi haqidagi maqolasiga javoban ruslarning a olish qiyinligini aytib o'tdi viza uchun Birlashgan Qirollik.[68] Peskov o'sha yili nima yozish taktikasini shu yilgacha yozgan xatida ishlatgan Financial Times.[69]

Qrim Rossiya tomonidan anneksiya qilinganidan keyin foydalanishning ko'payishi

Rossiyaning 2014 yilida bu taktikaga yangi e'tibor qaratildi Qrimning anneksiyasi va Ukrainaga harbiy aralashuv. Rossiya rasmiylari va ommaviy axborot vositalari "nima haqida" tez-tez ishlatib, keyin ta'minladilar Kosovo mustaqilligi yoki 2014 yil Shotlandiya mustaqilligi bo'yicha referendum misolini isbotlash uchun 2014 yil Qrim maqomi bo'yicha referendum, Donbass holati bo'yicha referendum va Donbassdagi harbiy mojaro.[70][71][38][72] Jil Dugerti 2014 yilda taktika "Sovet hukumati tomonidan qo'llaniladigan vaqtdan beri eskirgan targ'ibot uslubi" ekanligini ta'kidlab, Rossiya targ'ibotida, jumladan, Russia Today.[73][74] Bunga baho Russia Today tomonidan tasdiqlangan narsa bilan shug'ullanadi Financial Times va Bloomberg yangiliklari.[75]

Washington Post 2016 yilda Rossiyaning ommaviy axborot vositalari "nevoutizm" dan foydalanishlari bilan "mashhur" bo'lishganini kuzatdilar.[76] Texnikadan foydalanish salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi Rossiya-AQSh munosabatlari AQSh prezidenti davrida Barak Obama Maksin Devidning so'zlariga ko'ra ikkinchi muddat.[77] The Wall Street Journal Putinning o'zi bu taktikani 2017 yilgi intervyusida qo'llaganini ta'kidladi NBC News jurnalist Megin Kelli.[78]

Amerikalik siyosatchilar va rasmiylar tomonidan foydalanish

Donald Tramp

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Donald Tramp bayonotlarining to'g'riligi

AQSh prezidenti Donald Tramp unga nisbatan qilingan tanqidlarga, uning siyosatiga yoki munozarali dunyo rahbarlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashiga javoban, nimadan foydalangan.[4][79][80] Milliy jamoat radiosi (NPR) "Prezident Tramp uni tanqid qilganda izchil taktikani ishlab chiqdi: boshqa birov yomonroq deb ayting" deb xabar berdi.[4] NPR ta'kidlashicha, Tramp tanqid qilishni tanlagan Arzon parvarishlash to'g'risidagi qonun u o'zi taklif qilingan tanqidga duch kelganida 2017 yilgi Amerika sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun, "U asosli mudofaa berish o'rniga, u haqoratlanishning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lgan aniq jinoyatga o'tdi."[4] NPR Putin va Trampning taktikasini qo'llashdagi o'xshashliklarini ta'kidlab, "Putinning Rossiyasi Tramp ma'muriyatini shunchalik ko'p muammolarga duchor qilayotgan bo'lsa-da, Tramp ko'pincha Putin singari dahshatli gaplarni eshitishi hech shubhasiz".[4]

Tanqid qilinganida yoki o'zini tutishini himoya qilishni so'rashganda, Tramp tez-tez tanqid qilib mavzuni o'zgartirgan Hillari Klinton, Obama ma'muriyati,[80] va arzon narxlardagi parvarish to'g'risidagi qonun.[4] Rossiyadagi inson huquqlari buzilishi haqida so'ralganda, Tramp diqqatni AQShning o'ziga qaratdi,[79][66] Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin ishlatgan taktikaga o'xshash.[4][81]

Fox News boshlovchisidan keyin Bill O'Rayli va MSNBC xosti Djo Skarboro Putinni qotil deb atagan Tramp bunga javoban AQSh hukumati ham odamlarni o'ldirishda aybdor ekanligini aytdi.[4][66][82] Garri Kasparov izoh berdi Columbia Journalism Review Trumpning whataboutismdan foydalanishi to'g'risida: "Axloqiy nisbiylik," whataboutism "har doim ilberberal rejimlarning sevimli qurolidir. AQSh prezidenti uchun uni o'z mamlakatiga qarshi ishlatishi fojiali".[34]

Infratuzilma bo'yicha matbuot anjumani paytida Trump minorasi keyin 2017 yil to'g'ri mitingni birlashtiring Sharlottesvildagi muxbir bilan bog'langan pastki o'ng qarshi namoyishchilarga qarshi uyushtirilgan halokatli avtoulovga qarshi hujumga, Tramp bunga javoban muxbirdan "menga o'ng huquqni belgilashni" talab qildi va keyinchalik muxbirning so'zini to'xtatib, "zaryad olayotgan alt-chapga nima bo'ladi? [o'ng o'ngda]? "[83][84] Turli xil mutaxassislar[85][86] Trampning ushbu atamani ishlatishini tanqid qildilar "chap-chap "ilg'or so'lning biron bir a'zosi o'zlarini tasvirlash uchun ushbu atamani ishlatmaganligini ta'kidlab[87][88] Bundan tashqari, Tramp ushbu huquqni qarshi namoyishchilarga yolg'on tenglashtirish uchun bu atamani to'qib chiqardi.[89][90]

Nikki Xeyli

Amerikaning BMTdagi elchisi, Nikki Xeyli, AQSh siyosatining tanqidiga javoban whataboutismdan foydalangan.[91]

Boshqa davlatlar tomonidan foydalanish

"Whataboutery" atamasi ishlatilgan Britaniya va Irlandiya davridan beri muammolar (ziddiyat) in Shimoliy Irlandiya.[92][93][94] Taktikani qo'llagan Ozarbayjon, inson huquqlari bilan bog'liq tanqidlarga javoban Qo'shma Shtatlardagi masalalar bo'yicha parlament eshituvlarini o'tkazdi.[95] Bir vaqtning o'zida ozarbayjonparast Internet-trollar mamlakatni tanqid qilishdan e'tiborni tortish uchun nimadan foydalangan.[96] Xuddi shunday, kurka Turkiyani tanqid qilgan boshqa hukumatlarning tanqidlari ro'yxatiga kiritilgan rasmiy hujjatni nashr etish orqali nima bilan shug'ullanish.[97]

