Aliso Kriki (Orinj okrugi) - Aliso Creek (Orange County)

Buni chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak Aliso Kriki (Los-Anjeles okrugi).

Aliso Kriki
Alisos Creek, Los Alisos Creek[1]
Alisocreek Bridge.JPG
Aliso Creek Aliso Creek Road ko'prigiga kirmasdan oldin oqadi Aliso va Wood Canyons Wilderness Park.
Alisocreekocmap.png
Aliso Creek suv havzasining xaritasi, yirik irmoqlari va shaharlari ko'rsatilgan
EtimologiyaRancho Cañada de los Alisos er granti; "Aliso" ispanchada alder yoki chinor degan ma'noni anglatadi.
Manzil
MamlakatQo'shma Shtatlar
ShtatKaliforniya
GrafliklarOranj okrugi
ShaharlarLaguna plyaji, Laguna Niguel, Aliso Viejo, Laguna-Vuds, Laguna tepaligi, O'rmon ko'li, Viejo missiyasi
Jismoniy xususiyatlar
ManbaLoma tizmasi Santa-Ana tog'lari
• ManzilKlivlend milliy o'rmoni shimoliy Portola tepaliklari
• koordinatalar33 ° 42′10 ″ N 117 ° 37′20 ″ V / 33.70278 ° 117.62222 ° V / 33.70278; -117.62222[1]
• balandlik1,704 fut (519 m)[1]
Og'iztinch okeani
• Manzil
Aliso Beach Park, Laguna plyaji
• koordinatalar
33 ° 30′38 ″ N 117 ° 45′9 ″ Vt / 33.51056 ° 117.75250 ° Vt / 33.51056; -117.75250Koordinatalar: 33 ° 30′38 ″ N 117 ° 45′9 ″ Vt / 33.51056 ° 117.75250 ° Vt / 33.51056; -117.75250[1]
• balandlik
0 fut (0 m)[1]
Uzunlik19,8 mil (31,9 km)[2]
Havzaning kattaligi34,9 kvadrat mil (90 km.)2)
Chiqish 
• ManzilLaguna plyaji[3]
• o'rtacha8 kub fut / s (0,23 m3/ s)[3]
• eng kam0 kub fut / s (0 m3/ s)
• maksimal5400 kub fut / s (150 m.)3/ s)
Havzaning xususiyatlari
Daryolar 
• chapEnglish Canyon Creek, Aliso Hills kanali, Oltingugurt daryosi
• to'g'riMunger daryosi, sutli vilkalar, yog‘och kanyoni

Aliso Kriki 19,8 mil (31,9 km) uzunlikka,[2] asosan shahar oqimi janubda Oranj okrugi, Kaliforniya. Kelib chiqishi Klivlend milliy o'rmoni ichida Santa-Ana tog'lari, odatda janubi-g'arbiy qismida oqadi va ichiga quyiladi tinch okeani da Laguna plyaji. Daryo suv havzasi drenajlar 34,9 kvadrat mil (90 km)2) va unga etti asosiy qo'shiladi irmoqlar. 2018 yil holatiga ko'ra, suv havzasida 144 ming aholi istiqomat qilgan bo'lib, ular birlashtirilgan etti shaharga bo'lingan.[4]

Aliso Creek juda eroziv dengiz ustidan oqib o'tadi cho'kindi jinslar kech Eosen ga Plyotsen yoshi.[5] Aliso Creek suv havzasi nima bo'lishi mumkin, dastlab Tinch okeanining tubida yotar edi, bundan oldin 10 million yil oldin ko'tarilgan edi. Taxminan 1,2 million yil oldin, San-Xoakin-Xillz Aliso Kriki yo'lida ko'tarila boshladi. Vaqti-vaqti bilan namroq iqlim tufayli shishib ketadi muzlik davrlari daryo chuqurni o'yib tashlagan suv oralig'i bugungi kunda sifatida tanilgan Aliso kanyoni, ning asosiy xususiyati Aliso va Wood Canyons Wilderness Park.

Tarixiy jihatdan Aliso Creek o'rtasidagi chegara bo'lib xizmat qilgan Acjachemem (Xuaneo) va Tongva (Gabrieleño) Mahalliy amerikaliklar. Ispaniyalik kashfiyotchilar va missionerlar 1700-yillarda ushbu hududga etib kelishdi San-Xuan Kapistranoning missiyasi, uning erlari Aliso Creek suv havzasining bir qismini o'z ichiga olgan. 1840-yillarda suv havzasi bir nechta o'rtasida taqsimlangan Meksikaning er grantlari. Kaliforniya Qo'shma Shtatlar tarkibiga kirgandan so'ng, rancholar asta-sekin bo'linib, dehqonlar va ko'chmanchilarga sotildi; 1950-yillardan boshlab ko'chmas mulk kompaniyalari rivojlanish uchun erlarning katta qismini sotib olishdi.

21-asrga kelib, Aliso-Krik suv havzasining 70 foizdan ortig'i shaharlashgan. Daryoning aksariyat yo'nalishlari taraqqiy etgan yoki boshqa ta'sir ko'rsatgan. Ifloslanish va eroziya shahar oqimi surunkali muammoga aylandi.[6][5] Biroq, daryoning ba'zi qismlari erkin oqim bo'lib qoladi va mintaqaviy yovvoyi tabiatning muhim yashash joyini ta'minlaydi, ayniqsa Aliso Canyon qismida. Daryo yaqinda oqim kanalini tiklash va suv sifatini yaxshilash bo'yicha loyihalarning markazida bo'ldi.

Etimologiya

"Aliso" ismining birinchi yozilgan ishlatilishi Rancho Cañada de los Alisos 1841 yilda Meksikadan yer ajratish. Rancho hududi 1900 yilgacha El Toro deb o'zgartirilgan, ammo "Aliso Creek" nomi saqlanib qolgan.[7] So'z aliso "deganiqushqo'nmas "Ispan tilida va tarixiy ravishda daryo bo'yida sodir bo'lgan qirg'oq o'rmonlarini nazarda tutadi. Kaliforniyadagi chinor, Platanus racemosa, shuningdek, sifatida tanilgan aliso ispan tilida va daryoning atrofida keng tarqalgan.

Ga ko'ra AQSh Geologik xizmati "s Geografik nomlar haqida ma'lumot tizimi, soy ham tarixiy ravishda "Los Alisos Creek" va "Alisos Creek" deb nomlangan.[1] Shaharni o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta yaqin geografik xususiyatlar ham ushbu nomni baham ko'radi Aliso Viejo, Aliso plyaji, Aliso cho'qqisi (a boshliq daryoning og'ziga yaqin joyda), Los Alisos O'rta maktabida Viejo missiyasi va Aliso Creek Road.

Kurs

Oqimning sekin harakatlanadigan va sayoz boshlari
Aliso Creek daryosi boshi yaqinida

Aliso Creek tog 'etaklaridagi Loma tizmasi bo'ylab ko'tariladi Santa-Ana tog'lari, hamjamiyati yaqinida Portola tepaliklari, O'rmon ko'li. Daryoning bosh suvlari 520 m balandlikda joylashgan Klivlend milliy o'rmoni Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park yaqinida. Daryo Country Home Road bo'ylab janubga oqib o'tadi va keyin parallel ravishda boshlanadi Santyago Kanyon yo'li, bo'ladi El Toro yo'li janubida Kukning burchagi.[8] Daryo ichkariga kiradi Viejo missiyasi, soqolli soyali jarlikning tubi bo'ylab tabiiy oqimda erkin oqadi.[8] U ostidan kesib o'tib, janubi-g'arbga buriladi 241 pullik yo'l va o'tish Saddleback cherkovi, keyin o'ng tomondan noma'lum irmoq oladi. Keyin ariq ichkariga kiradi O'rmon ko'li, u erda Munger Creek o'ngdan va ingliz Canyon Creek chapdan.[8][9][10]

Ingliz kanyonidan pastda Aliso Creek beton kanalda Heroes Park orqali oqadi va keyin yana El Toro Parkda tabiiy kanalga qaytadi. O'tgan Muirlands bulvari daryosi beton kanal bilan oqadi va janubi-sharq tomon keskin burilib, janubga qarab orqaga burilmasdan oldin Davlatlararo 5. Aliso Creek avtomagistralining quyi oqimi Laguna tepaligi keyin pensiya jamoasida Aliso Park orqali Laguna-Vuds qishlog'i.[8] U kiradi Aliso Viejo Sheult Hills Park yaqinidagi Moulton Parkway ko'prigida. Ushbu nuqtadan pastda vodiy eng shimoliy uchida kengayadi Aliso va Wood Canyons Wilderness Park, a boshlanishi yashil kamar bu erdan Tinch okeanigacha cho'zilgan.[8]

