Trump minorasi - Trump Tower

Ushbu maqola Manxettenning Midtown shahridagi 721 Beshinchi avenyuda joylashgan bino haqida. "Trump Tower" (yoki shunga o'xshash) nomi bilan tanilgan boshqa binolar va boshqa barcha maqsadlar uchun qarang Trump minorasi (so'zning farqi).

Trump minorasi
Trump minorasi (7181836700) (kesilgan) .jpg
Umumiy ma'lumot
HolatBajarildi
TuriChakana savdo, ofis va turar joy
Arxitektura uslubiModernizm
ManzilBeshinchi avenyu, 721
Nyu-York shahri, Nyu-York 10022
Qo'shma Shtatlar
Koordinatalar40 ° 45′45 ″ N. 73 ° 58′26 ″ V / 40.7625 ° 73.9738 ° Vt / 40.7625; -73.9738Koordinatalar: 40 ° 45′45 ″ N. 73 ° 58′26 ″ V / 40.7625 ° 73.9738 ° Vt / 40.7625; -73.9738
Amaldagi ijarachilarTramp tashkiloti
NomlanganDonald Tramp
Qurilish boshlandi1979
Bajarildi1983
Tantanali ochilish marosimi1983 yil 30-noyabr; 37 yil oldin (1983-11-30)
Narxi$ 300 million
EgasiDonald Tramp, Tramp tashkiloti
Balandligi
Arxitektura664 fut (202 m)[1]
Texnik ma'lumotlar
MateriallarBeton
Qavatlar soni58
Liftlar / liftlar34
Loyihalash va qurish
Me'morDer Scutt
Arxitektura firmasiKambag'al, Svank, Xeyden va Konnell
TuzuvchiDonald Tramp
Tarkibiy muhandisIrvin Kantor
Boshqa ma'lumotlar
Birlik soni238
Restoranlarning soni3
Barlar soni1

Trump minorasi 58 qavatli, 664 fut balandlikdagi (202 m) aralash ishlatilgan osmono'par bino 721-725 da Beshinchi avenyu, o'rtasida 56-chi va 57-ko'chalar, yilda Midtown Manxetten, Nyu-York shahri. Trump Tower shtab-kvartirasi sifatida xizmat qiladi Trump Organization. Bundan tashqari, u uylarni pentxaus bino nomini olgan va ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lgan kondominium turar joyi, AQSh prezidenti Donald Tramp, shuningdek, u biznesmen va ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchisi. Ning bir nechta a'zolari Tramp oilasi binoda yashaydi yoki yashaydi. Minora uchastkada joylashgan flagmani do'koni do'konlar tarmog'i Bonwit Teller ilgari joylashgan edi.

Der Scutt ning Kambag'al, Svank, Xeyden va Konnell Trump Tower va Tramp va Teng hayotni ta'minlash kompaniyasi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan (hozirda AXA teng hayotni sug'urtalash kompaniyasi ) uni ishlab chiqdi. Garchi u Midtown Manxettenning birida bo'lsa ham maxsus rayonlashtirish tumanlari sifatida qurilishi kerakligi sababli minora tasdiqlangan aralash ishlatiladigan rivojlanish. Trump tufayli minoraga ko'proq hikoyalar qo'shishga ruxsat berildi atrium pastki qavatda. Qurilish paytida tortishuvlar bo'lgan, shu jumladan Bonwit Teller do'konidan tarixiy ahamiyatga ega haykallarni yo'q qilish; Trampning gumon qilingan pudratchilarni to'lamaganligi; va minora soliqlardan ozod qilinmaganligi sababli Tramp sudga bergan sud jarayoni.

Binoning qurilishi 1979 yilda boshlangan. Atrium, kvartiralar, idoralar va do'konlar 1983 yil fevralidan noyabr oyigacha gavdalangan jadval asosida ochilgan. Dastlab savdo va chakana savdo joylariga ko'chib o'tishni istagan ijarachilar kam edi; turar-joy binolari ochilgandan bir necha oy ichida sotib yuborildi. 2016 yildan beri minoraga tashriflar ko'paygan Trampning 2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi va keyingi saylovlar - uning 2016 va 2020 kampaniyalarning bosh qarorgohi minorada joylashgan.

Rivojlanish

Dan yuqoriga qarab Beshinchi avenyu Kirish

Kontekst

Donald Tramp - Nyu-York shahrini quruvchi o'g'li Fred Tramp - 56-ko'chada va Beshinchi avenyuda minora qurishni nazarda tutgan edi Manxetten bolaligidanoq, lekin saytni rivojlantirish rejalarini faqat 70-yillarning o'rtalarida, u o'ttiz yoshida bo'lganida ishlab chiqqan.[2] O'sha paytda Bonwit Teller flagmani do'koni, 1929 yilda qurilgan me'moriy jihatdan taniqli bino, ko'p qismini egallab oldi.[3] Sayt yonida edi Tiffanyniki Tramp shaharning eng yaxshi ko'chmas mulki deb hisoblagan 57-ko'chadagi flagman do'kon.[4] Tramp har yili taxminan ikki marotaba Bonwit Tellerning bosh kompaniyasiga murojaat qildi, Genesko, Bonwit Tellerning flagmani do'konini sotishga tayyor yoki yo'qligini so'rash. Tramp Genesko bilan birinchi marta aloqa o'rnatganida "ular tom ma'noda menga kulishdi" dedi.[5] Genesko o'z takliflarini rad etishda davom etdi va Trampning so'zlariga ko'ra "ular hazillashyapman deb o'ylashdi".[2]

1977 yilda, Jon Xanigan Geneskoning yangi raisi bo'ldi.[6] U qarzlarni to'lash uchun ba'zi aktivlarni sotmoqchi edi va Tramp unga Bonwit Teller binosini sotib olish taklifi bilan murojaat qildi.[7] 1979 yil fevral oyida Genesco Bonwit Teller-ning ko'plab joylarini sotdi Ittifoqdosh do'konlar, va brendning flagmani binosini Trump Organization.[8] O'sha paytda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining teng huquqli hayotni ta'minlash jamiyati erga egalik qilgan,[9] Genesko esa erni uzoq muddatli ijaraga olgan, 29 yil qolgan. Agar Tramp yerni sotib oladigan bo'lsa, uning minorasiga egalik huquqi 2008 yilda, ijara muddati tugagandan so'ng Equitable-ga o'tishi mumkin.[5][10] Dastlab Tenglik erni Trampga sotishdan bosh tortgan, ammo Tramp tashkiloti uning o'rniga ijarani sotib olgan va Tenglik qurilish loyihasining o'zida 50% ulush evaziga erni almashtirgan. Bu tenglik uchun yanada foydaliroq edi, chunki ular Geneskodan erdan foydalanish uchun yiliga atigi 100000 dollar olishar edi, minoradagi bitta kondomini esa millionlab dollarga sotish mumkin edi.[11][12] Trump shuningdek, sotib oldi havo huquqlari Tiffanining flagmani do'koni atrofida[5][13][14] do'konni yiqitib, balandroq bino qurishni boshqa ishlab chiquvchining oldini olish uchun.[15]

Keyin Trampni ishontirish kerak edi Nyu-York shahar rejalashtirish bo'limi, Manxetten jamoatchilik kengashi 5, va Nyu-York shahrining taxminiy kengashi ga rezone uning rejalashtirilgan minorasi uchun maydon.[15] 1979 yilda Nyu-Yorkning muvozanatli qurilish boom qo'mitasi Beshinchi avenyu xarakteri osmono'par binolar qurilishi bilan o'zgarishi mumkin degan xavotir tufayli rejani o'zgartirishga qarshi chiqqan edi.[16] Keyinchalik Tramp mashhur me'morchilik tanqidchisi tomonidan binoga ijobiy baho berilishini aytdi Ada Luiza Xukstable har bir qo'mitaning ba'zi shubhali a'zolarini qo'llab-quvvatlashda ishtirok etdi.[17] Ushbu kelishuv OAV tomonidan ba'zi tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi. Yozuvchi Nyu York Jurnalning ta'kidlashicha, Trump Tower-ning ma'qullanishi "hech kim jiddiy qabul qilmaydigan boshoq bolani qonuniylashtirdi".[18] esa The Wall Street Journal Tramp "gaksterning giperbolaga bo'lgan qobiliyatini aqlli ish va siyosiy tuyg'u bilan birlashtirganini" va Qishloq ovozi Tramp "siyosiy aloqalarni davlat hisobidan xususiy foydaga aylantiradi" dedi.[17]