Ga binoan Washington Post, "Turkiya bayonotida nima bo'lganligi haqidagi rasmiy hujjat qancha? Hozirda turli hukumatlar tomonidan ta'na qilinayotgan qonunbuzarliklar ro'yxati keltirilgan. kurka uning uchun dramatik tozalash Iyul oyida amalga oshirilgan to'ntarish tashabbusi natijasida davlat muassasalari va fuqarolik jamiyati. "[98]

Taktikani ham qo'llagan Saudiya Arabistoni va Isroil.[99][100] 2018 yilda Isroil Bosh vaziri Benyamin Netanyaxu dedi "[Isroil] istilosi Bu bema'nilik, aholini ishg'ol qilgan va o'rnini bosgan ko'plab yirik mamlakatlar bor va ular haqida hech kim gapirmaydi. "[101][102]

Hukumati Hind Bosh Vazir Narendra Modi , ayniqsa, 2015 yilga nisbatan, "nevoutizm" dan foydalanishda ayblangan Hindiston yozuvchilari norozilik bildirishmoqda va sobiq bosh sudyaning nomzodi Ranjan Gogoi parlamentga.[103][104]

Hesameddin Ashena, Eron prezidentining bosh maslahatchisi Hasan Ruhoniy, haqida tvitterida Jorj Floyd norozilik bildirmoqda: "Jasur Amerika xalqi ozchiliklarga, kambag'allarga va huquqidan mahrum bo'lganlarga qarshi davom etayotgan terrorga qarshi norozilik bildirish huquqiga ega. Siz AQShdagi irqchi va sinfiy boshqaruv tuzilmalariga chek qo'yishingiz kerak".[105]

Xitoy

Sinonim Xitoy tili metafora bu "Achchiq xato argumenti" (an'anaviy xitoy: 臭蟲 論; soddalashtirilgan xitoy: 臭虫 论; pinyin: Chòuchónglùn) tomonidan yaratilgan Lu Xun 1933 yilda zamonaviy xitoy adabiyotining etakchi vakili, xitoylik hamkasblarining Evropaliklarni "bir xil darajada yomon masalalarda" ayblashdagi odatiy tendentsiyasini tasvirlash uchun har doim chet elliklar Xitoyning ichki muammolariga izoh berishgan. Kabi Xitoy millatchi, Lu bu mentalitetni 20-asr boshlarida Xitoyni modernizatsiya qilishdagi eng katta to'siqlardan biri sifatida ko'rdi, bu Lu o'zining adabiy asarlarida tez-tez masxara qilgan.[106]Donald Tramp ma'muriyatining Xitoy hukumatining etnik ozchiliklarga nisbatan yomon munosabatini tanqid qilgan tvitlariga javoban Gonkongdagi demokratiya tarafdorlari, Xitoy Tashqi ishlar vazirligi rasmiylari Twitter-da AQShdagi irqiy tengsizliklar va ijtimoiy notinchlikni ko'rsatishda foydalanishni boshladilar, bu Politico-ni Xitoyni nima bilan bog'liqlikda ayblashiga olib keldi.[107]

Tahlil

Psixologik motivlar

Faylasuf Merold Vestfalning aytishicha, faqat o'zlarini biron bir narsada aybdor deb bilgan odamlargina "boshqalarni shuncha yomon yoki yomonroq deb topishda tasalli topa oladilar".[108] Ikkala tomon ham amal qilganidek, nimalar haqida Muammolar Bishop (keyinchalik kardinal) ko'ra, Shimoliy Irlandiyada boshqa tomon ularga nima qilganini ta'kidlash uchun "shaxsiy axloqiy javobgarlikdan qochishning eng keng tarqalgan shakllaridan biri" bo'lgan. Kaxal Deyli.[109] Keyin 2017 yilda beysbol o'yinida siyosiy tortishish, jurnalist Chak Todd siyosiy munozaralar tenorini tanqid qilib, "Ism-is -m ikkala tomonning partizanlarining eng yomon instinktlaridan biri" deb izohladi.[110][111]

O'zini qasddan obro'sizlantirish

Whataboutism odatda raqibning obro'sini pasaytirish uchun ularning huquqlarini buzadi, ammo bu odatiy yo'nalishni o'zgartirib, uni o'zini obro'sizlantirish uchun ham ishlatishi mumkin, ammo ittifoqdoshni tanqid qilishdan bosh tortadi. Davomida 2016 yil AQSh prezidentlik kampaniyasi, qachon The New York Times nomzod Donald Trampdan Turkiya prezidenti haqida so'radi Rajab Toyyib Erdo'g'an "s davolash jurnalistlar, o'qituvchilar va dissidentlar, Tramp AQSh tarixining fuqarolik erkinliklari bo'yicha tanqidiga javob berdi.[112] Yozish Diplomat, Ketrin Putz ta'kidladi: "Asosiy muammo shundaki, ushbu ritorik vosita, agar ushbu davlat mukammal rekordga ega bo'lmasa, bir mamlakat (masalan: AQSh) tomonidan muhokama qilinadigan masalalarni (masalan: fuqarolik huquqlari) taqiqlaydi."[112] Masha Gessen uchun yozgan The New York Times Tramp tomonidan bu taktikani qo'llaganligi amerikaliklarni hayratda qoldirib, "tirik xotiradagi biron bir amerikalik siyosatchi butun dunyo, shu jumladan AQSh ham chirib ketgan degan g'oyani ilgari surmagan", deya izoh berdi.[113]

Effektlar haqida tashvish

Djo Ostin 1994 yilda Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi nevotitizm amaliyotini tanqid qilgan, Qattiq va o'jar, yozish: "Va men" nima haqida gapirish "uchun umuman vaqtim yo'q edi ... agar siz unga kirsangiz, siz himoya qilinmaydigan narsani himoya qilgansiz."[114] 2017 yilda, Nyu-Yorker taktikani "soxta axloqiy ekvivalentlar strategiyasi" deb ta'riflagan,[24] va Klarens Peyj texnikani "mantiqiy jiu-jitsu shakli" deb atagan.[115] Yozish Milliy sharh, sharhlovchi Ben Shapiro bu amaliyotni tanqid qildi, uni qo'llab-quvvatlovchilar tomonidan ishlatilganmi yoki yo'qmi o'ng siyosat yoki chap qanot siyosati; Shapiro xulosa qildi: "Hammasi soqov. Va bu hammamizni uyatsiz qiladi."[116] Maykl J. Koplow Isroil siyosati forumi nimadan foydalanish inqirozga aylanganligini yozgan; taktikaning hech qanday foydasi yo'q degan xulosaga kelib, Koplou "o'ngdan ham, chapdan ham nima bo'lsa, shunchaki g'azablangan ayblovlarning qora tuynugiga olib keladi, undan hech narsa qochib qutula olmaydi", deb ta'kidladi.[117]