Parkga kirgandan ko'p o'tmay, Aliso Creek-ga o'ng tomondan Dairy Fork, keyin chapdan Aliso Hills kanali qo'shiladi. 73 pullik yo'l. Ushbu nuqtadan pastda, soy Journey School, Aliso Niguel High School va Wood Canyon Elementary School, shuningdek Laguna Niguel Skate and Soccer Park yonidan o'tib, u shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan. Laguna Niguel. Aliso Krik yo'li ostidan sharqdan uning eng katta irmog'i qo'shilgan, Oltingugurt daryosi. Sulfat Creek shimoliy Laguna Niguelning ko'p qismini quritadi va hosil bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qiladi Laguna Niguel ko'li, ning asosiy xususiyati Laguna Niguel mintaqaviy bog'i.[8][11]

U erdan Aliso Kriki g'arbga burilib, taxminan 300 metr chuqurlikdagi Aliso Kanyoniga kirib, uni kesib o'tgan. San-Xoakin-Xillz Tinch okeaniga yaqinlashmoqda.[8] Oltingugurt soyidan 1,6 km pastroqda, Aliso Creek kichik beton to'g'onga joylashtirilgan. Keyin u ikkinchi yirik irmoqni oladi, Wood Canyon Creek, janubida Amerikaning Soka universiteti.[8] Wood Canyon ostidan janubga burilib, cho'l parki bo'ylab o'tib, keyin Janubiy Orange County Chiqindi suvlari agentligining (SOCWA) qirg'oqlarini tozalash inshootida g'arbga buriladi. Keyin u sobiq Aliso Creek Inn va Golf kursidan (hozirgi Laguna plyajidagi Ranch) oqib o'tadi. Tinch okean sohilidagi magistral, va Aliso Beach-da dengizga tushadi Laguna plyaji.[8][11][12]

Aliso daryosi Aliso plyajida og'zidan yuqorisida tor to'lqin lagunasini hosil qiladi. Dastlab lagun Aliso Kanyonining chiqish qismida katta maydonni egallagan, faqat yomg'irli mavsumda buzilgan qumtepa bilan to'silgan. Daryoning og'zidagi golf maydonchasi va avtoturargohlarning rivojlanishi tufayli lagun asl o'lchamidan sezilarli darajada kamaydi. Shahar suvi oqibatida chuchuk suv oqimining ko'payishi lagunaning gidrologik rejimini yanada buzdi, bu esa vaqti-vaqti bilan buzilib, qumtepa paydo bo'lishidan oldin Tinch okeaniga katta oqimlarni keltirib chiqardi.[13][14]

Gidrologiya

Daryo qirg'oqdagi tog 'tizmasi bo'ylab bo'shliqdan oqib chiqib, plyajga oqib tushadi.
Aliso Creek Laguna plyajidagi og'zidagi qumli lagunaga quyiladi. Suv oqimlari va eroziya tufayli uning og'zi doimo o'zgarib turadi.

Aliso Creek tarixiy ravishda mavsumiy oqim bo'lib, yil bo'yi suvni o'z ichiga olgan bir necha uchastkadan, shu jumladan bosh va quyi Aliso Kanyonidan iborat edi. Muhim oqim faqat noyabrdan martgacha yomg'irli oylarda sodir bo'ldi.[15] Yaqinda, 1982 yilda, daryoning yozda qurishi kuzatilgan.[3] 2012 yil holatiga ko'ra, shahar suv oqimi quruq mavsumda 5 million galon (20000 m) oqimiga yordam berdi3) kuniga yoki sekundiga taxminan 8 kub fut (0,23 m)3/ s), daryoning og'zida.[3] Daryoning quruq mavsumi oqimining kamida 80 foizini shahar oqimi tashkil etadi.[13][14]

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Geologik xizmati ishlagan a oqim gage El Toro yo'li ko'prigidagi soyda Viejo missiyasi 1930 yildan 1980 yilgacha. Ushbu gage 7,91 kvadrat mildan (20,49 km) oqindi suvni o'lchagan2) yoki suv havzasi maydonining 26 foizini tashkil etadi.[16] Shuningdek, Laguna plyajida butun suv havzasidan oqadigan suvni o'lchaydigan o'lchov bor edi, ammo u faqat 1982 yildan 1987 yilgacha ishlagan.[17]

El Toroda o'rtacha yillik oqim sekundiga 0,92 kub futni tashkil etdi (0,026 m)3/ s), sekundiga 4,7 kub futdan (0,13 m)3/ s) fevralda sekundiga 0,05 kub futgacha (0,0014 m)3/ s) iyulda.[18] Eng yuqori tepalik oqimi soniyasiga 2500 kub futni (71 m) tashkil etdi3/ s) 1969 yil 24 fevralda.[16][19] Laguna Beach gage-da o'rtacha yillik oqim sekundiga 19,2 kub futni (0,54 m) tashkil etdi3/ s), balandligi sekundiga 50 kub fut (1,4 m)3/ s) mart oyida va pastligi sekundiga 4,5 kub fut (0,13 m)3/ s) iyun oyida.[20] Laguna Beach o'lchagichida qayd etilgan eng katta oqim sekundiga 5400 kub futni tashkil etdi (150 m)3/ s) davomida El-Nino 1983 yil 1 martdagi voqea.[17]

Urbanizatsiya - bu erni suv o'tkazmaydigan yuzalar bilan qoplaganligi sababli, qishki suv toshqini ko'payishining asosiy sababi. 1931 yildan 1960 yilgacha El Toro o'lchovidagi o'rtacha yillik eng yuqori oqim sekundiga 511 kub futni (14,5 m) tashkil etdi.3/ s) va 1960-1980 yillarda o'rtacha tepalik oqimi sekundiga 1178 kub futni (33,4 m) tashkil etdi3/ s).[16]

Suv havzasi

Leyk-o'rmonda joylashgan Aliso Krikining kanalizatsiya qilingan qismi

Aliso daryosi drenaj havzasi Oranj okrugining janubiy markaziy qismida, taxminan o'rtasida joylashgan Santa Ana daryosi va chegarasi San-Diego okrugi.[21][22] Bu 34,9 kvadrat mil (90 km) uzunlikdagi maydon2), shimolda kengligi taxminan 1,6 km (janubda 8,0 km) gacha. Suv havzasi Aliso Creek bo'yidagi allyuvial vodiylardan tashqari tekislik juda oz bo'lgan tekis tepaliklar bilan ajralib turadi. Aliso Kriki suv havzasidagi Santa-Ana tog'larining qismi taxminan 2300 fut (700 m) balandlikda ko'tarilgan bo'lsa, San-Xoakin Tepalari Temple Hill-da 1020 fut (310 m) ga ko'tarilib, mahalliy "Dunyo tepasi" deb nomlangan. Aliso Kanyonining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Laguna plyaji.[23] 44 gektar maydondan tashqari (18 ga) Laguna Niguel ko'li, oltingugurt daryosi irmog'ining suv ombori, toza suv havzalari mavjud emas.[24]

Suv havzasi quruqlikni boshdan kechirmoqda O'rta er dengizi iqlimi. 2001 yil holatiga ko'ra Aliso Kriki tarkibiga kiradigan San-Xuan gidrologik bo'linmasida o'rtacha yillik yog'ingarchilik 16,42 dyuymni (417 mm) tashkil etdi.[25] Suv havzasi Orange okrugining beshta yirik suv havzasi bilan chegaradosh: Santyago Kriki shimolga, San-Diego Kriki g'arbda, Laguna kanyoni janubi-g'arbda, Tuz Kriki janubi-sharqda va San-Xuan-Krik sharq tomon[9][26]

2018 yil holatiga ko'ra, Aliso Kriki suv havzasida 144 ming aholi istiqomat qilgan bo'lib, ular birlashtirilgan etti shaharga bo'lingan yoki aholi zichligi bir kvadrat miliga 4100 kishini tashkil etgan (km ga 1600 kishi).2).[4] Daryoning suv havzasida to'qqizta jamoa tashkil etilgan, chunki u 20-asrda rivojlangan. 2001 yilga kelib ularning ettitasi shaharga aylandi (og'zidan manbaga Laguna plyaji, Laguna Niguel, Aliso Viejo, Laguna tepaligi, Laguna-Vuds, O'rmon ko'li (avvalgi El Toro) va Viejo missiyasi ) va oxirgi ikkitasi, Tog'lar fermasi va Portola tepaliklari, 2000 yilda Leyk-Forest shahri tarkibiga kiritilgan.