Rejalashtirish

Trump Organization 1979 yil may oyida Bonwit Teller-ning asosiy do'konini yopdi,[19] va do'kon 1980 yilga qadar buzilgan.[3] Trump yollangan Der Scutt, Trump Tower me'mori, 1978 yil iyul oyida, Bonwit Teller saytini sotib olishdan bir yil oldin. Scutt rivojlanishdan oldin Trump bilan hamkorlik qilgan Grand Hyatt Nyu-York va boshqa bir qancha loyihalar. Me'mor dastlab Bostonnikiga o'xshash dizaynni taklif qildi Jon Xenkok minorasi, ammo Tramp bunga qattiq e'tiroz bildirdi.[20] U qimmatbaho va juda baland, dizayn tanqidchilari va potentsial ijarachilar ma'qullaydigan binoni afzal ko'rdi. Keyinchalik ko'chmas mulk mogulasi "Trump minorasidagi marmar Bruklindagi mening binolarimdan birining ijara haqidan ko'proq xarajat qilishi" ni aytdi.[21]

Trump Tower qurilishiga ikkita asosiy omil ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Ulardan biri uni beton atrofida qurishga qaror qilish edi ramka, temir ramkalarda qurilgan boshqa ko'plab osmono'par binolardan farqli o'laroq. Skutning aytishicha, beton ramka qurish osonroq va po'latdan yasalgan ramkaga qaraganda qattiqroq.[22] Aniqrog'i, unda beton ishlatilgan naycha tuzilishi,[23] tomonidan kashshof bo'lgan Bangladesh-amerikalik muhandis-konstruktor Fazlur Rahmon Xon 1960-yillarda.[24]

Ikkinchisi Trump Towerni chakana savdo, ofis va turar joy binolari bo'lgan aralash bino sifatida loyihalashtirish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilindi.[13] Dastlab Tramp bu joyda faqat ofis binosini qurmoqchi edi, lekin fitna maxsus joyda joylashgan edi rayonlashtirish mintaqadagi aksariyat ofis minoralari uchun balandlik chegaralarini belgilagan tuman. Shu bilan birga, umumiy foydalanish joylari bo'lgan aralash ishlatiladigan minoralar balandlik chegarasidan ozod qilindi.[13][21] Trump Organization besh qavatli, 15000 kvadrat metr (1400 m) qurdi2) atrium rejalashtirilgan minoraga yigirma qavat qo'shish uchun ruxsat evaziga shahar kodiga binoan qonuniy ravishda "jamoat maydoni" deb belgilangan.[14] Trump tashkiloti ham qurdi teraslar binoda muvaffaqiyatsizliklar,[13] shuningdek a piyodalar arkadasi ulangan blokning o'rtasidan tuproq sathida IBM "s 590 Madison avenyu sharqqa minora.[13][14] O'sha paytda bino Beshinchi avenyuda o'z chakana savdo maydoniga ega bo'lgan yagona osmono'par bino edi.[13]

Dastlab rejalashtirilganidek, minorada 40 ta 13 ta ofis qavatlaridan iborat 60 ta qavat bo'lishi kerak edi kondominyum pollar va mexanik foydalanish uchun ikki qavat, ammo keyinchalik bu o'zgartirildi.[13] Baza ohaktoshdan, binoning liftlari esa asosiy minora tashqarisidagi alohida shisha konstruktsiyasida bo'lishi kerak edi.[25] Oxirgi rejada bino 58 ta hikoyadan iborat bo'lishi kerak edi.[26][27] Eng quyi olti qavatni atrium egallashi kerak edi, undan keyin 13 ta ofis qavati va 39 ta kondominium qavati ofis qavatida joylashgan.[28]

Trump Tower uchun yakuniy dizaynni yaratishda Scutt deyarli barchasi o'xshash bo'lgan boshqa osmono'par binolarning dizaynlarini o'rganib chiqdi me'moriy shakl. Trump Tower "boxy" dan ajralib turishi uchun Xalqaro uslub o'sha paytda barpo etilayotgan binolar, Skutt minorani 28 yuzli bino sifatida, uning tagida "teskari kublar piramidasi" bo'lgan.[29] Ushbu dizayn tanqidchilar tomonidan turli xil sharhlarga sazovor bo'ldi: garchi u ijodiy deb maqtovga sazovor bo'lsa-da, ko'plab sharhlovchilar minorani qo'shni binolar bilan uyg'unlashishi uchun devor bilan qoplanishi mumkin yoki shu sababli uning balandligini kamaytirish kerak deb hisoblashadi.[30] Shahar oxir-oqibat ushbu dizaynni qabul qildi.[27]

Qurilish

HRH Construction Trump Tower-da pudratchi sifatida yollangan.[31] Kompaniya Trampning boshqa ko'plab ko'chmas mulk ob’ektlarini qurishda davom etadi.[32] HRH binoning turli jihatlari ustida ishlash uchun bir necha o'nlab subpudratchilarni yolladi.[33] Barbara Res, Trampning ba'zi boshqa loyihalarida ishlagan,[34] 1980 yil oktyabr oyida qurilishga rahbar sifatida ishga qabul qilingan.[35][36] U ilgari HRH Construction-da bino qurish paytida ishlagan Citigroup markazi va Grand Hyatt.[37] Res Nyu-York shahridagi yirik qurilish maydonchasini nazorat qilish uchun tayinlangan birinchi ayol edi.[34][36] Loyihada yangi bo'lgan subpudratchilar va etkazib beruvchilar uni ko'pincha e'tiborsiz qoldirishdi, chunki ular qurilishga mas'ul bo'lgan odam erkak deb o'ylashdi.[35]

Loyihaning bosh noziri Entoni "Toni Raf" Rafaniello,[38] HRH qurilishida ishlagan.[39] U saytning loyihalari asosida qurilishni muvofiqlashtirish bilan shug'ullangan.[39] Rafanielloni beshta yordamchi nazoratchi qo'llab-quvvatladilar, shu jumladan Jeff Doynov, u osmono'par bino qurish uchun yollangan birinchi "beton nazoratchilar" dan biri edi.[40] Rafaniello 1980 yil sentyabr oyida Trump Tower loyihasiga ishga qabul qilinganidan so'ng, u bir hafta davomida uch bosqichli qurilish jadvalini rejalashtirgan.[33] Subpudratchilar yollangandan so'ng, Rafaniello ular bir xil bosqichda ishlashlarini ta'minlash uchun haftada bir marta uchrashishlariga ishonch hosil qilishdi.[41]

Trump Tower-ning taklif qilgan aralash foydalanish holati qurilish paytida to'siqlarni keltirib chiqardi, chunki turar-joy, savdo va savdo joylari uchun turli xil qoidalar mavjud edi.[42] Bir nechta istiqbolli tijorat va uy-joy ijarachilari buyurtmaga binoan buyurtma berishlarini so'rashdi, shu jumladan bitta birlik uchun suzish havzasini o'rnatish va ikkinchisiga kommunal xizmatlar bilan devorni olib tashlash.[42] Trampning o'sha paytdagi rafiqasi, Ivana Tramp, minoraning ba'zi kichik detallarini tanlashda qatnashgan.[33] Donald Tramp va Res ushbu so'rovlarning aksariyatini bajarishga kelishib oldilar, ammo ular dizayn masalalarida har doim ham kelisha olishmadi. Bir vaziyatda Tramp minoraning ba'zi burchaklaridagi marmar plitalardan shunchalik nafratlandiki, u ularni hatto katta xarajat evaziga butunlay olib tashlashni talab qildi; oxir-oqibat u bronza panellarni marmar ustiga qo'yish kerak deb qaror qildi, ammo keyinchalik Res ularni sotib olishdan bosh tortganini aytdi.[43]

Trump Tower beton ramkaga ega bo'lgan birinchi osmono'par binolardan biri edi,[42] Chikago bilan birga Bitta ajoyib mil tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Fazlur Rahmon Xon 1983 yilda.[24] Pudratchilar polni barpo etishni boshlashdan oldin bir qavatni to'ldirishlari kerak edi. Beton Nyu-Yorkda AQShning boshqa joylariga qaraganda qimmatroq edi, bu esa qurilish xarajatlarini oshirdi.[44] 20-qavatdan yuqori qavatlarning barchasi o'xshash dizayndan foydalanilgan va bu qavatlarning har biri ikki kun ichida qurilishi mumkin. Biroq, 20-qavat ostidagi qavatlarning barchasi har xil edi, shuning uchun har birining o'rnatilishi bir necha hafta davom etdi.[45] Trump minorasi edi chiqib ketdi qurilish boshlanganidan ikki yarim yil o'tgach, 1982 yil iyulga qadar.[46]