SSSR va Rossiyada ishlatilgan narsalarning tahlili

Uning kitobida Yangi sovuq urush (2008), Edvard Lukas nimani anglatishini "sovet targ'ibotchilarining sevimli quroli" sifatida tavsifladi.[118] Yuhan Kivirax va uning hamkasblari buni "polittexnologik" strategiya deb atashdi.[119] Yozish Milliy qiziqish 2013 yilda Samyuel Charap taktikani tanqid qilib, "Rossiya siyosatchilari, shu bilan birga," nima "degan petulant janglardan ozgina foyda olishadi.'".[120] Milliy xavfsizlik bo'yicha jurnalist Julia Ioffe 2014 yilgi maqolasida: "Sovet Ittifoqini o'rgangan har bir kishi" whataboutism "deb nomlangan hodisa haqida biladi".[22] Ioffe Sovet Ittifoqining tanqidga javobini keltirdi "Va siz negrlarni linchiz qilyapsiz ", whataboutismning" klassik "shakli sifatida.[22] U shunday dedi Russia Today "faqat nima bilan shug'ullanish masalasiga bag'ishlangan muassasa" edi,[22] va nima degani "muqaddas rus taktikasi" degan xulosaga keldi.[121][25][26] Garri Kasparov o'z kitobida Sovet taktikasini muhokama qildi Qish kelmoqda, buni "Sovet propagandasi" shakli va Rossiya byurokratlari uchun "Sovet qirg'inlari, majburiy deportatsiyalar va gulaglar tanqidiga javob berish" usuli deb atadi.[122] Mark Adomanis izoh berdi The Moscow Times 2015 yilda "Kommunistik partiya tomonidan Whataboutism shu qadar tez-tez va uyatsizlik bilan ishlatilganki, uning atrofida bir xil psevdo mifologiya o'sgan".[52] Adomanis "Sovet tarixini o'rganadigan har qanday talaba nima haqida gapirishayotgan kanonning ayrim qismlarini tan oladi" deb kuzatgan.[52]

2016 yilda yozish Bloomberg yangiliklari, jurnalist Leonid Bershidskiy nevoterizmni "rus an'anasi" deb atagan,[23] esa Milliy taktikani "samarali ritorik qurol" deb atagan.[123] Ularning kitobida Evropa Ittifoqi va Rossiya (2016), Forsberg va Xaukkala nimani "sobiq sovet amaliyoti" deb ta'rifladilar va ular ushbu strategiyaning "Rossiyaning G'arb tanqidlarini chetlab o'tishga urinishlarida etakchi o'rinni egallab kelayotganini" kuzatdilar.[124] Uning kitobida, Xavfsizlik tahdidlari va jamoatchilik tushunchasi, muallif Elizaveta Gaufman noutbuk uslubini "sovet / ruslar liberal anti-amerikaizmga qarshi kurash" deb atab, uni sovet rejoinderi bilan taqqoslab, "Va siz negrlarni lychin qilyapsiz".[125] Tashqi siyosat ushbu baholashni qo'llab-quvvatladi.[126] 2016 yilda kanadalik kolumnist Terri Glavin da'vo qilgan Ottava fuqarosi bu Noam Xomskiy taktikasini 2001 yil oktyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan nutqida ishlatgan 11 sentyabr hujumlari, bu AQSh tashqi siyosatini tanqid ostiga oldi.[44] Dafne Skillen taktikasini o'z kitobida muhokama qildi, Rossiyada so'z erkinligi, uni "Sovet targ'ibotchisining texnikasi" va "Sovet davridagi umumiy mudofaa" deb aniqladi.[33] Uchun bir parcha CNN, Jill Dugherty texnikani taqqosladi choynakni qora deb ataydigan qozon.[27] Dougherty yozgan: "Boshqa bir munosabat bor ... aksariyat ruslar sherik bo'lib tuyuladi, Sovet Ittifoqida ilgari" nima "deb nomlangan, boshqacha qilib aytganda," siz choynakni kim qora deysiz?'"[27]

Bu haqda rossiyalik jurnalist Aleksey Kovalyov aytib berdi GlobalPost 2017 yilda bu taktika "sobiq Sovet hiyla-nayranglari" edi.[127] Piter Konradi, muallif Rossiyani kim yo'qotdi?, nevoutinizmni "tanqidga oddiy javob bilan javob beradigan axloqiy nisbiylikning bir shakli" deb nomlagan: "Ammo siz ham buni qilasiz'".[128] Konradi Gaufmanning taktikani taqqoslashni sovetlarning javobiga taqqoslab, "U erda ular negrlarni linchalashdi".[128] Yozish Forbes 2017 yilda jurnalist Melik Kaylan Rossiyaning targ'ibot taktikasiga murojaat qilib, ushbu atamaning keng tarqalishini quyidagicha izohladi: "So'nggi yillardagi Kremlinologlar buni" nima "deb atashadi, chunki Kremlning turli xil og'izlari ushbu texnikani AQShga qarshi to'liq ishlatgan".[129][130] Kaylan "Kreml propagandasi va Tramp propagandasi o'rtasidagi shubhali o'xshashlik" ga izoh berdi.[129][130] Tashqi siyosat ruscha nevoterizm "milliy ruhiyatning bir qismi" ekanligini yozgan.[131] EurasiaNet "Moskvaning geosiyosiy narsabutizm mahoratiga teng kelmaydi",[132] esa Yapıştır nima bilan bog'liqligi va ijtimoiy iste'molning tobora ortib borishi bilan bog'liq soxta yangiliklar.[133]

Yozish Washington Post, avvalgi AQShning Rossiyadagi elchisi, Maykl Makfol Trampning taktikadan foydalanganligini tanqidiy ravishda yozgan va uni Putin bilan taqqoslagan.[134] Makfol: "Aynan mana shu argumentni Rossiya targ'ibotchilari ko'p yillar davomida Putinning eng shafqatsiz siyosatini oqlash uchun ishlatgan", deb izoh berdi.[134] Los Anjeles Tayms hissa qo'shgan Mett Uelch taktikani "Trumpning kechirim so'rashining olti toifasi" qatoriga kiritdi.[135] Ona Jons bu taktikani "an'anaviy rus targ'ibot strategiyasi" deb atadi va "Vebotizm strategiyasi qaytdi va Prezident Vladimir Putinning Rossiyasida rivojlandi" deb kuzatdi.[64]

