San-Gabriel daryosi (Kaliforniya) - San Gabriel River (California)

San-Gabriel daryosi
Kanalizatsiya qilingan San-Gabriel daryosi Los Alamitos bilan qo'shilish joyi yaqinida Coyote Creek
San Gabrielning xaritasi (sariq) va Rio-Gondo (binafsha) suv havzalari.
Manzil
Mamlakat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Shtat	Kaliforniya
Grafliklar	Los-Anjeles okrugi, Oranj okrugi
Jismoniy xususiyatlar
Manba	Sharqiy Fork San-Gabriel daryosi
• Manzil	Anjeles milliy o'rmoni, San-Gabriel tog'lari
• koordinatalar	34 ° 20′35 ″ N. 117 ° 43′30 ″ V / 34.34306 ° 117.72500 ° Vt / 34.34306; -117.72500[1]
• balandlik	4.493 fut (1369 m)
Og'iz	tinch okeani
• Manzil	Alamitos ko'rfazi, Long Beach /Seal Beach
• koordinatalar	33 ° 44′33 ″ N. 118 ° 06′56 ″ V / 33.74250 ° N 118.11556 ° Vt / 33.74250; -118.11556[1]
• balandlik	0 fut (0 m)
Uzunlik	58 mil (93 km)[2]
Havzaning kattaligi	689 kvadrat mil (1780 km)2)[3]
Chiqish
• Manzil	yuqorida Whittier toraygan to'g'on[4]
• o'rtacha	185 kub fut / s (5,2 m.)3/ s)[4]
• eng kam	0 kub fut / s (0 m3/ s)
• maksimal	46,600 kub fut / s (1320 m.)3/ s)
Havzaning xususiyatlari
Daryolar
• chap	Yong'oq daryosi, San-Xose Kriki, Coyote Creek
• to'g'ri	G'arbiy Fork San-Gabriel daryosi

The San-Gabriel daryosi^{[talaffuzmi? ]} asosan shahar suv yo'li 93 mil masofani bosib o'tib^[2] janubga qarab Los Anjeles va To'q sariq tumanlar, Kaliforniya Qo'shma Shtatlarda. Bu uchta katta daryoning markazidir Katta Los-Anjeles maydoni, boshqalar esa Los-Anjeles daryosi va Santa Ana daryosi. Daryo suv havzasi qo'poldan cho'zilib ketadi San-Gabriel tog'lari og'ir rivojlanganlarga San-Gabriel vodiysi va Los-Anjeles qirg'oq tekisligining muhim qismi, ichiga bo'shab qolgan tinch okeani shaharlari o'rtasida Long Beach va Seal Beach.

San-Gabriel bir paytlar ulkan kenglik bo'ylab yugurdi allyuvial toshqin tekislik, uning kanallari qishki toshqinlar bilan o'zgarib turadi va ko'p yillik oqim bo'ylab keng botqoqliklarni hosil qiladi, bu quruq mintaqada toza suv manbai nisbatan kam. The Tongva xalqi va ularning ajdodlari minglab yillar davomida San-Gabriel daryosi havzasida yashovchi bo'lib, qirg'oq bo'yidagi mo'l-ko'l baliq va ovga tayanganlar. Daryo yaqin atrof uchun nomlangan Missiya San-Gabriel Arkanel, davomida 1771 yilda tashkil etilgan Kaliforniyani ispan mustamlakasi. Uning suvi 1900 yillarning boshlarida urbanizatsiya boshlanishidan oldin ispan, meksikalik va amerikalik ko'chmanchilar tomonidan sug'orish va chorvachilik uchun juda ko'p ishlatilgan va oxir-oqibat suv havzasining katta qismi Los-Anjelesning sanoat va shahar atroflariga aylangan.

1914, 1934 yillarda kuchli toshqinlar va 1938 Los-Anjeles okrugini, keyinchalik federal hukumatni to'g'onlar tizimini qurishga undadi va qoldiq havzalari va to kannliz bilan pastki San-Gabriel daryosining katta qismi Riprap yoki aniq banklar. Ning keng tizimi ham mavjud tarqaladigan joylar yomg'ir suvi oqimini olish va uni shahar foydalanish uchun saqlash bo'yicha boshqa ishlar. Bugungi kunda daryo Los-Anjeles okrugida janubi-sharqda ishlatiladigan suvning uchdan bir qismini ta'minlaydi.

Yuqori San-Jabroil 1860-yillardan buyon vaqti-vaqti bilan oltin qazib olinmoqda va uning chuqur shag'al qatlami muhim manba bo'lib kelgan. qurilish agregati 1900-yillarning boshidan beri. Daryo shuningdek, mashhur dam olish maskani bo'lib, uning bo'ylab ko'plab toshqin havzalarida parklar va yo'llar mavjud. The suv oqimlari San-Jabroil daryosi tabiiy xususiyatini saqlab qoldi va mashhur joy Anjeles milliy o'rmoni.

Geografiya va xususiyatlari

San-Gabriel daryosi havzasi jami 689 kvadrat milni (1780 km) quritadi²)^[3] va suv havzalari o'rtasida joylashgan Los-Anjeles daryosi g'arbda Santa Ana daryosi sharqda va Mojave sahrosi shimolga. Suv havzasi uchta alohida uchastkaga bo'lingan. Ichida joylashgan shimoliy uchdan biri Anjeles milliy o'rmoni San-Gabriel tog'laridan tik va tog'li; u havzaning istalgan qismidan eng ko'p yog'ingarchilikni oladi - yiliga 33 dyuym (840 mm)^[5] - va natijada deyarli barcha tabiiy oqimlarning manbai. Balandlik balandligi 3068 metrgacha etib boradi San-Antonio tog'i (Baldi tog'i), oraliqning eng baland nuqtasi.^[6][7] Qish paytida 1800 m balandlikdagi balandliklarning ko'pi qor bilan qoplanadi.^[3]

O'rta uchdan biri San-Gabriel vodiysi va janubiy uchdan biri, qirg'oq tekisligi Los-Anjeles havzasi, bilan ajratiladi Puente-Xillz va Montebello tepaliklari. Toshqinlarni oldini olish uchun ajratilgan ba'zi dam olish zonalari va erlarni hisobga olmaganda, vodiylar deyarli butunlay shaharlashgan. Suv havzasida taxminan 2 million kishi yashaydi, ular 35 ta birlashtirilgan shaharlarga bo'lingan.^[8] Yomg'ir San-Gabriel vodiysida tog'larga yaqin bo'lganligi sababli qirg'oq tekisligidan bir oz ko'proq. Biroq, umuman iqlim juda quruq, qishda faqat o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik bo'ladi, yozda esa deyarli yo'q. Quyi suv havzasi asosan iborat allyuvial bir paytlar San-Gabriel daryosidan mavsumiy toshqinlarni boshdan kechirgan, keng botqoq va botqoqli hududlarni yaratgan tekisliklar. Bugungi kunda ushbu asl muhitning juda oz qismi qolmoqda.

San-Gabriel - Janubiy Kaliforniyadagi eng katta tabiiy oqimlardan biri, ammo uning tushirish yildan-yilga keng farq qiladi. 1895 yildan 1957 yilgacha o'rtacha umidsiz oqish Azusada 114000 akr fut (141.000.000 m) ga baholangan³), 9600 dan 410.000 gektar futgacha (11.800.000 dan 505.700.000 m gacha)³).^[9] Tarixiy jihatdan, San-Gabriel daryosi qish va bahorda eng yuqori oqimlarga erishdi, iyun oyining boshidan keyin oqim sezilarli darajada pasayib, noyabr yoki dekabr bo'ronlari bilan yana ko'tarildi. Bugungi kunda San-Gabriel daryosi oqimi joylarda to'g'onlar, burilishlar va er osti suvlarini to'ldirish chiqindilar oqimi natijasida boshqa uchastkalarda ko'paygan.

Daryoning boshi

Sharqiy vilkalar

The Sharqiy vilkalar Uzunligi 27 mil (27 km), San-Gabriel daryosining eng katta bosh suvidir; The AQSh Geologik xizmati uni qismi deb hisoblaydi asosiy ildiz.^[1] Shu bilan birga, uni "Sharqiy vilkalar" deb atashadi G'arbiy Fork San-Gabrielning. Uning eng uzoq irmog'i - Prairie Fork, 9648 fut (2941 m) dan qarag'ay tog'idan boshlanadi. Qo'y tog 'cho'li ning janubi-g'arbida Raytvud.^[7] Keng yaylovlar bilan ajralib turadigan baland, olis subalpin vodiysini quritib, g'arbiy yo'nalishda Vensan Gulch bilan qo'shilib oqadi, uning ostidan rasman Sharqiy vilkalar nomi bilan tanilgan. Bu erda keskin janubga burilib, tik va qo'pol kanyondan oqib o'tmoqda. Unga sharqdan Baldi tog'ining shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Baliq vilkasi qo'shilgan.^[7]

Sharqdagi vilkalarHech qaerga ko'prik "

Baliq vilkasi ostida Sharqiy vilkalar Janubiy Kaliforniyadagi eng chuqur daralardan biri bo'lgan "Torlar" orqali oqadi.^[10] Kanyon tagidan 3000 fut (910 m) balandlikda, Temir tog ' janubi-sharqdan 8007 fut (2441 m) ko'tarilgan bo'lsa, Xavkins tog'i, 2.800 fut (2700 m) shimoli-g'arbdan ko'tarilgan.^[11] Temir vilkalar irmog'i g'arbdan taxminan Darlarning o'rtasida birlashadi.^[11] Narrowlarning pastki uchi yaqinida daryo ostidan o'tadi Hech qaerga ko'prik, 1938 yildagi ulkan toshqindan keyin tashlab qo'yilgan balandligi 120 metr (37 m) bo'lgan ko'prikli ko'prik Sharqiy vilkalar bo'ylab qurilayotgan avtomobil yo'lini yuvib tashladi. Ko'prik bugungi kunda sayohatchilar uchun mashhur joy sifatida qolmoqda bungee jumpers.^[12]