Dastlab, minorani qurish uchun 100 million dollar sarflanishi taxmin qilingan.[13] Umumiy qiymati taxminan ikki baravarga teng; Bunga qurilish uchun sarflangan 125 million dollar va sug'urta kabi boshqa xarajatlar uchun 75 million dollar kiritilgan.[47]

Voqealar

Trump Tower qurilish paytida ishchilar orasida o'lim soni kam bo'lgan. Minora qazish paytida bir ishchi qo'shni piyodalar yo'lining qulashi oqibatida vafot etdi.[48] Yana bir hodisa minoraning 25-27 qavatlarida tasodifan yonib ketishi va qurilish kraniga ozgina zarar etkazishi bilan sodir bo'lgan. Yong'in o'chiruvchilar kran operatorini qutqarishi kerak edi.[49][50] Yong'in qurilishni ikki oyga kechiktirdi.[50]

1983 yil may oyida minora ustiga derazalar o'rnatayotgan krandan shisha deraza oynasi tushib, ikki piyodani urib yubordi.[51] Keyinchalik ulardan biri bosh suyagi sinishi natijasida vafot etdi.[52]

Qarama-qarshiliklar

Atriumning asosidan ko'rinishi

Bonwit Teller Building xususiyatlarini yo'q qilish

San'at sotuvchisi Robert Miller Bonwit Teller binosidan Beshinchi avenyu bo'ylab galereyaga egalik qildi.[53] Miller binoning buzilishi kerakligini eshitgach, u bilan bog'landi Penelope Hunter-Stiebel, da kurator Metropolitan San'at muzeyi. 1979 yil dekabrda Stibel va Tramp kelishib oldilar Art Deco Bonwit Teller binosining old qismidagi yarim yalang'och ma'budalarning ohaktoshli barelyefli haykallari, shuningdek do'kon kirish eshigi ustidagi 15-25 fut (4,6 x 7,6 m) panjara olib tashlanib, Metropoliten muzeyiga sovg'a qilinadi.[3][54][55] Miller haykallarni 200000 dan 250.000 dollargacha baholagan.[54][53] 1980 yil fevral oyida Tramp muzeydagi bir amaldorga maktub yozib, unda "Bizning pudratchimiz binoning tashqi tomonini buzishni taxminan 3-4 hafta ichida boshlashni rejalashtirmoqda. Unga ushbu ashyolarni saqlash va olib borish bo'yicha ko'rsatma berildi. ularni saqlab qolish uchun barcha zarur choralar. "[53] Har hafta Trump Organization va Stiebel haykallarni tashish masalalarini muhokama qilish uchun uchrashishardi. Biroq, keyinchalik Stibelning ta'kidlashicha, Trump Organization hech qachon ularni tashish uchun aniq sana to'g'risida kelisha olmaydiganga o'xshaydi va tashkilot uning xatni olmaganligi haqidagi tashvishlarini bir necha bor rad etgan.[56]

1980 yil 16 aprelda binodan panjara va haykallar olib tashlandi. Ularni axlatxonaga olib borish va yo'q qilish kerak edi, chunki Trampning so'zlariga ko'ra, umumiy xavf xavfi, xarajatlar va ularni olib tashlash qiyinligi sababli qurilishning 10 kunlik kechikishi mavjud edi.[3][54] Stiebel taksichilar bilan qurilish maydonchasiga bordi va ishchilarga haykallar uchun pul to'lashga harakat qildi, ammo u rad javobini oldi.[57] Yiqitish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan ishchilar unga haykallarni ko'rishga borish uchun vaqt belgilashlari mumkinligini aytishdi, ammo keyin ular Stiebel tomonidan o'tkazilgan bir nechta uchrashuvni bekor qilishdi.[56] Keyinchalik ishchilar unga binoning dekorativ panjarasi a ga ko'chirilganligini aytishdi Nyu-Jersi ombor,[56][54] ammo u hech qachon tiklanmadi va 28 may kuni Stibelga panjara "yo'qolgan" deb xabar berishdi.[58][54] 5 iyun kuni haykallar yo'q qilindi.[59][58] Stibel haykallarning buzilishi kutilayotgani to'g'risida xabar olgan, ammo Trump Tower saytiga etib borganida, ishchilar unga "hammasini yo'q qilish" buyurilganligini aytishgan.[58] Keyinchalik Tramp haykallar va panjarani yo'q qilishga shaxsan o'zi buyruq berganini tan oldi.[55] Trampning aytishicha, "Art Deco deb nomlangan haykallar, aytmoqchi, axlat", uch xil shaxs tomonidan norasmiy ravishda "qimmat bo'lmagan" deb baholangan va ular haykallarning qiymatini 4000 dan 5000 dollargacha bog'lashgan. Shuningdek, u OAVga haykallarni ehtiyotkorlik bilan olib tashlash qo'shimcha 500 ming dollarga tushishini va uning loyihasini kechiktirishini aytdi.[60] A Nyu-York jurnali 1980 yil noyabrdagi maqola, Trump o'zining bezaklarini aytdi Grand Hyatt Nyu-York "Bonwit Teller-da yo'q qilgan axlat kabi emas, balki haqiqiy san'at" ni ham o'z ichiga olgan.[61]

The New York Times Trampning harakatlarini "estetik buzg'unchilik" sifatida qoraladi,[62] va shahar hokimi vakili Ed Koch Tramp "shahar aholisi manfaatlarini hisobga olish uchun axloqiy mas'uliyatini" bajarmaganligini aytdi.[55] Dastlab yangi binoning qabulxonasi dizayniga ma'buda haykallarini kiritishga umid qilib, Skutt vayronagarchilikdan g'azablandi; Tramp rejani rad etib, "zamonaviyroq" narsani afzal ko'rgan edi.[54] Miller bunday narsalar "endi hech qachon takrorlanmasligini" afsus bilan aytdi va ko'cha bo'ylab ishlagan tadqiqotchi Piter M. Uorner bu vayronagarchilikni "afsuslanarli" deb atadi.[63] Biroq, keyinchalik Tramp ushbu harakatning mashhurligidan minorada ko'proq turar-joy binolarini reklama qilish uchun foydalanganini aytdi.[61][60]

Ish haqi to'lanmaydigan ishchilar

1983 yilda Trump Organization kompaniyasiga a'zolari minoralarni qurishda yordam bergan mehnat jamoalari oldidagi to'lanmagan pensiya va tibbiy majburiyatlar to'g'risida sudga qarshi ish qo'zg'atildi.[64] Tramp qo'shni binoni ta'mirlash vaqtida hujjatsiz polshalik muhojirlarni ish bilan ta'minlagan derazalarni tozalash kompaniyasiga 774 ming dollar to'lagan.[65] Ishchilarning so'zlariga ko'ra, ularga 12 soatlik smenalar uchun soatiga 4 dollar (2019 yilda 10 dollarga teng) to'langan va bu haqda ular aytilmagan asbest qurilish ostidagi tuzilishda.[65]

Tramp 1990 yilda guvohlik bergan, u hujjatsiz 200 nafar polshalik immigrantlar, ularning ba'zilari ushbu joyda yashaganligi haqida bilmagan. 1980 yil Nyu-York shahrining tranzit ish tashlashi, va tunu-kun smenada ishlagan, Bonwit Teller binosi va Trump Tower loyihasini yo'q qilishda qatnashgan.[66] Tramp buzilish joyiga kamdan-kam tashrif buyurganini aytdi[66] va o'zlarining qattiq bosh kiyimlari yo'qligi bilan ajralib turadigan mardikorlarni hech qachon payqamadilar.[67] Mehnat bo'yicha maslahatchi va Federal qidiruv byurosi ma'lumotchisi Tramp noqonuniy ishchilar maqomidan xabardor bo'lganligini tasdiqladi.[66] Tramp guvohlik berishicha, u va ijro etuvchi rahbar taxallusdan foydalangan "Jon Baron "uning ba'zi ish munosabatlarida,[66] garchi Tramp buni Trump minorasi qurilganidan bir necha yil o'tguncha qilmaganini aytgan bo'lsa ham.[67] Mehnat huquqshunosining so'zlariga ko'ra, unga telefon orqali 100 million dollar bilan tahdid qilingan sud jarayoni go'yoki Trump Organization-da ishlagan Jon Baron tomonidan. Keyinchalik Donald Tramp muxbirga «Ko'p odamlar qalam nomlarini ishlatishadi. Ernest Xeminguey bitta ishlatilgan. "[67]

Ishchilar a mexanikning garovi to'lanmagan ish haqi ustidan, ular Trump Organization advokati bunday bo'lish bilan tahdid qilganini aytdi Immigratsiya va fuqarolikni rasmiylashtirish xizmati ularni deportatsiya qilish.[65] Sudya 1991 yilda Polsha mardikorlari foydasiga qaror chiqarib, tashkilot ishchilarga maosh to'lashi kerakligini aytdi.[68] Oxir oqibat pudratchiga mardikorlarga 254 ming dollar to'lash buyurilgan.[65][69]