Mudofaa

Ba'zi sharhlovchilar "whataboutism" dan foydalanishni himoya qildilar tu quoque muayyan kontekstda. Whataboutism tanqidning ma'lum bir yo'nalishi tegishli yoki adolatli ekanligi yoki yo'qligi haqida zarur kontekstni taqdim etishi mumkin. Masalan, xalqaro munosabatlarda xalqaro me'yorlar bo'yicha nomukammal bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan xatti-harakatlar ma'lum bir geosiyosiy mahalla uchun juda yaxshi bo'lishi mumkin va shunday deb tan olinishi kerak.[17]

Xristian Kristensen, Stokgolmdagi jurnalistika professori, "nevoutizm" da ayblovning o'zi o'zi tu quoque xato, chunki u o'z xatti-harakatiga qaratilgan tanqidlarni rad etib, o'rniga boshqalarning harakatlariga e'tibor qaratadi va shu bilan a yaratadi ikkilamchi standart. Whatabutismdan foydalanadiganlar, albatta, mas'uliyatni bo'sh yoki beparvolik bilan chetlab o'tishga majbur emaslar: nevotitizm qarama-qarshiliklarni, ikki tomonlama standartlarni va ikkiyuzlamachilikni fosh qilish uchun foydali vosita bo'lishi mumkin.[136][137]

Boshqalar, Amerika yangiliklar agentliklari tomonidan "nevotizm" ayblovlari qo'llanilishini tanqid qilib, "vaboitizm" ayblovlari shunchaki tanqidlarni chetlab o'tish uchun ishlatilgan deb ta'kidlashmoqda. inson huquqlarining buzilishi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tomonidan sodir etilgan yoki uning ittifoqchilari.[138] Ularning so'zlariga ko'ra, atamani deyarli faqat Amerika savdo shoxobchalarida ishlatish ikki tomonlama standart,[139] va qudratli davlatlar tomonidan qilingan axloqiy ayblovlar faqatgina o'zlarining noqonuniy xatti-harakatlari oldida geosiyosiy raqiblarini jazolash uchun bahona.[140]

Olimlar Kristen Ghodsei va Skott Sehon Xalq nutqida kapitalizm qurbonlarining ehtimoliy mavjudligini eslatish ko'pincha "nima degani" deb rad etiladi, ular buni "faqat kommunistlar tomonidan sodir etilgan vahshiyliklar e'tiborga loyiqligini anglatuvchi atama" deb ta'riflashadi. Ular, shuningdek, "nima" degan ayblovlar bekor deb ta'kidlaydilar, chunki kommunizmga qarshi qo'llanilgan dalillar kapitalizmga qarshi ham qo'llanilishi mumkin.[141]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