Darzalardan chiqqandan so'ng, daryo janub tomon bir oz ochilgan vodiy orqali oqishda davom etmoqda, shayton Gulch va Ellison Gulch kabi bir qator irmoqlarni qabul qilib, mashhur iz va Heaton Flat-ga etib borguncha. Sharqiy vilkalar yo'li, bu daryoning quyi qismiga parallel. Daryo uning eng katta irmog'i bo'lgan Cattle Canyonni qabul qiladi va keyin keskin G'arbga burilib, Camp Williams Resort va bir qator AQSh o'rmon xizmati va Los-Anjeles okrugidagi o't o'chirish inshootlari, ichkariga kirmasdan oldin San-Gabriel suv ombori, qaerda u G'arbiy Forkka qo'shiladi.^[13]

G'arbiy Fork

The G'arbiy Fork Uzunligi 19 mil (31 km), Red Box Saddle-dan, mehmonlar markazi va tez-tez ishlatib turiladigan yo'l boshidan Anjeles Crest avtomagistrali cho'qqisidan shimoliy g'arbiy qismida 3,2 km Uilson tog'i.^[14] 4666 fut (1422 m) balandlikdan boshlanib, G'arbiy vilka Sharqiy vilkaga qaraganda ancha past balandlikda oqadi va suv hajmi bo'yicha ikki daryodan kichikroqdir. G'arbiy Fork sharqqa butun uzunligi bo'ylab juda to'g'ri yo'nalishda oqadi. Uning daryosidan daryo tezda pastga tushadi Cogswell suv ombori, shimoldan Devils Canyon Creek qo'shiladi.^[15] The Gabrielino izi daryo bilan Red Box Saddle-dan Kogsvell suv ombori ustida joylashgan Devore lageriga qadar parallel.^[14][15]

Cogswell to'g'onidan pastda daryo 2N25 o'rmon yo'li bilan parallel bo'lib, faqat mototsiklsiz harakatlanish uchun ochiq bo'lgan bir qatorli asfaltlangan yo'l (texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va favqulodda xizmatlardan tashqari). Daryo sharqdan burama kanyon orqali oqadi va janubiy chegarasini tashkil etadi San-Gabriel cho'l.^[15] U shimoldan Chileno Kanyonining irmoqlarini, Kichik Mermaids Canyon va Big Mermaids Canyonni, keyin esa ancha katta Bear Creekni oladi. Islip egar tepalikning 8250 fut (2510 m) yaqinida Islip tog'i.^[11] Bear Creekdan bir milya (1,6 km) pastroqda u San-Gabriel suv omboriga quyilishidan oldin Shimoliy vilkalar bilan birlashtirilib, u erda Sharqiy vilkalar bilan birlashadi.^[13]

Shimoliy vilkalar

The Shimoliy vilkalar uchta asosiy vilkalar orasida eng qisqa va tik. U dengiz sathidan 7000 metrdan (2100 m) balandlikda, Islip tog'i va Xokkins tog'lari orasidagi tog 'tizmasidan tushgan bir qator oqimlardan boshlanadi. Sidar Kriki Vindy Gapdan janubga, 7,588 fut (2,313 m) masofada, janubdan o'tayotgan Soldier Creek bilan qo'shiladi. Falling Springs Shimoliy Forkni tashkil qilib, Koldbruk Kriki bilan qo'shilish.^[11] Shimoliy vilka janubda Oy vodiysi plantatsiyasidan 4,5 mil (7,2 km) uzoqlikda davom etib, a naqshli kanal uning nisbatan keng kanyoni tagida. U San-Gabriel suv omboridagi katta daryoning og'zidan qisqa masofada joylashgan Hoot Owl Flats ostidagi G'arbiy Forkka quyiladi.^[11]

Shimoliy vilka San-Gabriel daryosining eng rivojlangan vilkasi bo'lib, uning bo'ylab ko'plab lagerlar va inshootlar mavjud. Ommabop Kristal ko'lning dam olish zonasi yuqori Shimoliy vilkada San-Gabriel tog'laridagi yagona tabiiy ko'l mavjud. Shimoliy Fork vodiysi yo'lni ta'minlaydi Magistral 39 1978 yilgacha San-Gabriel Kanyon yo'lidan Anjeles Crest magistraligacha avtoulovga kirishni ta'minladi. O'shandan beri Kristal ko'lning shimolidagi yo'lning yuqori qismi surunkali ko'chkilar va eroziya tufayli yopiq edi.^[16] 2016 yildan boshlab yo'lni qayta ochish rejasi yo'q.

San-Gabriel Kanyoni

Morris suv ombori - San-Gabriel Kanyonidagi ikkita yirik suv omborining pastki qismi

Sharqiy vilka va G'arbiy vilkalar tutashgan joydan pastga San-Gabriel daryosi San-Gabriel tog'larining janubiy qismidagi yagona katta tanaffus bo'lgan chuqur San-Gabriel Kanyonidan oqib o'tadi.^[13] Garchi daryoning bu qismi bir vaqtlar erkin oqimga ega bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, bugungi kunda uni suv ta'minoti va toshqinlarni nazorat qilish uchun yirik suv omborlari qamab qo'ygan. San-Gabriel to'g'oni balandligi 325 fut (99 m) bo'lgan toshbo'ronli to'g'on, 44183 gektar (54.499.000 m) ni tashkil qiladi.³) San-Gabriel suv ombori.^[17] Beton tortishish kuchi Morris to'g'oni, faqat quyi oqimda, 27 800 gektar maydonni (34 300 000 m) hosil qiladi³) Morris suv ombori. Azusa shahridagi kichik gidroelektrostantsiya San-Gabriel daryosining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri quyida joylashgan San-Gabriel daryosining burilishidan suv bilan ta'minlanadi.

Suv omborlari sathi yuqori darajada San-Gabriel suv omborida keng o'zgarib turadi, bu asosan toshqinlarni nazorat qilish va cho'kindi suvlarni boshqarish uchun xizmat qiladi. Quruq mavsumda suv ombori yomg'ir suvi uchun joy ajratish va okrug ishchilariga havzadan yig'ilgan cho'kindilarni olib tashlashga imkon berish uchun ko'pincha past darajada bo'ladi. Suv omborining shimoliy qismi, quruq bo'lganda, shuningdek San-Gabriel Kanyoni sifatida ishlatiladi OHV maydon. San-Gabriel suv omboriga ham, asosan suv ta'minoti uchun foydalaniladigan quyi oqimdagi Morris suv omboriga ham ommaviy qayiqda kirish imkoni yo'q. Kimdan Ikkinchi jahon urushi 1990 yillarga qadar Morris suv ombori AQSh dengiz kuchlari torpedo sinov maydonchasi sifatida; betonni ishga tushirish rampasi bugun ham qolmoqda va kanyondan o'tuvchi 39-yo'ldan osongina ko'rish mumkin.

San-Gabriel vodiysi

Daryo San-Gabriel Kanyonidan chiqadi Azusa, Morris to'g'onidan qisqa masofada, u erda San-Gabriel vodiysining keng va muloyim allyuvial tekisligiga etib boradi. Kanyonning og'zida daryoning butun oqimi, nam fasllardan tashqari, bir nechtasining birinchi qismiga yo'naltiriladi. tarqaladigan joylar mahalliy San-Gabriel vodiysini to'ldiradi suv qatlami, mahalliy suv ta'minotining muhim manbai. Odatda quruq daryo арнi janubi-g'arbiy yo'nalishda davom etadi, 1907 yilgi Puente Largo xarobalari yoki bir vaqtlar olib borilgan "Buyuk ko'prik" dan o'tib ketadi. Pacific Electric shaharlararo poezdlar va ostida Davlatlararo 210 orqada toshqinlarni nazorat qilish havzasiga Santa Fe to'g'oni. 17 bor tomchi tuzilmalar yoki vodiyning nisbatan tik yonbag'irida eroziyaning oldini olish uchun daryo bo'yining taxminan 2 millik (3,2 km) bo'lagi bo'ylab darajani boshqarish.

Santa Fe to'g'onidagi chiqish eshiklari

Santa Fe to'g'onidan o'tgan - quriganida ishlatilgan Santa Fe to'g'onining dam olish zonasi - daryo oqadi Irwindale bu erda 1900 yillarning boshlaridan beri San-Gabriel vodiysida ming yillar davomida daryo bo'yiga yotqizilgan boy allyuvial cho'kindilarni qazib olish uchun ishlaydigan bir necha yirik shag'al karerlari joylashgan. Bu erdan Davlatlararo 605, San-Gabriel daryosi Freeway, daryoning sharqiy qirg'og'iga deyarli Seal Beach-da og'ziga qadar parallel. San-Gabriel vodiysi bo'ylab daryo asosan er osti kanalida sun'iy beton yoki Riprap banklar. Qisqa vaqt ichida Davlatlararo 10 da El-Monte, daryo sharqdan birlashtiriladi Yong'oq daryosi, bu kichik ko'p yillik oqimni tiklaydi. Ushbu quyilish joyidan pastda u g'arbga egilib, ostidan o'tmasdan oldin sharqdan San-Xose daryosini qabul qiladi SR 60.^[18]

Keyin daryo Whittier Narrows-ga kiradi, tabiiy suv oralig'i San-Gabriel vodiysining janubiy kirish qismini tashkil etuvchi Puente va Montebello tepaliklari o'rtasida. Bu erda Whittier toraygan to'g'on bu ham birinchi navbatda toshqinlarni oldini olish uchun xizmat qiladi. The Rio-Gondo shuningdek, San-Gabrielning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Whittier Narrows orqali oqadi. Rio-Gondo San-Gabriel vodiysining g'arbiy yarmining katta qismini quritib, Whittier Narrows-da San Gabriel daryosiga yaqinlashadi; janubda, janubi-g'arbiy tomon siljiydi va qo'shiladi Los-Anjeles daryosi. Whittier Narrows-da ular qisqa kanal bilan bog'langan, ular orqali suv ikki tomonga o'tishi mumkin.^[19]