Ish ikkala tomonning bir nechta murojaatlari va hakamlar hay'ati bo'lmagan sud jarayonlaridan o'tdi va bir necha bor turli sudyalarga topshirildi.[70][71] Dastlabki da'vogar, da'vogarlarning advokati va ikkita sudlanuvchi sud jarayoni paytida vafot etdi, etakchi sudya Kevin Daffi uni yoqimsiz bilan taqqoslash Charlz Dikkens "xayoliy ish Jarndyce va Jarndyce 1998 yil iyun oyida, avvalgi sudyalik sudyasi vafotidan keyin unga ish tayinlanganida.[64] Oxir oqibat sud jarayoni bo'ldi joylashdi 1999 yilda, yozuvlari bilan muhrlangan.[67] 2017 yil noyabr oyida AQSh okrug sudyasi Loretta A. Preska muhrlanmagan hisob-kitob hujjatlarini buyurdi.[65] Ushbu kelishuvda Trump jami 1,375 million dollar to'lashga rozi bo'ldi,[65] da'vogarlar advokatining so'zlariga ko'ra, sud jarayonida undirib olinishi mumkin bo'lgan to'liq miqdor.[65]

Boshqa tortishuvlar

Qurilish jarayoni bilan bog'liq yana bir qancha tortishuvlar bo'lgan. Bir holatda Tramp pudratchini "umuman qobiliyatsizligi" uchun sudga bergan.[72] Qurilish ham ikki marotaba to'xtatildi, chunki ozchiliklar huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi guruhlar Trump minorasi maydonchasi oldida ozchilik qurilishchilarining kamchiligini qoralash uchun norozilik bildirishdi.[41]

Tramp, shuningdek, shahar hokimi Koch bilan minora soliqlardan ozod qilinishi kerakligi to'g'risida kelishmovchilikda ishtirok etdi.[72][73] 1985 yilda Tramp davlatga qarshi da'vo arizachilaridan biri edi Nyu-York shtati apellyatsiya sudi $ 1 million yoki undan ko'proqga ko'chmas mulk ko'chirilgan taqdirda, 10% davlat bojini to'lash to'g'risida. Imtiyoz 15 milliondan 50 million dollargacha bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[74][75][76] Trump-minoraga solinadigan soliq 4 dan 1 gacha bo'lgan qarorda saqlanib qoldi.[77]

Nyu-York shahri Trampga binoni boshqarish evaziga binoning eng yaxshi yigirma qavatini qurishga ruxsat berdi atrium shahar boshqaruvi sifatida, xususiy mulkdagi jamoat maydoni. Binoning foyesida shahar qoidalariga rioya qilmasdan ishlaydigan ikkita Trump tovar kioskalari (ulardan biri uzoq jamoat skameykasini almashtirgan) joylashgan. Shahar 2015 yil iyul oyida skameykani o'z joyiga qo'yishni talab qilib, qoidabuzarlik to'g'risida xabar bergan. Dastlab Trump Organization bu qoidabuzarlik bekor qilinganligini aytgan bo'lsa-da,[78] Trampning tashkiloti uchun gapiradigan advokat 2016 yil yanvar oyida kiosklar kutilayotgan sud qaroridan oldin ikki-to'rt hafta ichida olib qo'yilishini aytgan.[79]

Trump saqlab qoldi uyushgan jinoyatchilik a'zolari bilan aloqa binoning betonini etkazib berish. Nyu-Yorkning sobiq mobsteriga ko'ra Maykl Franzese, "olomon Nyu-York shahridagi barcha konkret biznesni boshqargan" va Tramp "olomon bilan yotoqda" bo'lmaganida ... u biz bilan albatta kelishuvga ega edi ... ... uning tanlovi yo'q edi . "[80] Mafiya - bog'liq kasaba uyushma boshlig'i Jon Kodi xo'jayiniga hovuzli yuqori darajadagi kvartirani berish evaziga Trampni beton bilan ta'minladi, bu esa qo'shimcha konstruktiv mustahkamlashni talab qiladi.[80] Jurnalistning 1992 yilgi kitobi Ueyn Barret shunday xulosaga keladi: "Tramp shunchaki mobbet-up beton kompaniyalari bilan biznes qilmagan: ehtimol u [Entoni] bilan shaxsan uchrashgan. Salerno taniqli Nyu-Yorkdagi tuzatuvchi shaharchasida Roy Kon ... Nyu-Yorkdagi boshqa ishlab chiquvchilar Federal qidiruv byurosi ularni aniq biznesni olomon nazoratidan ozod qilish. "[81][82] Barrett Trampning a Kundalik hayvon 2011 yilda chop etilgan maqolada va beton Trampning "bir necha o'nlab" gumon qilingan olomon aloqalaridan biri ekanligi taxmin qilingan.[83] Tramp 2014 yilda "to'planib qolgan beton yigitlar" bilan ishlashdan boshqa "iloji yo'qligini" tan oldi.[80]

Ochilish va keyingi yillar

Bandlik

Trump minorasi oldida soat

Tramp o'zining yangi minorasini reklama qilish uchun bir nechta gazeta va jurnallarda to'liq sahifali reklamalarni sotib oldi.[47] Birinchi ijarachilarga kiritilgan Asprey[84] va Lyudvig Bek,[85] 1983 yil boshida binoga rejalashtirilgan ochilishidan oldin ko'chib kelgan.[86]:196–197 Atrium va do'konlarning tantanali ochilish marosimi 1983 yil 14 fevralda bo'lib o'tdi, birozdan keyin kvartiralar va ofislar. Minoraning yer usti qirqta do'koni 1983 yil 30 noyabrda ish uchun ochilgan.[31] Binoning bag'ishlanishiga bag'ishlangan shahar hokimi Koch shunday dedi: "Bu sizning kam daromadli uy-joy loyihangiz emas ... shundan biz ko'p narsalarga muhtojmiz. Ammo biz juda ko'p pul to'lashga va pul olib kelishga qodir bo'lganlarga turar joy ham kerak. shaharga ko'p soliqlar. "[87]:117 1983 yil avgustga qadar Trump Tower qurilishining qurilish krediti 263 ta kondominyum ob'ektlarining 85 foizini sotishdan olingan 260 million dollarlik daromad evaziga to'landi. Minora umumiy uy-joy fondining uchdan bir qismidan ko'prog'ini tashkil etuvchi to'qson bitta birlik 1 million dollardan oshiqroq narxga sotilgan edi. Birinchi aholi o'sha oyda ko'chib yurishni boshlashgan.[88]

Bonwit Teller do'koni binosi buzilganiga qaramay, flagman do'kon o'zi imzolagan holda saytida ishlashni davom ettirdi. ijara 80,000 kvadrat metr uchun (7400 m)2) quyi darajadagi xarid qilish zonasida.[16] Bonwit Teller bezaklarini yo'q qilish bo'yicha tortishuvlar asosan o'tib ketdi: 1983 yil avgustda bittasi Nyu-York Tayms muxbirning yozishicha, "bugungi kunda Donald Trampga nisbatan faqat salbiy fikrlar yozuvdan chiqarildi".[88] O'sha paytgacha minorada do'konlarni ochgan qirqta yuqori darajadagi kiyim-kechak bor edi.[88] Bularga kiritilgan Buccellati, Charlz Jurdan brendlar, Mondi va Fila.[86]:197 Tramp 1985 yilda minora ichidagi bo'shliqqa o'tishni xohlaydigan yuzdan ortiq do'kon borligini aytdi.[74] Taxminan shu vaqtlarda u minorani "Nyu-Yorkdagi diqqatga sazovor joy" deb ta'riflay boshladi.[74]

1986 yilga kelib, minoraning asl do'konlarining 15% dan 20% gacha bo'lgan joylari yopilgan yoki boshqa joyga ko'chib ketgan. Tijorat ijarasi o'sha paytda Beshinchi avenyu bo'ylab har qanday binolardan eng baland bo'lgan, atriumda chakana savdo maydoni kvadrat metr uchun $ 450 ($ 4800 / m)2) yiliga.[89] Bitta yozuvchi Vanity Fair jurnalining ta'kidlashicha, ijarachilar yuqori ijara haqi tufayli minora atriumidan chiqarilgandek, ularning bir nechtasi Trump Organization tashkilotini ortiqcha to'lov va ijarani noqonuniy ravishda bekor qilish kabi masalalarda sudga bergan.[90]