Suv havzasida eng katta erdan foydalanish uy-joy bo'lib, u 2009 yilga kelib umumiy maydonning 39,6 foizini tashkil etdi. Shaharlardan boshqa erlardan foydalanish savdo (10,7 foiz), turli xil (4,9 foiz), qishloq xo'jaligi (3,7 foiz) va sanoat (1,6 foiz). Umumiy foydalaniladigan erlar, shu jumladan milliy o'rmon va okrug bog'lari suv havzasining 26,4 foizini tashkil etdi, yana 13,1 foizi o'zlashtirilmagan.[24] Suv havzasidagi erlarning katta qismi uylar va yo'llar qurish uchun o'zgartirildi va Munger Kriki kabi bir qancha kichik irmoqlar to'liq to'ldirildi.

O'tish joylari

Daryoning o'tish joylari og'zidan manbaga (yil qavs ichida qurilgan) ro'yxatlangan.[27][28] Daryoni taxminan 30 ta katta ko'prik kesib o'tadi.

Daryolar

Og'izdan manbaga qadar Aliso Krikka etti yirik irmoq qo'shiladi. Yana qirq oltita kichik daryolar va drenajlar soyga quyiladi.

IsmManba[29][30]Manba koordinatalari[29][30]Og'iz[29][30]Og'iz koordinatalari[30]Uzunlik[2]
Wood Canyon CreekCanyon View Park, Aliso Viejo33 ° 34′57 ″ N. 117 ° 44′43 ″ V / 33.58250 ° N 117.74528 ° Vt / 33.58250; -117.74528Aliso va Wood Canyons Wilderness Park janubida Aliso Viejo33 ° 32′28 ″ N 117 ° 44′13 ″ V / 33.54111 ° N 117.73694 ° Vt / 33.54111; -117.736943,86 milya (6,21 km)
Oltingugurt daryosiGreenfield Drive yaqinida va CA 73 yilda Laguna Niguel33 ° 33′39 ″ N 117 ° 41′03 ″ V / 33.56083 ° 117.68417 ° Vt / 33.56083; -117.68417Alicia Parkway va Aliso Creek Road yaqinida Laguna Niguel33 ° 33′02 ″ N 117 ° 43′07 ″ V / 33.55056 ° N 117.71861 ° Vt / 33.55056; -117.718614,77 mil (7,68 km)
Aliso Hills kanaliAlicia Parkway va Muirlands Blvd yaqinida Viejo missiyasi33 ° 36′24 ″ N 117 ° 41′01 ″ V / 33.60667 ° 117.68361 ° Vt / 33.60667; -117.68361Alicia Parkway va Moulton Parkway yaqinida Laguna tepaligi33 ° 34′49 ″ N 117 ° 42′34 ″ V / 33.58028 ° N 117.70944 ° Vt / 33.58028; -117.709442,79 mil (4,49 km)
Sut vilkasiEl Toro Road va Muirlands Blvd yaqinida O'rmon ko'li33 ° 37′13 ″ N. 117 ° 41′54 ″ V / 33.62028 ° N 117.69833 ° Vt / 33.62028; -117.69833Creekside Park, Aliso Viejo33 ° 35′20 ″ N 117 ° 42′50 ″ Vt / 33.58889 ° 117.71389 ° Vt / 33.58889; -117.713892,72 milya (4,38 km)
Ingliz Canyon CreekYaqin Trabuco Hills o'rta maktabi, Viejo missiyasi33 ° 39′27 ″ N 117 ° 38′19 ″ V / 33.65750 ° N 117.63861 ° Vt / 33.65750; -117.63861Los Alisos Blvd va Jeronimo Road yaqinida Viejo missiyasi33 ° 37′44 ″ N 117 ° 40′53 ″ V / 33.62889 ° N 117.68139 ° Vt / 33.62889; -117.681393,57 milya (5,75 km)
Munger KrikiRegency Park, O'rmon ko'li33 ° 39′37 ″ N. 117 ° 39′42 ″ V / 33.66028 ° N 117.66167 ° Vt / 33.66028; -117.66167El Toro yo'li va Trabuko yo'li yaqinida O'rmon ko'li33 ° 38′00 ″ N 117 ° 40′37 ″ V / 33.63333 ° 117.67694 ° Vt / 33.63333; -117.676942,40 milya (3,86 km)
Noma'lum shimoliy vilkalarPortola tepaliklari, O'rmon ko'li33 ° 41′04 ″ N. 117 ° 37′51 ″ V / 33.68444 ° N 117.63083 ° Vt / 33.68444; -117.63083El Toro Road va Portola Parkway yaqinida O'rmon ko'li33 ° 39′34 ″ N. 117 ° 39′22 ″ V / 33.65944 ° N 117.65611 ° Vt / 33.65944; -117.656112,44 milya (3,93 km)

Geologiya

Aliso plyaji og'zining havodan ko'rinishi, Aliso plyaji oldinda, Aliso Kanyoni orqada. Tinch okean sohilidagi avtomagistral og'zidan bir oz narida o'tib ketadi.

Ko'pchilik Kaliforniya janubi Oranj okrugining hammasi, shu jumladan mintaqaviy ko'tarilish boshlangunga qadar taxminan 10 million yil oldin (MYA) Tinch okeanining bir qismi bo'lgan. Ariq kelib chiqqan Santa-Ana tog'lari taxminan 5,5 million yil oldin Elsinore yorig'i bo'ylab ko'tarila boshlagan.[31] Aliso Creek suv havzasining katta qismi dengiz cho'kindi qatlamining bir necha qatlamlarida joylashgan qatlamlar, eng qadimgi tanishuv Eosen (55.8-33.9 MYA) va eng so'nggi Plyotsen (5.33-2.59 MYA).[32] Bular allyuvial cho'kindi jinslarning chuqurligi 13 dan 36 futgacha (4,0 dan 11,0 m gacha). Suv havzasi tarkibiga Topanga, Monterey, San-Onofre Breccia, Kapistrano va Nigel shakllanishlari joylari kiradi. Odatda suv havzasi bo'ylab beshta asosiy tuproq va toshlar turi mavjud - Kapistrano qumli, Ceneba qumli, Marina qumli qum, Myford qumli va Ceneba toshlari. The suv sathi chuqurligi 6 dan 20 futgacha (1,8 dan 6,1 m) gacha.[32]

Taxminan 1,22 million yil oldin, San-Xoakin-Xillz Oranj okrugi sohillari bo'ylab San Xoakin Xillz ko'rlar bo'ylab ko'tarila boshladilar zarba dan janubga cho'zilgan Los-Anjeles havzasi.[33] Tepaliklar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri A kesib o'tgan Aliso Krik yo'lida ko'tarildi suv oralig'i shakllantirish orqali Aliso kanyoni. Ko'tarilish ham yo'naltirildi Oltingugurt daryosi dastlab janubga oqib o'tgan Tuz Kriki, shimolga burilib, Aliso Creekga qo'shilish uchun.[5]

Davomida oxirgi muzlik davri (110 000 dan 10 000 yil oldin), ayniqsa Viskonsin muzligi (31000-10000 yil oldin), Janubiy Kaliforniyaning iqlimi vaqti-vaqti bilan ancha namroq bo'lib, iqlimi hozirgi zamonga o'xshash Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy qismi. Bu paytlarda Aliso Kriki suvga qaraganda ko'proq suv olib o'tadigan daryo edi.[34][35] Muzlik davrida dengiz sathi 120 metrgacha (120 metr) pastroq bo'lib, oqim gradyanini va shu bilan uning eroziya kuchini oshirdi. Ushbu omillar Aliso Krikni vodiylar qatorini hozirgi hajmi bilan mumkin bo'lganidan ancha kattaroq o'yib topishiga olib keldi.[34] Viskonsiniyalik muzlikdan keyin dengiz sathining ko'tarilishi bilan Aliso Kanyoni uzun tor ko'rfazga aylandi. Ming yillar davomida Aliso daryosi ko'rfazni cho'kindi suv bilan to'ldirib, bugungi kunda tekis allyuvial vodiy tubini yaratdi, daryoning o'zi esa yaroqsiz oqim.[34]

Ekologiya

O'simliklar

Suv havzasini urbanizatsiya qilishdan oldin, Aliso Kriki va uning ba'zi irmoqlari sezilarli darajada qo'llab-quvvatladilar qirg'oq zonasi kabi mahalliy qattiq daraxtlar tomonidan boshqariladi qirg'oq bo'ylab yashovchi eman, chinor, qushqo'nmas, paxta daraxti va arroyo tol.[36] Aliso Kriki sohilidagi ko'plab daraxtlar, ayniqsa soyning og'ziga yaqin joyda, Ispaniya missiyasi davrida mustamlakachilik aholi punktlarini qurish uchun kesilgan.[37] 20-asrning boshlarida qishloq xo'jaligi uchun er osti suvlari olib qo'yilgach, soy bo'ylab qolgan ko'plab daraxtlar nobud bo'ldi.[36] Qolgan eng muhim yashash muhiti bugungi kunda Aliso va Yog'och Kanyonlarida va Aliso Krikining yuqori qismida joylashgan.

