Xoch kiyimi to'pi - Cross dressing ball

Diksonning eksperimental ovozli filmi, birinchi ovozli film, Uilyam Dikson tomonidan 1894 yil oxiri yoki 1895 yil boshida suratga olingan. Filmda ikki erkak birga raqs tushayotgani aks etgan (qarang stag raqsi ).

Gey to'plari, kiyinish to'plari yoki to'plarni tortingjoyiga, vaqtiga va turiga qarab, asosan yigirmanchi asrning birinchi uchdan birida nishonlanadigan ommaviy yoki xususiy to'plar bo'lgan. kiyinish va bal raqslari bir xil jinsiy sheriklar bilan ruxsat berildi. 1900-yillarga kelib, to'plar geylar va lezbiyanlar uchun muhim madaniy tadbirlarga aylandi, hatto sayyohlarni jalb qildi. Ularning oltin davri bu davrda bo'lgan Urushlararo davr, asosan Berlin va Parij Garchi ularni ko'plab yirik shaharlarda topish mumkin bo'lsa ham Evropa va Amerika kabi Mexiko va Nyu-York shahri.

Pretsedentlar

18-asrdan "Molli" yoki "makaron"

17-asrning oxiriga kelib, a gey subkulturasi Evropada ular bilan hujjatlashtirilgan sayohat maydonlar, ularning panjaralar, ularning partiyalari va to'plari, ularning ko'ylak kiyimi va o'zlarining jargon. Olimlar yoqadi Randolf Trumbax Evropada gey submulturasi paydo bo'lgan paytni hisobga oling. Aksincha, tarixchi Riktor Norton bunday submulturaning to'liq shakllangan ko'rinishini ehtimoldan yiroq deb biladi va aslida kuzatuv va politsiya protseduralarining ko'payishi er yuziga shu paytgacha ko'rinmaydigan er osti madaniyatini olib keldi deb o'ylaydi.[1]

Arxivi Portugaliyalik inkvizitsiya yilda Lissabon "deb nomlangan ma'lumotlarni saqlab qolishdanchas dos fanchonos "17 asrning boshidan boshlab.[2] Taxminan 1620 yilda "fachonos", barokko zamonaviy ekvivalenti qirolichalar, katta partiyalar tashkil etdi Gaia Lisboa, gey Lissabon. Ushbu "sayohatlar" deb nomlanganeskarramão", yoki"esparramão"qo'shilishi uchun ishlatilgan pantomimalar ishtirokchilarning ba'zilari ayollar kabi, boshqalari esa erkaklar kabi kiyinishgan sahnalar bilan.[3] Oliy hazratlari Oliy sudi Mexiko 1656 yilda xuddi shunday holat aniqlandi, Xuan Korrea, 70 yoshdan oshgan qariya, bolaligidanoq aytilmaydigan illatni sodir etganini tan oldi. Shahar chetidagi Korreaning uyi ko'plab erkaklar ayol kiyinadigan to'plarni nishonlash uchun yig'ilish punkti sifatida ishlatilgan.[4]

Bir necha tadqiqotlar sud ishlarida shunga o'xshash hodisalarni topmadi Aragon,[5] Kataloniya,[6] The Basklar mamlakati[7] yoki "Valensiya",[8] garchi Valensiyada subkultura va mumkin bo'lgan dalillar mavjud bo'lsa ham gey getto. Yilda Ispaniya, kiyinishga ijtimoiy jihatdan faqat ruxsat berilgan karnaval, hatto shohga eng yaqin bo'lganlar ham ayollar kabi kiyinishlari mumkin bo'lganda.[9] Boshqa tomondan, ichida Frantsiya, davomida Lui XIV hukmronligi, biron bir to'p krossovkasiz to'liq bo'lmadi.[9]

17-asrning oxiriga kelib, butunlay rivojlangan gey subkulturasi mavjud edi London, bilan molli uylar geylar ichish, raqsga tushish va o'yin-kulgi uchun muntazam ravishda uchrashadigan klublar sifatida foydalanilgan. Ushbu tavernalar tufayli tanilgan Ona qarsak politsiya reydi uning molly uyi geylarning fohishaxonasi ekanligini aniqlaganida, 1726 yildagi molli uyi janjali.[1]

Krossovkalar

Hermann fon Teschenberg (1866-1911) ayol kiyingan. Teschenberg, ko'ylak kiyimi, asoschilaridan biri edi Ilmiy-gumanitar qo'mita.