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  35. ^ Vayss, Maykl (2016 yil 21-iyul), "Donald Trump so'rg'ich va Putinga sotmoqda", The Daily Beast, olingan 5 iyul 2017
  36. ^ Rubin, Jennifer (2017 yil 7 mart), "Tramp Obamaning xatolarini ikki baravar oshirmoqda", Washington Post, olingan 5 iyul 2017
  37. ^ a b v Uitmor, Brayan (2016 yil 6-sentabr), "Whataboutism-ni buzish", Morning vertikal, Davlat yangiliklar xizmati - orqali HighBeam tadqiqotlari, Whataboutism-ni qayta qurish - Rossiya targ'ibotiga oid qo'llanmaning ikkinchi qismida Euromaidan Press "Whataboutism" ga e'tibor beradi.
  38. ^ a b v d Ganna Naronina; Aleks Leonor; Alya Shandra (2016 yil 5-sentyabr), Rossiya propagandasi uchun qo'llanma. 2-qism: Whataboutism (video), YouTube, Euromaidan Press, olingan 3 iyul 2017
  39. ^ "Nima uchun nima qilish kerak?", Iqtisodchi, Amerikadagi demokratiya: Amerika siyosati, 2017 yil 20 mart, olingan 4 iyul 2017, Sovuq urush davrida eng ishonchli Sovet texnikalaridan biri G'arbda "nima haqida" ism sifatida tanilgan. Masalan, Sovet Ittifoqi qamoq lagerlarida siyosiy dissidentlarni o'limga qadar ishlagan degan ayblov bilan duch kelganida, targ'ibotchi javob beradi: xo'sh, o'sha qora tanlilar janubdagi zanjir to'dalarida ishlashga majbur qilinganmi? Bu samarali bo'ldi, chunki kimdir bu ikkalasi, aslida, axloqiy jihatdan teng emasligini tushuntirgan paytgacha, texnika o'z ishini bajardi va mavzuni gulagdan o'zgartirdi.
  40. ^ Umland, Andreas (8 mart 2017 yil), "G'arbga qarshi Ukraina hukumatining xotira instituti", IndraStra Global, 3 (3), ISSN  2381-3652, olingan 23 iyul 2017, Instead, apologetic Ukrainian polemists regularly react to criticism by domestic and foreign observers with, what was known during Soviet times, as 'whataboutism': What about Polish whitewashing of the past? What about Israel's selective memory? What about crimes by other national liberation movements?
  41. ^ Headley, James (September 2015), "Challenging the EU's claim to moral authority: Russian talk of'double standards'", Asia Europe Journal, 13 (3): 297–307, doi:10.1007/s10308-015-0417-y, Soviet-style 'whataboutism' which signifies a revival of Cold War-style propaganda
  42. ^ Saradzhyan, Simon (2014), "Crimea is just one episode in Russia's long game in post-Soviet Eurasia", 21-asr, 1: 15, olingan 4 iyul 2017, Russian diplomats have been lately criticized for restoring the Soviet habit of 'whataboutism'
  43. ^ Wilson, Jeanne L. (2016), "Cultural Statecraft in the Russian and Chinese Contexts: Domestic and International Implications", Post-kommunizm muammolari, 63 (3): 135–145, doi:10.1080/10758216.2015.1132630, Soviet-style practice of 'whataboutism' (which abandons the practice of dispassionate journalism), with a focus on discrediting the policies of the US government
  44. ^ a b Glavin, Terry (30 November 2016), "Sorry liberals, you're dead wrong about Fidel Castro", Ottava fuqarosi, olingan 3 iyul 2017, What about how beastly the United States has been to the indigenous Hawaiians? What about all the Filipinos killed by Americans? What about the conquest of the northern half of Mexico? What about the ghastly friendships the United States has cultivated over the years in Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua? What about the poor Palestinians? What about all the seedy allies the United States is taking on in its so-called War on Terror?
  45. ^ a b Khazan, Olga (2 August 2013). "The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden". Atlantika. Olingan 3 iyul 2017. Whataboutistm: a rhetorical defense that alleges hypocrisy from the accuser. ... it allows the Kremlin a moment of whataboutism, a favorite, Soviet-era appeal to hypocrisy: Russia is not that bad, you see, because other countries have also committed various misdeeds, and what about those?
  46. ^ Akyol, Mustafa (7 March 2017), "How Germany accidentally gave Erdogan a boost ahead of key vote", Al-Monitor, olingan 3 iyul 2017, 'Whataboutism'. This was a term originally coined to describe Soviet propaganda during the Cold War about the 'real democracy' in the USSR and the hypocrisy in the West. All criticisms about the Soviet condition would be dismissed by pointing to flaws and double standards in the West, real or perceived, and asking 'What about this?' 'What about that?' The real issue at stake, that the USSR was a brutal dictatorship, was never addressed.
  47. ^ Taylor, Adam (12 April 2017), "How the Russian Embassy in London uses Twitter to undermine the West", Washington Post, olingan 3 iyul 2017
  48. ^ Weiss, Michael (4 November 2016), "Russian Dressing: When Donald Trump Was More Anti-NATO Than Vladimir Putin", The Daily Beast, olingan 3 iyul 2017, In stark contrast with his predecessors for high office, he also regularly traffics in 'whataboutism', a Soviet-honed method of changing the conversation.
  49. ^ Garver, Rob (18 December 2015), "Donald Trump's New Role: Apologist for Vladimir Putin", Fiscal Times, olingan 3 iyul 2017, In the depths of the Cold War, when the U.S. and the Soviet Union were locked in a global battle of ideas about how governments should treat their people and what political forms were best at delivering peace and prosperity, a particular style of argument became popular and was given the ironic name, 'whataboutism'. ... During the Cold War, whataboutism was generally the province of Soviet spokesmen and their defenders in the West.
  50. ^ Nikitin, Vadim, "The long read: From Russia with love – how Putin is winning over hearts and minds", Milliy, dan arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4 fevralda, olingan 3 iyul 2017, During the Cold War, such 'whataboutism' was used by the Kremlin to counter any criticism of Soviet policy with retorts about American slavery or British imperialism. The strategy remains an effective rhetorical weapon to this day.
  51. ^ Foxall, Andrew (16 November 2014), "Crimea, Chechnya and Putin's Double Standards", The Moscow Times, olingan 3 iyul 2017, Those wishing to understand Putin's linguistic gymnastics should look up 'whataboutism'. The term emerged at the height of the Cold War and described a favorite tactic of Soviet propagandists – the tendency to deflect any criticism of the Soviet Union by saying 'what about' a different situation or problem in the West. As Putin's language suggests, the practice is alive and well in today's Russia. Whataboutism is a way of shutting down discussion, discouraging critical thinking, and opposing open debate. It is a key feature of Russian politics these days.
  52. ^ a b v Adomanis, Mark (5 April 2015), "U.S. Should Think Twice Before Criticizing Russia", The Moscow Times, olingan 3 iyul 2017, Whataboutism's efficacy decreased for a certain period of time, in no small part because many of the richest targets (like the Jim Crow racial segregation laws) were reformed out of existence, but it has made something of a rebound over the past few years.