Bugungi kunda Rio-Gondo odatda Los-Anjeles daryosiga alohida oqim va irmoq deb qaraladi, ammo tarixiy jihatdan ikki daryo ba'zan bir-biriga qo'shilib, turli xil oqimlarga oqib o'tardi. Rio-Gondo ba'zida San-Gabriel daryosiga qo'shilish uchun yo'nalishni o'zgartirdi; alternativa, San-Gabriel ba'zan Rio-Gondo yo'nalishini o'zgartirgan va Los Anjeles daryosi bilan bitta suv havzasiga qo'shilgan. Bugungi kunda Whittier Narrows to'g'oni ikkala daryodan sun'iy ravishda belgilangan kanallarga oqib chiqishni boshqaradi. Bo'ron paytida suv quyi oqim kanallarida bo'sh joy mavjudligiga qarab taqsimlanadi.^[20]

Quyi daryo

San-Gabriel daryosining og'zi, Seal Beach

Whittier Narrows to'g'onidan pastda daryo janubiy-g'arbiy qismida, Los-Anjeles okrugi chegarasini belgilaydigan qirg'oq tekisligi bo'ylab oqadi va Oranj okrugi. U oqadi Oqroq va Piko Rivera va ostida Davlatlararo 5 ga Dauni, bu erda daryo beton kanalga aylanadi. U janubga qarab, ostidan o'tib ketadi Davlatlararo 105 va Metro Green Line, keyin ostidan o'tish SR 91 da Qo'ng'iroq.^[21] The San-Gabriel daryosidagi velosiped yo'li daryoning Whittier Narrows-dan boshlanib, Seal Beach-da Tinch okeanigacha 45 km.

Kimdan Cerritos daryo janubi-janubi-sharqiy oqim bilan quyilishgunga qadar oqadi Coyote Creek, Orange okrugining shimoli-g'arbiy qismini quritadigan quyi daryoning eng katta irmog'i. Coyote Creekdan bir oz pastroq masofada daryo bo'yi betondan erga qaytadi. U ostidan o'tadi Davlatlararo 405 va SR 22, o'tgan Bo'sh vaqt dunyosi va Qo'shma kuchlarning o'quv bazasi - Los Alamitos (Los Alamitos armiyasining aerodromi) va ostida Tinch okean sohilidagi magistral. O'rtasida Tinch okeaniga quyiladi Alamitos ko'rfazi va Anaxayim ko'rfazi (janubga), chegarasida Long Beach Los-Anjeles okrugida va Seal Beach Orinj okrugida.^[22]

Geologiya

San-Gabriel daryosi, uning kanyonlari va toshqin toshqini geologik nuqtai nazardan nisbatan yoshdir va mavjudligidan kelib chiqqan holda tektonik kuchlarga qarzdor. San-Andreas xatosi (orasidagi chegara Shimoliy Amerika plitasi va Tinch okeani plitasi ) va uning yordamchi yoriq va sinish zonalari. San-Gabriel tog'lari a nosozlik bloki tog 'tizmasi, asosan Shimoliy Amerika Plitasidan chiqib ketgan va San-Andreas bo'ylab harakatlanish natijasida ko'tarilgan toshlarning katta qismi. Tosh asosan Mezozoy kelib chiqishi (65-245 million yil), ammo eng chuqur qatlamlari 4 milliard yoshgacha. Biroq, hozirgi tog 'tizmasining ko'tarilishi taxminan 6 million yil oldin boshlangan.^[23] San Andreas yorig'i bo'ylab tektonik harakatlar tufayli tog'lar hali ham yiliga 51 dyuymgacha ko'tarilmoqda.^[6] Puente va Montebello tepaliklari hatto yoshroq, yoshi 1,8 million yildan oshmaydi. San-Gabriel daryosi hosil bo'lgan tepaliklar Whittier Narrows suv oralig'ini kesib, asl yo'nalishini saqlab qoldi.^[24]

G'arbiy Fork San-Gabriel daryosining irmog'i Bear Creekdan janubga qarab

Qadimgi, juda singan va beqaror kristalli toshlardan tashkil topgan San-Gabriel tog'lari juda katta miqdorda eroziyaga uchraydi.^[25] Kuchli qishki bo'ronlar natijasida yuzaga kelgan tezkor eroziya San-Gabriel daryosining dramatik kanyonlarini yaratdi.^[25] Daryoning bosh qismida oqimlar ko'pincha nosozlik izlarini kuzatib boradi; G'arbiy Fork va Sharqiy vilkaning bir qismi San-Gabriel tog'lari markazidan o'tib, sharqdan g'arbga deyarli to'g'ri chiziq bo'ylab cho'zilgan San-Gabriel Kanyon yorig'i bo'ylab harakatlanadi.^[26] Qish mavsumida tog'li hududlar ko'chkilarga moyil va halokatli chiqindilar oqadi kabi tog 'etaklari jamoalarini himoya qilish uchun ko'plab axlat havzalarini qurishni talab qildi Glendora va Monroviya, ammo bu ishlar har doim ham eng katta bo'ronlar paytida samarali bo'lmadi.^[27]

Toshqinlar paytida daryo San-Gabriel vodiysiga tog'lardan mayda qum, shag'al, loy va loydan tortib to mashina kattaligiga qadar katta miqdordagi cho'kindi tashiydi. Dan boshlab Plyotsen, taxminan 5 million yil oldin, Los-Anjeles havzasi tektonik cho'kishni boshdan kechirdi; bir vaqtning o'zida San-Gabriel daryosi juda katta depozit yotqizgan edi allyuvial fan, asosan San-Gabriel Kanyonining og'zidan chiqadigan ichki delta. Bu San-Gabrielning oldingi qatoridagi boshqa drenajlardan kichikroq allyuvial muxlislar bilan birlashib, tekis vodiy tubini hosil qildi. San-Gabriel vodiysida daryodagi allyuvium konlari 3000 metrgacha chuqurlikda bo'lishi mumkin.^[24] Sohil bo'yidagi tekislikda San-Gabriel daryosi cho'kindilari yaqin atrofdagi Los-Anjeles daryosidan va dengiz sathining qadimgi o'zgarishidan qolgan dengiz cho'kmalaridan iborat.^[23]

Suv toshqini rivojlanishidan oldin allyuvial nishab bo'ylab daryo kanallari eng yaxshi darajada aniqlanmagan va har qish bo'roni bilan tez-tez o'zgarib turadigan, bir necha xil okean chiqishlari orasida sakrab tushgan. Ba'zi yillarda u San-Jabroilga parallel ravishda oqib o'tadigan va Uittier Narrows orqali o'tadigan va Los-Anjeles daryosiga oqib tushadigan Rio-Gondo bilan birlashdi; boshqalarda u janubga Alamitos ko'rfaziga yoki Anaxayim ko'rfaziga, hatto sharq tomon Santa-Ana daryosiga qarab siljiydi. Bir necha o'n yilliklarda bir marta, ayniqsa kuchli bo'ron daryolarning bir vaqtning o'zida qirg'og'ini yorib yuborishi va qirg'oq tekisligini toshqin suvining doimiy qatlamiga botirishi mumkin edi.^[28] Tarixiy suv toshqini San-Gabriel vodiysining ko'p qismini va Los-Anjeles havzasining hozirgi Whittier-dan Seal Beach-ga qadar cho'zilgan ulkan maydonini qamrab olgan.

Pasttekislikning qalin cho'kindilari ham keng hududni qamrab oladi suv qatlami tizim. Tarixiy jihatdan, er osti qatlami ancha bosim ostida va yuzaga yaqin bo'lgan; tabiiy artezian quduqlari ko'p joylarda mavjud edi. San-Gabriel vodiysining janubiy uchida, Whittier Narrows-da toshning to'suvchi ta'siri tufayli er osti suvlari ko'tarilib, ko'p yillik oqim hosil qilib, qirg'oq tekisligidan Tinch okeaniga o'tdi. XIX asrda San-Gabriel vodiysida sug'oriladigan dehqonchilik keng miqyosda rivojlanib, natijada fermerlar yuzlab quduqlarni burg'ilashda suv sathining keskin pasayishiga olib keldi. San-Gabriel vodiysidagi suv qatlami hozirda maishiy va sanoat suvlarining muhim manbaidir va er osti suvlarini to'ldirish Amaliyotlar San-Gabriel daryosidan mahalliy suv oqimi va Los-Anjeles suv o'tkazgich tizimi orqali olib kelingan suv yordamida amalga oshiriladi.

Ekologiya va atrof-muhit

Kanalizatsiya qilingan pastki San-Gabriel daryosi bo'yidagi qo'shni velosiped yo'lidan ko'rinadigan qirg'oq o'simliklari

San-Gabriel daryosi bir paytlar yomg'ir va qorning erishi natijasida har yili bir necha marta suv ostida bo'lgan keng toshqin qatlamida boy pasttekislik ekotizimini qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Ushbu to'lib toshish natijasida 47000 gektarlik (19000 ga) tarmoq hosil bo'ldi qirg'oq va shimoldagi mavsumiy suv bosgan joylardan gidroksidi o'tloqlarga (ispanlar tomonidan "cienegas" deb nomlanadi), botqoq, eman va paxta daraxtlari o'rmonlari, janubda toza va sho'r suv botqoqlariga qadar bo'lgan botqoqli joylar.^[29][30] Og'zidan daryo keng suvga quyildi mansub minglab gektarlik doimiy botqoq va botqoqli erlar bilan o'ralgan bo'lib, er osti suvlarini er yuziga chiqarishga majbur qilgan, tog 'jinslari sohiliga parallel ravishda yugurish natijasida hosil bo'lgan.^[31] Tog'li hududlarda San-Gabriel daryosi kanali ko'pincha o'simliklarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun juda tor, chunki qishki toshqinlar kanalni yalang'och toshga aylantiradi.