Germaniya

Imperiya

Berlindagi yashirin geylarni ergashtirish 18-asrga qadar davom etishi mumkin. Yilda Prussiya, Jinoyat kodeksining 143-bandi, keyinchalik esa Paragraf 175 ichida Germaniya jinoyat kodeksi uchun boshqa qonunlar bilan ommaviy janjal va bolalarni himoya qilish, geylarning hayotini nihoyatda qiyinlashtirdi. Aslida, faoliyati Magnus Xirshfeld yoki birinchi gomoseksual harakat 1900-yillarda politsiyaning muntazam reydlari va binolarning yopilishidan qochib qutula olmadi. Va nafaqat binolarni politsiya kuzatgan, balki 1883 yilda axloq politsiyasida 4799 "transvestit" va transgender "tibbiy" deb hisoblangan hollarda "ruxsatnomalar" ko'ylak kiyuvchilarga berilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, hushyorlikda ayol.[10]

Shunday qilib, 19-asr o'rtalaridan boshlab, ajablanarli Urningbol yoki Tuntenbol to'plari paydo bo'ldi uranliklar yoki qirolichalarga toqat qilar, ammo politsiya tomonidan kuzatilgan. 1900-yillarga kelib, bu to'plar Germaniyada shunday shon-sharafga erishdilarki, butun mamlakat bo'ylab odamlar va hattoki chet ellik sayyohlar ham qatnashish uchun Berlinga borishadi.[10] Ushbu to'plar Deutscher Kaiser, Lothringer Straße yoki Filarmonia, Bernburgstraße, Dresdner Kasino, Dresdner Straße yoki Orpheum, Alter Jakobstraße 32 kabi katta zallarda nishonlandi.[11] Masalan, Berliner Morgenpost 1899 yil 17-oktabrda 1918 yilda to'plar hali ham nishonlanadigan Portugaliyaning König von mehmonxonasida bo'lib o'tgan gey to'pi haqida keng tasvirlangan.[10] To'p mavsumi oktyabrda boshlanib, Pasxaga qadar davom etdi, haftada bir necha to'p, ba'zida o'sha kuni ba'zida ikkita to'p.[11] Xirshfeld, o'z kitobida Berlins Geschlechtni yozadi (1904; "Berlinin Uchinchi Jinsi"), to'plarni quyidagi tarzda ta'riflagan:

Uran tavernalarining mehmonxonalari, lekin ular nafaqat ular, balki, ayniqsa qish paytida, ularning o'lchamlari va turlari bo'yicha Berlinning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lgan katta shinavand to'plarni tashkil qilishadi. Evropaning eng yosh shaharlarida juda ajoyib narsalarni ko'rishni istagan taniqli musofirlar, ayniqsa chet elliklar, yuqori lavozimli shaxslar tomonidan [ushbu to'plarga] eng qiziqarli joylardan biri sifatida ko'rsatiladi. [...] Oktyabrdan Fisihgacha bo'lgan yuqori mavsumda ushbu to'plar haftada bir necha marta, ko'pincha hatto kechasi ham bir necha marta o'tkaziladi. Kirish narxi kamdan-kam hollarda 1,50 dan kam bo'lsa ham belgilar, bu voqealarga odatda yaxshi tashrif buyuriladi. Deyarli har doim sharmandali narsa bo'lmasligiga ishonch hosil qiladigan bir nechta maxfiy politsiyachilar mavjud; menga xabar berishicha, hech qachon aralashish uchun hech qanday imkoniyat bo'lmagan. Tashkilotchilar, iloji bo'lsa, faqat ularga gomoseksual sifatida tanilgan odamlarni tan olishga haqlidirlar.[eslatma 1]