  53. ^ Ioffe, Yuliya (1 June 2012), "Russia's Syrian Excuse", Nyu-Yorker, olingan 3 iyul 2017, This posture is a defense tactic, the Kremlin's way of adapting to a new post-Cold War geopolitical reality. 'Whataboutism' was a popular tactic even back in Soviet days, for example, but objectivity wasn't.
  54. ^ Seddon, Max (25 November 2014), "Russia Is Trolling The U.S. Over Ferguson Yet Again", BuzzFeed yangiliklari, olingan 3 iyul 2017, Since the Cold War, Moscow has engaged in a political points-scoring exercise known as 'whataboutism' used to shut down criticism of Russia's own rights record by pointing out abuses elsewhere. All criticism of Russia is invalid, the idea goes, because problems exist in other countries too.
  55. ^ MacDonald, Euan (9 June 2017), "Euan MacDonald: Ukraine's Friend & Foe Of The Week", Kiyev posti, olingan 4 iyul 2017, Putin dodged, just as a trained KGB officer would do. He even engaged in the favorite Kremlin 'whataboutism'
  56. ^ Kovalev, Alexey (22 March 2017), "'You're Fake News!': Russia Borrows the Worst from the West", The Moscow Times, olingan 4 iyul 2017, In Russia, screaming 'fake news' as a response to any criticism has an older relative in 'whataboutism' — a rhetorical fallacy favored by both Soviet and modern Russian propaganda, where Moscow's actions are justified by references to real or perceived crimes and slights by the Kremlin's foes abroad.
  57. ^ Szostek, Joanna (June 2017), "The Power and Limits of Russia's Strategic Narrative in Ukraine: The Role of Linkage" (PDF), Siyosatning istiqbollari, 15 (2): 379–395, doi:10.1017/S153759271700007X, Disinformation and 'whataboutism' undoubtedly feature strongly in Russian state-sponsored media content
  58. ^ Pomerantsev, Peter; Weiss, Michael (2014), The menace of unreality: How the Kremlin weaponizes information, culture and money (PDF), New York: Institute of Modern Russia, The Interpreter, p. 5, olingan 4 iyul 2017, Russia combines Soviet-era 'whataboutism' and Chekist 'active measures' with a wised-up, post-modern smirk that says that everything is a sham.
  59. ^ Huseynov, Vasif (2016), "Soft power geopolitics: how does the diminishing utility of military power affect the Russia-West confrontation over the 'Common Neighbourhood'", Eastern Journal of European Studies, 7 (2): 71–90, olingan 4 iyul 2017
  60. ^ Skaskiw, Roman (27 March 2016), "Nine Lessons of Russian Propaganda", Kichik urushlar jurnali, olingan 5 iyul 2017, Russian propaganda destroys meaning. They pursue several tactics including the false moral equivalences of "whataboutism", polluting the information space
  61. ^ David, Maxine (2 March 2015), "What Boris Nemtsov's Assassination Says About Putin's Climate of Fear", Yangi respublika, olingan 5 iyul 2017, A familiar phenomenon for Russian watchers is in full swing: 'whataboutism', where any criticism of the Russian elite is met with a 'well, what about...' response, framing the critic as a hypocrite representing exactly that which they criticize—sending any dialogue back to the level of squabbling.
  62. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil (20 July 2016), "Doping mojarosi Rossiya prezidentiga dog 'tushirish ehtimoli yo'q", The New York Times, olingan 5 iyul 2017, This form of 'whataboutism' has been rife under Mr. Putin – he often responds to criticism of Russia by suggesting that the United States is worse.
  63. ^ Mandel, Seth (1 May 2014), "Europe - The Vladimir Putin Fan Club: From left to right, they're fronting for a tyrant.", Sharh, olingan 5 iyul 2017, This is another throwback to the Cold War, and one Putin himself is fond of, called 'Whataboutism'. The essence of Whataboutism is to turn any complaint about Russia into an accusation that whatever it might be doing, the West is doing and has done worse. Despite the constant protestations that the Cold War is over, these attempts to turn criticism of the Kremlin back on the critics are often nothing more than a Putin-era version of anti-anti-Communism.
  64. ^ a b Clifton, Denise (20 July 2017), "Childish Rants or Putin-Style Propaganda?", Ona Jons, olingan 22 iyul 2017, a traditional Russian propaganda strategy called 'whataboutism' ... In Trump's version of whataboutism, he repeatedly takes a word leveled in criticism against him and turns it back on his opponents—sidestepping the accusation and undercutting the meaning of the word at the same time.
  65. ^ "Pussy Riot: In Defence of 'Whataboutism'". The Foreign Policy. 2012 yil 9-avgust.
  66. ^ a b v Sullivan, Jake (7 February 2017). "The Slippery Slope of Trump's Dangerous 'Whataboutism'". Tashqi siyosat. Olingan 20 may 2017. Now something new is happening. The American president is taking Putin's 'what about you' tactic and turning it into 'what about us?' He is taking the very appealing and very American impulse toward self-criticism and perverting it. It's simplistic, even childish – but more importantly, it's dangerous.
  67. ^ Bertrand, Natasha (4 April 2017), "'Poisoned' Russian dissident: Trump echoed 'one of the Kremlin's oldest propaganda tools'", Business Insider, olingan 4 iyul 2017, Indeed, Putin's near-default response to criticism of how he runs Russia is whataboutism – a technique used by Soviet propagandists to deflect criticism from the West.
  68. ^ Elder, Miriam (26 April 2012). "Putinning idorasidan javob olishni xohlaysizmi? Rossiyani kimyoviy tozalash shunchaki chiptadir". Guardian. Olingan 16 may 2012.
  69. ^ Buckley, Neil (11 June 2012), "The return of whataboutism", Financial Times, dan arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2012 yil 11 iyunda, olingan 3 iyul 2017, Soviet-watchers called it 'whataboutism'. This was the Communist-era tactic of deflecting foreign criticism of, say, human rights abuses, by pointing, often disingenuously, at something allegedly similar in the critic's own country: 'Ah, but what about…?'
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  72. ^ Daniel McLaughlin (3 oktyabr 2017). "Rossiya va Serbiya Evropa Ittifoqining Kataloniyadagi ovoz berishga bo'lgan munosabatini masxara qilmoqda". Irish Times.
  73. ^ Dougherty, Jill (2014), Everyone Lies: The Ukraine Conflict and Russia's Media Transformation (PDF), Harvard Kennedy School Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy, olingan 4 iyul 2017, 'what-about-ism', a time-worn propaganda technique used by the Soviet government in which criticism is deflected by cries of 'but what about?'
  74. ^ Dougherty, Jill (27 March 2014), "Putin's Iron-Fisted Message", Huffington Post, olingan 3 iyul 2017
  75. ^ van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (4 May 2017), "At RT, News Breaks You – U.S. intelligence officials have accused the Kremlin-funded network of helping swing the election to Trump. Could such a little-watched cable channel be that powerful?", Bloomberg yangiliklari, olingan 4 iyul 2017, The Financial Times described the network's nonstop anti-U.S. coverage as 'whataboutism'—as in sure, Russia has problems, but what about the States? ... In 2016, RT America at last began proving its usefulness to the Russian government. The outlet remained as second-rate as ever, but during an election campaign governed by populist rage, anti-Establishment whataboutism had fresh appeal.