Shahar suvi oqibatida eroziya va ifloslanishning ko'payishi dengiz sohiliga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Invaziv o'simliklar, shu jumladan tamaki daraxti, kastor loviya, pampas maysasi, perivinka va artishok qushqo'nmas, lekin eng muhimi ulkan qamish, ko'p joylarda mahalliy daraxtlarni almashtirgan.[36] Gigant qamish dastlab eroziyani boshqarish uchun 1970-yillarda ekilgan. Ushbu invaziv turlar oltingugurt daryosining yuqori qismida, Aliso Creekning pastki yarmida va Wood Canyon Creek bo'ylab keng tarqalgan.[36]

Suv havzasining tepalikli erlari asosan o'tloq va qirg'oq bo'yli skrab o'simliklarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Suv havzasida mavjud bo'lgan mahalliy buta turlari kiradi Kaliforniya mo'rt bush, Kaliforniyadagi grechka, Kaliforniya shilimshiq, Kaliforniya oltin tupi, koyot cho'tkasi va xachir yog'i. Dengiz qirg'oqlari singari, tabiiy o'tloq va butazorlarga ham invaziv turlar katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. 2009 yilda Aliso Creek suv havzasida o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra, o'n to'rtta namuna joylarida mahalliy bo'lmagan o'tlarning qoplamasi 66 foizdan 100 foizgacha, mahalliy bo'lmagan butalar bilan qoplanish darajasi esa 0 dan 50 foizgacha bo'lgan.[38]

Hayvonlar

Bir paytlar Aliso Creek suv havzasi bo'ylab tog 'sherlari, bobats, xachir kiyiklari, kul tulki va boshqa yirik sutemizuvchilar yashagan; bugungi kunda ular asosan Santa-Ana tog'laridagi (Klivlend milliy o'rmoni) va San-Xoakin Tepaliklaridagi (Aliso / Wood Canyons, Laguna Coast Wilderness) cho'l qo'riqxonalarida joylashgan.[37] Aliso / Wood Canyons hududidagi yirik sutemizuvchi populyatsiyalarning aksariyati, 2040 yillarga kelib, yashash muhitini keng tiklamagan taqdirda, ekspiratsiya xavfi mavjud. Aliso / Wood Canyons-dan tog 'sherlari allaqachon g'oyib bo'lgan.[38] Daryo kanalining katta qismi shaharsozlik bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lsa-da, bu potentsial deb hisoblanadi yovvoyi tabiat yo'lagi bu ikki soha o'rtasida. AQSh armiyasining muhandislar korpusi ushbu koridorni "Aliso Kriki juda tor, beton yoki golf maydonchalari parklari va maktab maydonlarini o'z ichiga olgan bir nechta joylar bilan eng yaxshi darajada" deb ta'riflaydi.[39]

Suv havzasi ko'plab mahalliy qush turlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi, shu jumladan Kaliforniya eng kam tern, eng kam Bellning virusi, janubi-g'arbiy tol flycatcher, Kaliforniya mnatcatcher va g'arbiy qorli plover. Dengiz sohillarining yo'qolishi suv havzasida qushlarning yashash muhitini kamaytirdi.[37] Ushbu turlar asosan Aliso va Wood Canyons, Aliso Creek yuqori oqimlari va English Canyon Creekning ba'zi qismlarida rivojlanmagan joylarda uchraydi.[32] Aliso Kanyoni Orange okrugidagi qushlarning eng xilma-xil yashash joylaridan biri bo'lib, u erda 122 ta uyali va ko'chib yuruvchi turlar topilgan.[39] Kanyonda, shu jumladan, yirtqichlar mavjud shimoliy harrier, Kuperning kalxati, oltin burgut va peregrine lochin.[38]

Daryoda bir necha turdagi amfibiyalar va sudralib yuruvchilar mavjud. Kaliforniya shtati tomonidan keltirilgan tashvishlanadigan turlarga quyidagilar kiradi Sohil bo'yidagi tog 'tizmasi, to'q sariq tomoqli whiptail, qirg'oq bo'yidagi g'arbiy whiptail, qirg'oq shoxli kertenkele, Kaliforniya oyoqsiz kaltakesak va ikki chiziqli garter ilon.[38] Mahalliy qurbaqalar va arroyo qurbaqasi bir vaqtlar daryoda yashagan, ammo ular 1983 yilda toshqinlardan so'ng kanalga etkazilgan zarar tufayli yo'q qilingan.[37] Mahalliy bo'lmagan buqa qurbaqalari daryoning ba'zi qismlari bilan tanishtirildi. Tahdid qilingan janubg'arbiy hovuz toshbaqasi, Orange okrugidagi yagona mahalliy toshbaqa turlari ham daryoda joylashgan.[38]

Baliqlar va amfibiyalar

Uzun, kumush va kulrang baliq
Steelhead alabalığı Aliso Creek-da bo'lgan va 1972 yilda yozilgan tarixda ushbu darada yashagan bo'lishi mumkin.

Bir vaqtlar Aliso Creek-da ko'plab baliq turlari topilgan bo'lsa-da, qolgan yagona turlari tanilgan oddiy karp daryoning suviga xos bo'lgan past kislorod darajasiga va yuqori haroratga bardosh bera oladi.[40] Karpdan tashqari, 1980-yillarga qadar daryoda yana bir qancha mahalliy va taniqli baliq turlari topilgan, shu jumladan chivin baliqlari, bluegill, bosh va kanal baliqlari. Shahar suvi oqibatida kelib chiqqan toshqindan keyin qirg'oqning qolgan yashash joylari ko'p qismi vayron bo'lganidan so'ng, ushbu turlar hududdan g'oyib bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilgan.[37]

Yo'qolib ketish xavfi ostida bo'lgan tarixiy mavjudlik temir boshli alabalık (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aliso-Krikda bahslashdi. 2006 yilgacha Milliy dengiz baliqchilik xizmati (NMFS) "tarixiy yoki mavjud bo'lganligi to'g'risida hech qanday dalil yo'qligini ta'kidladi O. mykiss Ammo Aliso-Krikda anadromli suvlarda ". Ammo 1998 yilda AQSh armiyasi muhandislar korpusi va AQSh baliq va yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish xizmati tomonidan mualliflik qilgan tadqiqotda po'lat bosh 70-yillarga qadar soyda yashaganligi, shunda urbanizatsiya kuchayib, suv sifati yomonlashgani aytilgan ( migratsiya baliqlarini haydab chiqaradigan ifloslanish va past kislorod darajasi).[41]

2009 yilda, Aliso Creek Steelhead va Clean Water Now do'stlari, shu jumladan mahalliy aholi va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish guruhlarining ko'p yillik murojaatlaridan so'ng, NMFS Aliso Creekning pastki 7 milini (11 km) sobiq po'lat boshli yashash joyi deb tan oldi va soy bu erga qo'shildi. NOAA yurisdiktsiyali domeni ostida Aholining alohida segmentlari ro'yxati.[42][43] Endi u qayta mustamlaka qilish uchun nomzod deb hisoblanadi. Ko'rsatilgan dalillarga mahalliy amerikaliklar (Acjachemenlar) olib ketish to'g'risidagi hisobotlarni, shuningdek 1960-1970 yillarda Aliso Creek daryosi va Aliso Kanyonidan shahar atrofi boshlanguniga qadar temir po'stlog'ini olib ketishgani haqida xabar bergan baliqchilar kiritilgan.[44][45][46] Aliso Krikdagi po'lat po'latni so'nggi kuzatuv 1972 yilda sodir bo'lgan.[41]

1970-yillarda katta aholi tahdid qildi suv oqimi (10000–15000) Aliso-Krik daryosida hujjatlashtirilgan. O'sha vaqtdan beri ifloslanish va yashash muhitining kamayishi tufayli turlar sezilarli darajada kamaydi.[47] 2011 yilda AQSh Baliq va yovvoyi tabiatni muhofaza qilish xizmati Aliso Krik daryosi va boshqa bir necha qirg'oq janubiy Kaliforniyadagi daryolarni suv oqimi gobisi uchun muhim yashash joyi sifatida belgilagan.[48]

Tarix

Birinchi aholi

Okean tomon ochilgan qurg'oqchil chaparral tepaliklar orasidagi katta vodiy.
Aliso Kanyoni bir paytlar Acxaxemen va Tongva erlari o'rtasidagi chegaraning bir qismini tashkil etgan.