Bugungi kunda oqimlarning aksariyati sun'iy kanallarda qulflangan bo'lib, asl suv-botqoq erlarning aksariyati shaharlarning rivojlanishi uchun yo'qolgan.^[32] San-Gabriel daryosining suv havzasida 2500 gektardan kam (1000 ga) suv-botqoqli joylar qolmoqda va bu sohil bo'yidagi toshqin zonasida eng katta pasayish kuzatilgan.^[33] Qolgan suv-botqoqli yashash joylari darhol daryoning yonida yoki Whittier Narrows va boshqa toshqinlarga qarshi suv havzalarida joylashgan bo'lib, qushlar va mayda sutemizuvchilar uchun yashash muhitini yaratmoqda.^[33] Bundan tashqari, daryo bo'yida qirg'oq va botqoqlarni tiklash bo'yicha loyihalar yakunlangan yoki davom etmoqda. San-Gabriel daryosining botqoqli joylarini tiklash ishlari 2018 yilgacha qurishni mo'ljallamoqda sun'iy botqoqlik va biosval dam olish maskani, yovvoyi tabiatning yashash joyi va ifloslanishdan himoya qiluvchi bufetni ta'minlaydigan El-Monte yaqinidagi tizim.^[33]

2100 m balandlikdan 7000 fut balandlikda,^[34] San-Gabriel tog'lari qarag'ay va o'tin o'rmonlarini, qoldiqlarini yoki qoldiqlarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi^[35] davomida bir vaqtlar Janubiy Kaliforniyani qoplagan ulkan doim yashil (ignabargli) o'rmon oxirgi muzlik davri mintaqaviy iqlim ancha namroq bo'lganida. Tog'li o'rmonlarda kiyik va qora ayiqlar kabi yirik sutemizuvchilar yashaydi. 19-asr tomonidan amalga oshirilgan tabiatni muhofaza qilish siyosati tufayli,^[36] yuqori San-Gabriel suv havzasi hech qachon og'ir o'tinlarga duch kelmagan. Shuningdek, San-Gabriel daryosining suv havzasida 17000 akr (6900 ga) joylashgan. San-Dimas tajriba o'rmoni, a YuNESKO Biosfera qo'riqxonasi bu erda 1933 yildan beri o'rmon gidrologiyasi doimiy ravishda o'rganilib kelinmoqda.^[6] Tog 'oldi zonalarida pastga, chaparral va cho'tka ustunlik qiladi.^[37] San-Gabrielning quyi suv havzasini ikkiga ajratib turadigan Puente tepaligida ba'zi bir nozik o'simlik jamoalari mavjud qirg'oqdagi adaçayı skrab va yong'oq o'rmonlari.^[38]

O'rmon yong'inlari - San-Gabriel daryosi suv havzasidagi o'simlik jamoalarining tabiiy qismi.^[39] Biroq, 1938 yildagi toshqindan so'ng, yong'inni o'chirishning qizg'in dasturi boshlandi, chunki bo'ron paytida yoqib yuborilgan joylar tezda yemirilib, irmoq va toshqinlarni keltirib chiqaradigan irmoqlarni olib boradi. Qo'shma Shtatlarning g'arbiy mintaqalari singari, bu juda ko'p miqdordagi tinder va qoldiqlarning to'planishiga olib keldi va yong'in xavfini oshirdi. 21-asrning birinchi o'n yilligidagi qurg'oqchilik sharoitlari tabiiy ravishda sodir bo'lgandan kattaroq katta yong'inlarni keltirib chiqardi. 2002 yilda egri olov 20000 gektar maydonni (8100 ga) yondirdi, uning katta qismi San-Gabriel daryosining shimoliy vilkasida yopilib qoldi. Kristal ko'lning dam olish zonasi bir necha yil davomida.^[40][41] 2009 yil Stansiyadagi yong'in Los-Anjeles okrugi tarixidagi eng katta yong'in asosan San-Gabriel suv havzasining g'arbiy qismida to'plangan, ammo yuqori G'arbiy Forkning katta qismini yoqib yuborgan.^[42] Shaharlarning rivojlanishi tog'li hududlarga qarab kengayib borishi bilan, moddiy zarar etkazish xavfi ortib bormoqda.

San-Gabriel daryosi tarixiy ravishda mahalliy baliqlarning yirik populyatsiyalarini, shu jumladan eng katta baliqlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan temir boshli alabalık janubiy Kaliforniyada.^[43] Bir vaqtlar Steelhead yumurtlamoq uchun Tinch okeanidan 97 km uzoqlikda ko'chib kelgan va "shtatdagi eng yaxshi po'lat baliq ovlash daryolari" sifatida tanilgan.^[44] Daryoni quritgan sug'orishning rivojlanishi, keyinchalik toshqinlarga qarshi kurash uchun damming va kannlizatsiya San-Gabriel havzasida po'lat boshining deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketishiga yordam berdi. 19-asrdan beri kamalak alabalığı rekreatsion baliq ovini ta'minlash uchun San-Gabriel daryosining yuqori vilkalariga (quruq temir po'lat boshi) ekilgan. Oktyabr-iyun oylari orasida har yili taxminan 60,000 kamalak to'planadi.^[45] G'arbiy Fork, shuningdek, qolgan eng katta aholiga ega arroyo chub, Janubiy Kaliforniyaning qirg'oq bo'yidagi oqimlari uchun tarqalgan baliq.^[45]

Insoniyat tarixi

Mahalliy amerikaliklar

San-Gabriel daryosining birinchi ro'yxatga olingan aholisi taxminan 2500 yil oldin kelgan bo'lsa-da, odamlar Janubiy Kaliforniyada 12000 yil oldin bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[46] Ispaniyalik sayohatchilar mintaqaga kelishidan oldin, mahalliy aholi soni 5000–10,000 atrofida.^[31] San-Antonio tog'i chegara uchun ingl Tongva (Gabrielino) g'arbdagi odamlar va Yuxaviatam odamlar sharqda. San-Gabriel daryosining katta qismi an'anaviy Tongva hududida joylashgan bo'lsa-da Chumash (g'arbiy qismda istiqomat qilganlar) ham ushbu hududdan foydalanganlar. Tongva qishloqlari asosan qishki toshqinlar yetadigan baland joylarda joylashgan edi. Odatdagi qishloq "kich" yoki "kish" deb nomlanuvchi katta, aylana shaklidagi peshtoqli kulbalardan iborat bo'lib, ularning har biri bir nechta oilalarga tegishli edi.^[47]

Yozda qishloq aholisi qishda o'tishi uchun zarur bo'lgan oziq-ovqat va boshqa resurslarni yig'ish uchun San-Gabriel Kanyonidan tog'larga sayohat qilishardi. San-Gabriel daryosining o'zi ham mahalliy amerikaliklarni o'zlari bilan ta'minladi temir boshli alabalık va noyob noyob suv manbai tomonidan jalb qilingan ov hayvonlari.^[48] Daryo va uning botqoqlari atrofida mo'l-ko'l o'simlik hayoti, ayniqsa tule, turar joylar va kanoatlar qurishda foydalanilgan.^[29][49] Tongva tez-tez eski o'sishni tozalash, ov hayvonlari uchun em-xashakni yaxshilash uchun cho'tka yong'inlarini o'rnatdi.^[50] Shuningdek, ular mahalliy yog 'oqmalaridan asfalt yoki smola bilan biriktirilgan yog'och taxtalardan foydalanib okeanga kano (ti'at) yasashdi.^[51]

Kamida 26 Tongva qishlog'i San-Gabriel daryosi bo'yida joylashgan bo'lib, yana 18 tasi yaqin atrofda joylashgan.^[52]Tongva shahrining eng yirik qishloqlaridan biri Asuksangna ("buvilarning o'rni" ma'nosini anglatadi) San-Gabriel Kanyonining og'zida joylashgan edi. San-Gabriel daryosi kanyonining g'arbiy vilkasi San-Gabriel tog'larini kesib o'tgan savdo yo'lining bir qismini tashkil qilib, Tongvaga savdo qilish imkoniyatini berdi. Serrano xalqi ichida Mojave sahrosi shimolga.^[48] Boshqa ko'plab qishloqlar San-Gabriel daryosi yaqinida joylashgan edi. Hosildor tuproqlari va qirg'oq tekisligidan ko'ra ko'proq yog'ingarchilik bo'lgan San-Gabriel vodiysi aholi zichligi bo'yicha eng yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega edi. San-Gabriel vodiysidagi qishloqlarga Alyeupkigna, Amuskopopiabit, Avingna, Komikranga, Kukamonga, Guychi, Xoutnga, Isantxogna, Juyubit, Perrooksnga, Sibanga va Toviseanga kirgan. Sejatnga qishlog'i Whittier Narrows-da joylashgan edi. Pubugna hozirgi Long Beach atrofida, daryoning og'ziga yaqin joyda joylashgan.^[53]

Tongva bilan aloqa o'rnatgan birinchi tadqiqotchilar ularni tinch xalq deb ta'rifladilar.^[49][54] Antropologlarning fikriga ko'ra, Tongva Kaliforniyaning mahalliy aholisi bo'lgan, qo'shni qabilalar bilan valyuta va murakkab savdo tizimlarini o'rnatgan, oziq-ovqat uchun daraxtlar va o'simliklarni o'stirgan va rasmiy hukumat tuzilishiga ega bo'lgan.^[51] Hindiston agenti B.D. Uilson 1852 yilda Tongva "atrof muhitni buzmasdan qanday qilib ekologik muammolarni hal qilishni" bilishini yozgan.^[55]

Qidiruv va joylashish

Qurg'oqchil Janubiy Kaliforniyada kamdan-kam uchraydigan San-Gabriel daryosi havzasida mavjud bo'lgan mo'l-ko'l suv ispaniyalik kashfiyotchilar tomonidan qayd etilgan va keyinchalik evropaliklar uchun jozibador joyga aylangan. Xuan Rodriges Kabrillo 1542 yilda San-Gabriel daryosining og'zidan o'tib ketgan; u bu erga tushmagan bo'lsa-da, ekspeditsiyani kutib olish uchun kanoeda saf tortgan ona Tongva bilan aloqa o'rnatdi.^[56] Aslida daryoni kesib o'tgan birinchi ispan partiyasi bu edi Portola ekspeditsiyasi, 1769 yilda kapitan boshchiligida Gaspar de Portola.^[52] Xuan Krespi ekspeditsiya bilan sayohat qilayotgan missioner San-Gabriel daryosi haqidagi birinchi taassurotlarini quyidagicha tasvirlab berdi:

Keyin biz keng va keng tekislikka tushdik ... Vodiy bo'ylab bir soatcha sayohat qilganimizdan so'ng, biz ko'plab yashil botqoqlar orasida oqadigan arroyo suviga keldik, ularning qirg'oqlari tol va uzum, böğürtlen va son-sanoqsiz kastiliya gullari bilan qoplangan edi. U tog 'etaklarida yuradi va yaxshi erlarning katta qismini sug'orishda bemalol ishlatilishi mumkin ... Vodiy ... tepaliklar bilan o'ralgan. Shimol tomoni juda baland va qorong'i va ko'plab gofrirovka bilan ajralib turadi va g'arbga uzoqroqqa cho'zilganga o'xshaydi.