Uy-joy binolari yanada muvaffaqiyatli ish olib bordi va kondominyumlarning 95% ularning yuqori narxlariga qaramay, ochilgandan keyingi to'rt oy ichida sotildi. Minoradagi kondominyumlarning narxi 600 ming dollardan boshlanib, 12 million dollargacha bo'lgan,[91] va pentxaus 1985 yilda 15 million dollarga sotilgan.[92] Minora ko'plab boy va taniqli aholini jalb qildi,[74] shu jumladan Jonni Karson, Devid Merrik, Sofiya Loren va Stiven Spilberg.[86]:197 Umuman olganda, Tramp kondominyumlarni sotishdan 300 million dollar oldi, bu esa qurilishning 200 million dollarlik xarajatlarini qopladi.[86]:197 1991 yilga kelib Tramp aholiga qarshi sud ishlarida qatnashdi: o'sha yilning oktyabr oyida u aktyorni sudga muvaffaqiyatli topshirdi Pia Zadora va uning eri, tadbirkor Meshulam Riklis, to'lanmagan ijara uchun 1 million dollar yig'ish uchun.[93][94]

Donald Tramp va Bill Klinton 2000 yilda Trump minorasida
Donald Trump bilan Bill Klinton 2000 yilda Trump minorasida

Bonwit Teller flagmani do'koni 1990 yil martigacha Trump Tower-ning chakana takliflaridan biri bo'lib qoldi, uning bosh kompaniyasi bankrot deb e'lon qildi va Trump Tower joylashgan joyni yopdi.[95] O'sha yilning iyul oyida, Galereya Lafayette ilgari Bonvit Teller egallagan maydonga o'tish uchun 25 yillik ijara shartnomasini imzolashini e'lon qildi va bu o'z biznesini AQShga kengaytirdi, shu bilan birga Trampga minora qurilishi va ishlatilishi bilan bog'liq qarzlarni to'lashga yordam berdi.[96] 1991 yil sentyabr oyida yangi do'kon 13,7 million dollarlik ta'mirdan so'ng ochildi,[97] ammo rentabelsiz edi va faqat birinchi yil ichida 3,6 million dollarni yo'qotdi, chunki u faqat 8,4 million dollarlik savdo qildi.[98] Galeries Lafayette, Trump Tower joylashgan joyni 1994 yil avgust oyida ochilganidan uch yil o'tmasdan, yillik ijara va soliqlarni to'lay olmasligi sababli yopilishini e'lon qildi. Biroq, tanqidchilar boshqa omillarni, shu jumladan kompaniyaning frantsuzcha joylashgan joylarida bo'lgani kabi, eng yaxshi frantsuz dizaynerlarining tovarlarini qo'shmaslik to'g'risida ham aytib o'tdilar.[99]

Galeries Lafayette do'koni a bilan almashtirildi Niketown Manzil.[100] Bu vaqtga kelib, yuqori darajadagi chakana savdogarlarning aksariyati Trump Tower-dan chiqib ketishdi, ularning o'rniga yuqori sinflar va yuqori sinflar almashtirildi. Murabbiy va Duni va Bourk.[101] Niketown do'koni hali ham 2016 yilgi saylovda minorada 2022 yilgacha ushbu joyda ijaraga olingan holda qoldi.[102] Nike shuningdek minora yonidagi 6-sharqiy 57-ko'chada ijaraga oldi, ammo 2016 yil noyabr oyida u 6-chi 57-chi ko'chadan 2013 yildan beri ko'chib o'tishni niyat qilgan holda 700 million dollarlik yangi savdo maydonchasi uchun shartnoma imzoladi.[103] Saylov paytida va undan keyin Trampning saylanishiga qarshi chiqqan advokatlik tashkilotlari tomonidan yaratilgan Niketaun do'konini boshqa joyga ko'chirish to'g'risida petitsiyalar bo'lgan.[104][105]

Baholash

Asosiy kirish (2019)

2006 yilda, Forbes jurnal 300000 kvadrat metrni (28000 m) baholagan2) ofis maydoni $ 318 milliongacha; minora o'zi 288 million dollarga baholandi, chunki Trump Organization 30 million dollarga ega edi ipoteka mulk bo'yicha.[106] 2013 yildan boshlab, bu ipoteka 100 million dollarga ko'tarildi.[107] Yangiliklar 2020 yilda Tramp 2012 yilda bino uchun o'n yillik 100 million dollarlik ipoteka krediti olgani haqida xabar berishdi.[108][109] Binoning qiymati Gucci do'konining ijara haqini oshirgani tufayli 2014 yilda 490 million dollardan 2015 yilda 600 million dollarga ko'tarildi. Ushbu qayta baho minorani Tramp egaligidagi eng qimmat mulkka aylantirdi.[110]

Biroq, 2016 yilda minora qiymati 630 million dollardan 471 million dollarga tushib, minora operatsion daromadining 20 foizga qisqarishi va Manxettenda ko'chmas mulk umumiy qiymatining yana 8 foizga pasayishi tufayli 159 million dollar qiymatini yo'qotdi. Trump Tower-da yuz bergan 100 million dollarlik qarz tufayli, Forbes jurnali Trumpning uch qavatli pentxausidan tashqari minoraning boyligini 371 million dollarga hisoblab chiqdi,[111] 10,996 kvadrat fut (1021,6 m) aniq qavatining maydoniga ega2).[112] The New York Times 2020 yilda binoning savdo maydonlaridan ijara haqi Trampga 2000 yildan 2018 yil oxirigacha 336 million dollar ishlab topgani va yiliga 20 million dollardan ko'proq foyda keltirganligi haqida xabar bergan.[113]

Qarama-qarshiliklar

2017 yil mart oyida Tramp prezident etib saylanganidan keyin u bir nechta xabarlarni yozdi kuni Twitter[114] sobiq prezidentga da'vo qilish Barak Obama bor edi telefon eshitildi 2016 yilgi kampaniyaning oxiriga kelib minoradagi telefonlar.[115] Obamaning vakili da'volarni rad etdi[116] bilan keyingi uchrashuv paytida Vakillar palatasi ' Razvedka qo'mitasi bu masalani muhokama qilgan, Federal qidiruv byurosi direktori Jeyms Komi qo‘mitaga minorada telefonni tinglash dalili yo‘qligi haqida xabar bergan.[117]

Tramp shuningdek, rasmga egalik qilishini da'vo qildi Ikki opa-singil (terasta),[118] frantsuzlarning 1881 yildagi asari Impressionist rassom Per-Ogyust Renuar. Asl asar Chikagodagi San'at instituti.[119] 2017 yil oktyabr oyida, Timoti L. O'Brayen uning kitob uchun Tramp bilan bo'lgan intervyularida TrumpNation: Donald bo'lish san'ati, u Trampdan nusxasi haqida so'radi Ikki opa-singil, o'sha paytda Trampning samolyotida bo'lgan. Tramp O'Brayenning aksincha bayonotlariga qaramay, uning nusxasi haqiqiy asar ekanligini bir necha bor takrorladi.[118] O'sha paytda Renoir nusxasi Trampning pentxaus ofisida osilgan edi.[118] Chikagodagi San'at instituti Trampning uning Renuar nusxasi asl nusxasi bo'lgan degan da'vosini rad etgan bayonot tarqatdi.[120][121][122]

Trump Tower ekologik jihatdan befarqligi uchun tanqid qilindi va shaharning kvadrat metrga teng energiya tejaydigan binolaridan biri sifatida ta'riflandi.[123] 2017 yilda Trump Tower's Energy Star 100 balldan 44 ball, shaharning o'rtacha Energy Star balidan past bo'ldi[123][124] va 2015 yilda qayd etilgan 100 balldan 48tadan past.[125] 2019 yil may oyida Trampning Nyu-York shahridagi sakkizta binosi, jumladan Trump Tower, shaharning 2030 yiliga to'g'ri kelmaganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi uglerod emissiyasi shaharning bir qismi sifatida amalga oshirilgan standartlar "Yashil yangi bitim ". Shahar Trump Organization-ni har yili qonunbuzarliklar tuzatilmaganligi uchun jarimaga tortish bilan tahdid qildi.[126][127]