Aliso Creek tarixiy jihatdan o'rtasidagi chegara bo'lib xizmat qilgan Tongva Shimolda mahalliy amerikaliklar va Acjachemenlar (ba'zan kattaroq bilan guruhlangan Payomkawichum ) janubda.[49] Tongva hududi shimolga, shimoldan o'tib ketgan Santa Ana daryosi va San-Gabriel daryosi, hozirgi kunga qadar Los-Anjeles okrugi, Acjahemenlarning kichikroq hududi Aliso Krikdan janubga, o'tmishda cho'zilgan San-Xuan-Krik va atrofida San-Mateo-Krik hozirgi kunda San-Diego okrugi.[49] Daryoning ba'zi joylarida ko'p yillik suv mavjudligi[37] mahalliy amerikaliklar uchun lager, ov, to'plash va baliq ovlash uchun jozibali joyga aylantirdi. Daryo bo'yidagi ko'p sonli emanzorlar o'zlarining parhezlari uchun zarur bo'lgan ko'p miqdordagi shoxli daraxtlarni ta'minladilar. Daryo bo'yida 70 ga yaqin arxeologik joylar topilgan, ularning 33 tasi shimoli-g'arbiy qismida va 47 tasi janubi-sharqida.[49] Aliso Kriki va quyilish joyi yaqinida joylashgan Acjachemen qishlog'i Oltingugurt daryosi Niguili deb nomlangan, ehtimol bu "katta buloq" degan ma'noni anglatadi Luiseño tili.

Aliso Creek-da qabila chegarasining joylashuvi bahsli bo'lib kelgan, chunki ushbu mintaqaning tub aholisi orasida odatiy amaliyot bu suv oqimlari chegaralarini emas, balki suv havzalarining bo'linishini talab qilish edi.[49][50] Konstans Kemeron gazetadagi ushbu fikrga qarshi chiqdi Aliso Creek: Buyuk bo'linishmi? (1974) ga taqdim etilgan Janubiy Kaliforniya Fanlar akademiyasi, chegara Aliso Krikining shimolida va butun oqim Akjaxemenlar quruqligida joylashganligini ta'kidlab.[49] D. Erl (1992) bundan keyin "Gabrielino (Tongva) hududi faqat janubiy Tustin tekisligigacha cho'zilgan bo'lishi mumkinligi haqida ba'zi dalillar mavjud" (Aliso Krikdan 16 km shimolda joylashgan joy). .[51] Bu Alfred L. Kroeber (1925) tomonidan ilgari surilgan "Xuaneno (Acjachemen) joy nomlari Aliso Krikdan shimolga cho'zilmaydi" degan umumiy qabul qilingan nazariyaga ziddir. Asosiy kalit (1956) Bernice Eastman Jonson va Birinchi Angelinos (1996) W. McCawley Aliso Creek-da chegarani o'rnatdi.[51]

Ispaniyaning kashfiyoti va mustamlakasi

1769 yil 24-iyulda Ispaniya Portola ekspeditsiyasi boshchiligidagi Gaspar de Portolá, San-Diyegodan shimolga qarab, Fray oqimiga etib bordi Joan Krespi aslida "Alisos Creek" deb ta'riflangan Arroyo Trabuko. Ular u erda ikki kun davomida qarorgoh qurdilar va davom etdilar va hozirgi Aliso Kriki deb nomlangan joyni kesib o'tdilar, u erda yovvoyi uzum va atirgullarni ko'p miqdorda 26-iyul kuni topdilar. Krespi o'zining kundaligida "Shunday qilib, biz juda ochiq mamlakat bo'ylab yurdik tepaliklar va keng mezalar, ko'tarilgan va cho'chqalar bilan yaxshi o'stirilgan yaxshi tuproqning uch-to'rtta vodiysi bo'ylab pastga tushgan. " Shuningdek, u mahalliy Acjaxemanlar haqida shunday yozgan: "Ular qurolsiz va tengsiz do'stona munosabatda bo'lishdi; ular bizga o'zlarining kambag'al urug'laridan sovg'alar qilishdi va biz lentalar va gew-gawlar bilan qaytib keldik".[52][53][54]

Tez orada ushbu birinchi kashfiyotchilarni tashkil etgan fransiskalik missionerlar ta'qib qildilar San-Xuan Kapistranoning missiyasi 1776 yilda Acjachemen aholisining asosiy aholi punkti yaqinida, Aliso Kriki og'zidan 8.0 km sharqda San-Xuan Krikida. Ispaniyaliklar akxemenlarni Xuaneno deb atashgan,[55] Tongvaga esa Gabrielino bo'lib, uzoqroqdan keyin Missiya San-Gabriel Arkanel.[56] Aliso Kriki suv havzasi San-Xuan Kapistrano missiyasining ulkan erlarining bir qismi edi. The El Camino Real ("Qirol shosse") Kaliforniyadagi qirg'oq missiyalarini bir-biriga bog'lab, El Toro (bugungi ko'l o'rmoni) yaqinidagi Aliso Krikidan o'tdi. Ispanlar Rancria Niguelni hozirgi Aliso Viejo shahrida tashkil etishdi va u erda mollarini boqishdi. Mahalliy amerikaliklarning aksariyati qishloq xo'jaligi ishlariga jalb qilingan va Ispaniya katolikligini qabul qilgan missiyaga ko'chirilgan.[57]

Ispaniyalik aholi punktlarini yog'och bilan ta'minlash uchun Aliso Kriki atrofidagi qirg'oqdagi o'rmonlarning aksariyati juda ko'p kesilgan. Aliso Kanyonining og'ziga yaqin daraxtlar ayniqsa baland bo'lganligi va Aliso Kanyonning chiqish qismidagi katta ko'rfazda Ispaniyaning kemalari zo'r berayotgani va bu daraxtlarni kesib olib, missiya binolarini qurish uchun olib ketmoqchi bo'lganlar haqida ma'lumotlar bor edi. kemalar va boshqa tuzilmalar.[37][36]

Meksikaning er grantlari

Leyk o'rmonidagi Xose Serrano Adobe - Don Xose Serrano tomonidan Rancho Cañada de los Alisosda qurilgan bir nechta turar joylardan biri. Aliso Creek yaqinidagi asl yashash joyi endi mavjud emas.