— Xuan Krespining kundaligi, 1769 yil 30-iyul^[57]

Ekspeditsiya daryo bo'ylab ko'prik qurishi kerak edi, chunki kanal juda botqoq va loyli bo'lib, ularning otlari va mollarini ko'chirishga qiynalgan. Hudud "la puente" (ko'prik) nomi bilan mashhur bo'lib, undan zamonaviy shahar chiqqan La Puente uning nomini oladi.^[57][58]

San-Gabriel missiyasi, Ferdinand Deppe (1832)

Portola ekspeditsiyasidan so'ng Ispaniya Kaliforniyani o'z imperiyasining bir qismi deb da'vo qildi va San Gabriel daryosi "Río San Miguel Arcángel" deb nomlandi.^[57] Missiya San-Gabriel Arkanel, a to'rtinchi vazifalar zanjiri Kaliforniya qirg'og'i bo'ylab, 1771 yilda tashkil etilgan Junipero Serra, San-Gabriel daryosi bo'ylab hozirgi Montebello yaqinida. Missiyaning nomi tez orada daryoga, shuningdek, Ispaniyaliklar ilgari Sierra Madre deb atagan San-Gabriel tog'lariga biriktirildi.^[57] Dastlabki sayt surunkali toshqinlarga duch keldi va hozirgi joyiga ko'chib o'tdi San-Gabriel, 5 mil (8.0 km) shimoli-g'arbda, 1775 yilda.^[52] Missiya oxir-oqibat tog'larning etaklaridan tortib to hozirgi kungacha bo'lgan 150000 gektar (610.000 ga) erni nazorat qildi. San-Pedro.^[59]

Siyosati ostida reduktsion, maqsadi "hindularni qishloqdan qisqartirish yoki bitta markaziy jamoaga birlashtirish,"^[57] Ispanlar tub amerikaliklarni missiya tizimiga avval sovg'alar orqali, lekin ko'pincha majburan qo'shilishga undashdi. Mahalliy odamlar fermalarda va missiya erlarining fermer xo'jaliklarida ishladilar va nasroniylikni qabul qildilar. Ispancha "Gabrieliño" nomi, odatda, ushbu hududning Tongva aholisini anglatadi, ammo boshqa guruhlardan bo'lgan odamlar, masalan, Chumash ham San-Gabriel missiyasida bo'lganlar. Missiya tizimidan qochgan mahalliy amerikaliklar San-Gabriel daryosining yuqori kanyonlarida boshpana topdilar, bu erda uzoq yillar davomida qarshilik ko'rsatish harakati davom etdi.^[57] Bu Tongva tibbiyot ayol boshchiligidagi 1785 yilda San-Gabriel missiyasining qo'zg'oloni bilan yakunlandi Toypurina, oxir-oqibat Ispanlar tomonidan ezilgan.^[57]

Kasallik mahalliy aholini keskin kamaytirdi va 19-asrning boshlarida omon qolgan Gabrieliñoning aksariyati missiya tizimiga kirishdi.^[52] 1830 yilda, Kaliforniya uning tarkibiga kirganidan to'qqiz yil o'tgach Meksika, mahalliy aholi Ispaniya mustamlakasiga qadar bo'lgan davrning to'rtdan bir qismiga kamaydi.^[57]

Mintaqaga ko'chmanchilarni jalb qilish uchun Ispaniya va keyinchalik Meksika yirik er grantlari tizimini yaratdi, bu ko'pchilikka aylandi ranchos hududning. Mahalliy amerikaliklar sonining kamayishi mustamlakachilar tomonidan ilgari mahalliy aholi foydalangan katta erlarni egallashni osonlashtirdi.^[57] Ispaniyaning nazorati ostida bo'lgan davrda va 1821-1846 yillarda Meksikaning nazorati ostida bo'lgan davrda mahalliy iqtisodiyotda chorvachilik hukmronlik qildi. San-Gabriel daryosining suv havzasida Rancho Azusa de Dalton va Rancho Azusa de Duarte San Gabriel Kanyon og'zining sharqida va g'arbida navbati bilan yotar edi. Rancho San-Frantsiskito, Rancho Potrero Grande, Rancho Potrero de Felipe Lugo, Rancho La Puente va Rancho La Merced San-Gabriel vodiysining janubida joylashgan.^[60] Rancho Paso de Bartolo Whittier Narrows hududida joylashgan va Rancho Santa Gertrudes, Rancho Los Coyotes, Rancho Los Cerritos va Rancho Los Alamitos qirg'oq tekisligining turli hududlarini egallagan.^[61]

Ikki yildan so'ng, Kaliforniya 1850 yilda AQSh shtatiga aylandi Meksika-Amerika urushi. Urushning hal qiluvchi janglaridan biri 1847 yil 8-yanvarda San-Gabriel daryosida bo'lib o'tdi, bu meksikalik uchun so'nggi himoya chizig'i edi Kalifornio Los-Anjeles pueblosini himoya qilish vazifasi yuklangan Meksika general-gubernatori Xose Flores boshchiligidagi kuchlar. General boshchiligidagi Amerika kuchlari Stiven V. Kerni Commodore ostida Robert F. Stokton, kuchli olov ostida daryodan o'tib ketdi, ammo to'qson daqiqa ichida Californiosni mudofaa pozitsiyasidan majburlashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Daryo ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, amerikaliklar 10 yanvar kuni Los-Anjelesni egallashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi va meksikaliklar uch kundan keyin Kaliforniyani taslim qilishdi. Ushbu kampaniya hozirda esda qolmoqda Rio-San-Gabrielning jangi.^[62][63]

Oltin izlovchilar

1862 yilgi toshqin paytida daryo vayron qilgan Eldoradovilning asl joyi yaqinidagi Xiton kvartiralaridagi Sharqiy vilkalar.

Kaliforniya shtati AQShga aylanishidan ancha oldin mahalliy amerikaliklar va ispan tadqiqotchilari San-Gabriel Kanyonida oltin topganligi haqida ko'p yillar davomida mish-mishlar tarqalgan bo'lsa-da,^[64] oltin birinchi 1855 yil aprelida yuqori San-Gabriel daryosida tog'larga kirgan qidiruvchilar partiyasi tomonidan tasdiqlangan Kajon dovoni. The Los-Anjeles yulduzi tez orada ularning topilmalari haqida xabar berdi:

O'tgan haftada San-Jabroil boshida yangi oltin qazish ishlari olib borilayotgani haqida hayajon paydo bo'ldi. Biz qidiruv ishlarini olib borgan bir nechta odamlarni uchratdik va ular eng sifatli oltinni topgan bo'lsalar ham, konning boyligi jihatidan juda farq qiladilar. Qisqichbaqa ichi bo'sh qazish ishlari endi eng yaxshi deb hisoblanadi va panga ikki sentdan besh sentgacha to'laydi.^[65]

Daryo bir necha yil davomida jim bo'lib qoldi, chunki qurg'oqchilik sharoitida oqim kamayib, qatlamli qazib olish ishlari qiyinlashdi.^[64] 1858-59 yillardagi qish ho'l bo'ldi va tez orada Los Anjeles okrugidan ham, yuzlab oltin izlovchilar ham Kern okrugi shimol tomon daryoga tushdi.^[64] 1859 yil may oyiga qadar San-Gabriel Kanyonidan 64 km uzoqlikda da'volar qilingan. Dastlabki kunlarda qazish ishlariga kirish qiyin kechdi, chunki San-Gabriel daryosidagi tosh tosh tog'larga qo'pol yo'l edi. 1859 yil iyulda konchilar va ularning ta'minotini olib kelish uchun stagecoach xizmati tashkil etildi.^[64]

1855-1902 yillar oralig'ida San-Gabriel daryosidan taxminan 5.000.000 dollar (2019 yilda 128 million dollar) oltin olib tashlandi.^[66] San-Gabriel daryosi bo'ylab qazib olish oddiy oltinni panalash bilan boshlandi, ammo tez orada ancha ilg'or usullarga o'tib ketdi. Flumes were constructed to carry water to sluices, long toms and gidravlik qazib olish operations that separated gold from river gravel; dams and waterwheels helped maintain the necessary bosh to drive these extensive waterworks and clear the riverbed so that gold bearing sands could be excavated.^[64][65] Some hard rock (tunnel) mining also occurred in the San Gabriels in later years, such as at the 1896 Big Horn Mine at Mount Baden-Powell, and the 1913 Allison Mine on Iron Mountain high above the East Fork, where several tunnels of up to 1,000 feet (300 m) in length remain.^[67]

Settlements of considerable size were established in very rough country along the upper San Gabriel River. Prospect Bar, located 4 miles (6.4 km) up the narrow canyon of the East Fork, grew to include "a boarding house, two or three stores, blacksmith shop, butcher shop, etc."^[65] A flood in November 1859 destroyed the settlement, but four months later it was re-established as the town of Eldoradovil, near the junction of the East Fork and Cattle Canyon.^[65] The period from 1859 to 1862 was the most prosperous of the San Gabriel gold rush; Uells Fargo stages alone shipped some $15,000 ($384 thousand in 2019 dollars) worth of gold per month out of Los Angeles County, most of it from the San Gabriel diggings.^[65] John Robb, who ran a saloon in Eldoradoville, claimed he "made more money by running the sawdust from the floor of the Union Saloon through his sluice box than he was able to make from real mining, so prodigal and careless of their pokes were the miners and gamblers of those days."^[64]