Voqealar

2016 yil 9-avgust kuni bir kishi a YouTube u Donald Tramp bilan gaplashmoqchi bo'lgan mustaqil tadqiqotchi ekanligini aytgan video; video ketdi virusli.[128][129] Ertasi kuni, YouTube-da videoni joylashtirgan deb taxmin qilingan bir kishi, Trump Towerning 5-qavatdan 21-qavatigacha ko'tarilgan.[130] U edi toqqa chiqishga yordam berish sanoatdan foydalanish assimilyatsiya stakanlari.[129][130][131][132] Hodisa paytida politsiyachilar alpinistni qo'lga olishga urinish uchun derazalarni sindirgan va echib olgan holda ularni «xavfsiz ravishda izolyatsiya qilishga» harakat qilishgan.[133] U ikki soatu 45 daqiqa ko'tarilgandan so'ng, NYPD favqulodda vaziyatlar xizmati (ESU) uni minoraning 21-qavatida qo'lga oldi.[130][132][133] Erkak o'zini 20 yoshli Stiven Rogata deb tanishtirdi Virjiniya rezident.[131][132][134] Rogata xavf ostida bo'lganligi va jinoiy buzg'unchilik uchun hibsga olingan va Bellevue kasalxonasiga psixiatrik ekspertiza o'tkazish uchun olib borilgan.[130][131][132]

Soat 17:30 atrofida. (EDT ) 2018 yil 7 aprelda minoraning 50-qavatidagi kondominyumda 4 ta signalli yong'in sodir bo'ldi, unda bir kishi halok bo'ldi va olti nafar o't o'chiruvchi jarohat oldi; o'sha paytgacha kvartira deyarli butunlay alangalanib ketgan Nyu-York shahar yong'in xizmati (FDNY) etib keldi.[135] A Twitter post, Tramp yong'inning cheklangan zararini bino dizayniga bog'ladi.[136][137] Faqatgina o'lim 67 yoshli Todd Brassner edi Endi Uorxol, bir necha yil davomida zaiflashgan tibbiy muammolarga duch kelgan.[138][139] Brassnerning kvartirasida, shuningdek Trump Tower-dagi boshqa turar-joy binolarida purkagichlar mavjud emas edi, chunki bino 1999 yilda qurilgan edi, shaharda turar-joy binolarida purkagichlar kerakligi to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilingan edi;[139] Tramp bu taklifga qarshi lobbichilik qilgan edi.[140] Keyinchalik FDNY yong'in tasodifan haddan tashqari qizib ketgan elektr simlari tufayli kelib chiqqanligini e'lon qildi.[141] 2018 yil aprel oyidagi yong'in, o'sha yil boshida minorada kichik elektr yong'inidan so'ng sodir bo'ldi, bu esa uch kishiga jarohat etkazdi.[142]

Qora hayot masalasi 2020 yil iyul oyida Trump minorasi oldida devor

2020 yil iyul oyida faollar, shu jumladan Nyu-York meri Bill de Blasio so'zlarini bo'yaganQora hayot masalasi "Beshinchi avenyuda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bino oldida ulkan harflar bilan.[143][144] Loyiha javoban e'lon qilindi Jorj Floyd Nyu-York shahrida norozilik namoyishlarini o'tkazmoqda, keyin boshlangan politsiya tarafdorlari-islohotlarning bir qator namoyishlari Jorj Floydni o'ldirish, Minneapolisdagi qora tanli kishi, 2020 yil may oyida. Tramp devorga e'lon qilinganidan keyin o'zining qarshi ekanligini bildirdi.[145]

Sayt

Beshinchi avenyu va 56-ko'chaning shimoli-sharqida joylashgan Trump Tower-dagi Gucci do'koni
The Gucci Trump Tower-dagi do'kon Beshinchi avenyu va 56-ko'chaning shimoli-sharqida joylashgan.

Trump Tower shimolda Beshinchi avenyu 721–725 da joylashgan Midtown, Beshinchi avenyu sharqiy tomonida 56 va 57 ko'chalar o'rtasida. U bilan qo'shni L. P. Hollander & Kompaniya binosi shimolga Bergdorf Goodman binosi shimoli-g'arbda Toj binosi g'arbda, Beshinchi avenyu, 712 janubi-g'arbiy qismida va 550 Medison avenyu janubi-sharqda.[146] Binoning asosiy kirish joyi Beshinchi avenyuda,[147] 56-ko'chada yon tomondan kirish joyi faqat aholi uchun.[148] Asosiy kirish eshigiga qarama-qarshi trotuarda to'rt qirrali jigarrang-bej soati mavjud bo'lib, uni Electric Time kompaniyasi va bo'yi 4,9 metrga yaqin.[149] Chakana savdo do'konlariga Gucci do'konlari kiradi flagmani do'koni pastki qavatdagi chakana savdoda.[147] Tiffany & Co do'koni yonida joylashgan[147][150] o'zining Art Deco binosida 1-sharqiy 57-ko'chada joylashgan.[151] Minora uchga yaqin Nyu-York metrosi stantsiyalar: Beshinchi avenyu / 53-ko'cha, Beshinchi avenyu – 59-ko'cha va 57-ko'cha - Oltinchi avenyu.[152]

Siyosiy ahamiyatlilik

In 2012 yilgi prezident saylovi, Respublikachilar nomzodi Mitt Romni Manxettenning ikkita ovoz berish uchastkasidan biri bo'lgan Trump Tower (shu jumladan, Trump Tower) joylashgan uchastkada 50% dan ortiq ovoz oldi (ikkinchisi Waldorf Astoria Nyu-York mehmonxona).[153] Biroq, Tramp okrugda 23 ta ovoz olgan bo'lsa-da 2016 yil respublika boshlang'ich bosqichi U erda har qanday respublikachi nomzodning eng ko'p ovozini bildirgan holda, uning raqibi uchun 67 ta ovoz berilgan Hillari Klinton ichida 2016 Demokratik birlamchi.[154][155] 2016 yilda Trump Tower joylashgan saylov uchastkasida Tramp uchun 95 kishiga qarshi 200 kishi Klintonga ovoz berdi.[156]

2015 yilda Trampning prezidentlik kampaniyasi boshlanganidan buyon minoraga tashriflar soni keskin o'sdi, tashrif buyuruvchilarning aksariyati Tramp nomzodining tarafdorlari bo'lishdi.[157] Minora Nyu-York shahridagi sayyohlar orasida 2016 yilda, ayniqsa Tramp prezident etib saylanganidan keyin mashhurlikka erishdi.[158] Atriumda Trump tovarlarini sotadigan do'konlar mavjud. Tramp paytida 2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi, do'konlarda shlyapa kabi kampaniya esdalik buyumlari sotildi, undan tushgan mablag 'uning kampaniyasini moliyalashtirishga sarflandi.[157] 2017 yilda shahar Trump Tower-da Trampning tovarlarini sotadigan ruxsatsiz ikkita kioskni olib tashlashga buyruq bergan.[159]

Xavfsizlik muammolari

Gucci do'konining kattalashtirilgan ko'rinishi, 56-ko'chada xavfsizlik blokadasi ko'rsatilgan

Binoning xavfsizligi va xavfsizligi bilan bog'liq jiddiy muammolar Tramp paydo bo'lganidan keyin paydo bo'ldi AQShning saylangan prezidenti 2016 yil 8-noyabr kuni.[160] Trump Tower yig'ilish nuqtasi bo'lib xizmat qilgan Trampga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari saylov natijalari e'lon qilingan kundan keyingi kunlarda, shu sababli xavfsizlik xodimlarining qo'shimcha joylashtirilishi talab etiladi.[161][162] The Federal aviatsiya ma'muriyati tayinlangan uchish taqiqlangan hudud Trump minorasi ustida 2017 yil 20 yanvargacha,[163] va NYPD minora xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun 35 million dollar sarflashni kutayotganini, shundan 7 million dollari qaytarilishi kerakligini aytdi Kongress.[164] Keyinchalik NYPD o'z taxminini 24 million dollargacha qayta ko'rib chiqdi.[165]

Street closures were imposed along the east side of Fifth Avenue and on the north side of 56th Street, and NYPD officers started stopping and questioning pedestrians about their destinations.[147] The block of 56th Street between Fifth and Medison xiyobonlari was closed completely to vehicular traffic, but the eastern part of the street, located west of Madison Avenue, was later reopened to allow local deliveries.[166] Customers of the Gucci and Tiffany stores in Trump Tower's lobby were allowed to proceed, while other pedestrians were redirected to the opposite side of the street.[147] During presidential visits, samosvallar dan Nyu-York shahar sanitariya boshqarmasi were parked outside the tower to prevent avtomashinalardagi bomba.[167] Fire protection was also provided for the tower whenever Trump visited it.[137] The press nicknamed the now-heavily secured building White House Northbilan taqqoslab oq uy "s G'arbiy qanot.[168][169][170]

As a result of the heavy security, businesses around the tower saw decreased patronage due to less foot traffic in the heavily secured area.[171] Protests around the tower subsided after Trump's inauguratsiya 2017 yil yanvar oyida,[172] and by summer 2017, security measures around the tower had been loosened somewhat, owing to the fact that most of them were implemented only when Trump was actually in the tower.[173] However, several businesses at the tower's base had closed by then because of a reduction in the number of customers.[173]