Meksika ni saqlab, 1822 yilda Ispaniyadan mustaqillikka erishdi Alta Kaliforniya viloyat va 1830-yillarda missiyalarni dunyoviylashtirdi. Ilgari missiya erlari xususiy er grantlariga bo'lingan. 1842 yilda Don Xuan Avila 13 316 gektar maydonni (53,89 km) oldi2) Rancho Niguel grant. Rancho nomi asl Rancheria Nigueldan olingan, u o'z navbatida bir vaqtlar yaqinda joylashgan Acjachemen qishlog'idan nom olgan. Rancho Niguel Aliso Creek suv havzasining hozirgi I-5 dan Tinch okeanigacha cho'zilgan qismini hamda ikkala tomonning muhim er maydonlarini ham o'z ichiga olgan. Don Xuan boyligi va mehmondo'stligi bilan "El Riko" nomi bilan mashhur bo'ldi; u Shimoliy Kaliforniyaga qadar go'shtli qoramollarni haydashda katta boylik qildi oltin shoshilish 1848 yilda boshlangan.[58] "Avilalarning mehmondo'stligi afsonaviy edi. 1846 va 1847 yillarda generallar Front va Kerni shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Komodor Stokton ko'ngil ochgani aytilgan edi. Umumiy Andreas Piko va oxirgi ikki Meksika gubernatori Pyo Piko va Xose Mariya Flores shuningdek, xush kelibsiz mehmonlar ... Bu erda har doim musiqa va mo'l-ko'l ovqat bor edi. Har doim oziq-ovqat kamayib ketganda, mahalliy aholi Don Xuanning saxiyligini har doim hisoblashi mumkinligini bilar edi. "[59]

Rancho Cañada de los Alisos ("Alderlar vodiysi" yoki "Sikamorlar vodiysi" deb tarjima qilingan), Aliso Kriki suv havzasining shimoliy yarmini, shu jumladan El Toroga aylanadigan joyni o'z ichiga olgan holda Don Xose Antonio Fernando Serrano (Don Xuanning qaynisi) ga berildi. ) 1842-1846 yillarda.[60] Taxminan 1100 gektarlik (4500 ga) ranchoda Aliso Kriki yaqinidagi uzumzorlar, bog'lar va sabzavot bog'lari bilan bir qatorda ko'plab yaylovlar mavjud. El Camino Real ikki rancho o'rtasidagi chegarani ta'minladi; Don Xose va Don Xuan yo'lning ikkala tomonidagi Aliso Kriki bo'ylab adobetlar qurishdi (garchi Don Xuanning asosiy qarorgohi San-Xuan Kapistranoda bo'lgan). Don Xozening Aliso Kriki yaqinida, El Toro yo'li va Muirlands ko'chalarining hozirgi chorrahasi yaqinida, poyga va rodeo maydonchalari ham bo'lgan.[61]

Avila g'ishtining poydevori bugungi kunda ham I-5 janubida, uning joylashgan joyini ko'rsatuvchi belgi bilan mavjud. Bugungi kunda asl Serrano qarorgohidan asar ham qolmadi, garchi uning aniq joyi I-5 shimolidagi Aliso Krikning sharqiy qirg'og'idagi Missiya Viyodagi Sikamor bog'ida aniqlangan. 1996 yilda Serrano va Avila oilalarining avlodlari va boshqalar ushbu joyda plakat qo'yishdi.[62]

Davlatchilik

Kanyonning qora va oq panoramali ko'rinishi, daraxtlar guruhi chapda, o'ng tomonda esa bir nechta turar joy binolari joylashgan.
O'ng tomonda Aliso Canyon-ning 1900 yilgi kompozitsion surati. Thurston uy-joy binolari ko'rinadi.
Yog'och ko'prik kesib o'tgan daryoning ko'rinishi, uzoqdan cho'tkasi tepaliklar
1918 yilda Aliso Kriki og'zining ko'rinishi

Keyingi Meksika-Amerika urushi, Kaliforniya 1850 yilda 31-davlatga aylanib, Qo'shma Shtatlarga qo'shib olindi. 1871 yilda Aliso Kriki bo'ylab birinchi amerikalik ko'chmanchi Eugene Salter 152 akr (0,62 km) da'vo qildi.2) Aliso Canyon ichidagi soyning og'ziga yaqin joylashgan, ammo ko'p o'tmay uni tark etgan.[5] Keyingi yili bu erni uy egalari Jorj va Sara Turston va ularning sakkiz nafar farzandi sotib olishdi, ular daryoning atrofini bog'larni va sabzavot bog'lariga aylantirdilar va keyinchalik Aliso plyajida jamoat lagerini tashkil etishga yordam berishdi.[5] 1914 yilda Thurston oilasining ko'p qismi jo'nab ketdi Santa-Ana Garchi ularning o'g'li Dou 1921 yilda erni sotguncha ishlagan bo'lsa-da. U 1950 yilda qurilgan hozirgi mehmonxona va golf maydonchasi Laguna Beach Country Club-dan bir necha yil oldin qiz skautlar lageri bo'lib xizmat qilgan.[63]

Minglab qoramollar nobud bo'lgan 1863-64 yillardagi qattiq qurg'oqchilikdan so'ng Don Xose Serrano Rancho Cañada de los Alisosni J.S.ga sotishga majbur bo'ldi. Los-Anjelesdagi bankir Slauson. Dvayt Uayting 1884 yilda sotib olmaguncha, chorva mollari bir nechta egalaridan o'tgan. Uayting "Aliso Siti" deb nom olgan holda ushbu hududning joylashishiga katta yordam bergan. "El Toro" nomi (kelib chiqishi noma'lum, garchi u 1838 yildan beri ishlatilgan bo'lsa ham) keyin ishlatilgan AQSh pochta xizmati pochta aloqasi bo'limiga "Aliso" ismini juda o'xshashligini aytib rad etdi Alviso.[64] Unga yo'l huquqini berdi Kaliforniya janubiy temir yo'l kompaniyasi va hatto "janob fermerlarni" El Toroga apelsin va yong'oq etishtirish uchun kelishga undash uchun "Angliyaga sayohat qilgan.[65] The Surf chizig'i 1888 yilda Los Anjelesni Orange okrugi orqali San-Diego bilan bog'laydigan hudud orqali uzaytirildi. 1932 yilga kelib, tsitrus va boshqa mevali daraxtlar El-Toroda asosiy ekinlar bo'lib, Aliso daryosi bo'yidagi sayoz er osti suv havzalariga botgan quduqlar bilan sug'orilgan.[15]

Shunga o'xshash sabablarga ko'ra Don Xuan Avila 1865 yilda Rancho Niguelni Jon Forsterga sotgan va keyinchalik mulkni Lyuis Moulton va Jan Per Dager tomonidan 1895 yilda sotib olishgan. Bask 1870-yillardan boshlab Oranj okrugining ushbu qismiga kelgan muhojirlar, bu erga qo'y boqish va loviya va arpa ekinlari bilan tanishtirish.[66] Moulton va Dager qo'shni fermer xo'jaliklarining qismlarini sotib olib, mulkning umumiy hajmini 26000 akrga (11000 ga) etkazdi. Chorvachilik taxminan o'ttiz sakkiz yil davomida ularning mulki ostida qoldi va Moulton oilasi 1960 yillarga qadar egalik qildi. Rancho Niguelda qoramol va qo'y boqish va quruq erlarda dehqonchilik 20-asrning o'rtalariga qadar davom etdi.[15]

Urbanizatsiya va rivojlanish

1927 yilda Laguna plyaji Aliso Creek suv havzasiga kiritilgan birinchi shahar va Oranj okrugidagi ikkinchi shahar bo'ldi. Uning qudug'i yaqinidagi suv sathiga quduqlar qazilgan va Laguna plyajidagi uylarga suv o'tkazilgan. Biroq, 1928 yilda Aliso Creek suv ta'minoti to'xtatilgan edi, chunki "suvning istalmagan sifati" tufayli xlorid darajalar.[67] Aliso Krikining ifloslanmagan er usti suvlaridan foydalanish g'oyasi ham ko'rib chiqildi, ammo buning uchun katta suv ombori qurilishi kerak. 1934 yilda A. J. Stead 2650 gektar maydonni (3,270,000 m) saqlash uchun daryoning og'zidan yuqorisida to'g'on qurishni taklif qildi.3) va yillik 150 gektarlik (190000 m) hosilni ta'minlang3) suv. Suv ombori Rancho Niguelning bir qismini suv bosishi sababli Lyuis Moulton sudga murojaat qildi, ammo to'g'on loyihasi 1936 yildagi tinglovda qo'llab-quvvatlandi.[67] Biroq, bu to'g'on hech qachon qurilmagan.

El Toroning dehqon jamoatchiligini hisobga olmaganda, suv havzasining qolgan qismi 1950-yillarga qadar odamsiz bo'lib qoldi.[37] 1950-yillarda Rancho Niguel rejalashtirilgan Laguna Niguel shaharlarini qurish uchun ko'chmas mulk ishlab chiqaruvchilariga sotilgan, Aliso Viejo va Laguna tepaligi, janubda rivojlanmagan qismi bilan keyinchalik Aliso va Wood Canyons Wilderness Parkiga aylanadi.[37][68][69] 1960 va 70-yillarga qadar suv havzasining deyarli 15 foizi shaharlashgan edi, ammo 1990 yilga kelib, so'nggi yigirma yil ichida rivojlanish tezligi ikki baravarga ko'payganidan so'ng, suv havzasi taxminan 60 foizga shaharlashgan edi.[37] Missiya Viexo va Laguna Nayuel shaharlari mos ravishda 1988 va 1989 yillarda birlashtirilgan. 1991 yilda El Toro ko'li o'rmon shahri sifatida birlashtirildi; Laguna Hills 1991 yilda, Laguna Vuds 1999 yilda tashkil topgan. 21-asrning boshlariga kelib suv havzasining 70 foizdan ortig'i shaharlashgan.[37] Suv havzasidagi eng yangi shahar - Aliso Viejo 2001 yilda tashkil topgan.