By 1861, Eldoradoville had an estimated population of 1,500.^[68] The town prospered until the 1862 yilgi katta toshqin, the largest in California's recorded history, swept the canyon clean:

Nature once again played its violent hand. Beginning the final week of December 1861, the weather turned bad. Rain fell daily for three weeks, and nervous miners and Eldoradoville residents watched the river slowly rise along its banks. During the night of January 17–18, 1862, a torrential cloudburst hit the mountains. Early the next morning, a wall of churning gray water swept down the canyon, obliterating everything in its path. As the men of Eldoradoville scrambled up the hillsides to safety, the shanty town was literally washed away lock, stock and barrel, as were all the canyon-bottom works belonging to the miners. Shacks, whiskey barrels, groceries, beds, roulette wheels, sluices, long toms, wing dams and China pumps were swept clean out of the mountains into the floodplain of the San Gabriel Valley.^[64]

Mining on the San Gabriel did continue after the flood of 1862, but never on the same scale as before.^[64] A second wave of gold seeking began in the early 1930s along the East Fork. A September 1932 Los Anjeles Tayms article described it as a "leisurely gold rush"^[69] and reported:

Today there are slightly more than 500 persons scattered along the stream in the canyon, of which thirty are women and a score children. The live in shacks, tents, lean-tos and even in ramshackle automobiles. They form an amazing heterogeneous collection of humans, their numbers being made up of members of many professions, extremely few of them with previous prospecting experience.^[69]

Several gold mining camps sprang up along the East Fork, the largest including the Upper and Lower Klondike. Mining during the 1930s focused on finding the finer particles and dust left behind from the previous gold boom. For many it was a source of income during the Katta depressiya, and for some others was a recreational activity.^[69] These mining camps were again obliterated, along with much else along the San Gabriel River, during the great flood of 1938.

Recreational gold mining has continued along the San Gabriel River since then, although it is not legal in many places. Joriy AQSh o'rmon xizmati policy states that "National Forest System lands within the East Fork of the San Gabriel River are not open to prospecting or any other mining operations."^[70] However, the ban is rarely enforced and has been subject to much controversy, especially since it does not distinguish between recreational and commercial mining.^[71]

Dehqonchilik va sug'orish

Irrigation ditch in San Gabriel Canyon, ca.1900

Although the Southern California climate is well suited to most types of agriculture, the seasonality of rainfall made it almost impossible to grow crops without irrigation. After the founding of Mission San Gabriel, the Spanish built and gradually expanded a system of zanjas (canals) and reservoirs to irrigate crops, power mills, and water livestock.^[72] The earliest historic record of a water diversion for the mission appears around 1773. Irrigation systems were also built on some of the Mexican ranchos, such as in 1842 when Don Luis Arenas, owner of the Rancho Azusa, constructed a zanja from the mouth of San Gabriel River to his homestead, a distance of about one mile (1.6 km). This would later be expanded in to the Azusa Ditch, one of the more important canals of the region.^[73]

After California became part of the United States in 1846, the ranching economy gradually shifted towards agriculture (a transition quickened by the 1862 yilgi katta toshqin and subsequent drought of 1863-64 which killed almost three-quarters of the livestock in Los Angeles County)^[74] and the San Gabriel River became a crucial water source for farms. The Kaliforniya Gold Rush brought a huge influx of people to the state, and the high demand for food transformed the San Gabriel River Basin into one of the nation's most productive agricultural regions. The Janubiy Tinch okean temir yo'li arrived in 1876 and the Tinch okeani temir yo'llari in the early 1900s, the latter line passing through the Whittier Narrows; this enabled the San Gabriel River region to become a major exporter of agricultural products.^[63]

Some areas had easy access to permanent water, such as the fertile "island meadow" region between the Rio Hondo and San Gabriel Rivers roughly where El Monte is today.^[75] This was one of the most popular destinations for early American settlers; for a time it was called "Lexington" (after Leksington, Kentukki, due to the fact that so many people had arrived from that region).^[63] However, most areas required irrigation with either surface or well water to make agriculture a possibility. In 1888 the state of California reported that about 14,000 acres (5,700 ha) in the valley were "wet ... and not generally requiring irrigation", while 92,500 acres (37,400 ha) were "highly cultivable and productive lands, but requiring irrigation, at least for some crops."^[76]

Flowing through bedrock canyons and fed by winter rain and snow, the East and West Forks of the San Gabriel River carry water all year long. Even in the driest summers the San Gabriel flowed all the way to the mouth of San Gabriel Canyon near present-day Azusa, where it percolated into the San Gabriel Valley aquifer.^[77][78] Thus, most of the surface water diversions were taken either directly at the mouth of San Gabriel Canyon, or further down near the Whittier Narrows where groundwater rose to the surface once more. In order to supply water during the dry season when surface flows fell to a trickle, a tunnel nearly 800 feet (240 m) long was extended under the river bed to tap the shallow aquifer and supply the Azusa, Duarte and Beardslee ditches.^[79] In 1890, some of the irrigation companies operating on the upper San Gabriel River included the Duarte Mutual Irrigation and Canal Company, the Vineland Irrigation District and the East Whittier Land and Water Company.^[80]

Irrigation soon consumed the entire surface flow of the river below San Gabriel Canyon.^[81] As early as 1854 the entire upper San Gabriel River was appropriated, with the Azusa farmers (east of the San Gabriel River) claiming up to two-thirds of the flow and the remaining one-third going to the Duarte farmers, west of the San Gabriel River.^[82] Farmers also appropriated essentially all the water emerging from the springs at Whittier Narrows, drying up the river below that point.^[83] In 1907 it was reported that the San Gabriel River irrigated some of "the most highly productive tsitrus regions of Southern California."^[84] The Teague Grove in San-Dimas, not far from the San Gabriel River, was once one of the largest citrus groves in the world with some 250,000 trees.^[85]

Conflict over San Gabriel River water reached a head in the 1880s, when such intense litigation occurred it was called the "Battle of San Gabriel River."^[86] This led to the creation of the San Gabriel River Water Committee (Committee of Nine) in 1889 in order to "secure a safe and reliable water supply from the San Gabriel River and to protect the rights to and interests in the river on behalf of committee members."^[87] Under the Compromise Agreement of 1889 – which is still in effect today – the Committee of Nine was given the right to administer the distribution of San Gabriel River waters, up to 98,000 acre feet (121,000,000 m³) yiliga. All water flows above this amount are administered by the San Gabriel Valley Protective Association.^[88]

20-asr

The channelized lower San Gabriel River, near the Pacific Ocean

In the early 1900s, the growing city of Los Angeles began to look to the San Gabriel River for its water supply. However, initial plans were rejected because all the water was already used by farmers, except for floods in the winter. At the time it was believed that the silt-laden, flood-prone San Gabriel River could not be dammed in a safe or efficient manner to conserve this stormwater.^[84] In 1913, Los Angeles county engineer Frank Olmstead declared that the cost of a dam on the San Gabriel River would be greater than the economic benefits.^[89] Qachon Los-Anjeles suv kemasi opened that year, bringing water from the distant Ouens vodiysi, it made possible the urbanization that would eventually replace the vast majority of farmland along the San Gabriel River.^[81][90] During this time, new industries moved into the San Gabriel River area, attracting more urban dwellers to the region.^[63] A significant development was the discovery of oil in the Whittier Narrows, reportedly by nine-year-old Tommy Temple in 1912; however, it was not until 1915 when the Standart yog ' Company of California sank a well there, and by 1920 almost 100 wells were pumping along the San Gabriel River. The Montebello Oil Field remains a productive oil-producing region today.^[63]

Ning yaratilishi Pacific Electric interurban railway system in 1911, by a merger of eight local streetcar companies, was a major factor in the growth of new communities along the San Gabriel River, by linking them with downtown Los Angeles. The system was used not only by commuters, but to export agricultural products out of the San Gabriel Valley.^[91] A major engineering feat was the Puente Largo ("Great Bridge") built in 1907 to carry the PE Monrovia-Glendora line over the San Gabriel River.^[91][92] At the time of its construction it was the largest bridge ever built in southern California.

The San Gabriel River flooded massively in 1914, causing heavy damage to the towns and farms along its course. That year, the Los Angeles County Flood Control Act was passed and the county began a program to build fourteen dams along the San Gabriel River and its tributaries.^[52] Bonds totaling about $40 million were issued in 1917 and 1924 to fund the projects, which would be built by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District.^[63] A drought in the 1920s furthered the case for the dams, which could also provide water storage for dry years.^[93] In 1924 engineer James Reagan proposed the first ambitious dam project for the San Gabriel River:

On 1 April 1924, Reagan offered plans for a twenty-five-million-dollar dam in San Gabriel Canyon ... the flow of the capricious San Gabriel would thus be carefully managed to lessen the flood peaks, even out the seasons, and eliminate the effects of the wet and dry cycles. Not a drop of water would flow to the ocean. 'By this method,' Reagon told the [Los Angeles County] Board of Supervisors, 'it is hoped that water conservation will entirely take the place of flood control.' Against nature's unpredictability, Reagan offered the orderliness of engineering.^[94]

The proposed San Gabriel River dam, known as "Forks Dam" or "Twin Forks" due to its location at the river's East and West Forks, was to be 425 feet (130 m) high and 1,700 feet (520 m) wide, with a capacity of 240,000 acre feet (0.30 km³) suv. It would be the tallest dam in the world, exceeding the 350-foot (110 m) height of Arrowrock to'g'oni.^[95] In 1927 a railroad was built 12 miles (19 km) up the San Gabriel Canyon to provide access to the area. Construction of the dam began in December 1928 and quickly progressed in the summer of 1929 with over 600 people working at the site. However on September 16, 1929 a huge landslide crashed down the canyon wall, partially burying the dam site under 100,000 tons of debris. Although no lives were lost, the state of California later determined that a dam could not be constructed safely at this site, and that adequate geological studies had not been conducted.^[96] A subsequent investigation found the supervisors guilty of gross negligence and that "bribery and corruption at the highest level of county government had occurred."^[75]

Despite the Forks Dam fiasco, the push to dam the San Gabriel River continued. In April 1934 the county flood control district completed the first dam on the San Gabriel River, the relatively small Cogswell to'g'oni. One month later, the city of Pasadena yakunlandi Morris to'g'oni and a pipeline along the San Gabriel foothills, at a cost of $10 million, to deliver San Gabriel River water to its residents.^[97] Morris Dam was sold to the flood control district the following year. (The Los Angeles County Flood Control District would eventually be consolidated with the county engineering department and road division to form the Los-Anjeles okrugining jamoat ishlari bo'limi, which continues to maintain these dams today.)