  76. ^ Marten, Kimberly (20 June 2016), "What Russia's Olympic ban means for Vladimir Putin", Washington Post, olingan 3 iyul 2017
  77. ^ David, Maxine (2016), "Chapter 11 US–Russia relations in Obama's second term", in Bentley, Michelle; Holland, Jack (eds.), The Obama Doctrine: A Legacy of Continuity in US Foreign Policy?, Routledge Studies in US Foreign Policy, Routledge, p. 164, ISBN  978-1138831223, Indeed, any Western critique of Russian foreign policy is inevitably met with a 'whataboutist' set of comments that point out the West's failings, not least because of the activities of the Kremlin trolls
  78. ^ Zimmer, Ben (9 June 2017), "The Roots of the 'What About?' Hiyla ", The Wall Street Journal, olingan 3 iyul 2017, In his interview with NBC's Megyn Kelly on Sunday, Russian President Vladimir Putin employed the tried-and-true tactic of 'whataboutism'.
  79. ^ a b Weiss, Michael (4 November 2016), "When Donald Trump Was More Anti-NATO Than Vladimir Putin", The Daily Beast, olingan 5 iyul 2017, In stark contrast with his predecessors for high office, he also regularly traffics in 'whataboutism', a Soviet-honed method of changing the conversation. Whenever human rights abuses or the trampling of freedoms abroad is raised, he shifts to the real or perceived shortcomings of the United States.
  80. ^ a b Feldmann, Linda; Kiefer, Francine (18 May 2017), "How Mueller appointment may calm a roiled Washington", Christian Science Monitor, olingan 5 iyul 2017, Trump also engaged in 'what-aboutism': 'With all of the illegal acts that took place in the Clinton campaign & Obama Administration, there was never a special counsel appointed!' he tweeted twice in three hours.
  81. ^ Leveille, David (24 January 2017). "Russian journalist has advice for Americans covering Trump". USA Today. when you try to point out those inconsistencies or catch him red-handed lying, there's no point because he'll evade your question, he knows that he can just drown you in meaningless factoids or false moral equivalencies or by using what is called 'whataboutism'.
  82. ^ Todd, Chuck (21 February 2017), "MTP DAILY for February 21, 2017, MSNBC", Matbuot bilan tanishing - orqali InfoTrac, Folks, comments like these are reminding some people of an old Soviet tactic known as whataboutism. ... Whataboutism is the trick of turning any argument against the opponent when faced with accusations of corruption, they claim the entire world is corrupt.
  83. ^ Full text: Trump's comments on white supremacists, 'alt-left' in Charlottesville, Politico, 15 August 2017, olingan 23 mart 2018
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  93. ^ "whataboutery", Oksfordning yashash lug'atlari, Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 2017, olingan 26 iyul 2017
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  95. ^ "Azerbaijan Concerned About Human Rights – In The United States". RFERL. 2015 yil 16-yanvar. Olingan 3 iyul 2017. The parliamentary hearing appeared to be an exercise in so-called 'whataboutism', the Soviet-era rhetorical tactic of responding to criticism about rights abuses by citing real or imagined abuses committed by the West.
  96. ^ Geybulla, Arzu (22 November 2016), "In the crosshairs of Azerbaijan's patriotic trolls", Ochiq demokratiya, olingan 4 iyul 2017, Whataboutism is the most popular tactic against foreign critics; 'how dare you criticise Azerbaijan, get your own house in order!'
  97. ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (6 December 2016), "Turkey condemns state of press freedom in Europe and the US", Washington Post, olingan 5 iyul 2017, In what amounts to an official document of whataboutism, the Turkish statement listed a roster of supposed transgressions by various governments now scolding Turkey for its dramatic purge of state institutions and civil society in the wake of a failed coup attempt in July.
  98. ^ "Turkey condemns state of press freedom in Europe and the U.S." Washington Post. 2016 yil 6-dekabr.
  99. ^ "FACT CHECK: Why Israeli UN Envoy's Speech on Jerusalem Missed the Mark". Haaretz. 2017 yil 22-dekabr.
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  102. ^ "J Street just took over the Israel lobby, and says it represents US Jews (thanks to Trump)". Mondoweys. 8 Noyabr 2018.
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  104. ^ Moza, Raju (11 October 2015). "Why Using Kashmiri Pandits To Discredit 'Award Returnees' Doesn't Make Sense". Huffington Post. Olingan 12 iyun 2020.
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  111. ^ Todd, Chuck (14 June 2017), "Chuck Todd: The Media Has 'A Role To Play' In Calling Out Caustic Rhetoric", Matbuot bilan tanishing, MSNBC, olingan 5 iyul 2017
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  113. ^ Gessen, Masha (18 February 2017), "In Praise of Hypocrisy", The New York Times, olingan 5 iyul 2017, This stance has breathed new life into the old Soviet propaganda tool of 'whataboutism', the trick of turning any argument against the opponent. When accused of falsifying elections, Russians retort that American elections are not unproblematic; when faced with accusations of corruption, they claim that the entire world is corrupt. This month, Mr. Trump employed the technique of whataboutism when he was asked about his admiration for Mr. Putin, whom the host Bill O'Reilly called 'a killer'.
  114. ^ Austin, Joe (1994). "The Obdurate and the Obstinate". Yilda Parker, Toni (tahrir). May the Lord in His Mercy be Kind to Belfast. Genri Xolt va Kompaniya. p.136. ISBN  978-0805030532. And I'd no time at all for 'What aboutism' – you know, people who said 'Yes, but what about what's been done to us? ... That had nothing to do with it, and if you got into it you were defending the indefensible.
  115. ^ Sahifa, Klarens (10 March 2017), "How long can President Trump's art of deflection work?", NewsOK, The Chicago Tribune, olingan 4 iyul 2017, 'Whataboutism' is running rampant in the White House these days. What's that, you may ask? It's a Cold War-era term for a form of logical jiu-jitsu that helps you to win arguments by gently changing the subject. When Soviet leaders were questioned about human rights violations, for example, they might come back with, 'Well, what about the Negroes you are lynching in the South?' That's not an argument, of course. It is a deflection to an entirely different issue. It's a naked attempt to excuse your own wretched behavior by painting your opponent as a hypocrite. But in the fast-paced world of media manipulation, the Soviet leader could get away with it merely by appearing to be strong and firm in defense of his country.
  116. ^ Shapiro, Ben (31 May 2017), "Whataboutism and Misdirection: The Latest Tools of Dumb Political Combat", Milliy sharh, olingan 5 iyul 2017
  117. ^ Koplow, Michael J. (6 July 2017), "The crisis of whataboutism", Matzav, Isroil siyosati forumi, olingan 6 iyul 2017, whataboutism from either the right or the left only leads to a black hole of angry recriminations from which nothing will escape.