To'fonni nazorat qilish

1900-yillarning boshlarida Kaliforniyaning janubida bir necha muhim toshqinlar vayronagarchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi.[37] Orinj okrugidagi toshqinlarni nazorat qilish okrugi 1927 yilgi toshqin hodisalarining ayrimlariga javoban Orange County toshqinlarni nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonuni bilan tashkil etilgan.[70] Keyingi o'n yilliklar davomida Orinj okrugidagi aksariyat oqimlar chanlizlangan bo'lib, 1960-yillardan boshlab Aliso Creek shaharsozlik rivojiga ko'maklashish uchun chanlizlangan. Aliso Krikining ayrim qismlari to'liq beton bilan o'ralgan bo'lsa-da, u tor kanalda bo'lishiga qaramay, aksariyat qismida tuproqli daryoni saqlaydi.[37] Toshqinlarni nazorat qilish tizimidagi katta zaiflik Aliso Kanyonining janubiy uchida joylashgan bo'lib, u erda vertikal tik qoyalar va Aliso Creek golf maydonchasi joylashgan. This area has suffered severe flood damage several times in the 20th century.[37] The 1998 flood was the largest on record.[41] It inundated the Aliso Creek Inn and Golf Course, destroyed six footbridges across Aliso Creek and caused severe bank erosion in many places along the creek.[71][72][73]

Loyli suv oqimi sun'iy beton sharshara ustiga, daraxtlar bilan o'ralgan daryoning tubidan to qirg'oq bo'yidagi kanalga tushadi.
Ko'pchilik tomchi tuzilmalar exist in the Aliso Creek riverbed to prevent erosion.

Like most other coastal Orange County streams, the watershed of Aliso Creek is now heavily urbanized. With 70 percent of the original land surface now underneath impermeable surfaces such as pavement and buildings, far more runoff now enters the creek during storm events, greatly increasing the risk of flooding.[39] Several tributaries of Aliso Creek—the Dairy Fork, Aliso Hills Channel, Munger Creek, and other smaller ones—have been replaced by storm drains. Parts of Sulphur Creek and English Canyon Creek have been channelized as well.[36] The only tributary that closely resembles its natural condition is Wood Canyon Creek, although it is still affected considerably by urban runoff.[39]

There are several facilities capable of storing floodwaters, the largest of which is Laguna Niguel Lake formed by the Oltingugurt daryosi to'g'oni on Sulphur Creek. The Sulphur Creek Dam, completed in 1966, was built as an irrigation reservoir, but was acquired by the Orange County Flood Control District in 1970.[74] In addition, there are two detention basins on the main stem of Aliso Creek. The first is El Toro Detention Basin, an off-stream basin in a portion of Heroes Park in Lake Forest, and the second is the on-stream Pacific Park Detention Basin in Aliso Viejo. There are also detention basins constructed on upper Wood Canyon Creek, Dairy Fork, and English Canyon Creek.[41]

O'n to'qqiz tomchi tuzilmalar have been constructed on Aliso Creek to mitigate the damaging erosion caused by increased flooding. Many of these structures were constructed in response to a 1969 flood that caused $1 million of damage along Aliso Creek, while others were necessary to mitigate erosion caused by artificial straightening of the stream channel.[15] In one of the largest such projects, at Aliso Creek Road, the creek was realigned in an excavated channel through a ridge in order to accommodate the construction of the Chet Holifield Federal Building and Alicia Parkway.[41] Because this shortened the stream channel by about 1,500 feet (460 m) and increased its gradient, two 10-foot (3.0 m) drop structures were constructed to prevent the creek from eroding upstream.[41]

Atrof-muhit muammolari

Yosunlar bilan to'ldirilgan ariq o'simlik o'simtasining tubida oqadi.
Algae bloom in Aliso Creek near the entrance to Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park, 2017

Aliso Creek is listed as a Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun impaired water,[75] which is defined by the AQSh atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi as "impaired by one or more pollutants that do not meet one or more water quality standards". The creek frequently exceeds bacterial limits set by California law.[76] At Aliso Beach, the creek water is considered unsafe for swimming 99 percent of the time. Contact with seawater at the beach is discouraged for 72 hours (3 days) after a major storm event.[77][78] The creek contains elevated levels of E. coli, phosphorus, nitrogen and selenium, which comes mainly from heavy application of fertilizer and manure, and other organic pollutants in urban runoff.[79] High water temperatures, sometimes exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in the summer, promote the growth of bacteria as well as algae blooms leading to evrofikatsiya.[80] Runoff of chlorine, oils and heavy metals,[79] mainly caused by irrigation and car washing, have killed off most fish and shrimp species in the creek, with the exception of carp.[40]

The Los Anjeles Tayms reported in 1997 that "County health officials acknowledge that the bacterial count at the mouth of the creek—which curls into a warm-water stagnant pond that flushes out onto the beach—is at times alarmingly high, often surpassing the legal limit for California. As a result, the area where the creek meets the sea, and the creek itself, are considered permanently off limits to swimmers and bear prominent signs that warn of the dangers of trespassing into such toxic waters. Nevertheless, people do, almost daily. Officials from the Orange County Environmental Health Department say that teri toshmalari, infections, "pushti ko'z " and other assorted ailments are not uncommon to those who use Aliso Beach and, unwittingly, come in contact with the creek and its invisible bacteria...".[80]

Urbanization has also changed sediment transport in the creek. The obstruction of natural sediment sources and increased water flow due to urban runoff has caused significant downcutting in the river bed. The creek has eroded to depths exceeding 20 feet (6.1 m) below its original bed in some areas, disconnecting the creek from its natural toshqin suv toshqini and riparian zones.[81] In 2017 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reported that $5 million of damage had been caused by erosion along lower Aliso Creek.[41] This includes physical damage to creek banks, bridges, roads and water pipelines. Landslides have occurred along the creek and its tributaries, including at English Canyon in the 1990s.[36] The creek is estimated to deliver 20,000–60,000 tons of sediment to the sea in an average year, and as much as 200,000 tons in wet years.[41]

The South Orange County Wastewater Authority (SOCWA) Coastal Treatment Plant is located next to Aliso Creek in Laguna Beach, and treats about 2.9 million gallons (11 million litres) of sewage each day.[82] Treated wastewater is discharged into the Pacific Ocean about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) offshore from Aliso Beach via the Aliso Creek Ocean Outfall.[83] A pipeline carrying raw sewage downstream to the treatment plant and two pipelines carrying treated sludge back upstream to SOCWA's Regional Treatment Plant in Laguna Niguel for recycling are buried roughly parallel to the creek within Aliso Canyon, and have been frequently threatened by flooding and erosion. Sewage spills have occasionally entered the creek, forcing the closure of Aliso Beach. 2016 yilda Kaliforniya qirg'oq komissiyasi approved a project to replace the two treated sludge lines, which had deteriorated extensively over the last 30 years.[84]

Qayta tiklash loyihalari

There have been several attempts to clean up the creek, stabilize its banks and restore native habitat. One of the earlier projects was Aliso Creek Wildlife Habitat Enhancement Project (ACWHEP), conceived and jointly funded by the County of Orange and the Mission Viejo Company,[85] and intended to rehabilitate 70 acres (0.28 km2) of former riparian areas that were dried up due to downcutting of the stream channel. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high concrete dam was built about 1.4 miles (2.3 km) downstream of Aliso Creek Road, inside Aliso Canyon, to increase the water level so that the riparian area could be restored.[81] Due to poor design as well as storm damage from 1998 flooding,[41] the dam ended up causing further erosion of the creek downstream due to the rapid flow of water cascading over the structure, and the project was abandoned.[36] The dam is now considered a failure risk and must be periodically grouted to maintain its stability.[41]