The largest dam, San Gabriel – two miles (3.2 km) downstream from the original Forks Dam site – was almost complete at the eve of the Los-Anjelesdagi 1938 yilgi toshqin, the single most damaging flood in Southern California's history. Storms in late February and early March, 1938 dropped a year's worth of rainfall in one week on the San Gabriel Mountains, causing rivers across the Los Angeles Basin to burst their banks, killing over 100 people, and destroying more than $1.3 billion (2016 dollars) worth of property.^[98] At the time, the San Gabriel River was the only major river in Southern California with major flood control dams already in place. The new dams reduced a monstrous flood crest of more than 90,000 cubic feet per second (2,500 m³/s) to about 65,700 cubic feet per second (1,860 m³/s), sparing a large part of the San Gabriel Valley from damage.^[98][99] However, heavy damage still occurred in places, especially on the lower San Gabriel River due to flooding from tributaries.

The rate of urbanization increased in the 1930s, in no small part due to Midwestern families fleeing the Chang kosa and settling in greater Los Angeles.^[63] As the population grew and automobiles superseded trains as the main form of transport, the need for additional routes in and out of Los Angeles was recognized. The state of California made several attempts to build a road over the San Gabriel Mountains, via the San Gabriel River from Azusa to Raytvud. Construction began in 1929 on the Sharqiy vilkalar yo'li which would have travelled through the precipitous gorge of the East Fork of the San Gabriel River. However, the 1938 flood destroyed the road and most of its bridges, except for the Hech qaerga ko'prik, which remains today as a popular tourist draw.^[100]

Keyin Ikkinchi jahon urushi the proposed road took on greater importance for defense, and was envisioned as a potential evacuation route from Los Angeles in the event of a nuclear attack. During the 1950s and 1960s Shoemaker Canyon Road was partially completed along an alignment higher above the East Fork, but its construction was plagued by mudslides and erosion from winter storms. The second attempt was also abandoned and is now known as the "Road to Nowhere".^[100] Finally, the state gave up on the East Fork route and instead chose a route up the North Fork, connecting SR 39 (San Gabriel Canyon Road) to the Angeles Crest Highway at Islip egar. However, a massive rock and mudslide in 1978 damaged the roadway, and it has never been reopened, except to emergency vehicles.^[16]

Camps and resorts

As Los Angeles grew in population during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, recreational outings in the San Gabriel Mountains were an increasingly popular pastime (a time known as the "Great Hiking Era" of the San Gabriels).^[101] As early as the 1890s local residents recognized the need to preserve mountain areas both as intact watersheds and for recreation. In 1891 the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce appealed to Congress to have "all public domain included in the watersheds of Los Angeles, San Gabriel and other rivers in the Sierra Range [San Gabriel Mountains] withdrawal [sic ] from sale such that the mountains may in future time serve the general public as a great park."^[102] In 1892 the San Gabriel Timberland Reserve, precursor to the Angeles National Forest, was established by the federal government.^[102]

The canyons which had become quiet after the departure of gold miners were busy again in summer with the many resorts established along the forks of the San Gabriel River. Between 1890 and 1938, hiking was "tremendously popular among area residents".^[102] One of the major resorts was Camp Bonito, located on the original site of Eldoradoville, "noted for its splendid trout streams, deer range and beautiful surroundings."^[103] Camp Bonito was served by stagecoach from the Pacific Electric railroad at Azusa, along the same route taken by the Eldoradoville stage. Other mountain resorts included Cold Brook Camp (in the Kristal ko'l area, along the North Fork), and Opids Camp and Camp Rincon along the West Fork.^[103] Weber's Camp, located in Coldwater Canyon (a tributary of the East Fork) was a popular stop along the route to the summit of Mount Baldy, the highest point in the range.^[104]

At first, access to the upper San Gabriel River was only possible via hiking or on horseback. Yomg'irli Lowe tog'li temir yo'l opened in 1893, bringing vacationers near the summit of Uilson tog'i, high above the West Fork of the San Gabriel River. There a hotel was established, next to the Uilton tog'idagi rasadxona; from here pack trails connected to Red Box Saddle where visitors could descend the West Fork. As automobiles grew in popularity during the early 1900s, roads penetrated deeper into the mountains. The paved road from Azusa up San Gabriel Canyon reached the confluence of the East and West Forks by 1915, making it easier to reach the many camps along the upper San Gabriel.^[105]

Although hiking popularity temporarily declined during World War II, recreation increased once more during the postwar population boom, and the upper San Gabriel continues to see heavy use today for hiking, camping, fishing, swimming and backpacking.^[102]

River modifications and modern uses

To'fonni nazorat qilish

Upstream side of San Gabriel Dam, the largest on the upper San Gabriel River.

Prior to the early 1900s the San Gabriel River watershed was mostly used for agriculture and ranching; during the river's periodic floods, loss of life and property was limited. The river's changing course below the Whittier Narrows made it difficult to establish permanent settlements there. During most of the 1860s, the San Gabriel River flowed southwest and joined the Los Angeles River to empty into San-Pedro ko'rfazi. However, a flood in 1868 caused the river to swing into a more southerly course, towards its present mouth at Alamitos Bay, flooding and destroying the town of Galatin. The old western channel is today's Rio Hondo ("deep river").^[52] The new channel, roughly its present course, was for a time referred to as "New River".^[106]

After the flood of 1938, the AQSh armiyasining muhandislar korpusi built the two large flood control basins on the lower San Gabriel River – Santa Fe Dam and Whittier Narrows Dam, completed in 1949 and 1957, respectively. Although both dams had already been proposed prior to the 1938 flood, emergency federal funding made available in the 1941 yilgi toshqinlarni nazorat qilish to'g'risidagi qonun were used to expedite their construction. There is no permanent storage at either dam; their combined capacity of 112,000 acre feet (138,000,000 m³) is used solely for flood control. A second purpose of Santa Fe Dam is to hold back destructive debris flows from the San Gabriel Canyon, as had occurred in 1938.^[107] Whittier Narrows Dam can divert excess floodwaters between the San Gabriel River and Rio Hondo as necessary.^[20] These supplement the protection provided by the upstream San Gabriel and Cogswell Dams, where the Los Angeles Department of Public Works maintains a minimum of 50,000 acre feet (62,000,000 m³) of storage space at the beginning of each winter to protect against flooding.^[108]

Another legacy of the 1938 flood was the channelization of Southern California streams, including the San Gabriel River. As a result, nearly the entire lower river has been turned into an artificial channel. However, unlike the nearby Los Angeles River which was almost entirely concreted in the wake of the 1938 flood, only about 10 miles (16 km) of the San Gabriel River channel (between Whittier Narrows Dam and Coyote Creek) are fully concrete.^[8] The channel has mostly been constructed to withstand a 100 yillik toshqin, and reaches its maximum capacity just above Whittier Narrows at 98,000 cubic feet per second (2,800 m³/ s). Below the Whittier Narrows Dam the channel capacity is just 13,000 cubic feet per second (370 m³/ s); most floodwaters are diverted to the Rio Hondo where the channel is much larger and deeper. The capacity of the San Gabriel River near the mouth is approximately 51,000 cubic feet per second (1,400 m³/ s).^[109]

Suv ta'minoti

The San Gabriel River is an important source of water for the 35 incorporated cities and other communities in its watershed; despite the arid climate that requires water be imported from Northern California and the Kolorado daryosi, the San Gabriel still provides about a third of the water used locally. The Cogswell, San Gabriel and Morris dams are operated by the Los-Anjeles okrugining jamoat ishlari bo'limi (LADPW) and can capture and store up to 85,000 acre feet (105,000,000 m³) of rain and snow runoff. The Upper San Gabriel Valley Municipal Water District estimates that in an average year, between 95–99 percent of stormwater runoff from the San Gabriel River system is captured for storage, direct use or groundwater recharge.^[110] The Kaliforniya suv xo'jaligi departamenti considered the San Gabriel River a "fully appropriated" stream, meaning that no new water rights may be taken.^[111]

Satellite view of reservoirs on the upper San Gabriel River

Two major groundwater basins or aquifers underlie the San Gabriel River watershed, separated by zones of impermeable bedrock and fault lines. Groundwater acts as the main long-term water storage of the San Gabriel River system, since the aquifers can hold many times more water than surface reservoirs. The San Gabriel Valley Basin covers a total of 255 square miles (660 km²) and has a storage capacity of 10.8 million acre feet (13.3 km³) of groundwater. The Central Basin is somewhat larger, with an area of 277 square miles (720 km²) and a storage capacity of 13.8 million acre feet (17.0 km³).^[109] Soil permeability, and thus natural groundwater recharge rates, is much higher in the San Gabriel Valley than in the Central Basin. Although both groundwater basins experience some overdraft, the deficit is more severe in the Central Basin.^[109]

The LADPW operates an extensive series of spreading grounds which receive water from the San Gabriel River and allow it to percolate back into the regional aquifers. Due to the limited speed at which the ground can absorb water, the spreading grounds must be operated in tandem with surface reservoirs, which can capture big stormwater surges in winter and release water gradually through the dry season. The combined San Gabriel/Rio Hondo system is served by seven spreading grounds – San Gabriel Canyon, Santa Fe, Peck Road, San Gabriel Valley, Rio Hondo Coastal, San Gabriel Coastal and Montebello Forebay – totaling 1,862 acres (754 ha).^[109] The first three contribute to the San Gabriel Valley aquifer and recharge about 220,000 acre feet (270,000,000 m³) har yili. The others are used to recharge the Central Basin (coastal) aquifer and conserve an average of 150,000 acre feet (190,000,000 m³) yiliga. In addition, rubber dams can be inflated along certain stretches of the San Gabriel River to slow the flow rate and allow water to percolate directly through the river bed.^[112]