Despite the heavy security after the 2016 election, there have been some detentions and arrests related to the increased security at the tower. On December 6, a woman managed to bypass security and go to the 24th floor—two floors below Donald Trump's office—before being stopped by Maxfiy xizmat zobitlar.[174] A week later on December 13, a Baruch kolleji student who was arrested at Trump Tower was found to have multiple weapons, including knives, a garrote va fişekler.[175][176] The next day, NYPD detained another man who reportedly got angry after he wanted to meet Donald Trump at the tower, and threw a wine glass on the lobby floor.[177][178]

Dizayn

The 58-story[26] Trump Tower is 664 feet (202 m) high, making it the 64th Nyu-York shahridagi eng baland bino.[1][179] The top story is marked as "68" because, according to Trump, the five-story-tall public atrium occupied the height of ten ordinary stories.[31][91][168] Biroq, bir nechta Bloomberg L.P. writers later determined that Trump's calculations did not account for the fact the ceiling heights in Trump Tower were much taller than in comparable buildings, and the tower did not have any floors numbered 6–13.[110] According to one author, the building may have as few as 48 usable stories.[180]

Form and facade

The 28-sided structure, with a stepped facade, was intended to give the tower more window exposure.[13] Above the main entrance is a logo with 34-inch-high (86 cm) brass capital letters in Stymie Extra Bold font,[181] which reads "TRUMP TOWER".[74] A concrete hat-truss at the top of the building, similar to one used in the Trump World Tower,[182] ties exterior columns with the concrete core. This hat-truss increases the effective dimensions of the core to that of the building allowing the building to resist the overturning of lateral forces such as those caused by shamol, kichik zilzilalar, and other impacts perpendicular to the building's height.[183]

Xususiyatlari

The tower is a reinforced concrete shear wall core structure. At the time of its completion, it was the tallest structure of its type in the world.[47] Trump Tower used 45,000 cubic yards (34,000 m3) of concrete and 3,800 tons of steelwork.[184]

Interior and public spaces

The tower's public spaces are clad in 240 tons of Brexiya Pernice, a pink white-veined marble.[184][157] Four gold-painted elevators transport visitors from the lobby to higher floors; a dedicated elevator leads directly to the penthouse where the Trump family lives.[157] Mirrors and brass are used throughout the well-furnished apartments and the kitchens are outfitted with "standard suburban" cabinets.[34] The building has thirteen office floors on levels 14 to 26, then another 39 condominium floors containing 263 condominiums on levels 30–68.[28] Trump later said he had placed the first residential floor on the level numbered 30 as part of a marketing strategy for all his towers, and that he "did not see why he should be forced to call the first residential floor something mundane like the second floor, or even the 20th floor."[185] Many of the apartments are furnished,[157] but some of the upper-floor commercial spaces come unfurnished.[186]

The design extends to the office lobby, located off Fifth Avenue, and the five-level atrium, which features a 60-foot-high (18 m) internal sharshara along the eastern wall[187][188] that is spanned by a suspended walkway, shops, and cafes.[188] The atrium, legally a privately operated public space (POPS),[87]:141 is bedecked in marble, which has been described as "rosy and yellow," and is crowned with a skylight.[188] The atrium was originally supposed to be furnished with multiple 40-foot (12 m), 3,000-pound (1,400 kg) trees, which were transported at a cost of $75,000, but Trump, who supposedly did not like how the trees looked, personally cut them down after impatiently waiting for contractors to painstakingly remove them via a tunnel.[73][74] The atrium comprises the northern part of a two-block pedestrian plaza between Fifth and Madison Avenues, connecting to the atrium at 550 Medison avenyu (keyin AT & T Building) to the south.[189] When the tower opened, the Fifth Avenue Association awarded the first-prize "mixed use building" award to the atrium,[47] marking the association's first award in five years.[190]

The tower has two outdoor terraces as part of Trump's agreement with the city during construction. There is a terrace on the fifth floor on the northern (57th Street) side of the building, with a smaller fourth-floor terrace on the southern (56th Street) side.[191][192] The fifth-floor north-side terrace has several trees and a fountain, while the fourth-floor south-side terrace has little more than a few granite benches.[191] There is also a passageway to a glass-roofed POPS at 590 Madison Avenue.[192]

Restoranlar

The building contains four establishments for eating or drinking: Trump Bar,[193] Trump's Ice Cream Parlor,[194] Trump Cafe,[195] and Trump Grill.[196] Of these, Trump Bar is the only establishment at the atrium level; the other three are in the basement.[197]

The stepped facade of the building's base
The stepped corners were at one point filled with trees.

Trump Grill was generally panned as gaudy-looking and the food bland-tasting. Vanity Fair called it a contender for "the worst restaurant in America," with different menus for different customers and "steakhouse classics doused with unnecessarily high-end ingredients."[198] Ovqatlantiruvchi rated the food as "totally unadventuresome and predictable, though competently prepared, like food you might find in a country club."[197] Nyu York magazine wrote that "despite what the sign reads, countless restaurants trump this spot."[199] 2016 yil dekabr oyida, Yelp reviews of Trump Grill averaged two-and-a-half out of five stars, while Google reviews averaged three of five stars.[200] Health inspections in 2018 reported "evidence of mice or live mice" in and around the kitchen, according to records obtained by the Nyu York Daily News, in violations the inspectors called "critical".[201]

Ovqatlantiruvchi reviewed the three other establishments as well, finding them to be commonplace compared to Trump Tower's stature. The ice cream was described as "almost too soft to be scooped," and the cafe contained food such as a "rubbery and overcooked" hamburger patty and some "inedible" steak fries. Sharhlovchilar Ovqatlantiruvchi also wrote that the bar offered a small, overpriced drink menu and snacks that "do little to affirm the luxury that the place aspires to."[197] Vitse-muovin magazine also reviewed the bar and found it to be overpriced, with "a strong pour of watered-down vodka and a few Manzanilla olives" costing twenty dollars.[202] Nyu York magazine, reviewing the cafe, found the food to be "safe classics" that contrasted with the cafe's grandeur.[203]

Boshqa maqsadlar

The NBC teleshou Shogird was filmed in Trump Tower, on the fifth floor, in a fully functional television studio. To'plami Shogird included the famous kengash xonasi, which was prominently featured in the television show, where at least one person was fired at the end of each episode.[204] Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., founded in 2015, is headquartered within part of the space where Shogird suratga olingan; unlike the former boardroom, the headquarters is unfurnished, with some offices containing "only drywall and no door".[186] After Trump's successful election in 2016, he indicated that Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., would remain in Trump Tower to organize his 2020 yilgi qayta saylov kampaniyasi.[205]

Condo owners and tenants

Donald Trampning rasmiy portreti (kesilgan) .jpg
Ushbu maqola qismidir
haqida bir qator
Donald Tramp
Amaldagi prezident
Prezidentlik kampaniyalari
Rossiya bilan o'zaro aloqalar
Ish va shaxsiy

Donald Trampning imzosi

Joriy

Donald Trump, his wife Melaniya va ularning o'g'li Barron maintain a three-story residence on the penthouse floors.[157][206] Until 2017, the tower was their main residence,[207][208][209] among the family's other homes at Mar-a-Lago Florida shtatida; Seven Springs in Bedford, Nyu-York; and part of an estate in Sharlottesvill, Virjiniya.[209] Since January 2017, Trump lives primarily at the oq uy.[210] Melania and Barron lived in Trump Tower until June 2017, when they moved into the White House.[211] Barron is reported to live on his own floor.[212] Before Trump became president, his offices were located on the 26th floor,[91] and he had a private elevator between the penthouse and his office.[207] 1984 yilgi maqolada GQ jurnal, Trump's then-wife Ivana said the first floor of the penthouse had the living, dining, and entertainment rooms and kitchen; the second had a balcony over the living room as well as their bedrooms and bathrooms; and the third contained bedrooms for the children, maids, and guests.[213] Angelo Donghia provided the original black-and-white, brass-and-mahogany design for the penthouse,[214] which was later replaced with a gold-and-Greek-column design after Trump reportedly saw the more lavish house of Saudi businessman Adnan Xashogi.[207]