Map of the Aliso Creek Mainstem Ecosystem Restoration Project

In 2006 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers began studies for the Aliso Creek Mainstem Ecosystem Restoration Project, which aims to control erosion and restore riparian habitat along the lower 7 miles (11 km) of the creek downstream of Pacific Park Drive, as well as short stretches of lower Wood Canyon and Sulphur Creeks.[41] The project would remove the existing drop structures and barriers along this section of the creek and construct 47 low rock riffles to maintain a constant gradient. Parts of the creek prone to erosion would be realigned to slow down the water velocity, and the creek banks in several places would be stabilized with buried concrete walls. A total of 191 acres (77 ha) of riparian areas would be reconnected to the creek's floodplain.[41] All non-native plant species would be removed.[86] As of 2017 this project had an estimated cost of $91 to $99 million.[41]

The USACE project has been criticized for its potential large impacts on Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park as it would require extensive re-grading of the stream channel and banks, with 567,000 cubic yards (434,000 m3) of excavations and more than 300,000 cubic yards (230,000 m3) of fill. In addition, many of the proposed structures are intended to protect the sewer lines along Aliso Creek in Aliso Canyon, rather than for environmental restoration.[87] The Syerra klubi has advocated for the closure of the Coastal Treatment Plant in Aliso Canyon, and for wastewater to be recycled or treated at the nearby J.B. Latham plant instead, which would significantly reduce the cost of the Aliso Creek restoration project and reduce its environmental impacts.[88] As of 2016, the Latham plant was operating at about 50 percent of its capacity.[89]

A number of artificial wetlands have been constructed in the Aliso Creek watershed to replace historic wetlands lost to urban development. The Wood Canyon Emergent Wetland was constructed in 2005 at the head of Wood Canyon Creek in Aliso Viejo, and consists of a series of retaining ponds that slow down stormwater and support the growth of riparian vegetation.[90] In June 2017 the Dairy Fork Wetland and Habitat Restoration Project, also in Aliso Viejo, was completed at a cost of $1.3 million.[91] The project was designed to collect and treat urban runoff from the 1,500 acres (610 ha) Dairy Fork tributary basin. Water flows into a series of pools where it is filtered by vegetation and bacteria are killed by prolonged exposure to sunlight, before entering 25 acres (10 ha) of restored riparian habitat along Aliso Creek.[92] This was expected to reduce dry season pollutants by as much as 99 percent.[93]

In October 2017 the Laguna Ocean Foundation presented a concept restoration plan for the Aliso Creek estuary, which was endorsed by Orange County Supervisor Lisa Bartlett and Senator Patrisiya Bates (R-Laguna Niguel).[94] The project would remove a parking lot and artificial turf on the north side of Highway 1 in order to restore the estuary to its original 14-acre (5.7 ha) size. The estuary restoration also depends on reducing the dry weather flow in Aliso Creek, which would be accomplished by diverting a portion of the creek's flow at the Coastal Treatment Plant and feeding it into the existing recycled water system. This would lower the frequency with which water breaches the sandbar separating the estuary from the Pacific Ocean, enhancing habitat stability for species such as the tidewater goby and western pond turtle. In 2018, the sandbar was not breached over the summer for the first time in ten years.[95]

Parks and preservation

Uylar bilan o'ralgan keng vodiy bo'ylab katta suv omboridan hosil bo'lgan och-ko'k suv ombori
Laguna Niguel Lake, here seen near the dam, is a major boating and fishing location in the Aliso Creek watershed.
Chodir bilan qoplangan plyajning qora va oq fotosurati
Vacationers at Aliso Beach, summer 1923

The Klivlend milliy o'rmoni is the oldest public land in the Aliso Creek watershed, although it only encompasses a very small portion of the headwaters. The upper Aliso Creek originally became part of the Trabuco Cañon Forest Reserve[96][97] – one of the first established after the 1891 yildagi o'rmon qo'riqxonasi to'g'risidagi qonun – in 1893, before President Teodor Ruzvelt formally established the Cleveland National Forest in 1908.[98] Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park, which also contains a small portion of the Aliso Creek headwaters, was set aside in the early 1900s on land donated by Dwight Whiting from the Rancho Cañada de los Alisos.[99] At the other end of the creek, Aliso Beach has been used as a recreation area since the early 20th century, when the Thurston family created the Aliso Canyon Wagon Trail and established a campground at the beach. The County of Orange began to manage the beach in 1949.[100] A unique diamond shaped pier was constructed in 1970, but after damage caused by the 1998 storm it was permanently removed.[100] Today, Aliso is one of the county's most popular beaches with over one million annual visitors.[101]

During the mid-20th century, certain tracts of land were set aside in the Aliso Creek watershed to preserve wildlife habitat and a partial Greenway along the creek itself. Significant amounts of open space were also dedicated in many of the master planned communities developed along the creek. More than 35 percent of Laguna Niguel was designated as parks and open space in its master plan,[102] as was 20 percent of Mission Viejo. The 236-acre (96 ha) Laguna Niguel mintaqaviy bog'i, which surrounds 44-acre (18 ha) Laguna Niguel Lake and part of Sulphur Creek, was created in 1973.[103] Laguna Niguel Lake is regularly stocked with laqqa baliq, bosh, bluegill va gulmohi during the winter months, and offers both shoreline fishing and boat rentals.[104]

The future of Aliso Canyon remained uncertain into the 1970s. As part of the original development plans for the former Rancho Niguel, a six-lane highway was planned for the length of Aliso Canyon, connecting inland cities with Laguna Beach. This would have sliced directly through what is now Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park and heavily impacted the only significant remaining natural stretch of Aliso Creek. Land for the wilderness park was first secured in April 1979 with 3,400 acres (14 km2), and small increments were added to the park until the early 1990s forming a total of 4,500 acres (18 km2). In the 1990s, Aliso and Wood Canyons became part of the South Coast Wilderness Area, a 20,000-acre (8,100 ha) group of preserves which includes the Laguna Coast Wilderness Park va Crystal Cove shtat bog'i. In 2004 a controversy arose as the Montage Resort, which had recently purchased the Aliso Creek Inn and Golf Course resort, proposed to dramatically remodel and expand the property and extending it well into the park.[105][106] After opposition from environmentalists and Orange County Supervisor Tom Wilson, the plans were drastically scaled down.[107]

The paved Aliso Creek Riding and Hiking Trail, constructed in sections starting in the 1970s, extends along the creek from Aliso Canyon to the Cleveland National Forest.[108] The approximately 15-mile (24 km) trail is used by hikers, bicyclists and equestrians,[109] and connects most of the major city and county parks along the creek including Aliso and Wood Canyons Wilderness Park and Laguna Niguel Regional Park, Aliso Viejo, Creekside, Sheep Hills, Sycamore, El Toro, and Heroes Parks, and Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park. In May 2012, it was named a Milliy dam olish yo'li.[110] The southern end of the trail terminates less than a mile (1.6 km) from Aliso Beach, with the private Aliso Creek resort in between. The county has been trying to complete the trail for many years; an early attempt in 1989 was stymied by the property owners,[111] and a later proposal was scuttled in 2009 after the moliyaviy inqiroz. In March 2015 Mark Christy, the new owner of the resort, agreed to commit $250,000 towards designing a trail through the property as part of the new "Ranch at Laguna Beach" development, though no date has been set for its completion.[112]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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Bibliografiya

  • Armor, Samuel (1921). Kaliforniya shtatidagi Oranj okrugi tarixi: Dastlabki kunlardan to hozirgi kungacha o'sishi va rivojlanishi bilan aniqlangan okrugning etakchi erkak va ayollarining biografik eskizlari bilan, 1-qism. Tarixiy yozuvlar kompaniyasi.
  • Durham, Devid L. (2001). Durhamning Buyuk Los-Anjelesdagi ismlari. Klovis, Kalif.: Word Dancer Press. ISBN  1-884995-28-4.
  • Gudde, Ervin G.; Yorqin, Uilyam (2004). Kaliforniyadagi joy nomlari: hozirgi geografik nomlarning kelib chiqishi va etimologiyasi (4-nashr). Berkli, Kaliforniya shtati va London: Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-520-24217-3.
  • Marsh, Lindell L.; Porter, Duglas R.; Salvesen, Devid; Urban Land Institute (1996). Bankni yumshatish: nazariya va amaliyot. Vashington, Kolumbiya okrugi: Island Press. ISBN  1-55963-371-9. Qabul qilingan 2010-01-28.
  • Walker, Doris I. (2009). Orange County: Tabiiy tarix. Arcadia nashriyoti. ISBN  978-0-73856-908-6.</ref>

Tashqi havolalar

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