Water distribution in the San Gabriel Valley is adjudicated by the Main San Gabriel Basin Watermaster, a board which determines the amount of water to be delivered to each user (mostly municipal water agencies), recharged into the aquifer, and pumped from the aquifer. The "operating safe yield" is the amount of groundwater that can be reliably extracted from the aquifer and is determined by the Watermaster based on annual rainfall and runoff. Between 1973 and 2002 this averaged approximately 200,000 acre feet (250,000,000 m³). The Central Basin Watermaster serves the same purpose for the Central Basin aquifer and allows pumping of roughly 217,000 acre feet (268,000,000 m³) yiliga.^[109] The Puente Subbasin is located between the Puente and San Jose Hills (roughly between Sanoat shahri va Olmos bar ) and although it is hydrologically part of the San Gabriel Valley aquifer, is managed as a separate entity.^[113]

Gidroelektr

There is one hydroelectric plant on the river, located just to the north of Azusa. The original Azusa Hydroelectric Plant was built in 1898 by the San Gabriel Electric Company (which in 1917 was incorporated into Janubiy Kaliforniya Edison ). Power generation began on June 30, with an initial capacity of 2,000 kilovatt (KW). During the early 1900s it was mainly used to power the Pacific Electric (Red Car) and Los-Anjeles temir yo'li (Yellow Car) systems in the greater Los Angeles area. The plant was purchased by the Pasadena shahri in 1930, due to structural modifications needed to accommodate the city's proposed Morris to'g'oni. A new 3,000 KW plant was built adjacent to the old plant in the 1940s.^[114]

The power station is supplied with water via the 5.5-mile (8.9 km) long Azusa Conduit, which draws water from the river below San Gabriel Dam, and runs along the east wall of the San Gabriel Canyon to a point just north of Azusa adjacent to the San Gabriel Canyon spreading grounds, where a 38-inch (970 mm) diameter qalamchalar falls 390 feet (120 m) down the mountainside to the powerhouse.^[114][115] Between 1996 and 2014 the plant generated an annual average of 4 million kilovatt soat.^[116] The usage of river water for electricity production has been controversial, as diverting water can dry up the channel, reducing fish habitat.^[117]

Sand and gravel mining

Although not directly related to water supply, the San Gabriel River bed –filled with coarse and fine sediments to depths of hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet – is an important source of aggregate materials (gravel and sand) for use in construction. The San Gabriel Valley around Irwindale is one of the largest aggregate mining areas in the United States – more than a billion tons have been taken from the old river bed, supplying construction projects all over Los Angeles County.^[75][27] Most of the freeway system in greater Los Angeles was built using aggregate from the San Gabriel river bed.^[118]

In Irwindale there are seventeen gravel pits of various sizes, although not all are being mined. The largest aggregate company operating in the San Gabriel river is Vulcan Materiallar kompaniyasi.^[119] There are proposals to refill some of the inactive pits to allow commercial, retail and industrial development, or repurpose them as parks or water storage reservoirs.^[120] The maximum allowed depth is 200 feet (61 m), and since many pits have already reached this depth, mining companies are pushing to extend the limit by another 150 feet (46 m). This has been controversial due to the risk of slope instability.^[118]

Another major area of sediment removal is from the reservoirs along the San Gabriel River. The San Gabriel River drains one of the most erosive mountain ranges in the world, and mountain reservoirs must be continually dredged to maintain enough space for flood control. Between 1935 and 2013 about 42,000,000 cubic yards (32,000,000 m³) of sediment have been removed from Cogswell and San Gabriel Reservoirs, equal to about 40 percent of the total original design volume of the reservoirs.^[108] Most of this material is unsuitable for use as aggregate and must be disposed of in designated sediment placement sites. It has been proposed to truck reservoir mud to Irwindale to fill some of the abandoned gravel quarries there.^[108]

Water quality issues

The East Fork is one of the most heavily used recreation areas in the entire National Forest system, as seen here. The river has suffered from trash and pollution as a result.

Since more than half the watershed is developed, the San Gabriel River receives large amounts of industrial and shahar oqimi that contribute to pollution in the lower river. In addition, several major wastewater treatment plants discharge effluent to the river, the largest being the Los Coyotes plant, which has an output of 30 million gallons (110,000 m³) kuniga.^[109] A total of 598 businesses, manufacturers and other parties are licensed to discharge storm water into the San Gabriel River,^[3] and more than 100 storm drains empty directly into the river.^[121] The upper reaches of the river, although undeveloped, are subjected to heavy recreational use and are impacted by trash, debris, najas koliformalari va og'ir metallar.^[3] The U.S. Forest Service removes about four hundred 32-gallon bags of trash from the East Fork each weekend.^[122]

A 2007 study found that Coyote Creek, the main tributary of the lower San Gabriel River, exhibited "acute and chronic toxicity" from pesticides and industrial chemicals, while toxicity levels in the main stem San Gabriel River, Walnut Creek and San Jose Creek were "significantly reduced" from 1995 levels due to improved water treatment systems.^[121] The Alamitos and Haynes generating stations are located on the lower San Gabriel River and discharge their cooling water into the river. This has had adverse impacts on habitat surrounding the river's estuary. A considerable portion of the groundwater in the San Gabriel River watershed is also polluted, mostly from industrial chemicals. The San Gabriel Valley has four Superfund saytlari where water is being extracted for treatment before being pumped back into the ground.^[123]

O'tish joylari

Og'izdan manbaga (qavs ichida qurilgan yil):^[124]

Shuningdek qarang

• Council for Watershed Health
• Gabrielino izi
• Kaliforniya daryolari ro'yxati
• Kaliforniya shtatidagi Oranj okrugidagi daryolarning ro'yxati
• San-Gabriel tog'lari milliy yodgorligi

Adabiyotlar

Asarlar keltirilgan

• Cornejo, Jeffri Lourens (2007). Azusa. Arcadia nashriyoti. ISBN  978-0-73854-710-7.
• Yashil, Doroti (2007). Suvni boshqarish: Kaliforniyadagi inqirozdan saqlanish. Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-52094-122-9.
• Gvinn, Jeyms Miller (1902). Janubiy Kaliforniyaning tarixiy va biografik yozuvi: Janubiy Kaliforniyaning eng qadimgi yashash joyidan yigirmanchi asrning ochilish yiligacha bo'lgan tarixini o'z ichiga olgan. Chapman nashriyot kompaniyasi.
• Xoll, V.M. Dudlangan cho'chqa go'shti; va boshq. (1888). Kaliforniyaning janubiy qismida sug'orish: San-Diego, San-Bernardino va Los-Anjeles shtatlaridagi dala, suv ta'minoti va ishlari, tashkil etish va ishlatish.. J.D.Yosh.
• Makgroarti, Jon Stiven; va boshq. (1914). Kaliforniya janubi: Imperial, Los-Anjeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San-Diego, Ventura,. Janubiy Kaliforniya Panama ko'rgazma komissiyasi.
• Nyuell, F.H. (1894). O'n birinchi ro'yxatga olish bo'yicha AQShning G'arbiy qismida sug'orish orqali qishloq xo'jaligi to'g'risida hisobot: 1890 yil. Davlat bosmaxonasi.
• Orsi, Jared (2004). Xavfli Metropolis: Los-Anjelesdagi toshqin va shahar ekologiyasi. Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0-52093-008-8.
• Robinson, Jon V.; Christianen, Dag (2013). Anjelesning yo'llari: San-Gabrieldagi 100 ta yurish. Wilderness Press. ISBN  978-0-89997-715-7.
• Shad, Jerri (2010). Afoot va Afield: Los-Anjeles okrugi: Yurish uchun keng qo'llanma. Wilderness Press. ISBN  978-0-89997-639-6.
• Strawther, Larri (2012). Los Alamitos-Rossmoorning qisqacha tarixi. Arcadia nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-61423-774-7.
• Ma'bad, Jozet Laura; Brundige, Laura V. (2004). San-Gabriel vodiysining muloyim rassomi: Kaliforniya tarixi Walter P. Temple, Jr.. Stephens Press. ISBN  1-93217-331-5.
• AQSh Milliy Park xizmati (2011 yil sentyabr). "San-Gabriel suv havzasi va tog'larini maxsus o'rganish va atrof-muhitni baholash" (PDF). Milliy bog'ning xizmat tarixi eLibrary. Olingan 2017-08-23.
• Waldman, Carl (2014). Amerikalik tub qabilalar entsiklopediyasi. Infobase nashriyoti. ISBN  978-1-43811-010-3.

Tashqi havolalar

• San-Gabriel tog'lari mintaqaviy konservatsiyasi
• Kaliforniya shtati San-Gabriel va Quyi Los-Anjeles daryolari va tog'larini saqlash
• Amigos de los Rios (maqsadi San-Gabriel daryosi, Rio-Gondo va Uittier Narrowsni bog'lovchi bog'lar marjonini yaratishdir)
• Davlat huquqi 108–42 (San-Gabriel daryosi suv havzasini o'rganish to'g'risidagi qonun) (taklif qilingan akt HR 519 tomonidan Xilda Solis va S. 630 tomonidan Barbara bokschi )
• San-Gabriel suv havzasi va tog'larini maxsus o'rganish (108-42-sonli Davlat qonuni tomonidan tasdiqlangan tadqiqot)
• San-Gabriel daryosidagi hujjatli film, Ya suvni sog'inmang (Jamiyatning asosiy ekologik, siyosiy va ijtimoiy muammolarini hujjatlashtirgan besh qismli video - taxminan 2 million kishi daryo suvini o'rab oladi va undan foydalanadi)
• Onlayn kompyuter kutubxonasi markazi - WorldCat qidiruv natijasi: San-Gabriel daryosi suv havzasi