Qayd qilingan futbol organizations and players have rented space or lived in Trump Tower. KONKAKAF, the governing body of association football in North and Central America and the Caribbean, occupies the entire 17th floor.[215] Chak Bleyzer, the former president of CONCACAF, used to live in two apartments on the 49th floor. One of these apartments, a $6,000-per-month suite, was occupied mainly by his cats, while Blazer lived in an adjoining $18,000-per-month apartment.[110][215][216] The apartments and office space were described as part of an "extravagant" lifestyle that ultimately resulted in Blazer being apprehended and becoming an FBI informant in a corruption investigation against association soccer organizations worldwide, including CONCACAF and FIFA.[216] Another noted soccer figure living in Trump Tower is Xose Mariya Marin, sobiq prezidenti Braziliya futbol konfederatsiyasi, who is currently under house arrest in his apartment for FIFA-related corruption charges.[110][206] As well, Portuguese footballer Krishtianu Ronaldu bought an $18.5 million apartment in the tower in August 2015[217][218] and planned to buy another $23 million apartment in 2016.[219]

Other residents include filmmaker Vinsent Gallo,[220] san'at sotuvchisi Xill "Xeli" Nahmad,[206] who bought a second apartment in the tower in July 2010;[221] pharmaceutical entrepreneur Styuart Rahr,[110] who has a corporate space on the 24th floor;[222][223] Juan Beckmann Vidal, egasi tekila tovar belgisi Xose Kuervo;[110][206] Prince Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, who reportedly lives on an entire floor in the tower;[224] va aktyor Bryus Uillis, who bought a $4.26 million apartment in 2007.[225] Qo'shimcha ravishda, Qatar Airways ga tegishli Qatar hukumati, has had a corporate campus in the tower since at least 2008,[224] a fact that news media outlets noted when one of Trump's ijro buyruqlari, EO 13769, banned immigration from seven majority-Muslim Middle Eastern countries, but not from Qatar.[226][227] The Xitoy sanoat va tijorat banki has rented the 20th floor of Trump Tower since 2008, for approximately $2 million a year.[228]

O'tgan

Past tenants include Jan-Klod "Baby Doc" Dyuvalye, the ex-president of Gaiti who died in 2014,[229] who was discovered to have lived in a $2 million apartment on the 54th floor in 1989, when public records in Haiti showed that he had forgotten to pay his bills.[230] Xonanda Maykl Jekson rented an apartment on the 63rd floor during the 1990s.[231] Bastakor Endryu Lloyd Uebber, known for musicals such as Mushuklar, moved out of his 59th and 60th floor apartment in 2010 after 17 years of stating his intention to do so.[232][233] Karlos Peralta, a billionaire businessman from Mexico,[110] sold an apartment in Trump Tower in 2009 for $13.5 million.[234] Former Trump campaign manager Pol Manafort, who lived in the tower when he was Trump's campaign manager,[206] agreed to forfeit his Trump Tower condo in September 2018, as part of a plea deal made during the Maxsus advokatning tekshiruvi of Russian ties to the 2016 election.[235] In addition, Donald J. Trump for President, Inc.'s headquarters were on the fifth floor.[157][208] Trump's parents, Fred va Meri, had a second home on the 63rd floor they sometimes used when visiting Manhattan.[236]

Kelajak

2017 yil fevral oyida Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Mudofaa vazirligi announced it was looking to lease space in Trump Tower, to house "personnel and equipment" dedicated to protecting President Trump.[237] This followed precedents where the DOD bought space in other presidents' properties, but the difference in this case was that the DOD's plan would directly profit Trump's business holdings.[238][239] Later that month, a controversial Indiegogo campaign launched to house refugees in Trump Tower in response to EO 13769, which barred nationals of several majority-Muslim countries from entering the United States before being superseded by EO 13780.[240][241]

Since it was launched in January 2017, the Donald Trump 2020 prezidentlik kampaniyasi paid more than $890,000 in rent for space in Trump Tower,[242][243] and the Republican National Committee spent $225,000.[243]

Tanqidiy qabul

The waterfall in the atrium, described as gaudy by a Frommernikidan ko'rib chiqish[244]

Fodor New York City 2010 described Trump Tower's "ostentatious atrium" as an example of the "unbridled luxury" of the 1980s, characterized by "expensive boutiques and gaudy brass everywhere."[245]:123 The tower's public atrium, along with that of Citigroup markazi a few blocks away, was described as a convenient public area.[245]:533

Frommernikidan called the tower a "bold and brassy place" whose golden sign "practically screams 'Look at me!'", with more evidence of the tower's gaudiness provided by its spacious atrium, pink-marble waterfall, and interior mall.[244] Ayni paytda, Insight Guide' 2016 edition recommended Trump Tower as an example of the "opulence synonymous with Manhattan in the 1980s." The tower's atrium and waterfall was described as distinguishable for those who watched Shogird.[246]

In a 1982 review of the building, Nyu-York Tayms me'morchilik tanqidchisi Pol Goldberger contrasted the "reflective" Trump Tower with the nearby postmodern 550 Madison Avenue building.[247] In a later review just before the tower opened, Goldberger said the tower was "turning out to be a much more positive addition to the cityscape than the architectural oddsmakers would have had it," and that the indoor atrium might become "the most pleasant interior public space to be completed in New York in some years." However, he criticized the "hyperactive" exterior of the tower, contrasting it with Tiffany's "serene," solid facade next door, as well as the narrowness of passageways within the atrium, saying it created "little room for milling or casual strolling."[248]

Before the atrium opened, Ada Luiza Xukstable, an architectural critic for the Nyu-York Tayms, said the building was a "dramatically handsome structure."[74] However, she reversed her opinion on the opening of the atrium, saying the tower was really a "monumentally undistinguished one" and saying her earlier comments had been taken out of context.[249] Huxtable also called the atrium a "pink-marble maelstrom" and publicly requested in one of her editorials that Trump remove one of her quotes from his building's lobby.[249] Another writer for that newspaper described the tower in 1984 as "preposterously lavish" and "showy, even pretentious."[250] Me'mor Gregory Stanford described the atrium as "pretty horrible."[251] By contrast, a review from 1983 had predicted it could be New York City's "most pleasant interior public space" to be built in recent history.[188]

Ning beshinchi nashri Nyu-York shahriga AIA qo'llanmasi, published in 2010, described Trump Tower as a "fantasyland for the affluent shopper" hidden by "folded glass," with the Trump theme evident throughout the building. Comparing the building's interior design to alkogolli ichimlik brands, the authors wrote that the design was less like a high-end "Veuve Clicquot " and more like a generic "solod likyor."[252]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Trump Tower served as the location for Wayne Enterprises in Kristofer Nolan "s To'q ritsar ko'tariladi.[253] 2012 yilda vlog post, comprising one of the few movie reviews on the Trump Organization's YouTube channel, Trump referred to the movie as "really terrific" and that "most importantly Trump Tower—my building—plays a role."[254] Other films have used Trump Tower as a filming location as well. For instance, the 2010 comedy film Boshqa yigitlar contains a car chase scene that has Samuel L. Jekson 's character drive his car into Trump Tower.[255] The penthouse in Trump Tower was used as a filming location for the action film O'z-o'zidan / kamroq (2015).[256]

Trump minorasi, a romantik roman tomonidan Jeffri Robinson, chronicles the sexual activities of fictional characters living in the tower.[257] News media reported on the novel's existence during the last week of the 2016 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi.[258][259] The novel was never formally published[259] but is registered as having an Xalqaro standart kitob raqami.[257] Noma'lum sabablarga ko'ra,[259] some versions of the novel are advertised with Trump as the author.[258]

Trump Tower is featured on the cover of the 1997 video game GTA and is depicted in the 2008 sequel Grand Theft Auto IV.[260]

Shuningdek qarang

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    1. Reversing summary judgment to defendant: Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors, Inc., 874 F.2d 912 (2-tsir. 1989) ("Surmise, conjecture and conclusory allegations are not enough; plaintiff must make an affirmative showing that his version of events is not fanciful. United States v. Potamkin Cadillac Corp., 689 F.2d 379, 381 (2d Cir.1982). Insofar as the T-E defendants are concerned, plaintiff has failed to satisfy this burden.").
    2. Granting judgment to plaintiffs: Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors, Inc., 774 F.Supp. 802 (S.D.N.Y. 1991) ("In sum, plaintiff is awarded the following: 1) unpaid contributions in the amount of $325,415.84; 2) interest from April 1, 1980 calculated at the rate of interest set by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to 26 AQSh  § 6621; and 3) attorney's fees and costs. Plaintiff shall submit a judgment.").
    3. Partially reversing judgment to plaintiffs: Diduck v. Kaszycki & Sons Contractors, Inc., 974 F.2d 270 (2-tsir. 1992) ("I respectfully dissent from the remand of the claims against Senyshyn for breach of fiduciary duty and against Trump for participation in that breach. I concur in all other aspects of the Court's judgment.").
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