  118. ^ Lucas, Edward (2008), "Chapter 5. The 'New Tsarism': What Makes Russia's Leaders Tick", Yangi sovuq urush: Putinning Rossiyasi va G'arbga tahdid, Palgrave Makmillan, p.144, ISBN  978-0230606128
  119. ^ Kivirähk, Juhan; Maliukevičius, Nerijus; Yeremeev, Olexandr (2010), The 'Humanitarian Dimension' of Russian Foreign Policy Toward Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, and the Baltic States, Centre for East European Policy Studies, pp. 30, 300
  120. ^ Charap, Samuel (July 2013), "Beyond the Russian Reset", Milliy qiziqish (126): 39–43, JSTOR  42896500, Russian policy makers, meanwhile, gain little from petulant bouts of 'whataboutism' – responding to U.S. statements on human rights in Russia with laundry lists of purported American shortcomings.
  121. ^ Adamczyk, Ed (20 August 2014), "Authoritarian countries ridicule Ferguson police efforts", UPI NewsTrack, United Press International - orqali InfoTrac, Writer Julia Ioffe said, in a New Republic article last week, that Moscow authorities typically counter criticism of Russia's human rights abuses with comparisons to racial inequality in the United States, noting, "The now sacred Russian tactic of 'whataboutism' started with civil rights. Whenever the U.S. pointed to Soviet human rights violations, the Soviets had an easy riposte. 'Well, you,' they said, 'lynch Negroes.'"
  122. ^ Kasparov, Garri (2015), Qish kelmoqda, Jamoat ishlari, pp. 43, 193–194, ISBN  978-1610396202
  123. ^ Nikitin, Vadim (4 February 2016), "The long read: From Russia with love – how Putin is winning over hearts and minds", Milliy, Abu Dhabi, SyndiGate Media Inc. – via InfoTrac, During the Cold War, such 'whataboutism' was used by the Kremlin to counter any criticism of Soviet policy with retorts about American slavery or British imperialism. The strategy remains an effective rhetorical weapon to this day. Whatever threadbare crowds of remaining anti-government activists are still occasionally allowed to protest in Moscow, they pale in the public imagination against the images, repeatedly shown on Russian TV, of thousands of Europeans angrily upbraiding their own governments and declaring support for Putin.
  124. ^ Forsberg, Tuomas; Haukkala, Hiski (2016), The European Union and Russia, The European Union Series, Palgrave Makmillan, p. 122, ISBN  978-1137355348
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  126. ^ Palmer, Jeyms (2016 yil 9-noyabr), "Xitoy AQSh saylovlarida g'alaba qozondi", Tashqi siyosat, olingan 5 iyul 2017, the old Soviet whataboutism whenever they were challenged on the gulag: 'But in America, you lynch Negroes.'
  127. ^ Leveille, David (24 January 2017), "Russian journalist has advice for Americans covering Trump", USA Today, GlobalPost, olingan 3 iyul 2017
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  131. ^ Ferris-Rotman, Amie (7 April 2017), "Dispatch – 59 Ways to Kill a Russian Reset: All it takes is a few dozen Tomahawk missiles and a lecture on human rights.", Tashqi siyosat, olingan 5 iyul 2017, In a country where 'whataboutism' is part of the national psyche, Russia was quick to point to Washington's alleged failures after the strike in Syria.
  132. ^ Kucera, Joshua (5 July 2017), "Russia Complains To Azerbaijan About Discrimination Against Armenians", EurasiaNet, olingan 5 iyul 2017, Moscow's geopolitical whataboutism skills are unmatched
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  134. ^ a b McFaul, Michael (17 May 2017), "Trump has given Putin the best gift he could ask for", Washington Post, olingan 5 iyul 2017, As for 'whataboutism', Trump himself champions these kinds of cynical arguments about our country – not Russia.
  135. ^ Welch, Matt (13 July 2017), "The six categories of Trump apologetics", Los Anjeles Tayms, olingan 18 iyul 2017
  136. ^ Christensen, Christian (26 January 2015). "We need 'whataboutism' now more than ever". Al-Jazeera Ingliz tili. Olingan 16 avgust 2018.
  137. ^ Yagoda, Ben (19 July 2018). "One Cheer for Whataboutism". The New York Times. Olingan 17 avgust 2018. Tu quoque is a subset of the so-called ad hominem argument: a strike against the character, not the position, of one’s opponent. Ad hominem gets a bad press, but it isn’t without merit, when used in good faith. It’s useful in an argument to show that the stance being taken against you is inconsistent or hypocritical. It doesn’t win the day, but it chips away at your opponent’s moral standing and raises doubt about the entirety of his or her position.
  138. ^ "Риторика холодной войны на фоне нарушения прав человека в США" [Cold War rhetoric against a backdrop of human rights violations in the USA]. 1News Azerbaijan (rus tilida). 2014 yil 26-avgust. Olingan 16 avgust 2018.
  139. ^ Mark, Adomanis (6 March 2013). "Saudi Arabia, Russia, The Magnitsky Act, And 'Whataboutism'". Forbes. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2014 yil 29 avgustda. Olingan 16 avgust 2018.
  140. ^ "Ritorika xolodnoy voyny na fone narusheniya prav cheloveka v SShA". [AQShda inson huquqlari buzilishi fonida Sovuq Urush ritorikasi]. 1 yangiliklar Ozarbayjon (rus tilida). 2014 yil 26-avgust. Olingan 16 avgust 2018. «Prava cheloveka - eto dubinka v rukax silnyx mira sego, og'zi uni ispolzuyut, kogda kto-to vokrug protyavlyaet neposlushanie», - ubejden azarbayjanskiy polietesheskiy deyatel Araz Alizade, vozglavlyuiochutyu (Tarjima: "" Inson huquqlari - bu dunyo kuchlari qo'lidagi tayoq, ular ularga bo'ysunmaganlarni urish uchun foydalanadilar ", deydi Ozarbayjon Sotsial-Demokratik partiyasi rahbari Araz Alizoda)
  141. ^ Ghodsei, Kristen R.; Sehon, Skott (22.03.2018). "Anti-kommunizm". Aeon. Olingan 1 oktyabr 2018. Ammo antikommunistlar uchun muammo shundaki, ularning umumiy asoslari Evropaning sharqiy qismida iqtisodiy o'tishning yutqazuvchilari deb tezda tasdiqlanadigan dalil sifatida kapitalizmga qarshi bir xil darajada yaxshi dalil uchun asos bo'lishi mumkin. Erkin bozor kapitalistik mafkuraga asoslangan AQSh ko'plab dahshatli ishlarni amalga oshirdi: millionlab afrikaliklarning qulligi, tub amerikaliklarni genotsid bilan yo'q qilish, g'arbparast diktaturalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun qilingan shafqatsiz harbiy harakatlar. biroz. Britaniya imperiyasi ham qo'llarida juda ko'p qonga ega edi: biz faqatgina Ikkinchi Bur urushi va Bengaldagi ocharchilik paytida ichki lagerlarni eslatib o'tishimiz mumkin. Bu shunchaki "nimadir" emas, chunki ularning antikommunistik dalillarini ilgari surish uchun zarur bo'lgan bir xil oraliq shart hozirgi kunda kapitalizmga qarshi ishlaydi: Tarixiy nuqta: AQSh va Buyuk Britaniya kapitalistik mafkuraga asoslanib, ko'plab dahshatli ishlarni qildilar. Umumiy shart: agar ma'lum bir mafkuraga asoslangan har qanday mamlakat ko'plab dahshatli ishlarni qilgan bo'lsa, unda bu mafkurani rad etish kerak. Siyosiy xulosa: kapitalizmni rad etish kerak.

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