To'plarning bir qismi, ayniqsa, yangi yildan ko'p o'tmay tez-tez o'z-o'zidan tikilgan liboslar namoyish etiladigan to'plar, ayniqsa yaxshi tanilgan edi. O'tgan yili ba'zi tibbiyotdagi hamkasblarim bilan ushbu to'pga tashrif buyurganimda, u erda 800 ga yaqin odam ishtirok etdi. Kechki soat 10 atrofida, katta zallar hanuzgacha kimsasiz. Xonalar faqat soat o'n birdan keyin to'ldirila boshlaydi. Ko'plab mehmonlar rasmiy yoki ko'cha kostyumida kiyinishadi, ammo ko'plari kostyum kiyishadi. Ba'zilar, o'tib bo'lmaydigan darajada zich maskalangan ko'rinadi domino, ular kimligini biladigan hech kimsiz keladi va ketadi; boshqalari yarim tunda yuzlarini ochishadi, ba'zilari hayoliy kostyumlarda, katta qismi kechki liboslarda, ba'zilari oddiy, boshqalari juda chiroyli hojatxonalarda. Men Janubiy Amerikalik Parijdan xalat kiygan odamni ko'rdim, uning narxi 2000 frankdan oshishi kerak edi.[2-eslatma]

Ularning tashqi qiyofasi va harakatlarida shunchalik ayollik tuyuladi, hatto biluvchilar ham erkakni tanib olish qiyin. [...] Haqiqiy ayollar bu to'plarda juda siyrak, faqat ba'zida uranist uy egasi, do'sti yoki ... xotinini olib keladi. Uranistga kelsak, xuddi shunday urninde to'plarida bo'lgani kabi, "haqiqiy erkaklar" ga kirish qat'iyan taqiqlanganidek davom etmaydi. To'plardagi eng yoqimsiz va jirkanch [ko'rinish] juda kam uchraydigan janoblardir, ular "ayollar" bo'lib kelishlariga qaramay, o'zlarining chiroyli mo'ylovlarini yoki hatto soqollarini saqlaydilar. Eng chiroyli kostyumlar marosim ustasi tomonidan momaqaldiroq shov-shuvi bilan kutib olinadi va zal bo'ylab u tomonidan boshqariladi. Soat 12 va 1 oralig'ida to'p odatda eng yuqori darajaga etadi. Taxminan soat 2 da kofe-breyk - egasining asosiy daromad manbai bo'lib o'tadi. Bir necha daqiqada uzun stollar o'rnatiladi va yotqiziladi, ularga bir necha yuz kishi o'tiradi; xizmatchi "taqlidchi xonimlar" ning ba'zi kulgili qo'shiqlari va raqslari suhbatni davom ettiradi, keyin quvnoq faoliyat erta tonggacha davom etadi.[3-eslatma]

— Magnus Xirshfeld, Berlins Drittes Geschlecht (1904), "Kapitel 3"

Natijasi sifatida Xarden-Eulenburg ishi va keyingi ijtimoiy g'alayon, taqiqlangan joylarda to'plar; 1910 yilda ularga yana ruxsat berildi, ammo ular hech qachon bu oltin asrning ulug'vorligiga erisha olmadilar.[11]

Veymar respublikasi

Keyin Birinchi jahon urushi gomoseksuallar uchun birinchi ommaviy harakatlar paydo bo'ldi Freundschaftsbund, gey va lezbiyenlarning mashhur uyushmalari, ular o'zlarining sa'y-harakatlarining muhim qismini o'zlarining a'zolari uchun ekskursiyalar, tashriflar, sport va to'p kabi turli xil tadbirlarga bag'ishladilar. Masalan, klub Kameradshaft ("yo'ldoshlik") 1929 yil 1-noyabrda o'zining yubileyini nishonlagan holda tashkil qilingan, Böser-Buben-Bal ("Bad Boys Ball"); klub 100 a'zoga etdi va 1933 yilgacha omon qoldi. Kameradshaft pastki qazib olishdan geylar uchun ba'zi yordam va tadbirlarni taklif qilishga urindi; shuning uchun ularning to'plari dam olish kunlari, shanba yoki yakshanba kunlari nishonlandi va ko'pchilik ishsiz, kirish narxini to'lashga qodir bo'lgan 70 ga yaqin erkakni to'plashdi.[12] 1922 yilda Gesellschaftsklub Aleksander assotsiatsiyasi e.V. har kuni soat 19.00 dan boshlab sifatli orkestr bilan to'plarni nishonladi. 1927 yilda Bund für Menschenrecht (BfM) Aleksandr-Palastni sotib oldi, ammo o'sha yili ular Florida va Zauberflyotening Tanz-Palast saloniga, Berlinning Kommandantenstraße 72-da o'zgargan. BfM to'plari seshanbadan yakshanbagacha bo'lib o'tdi; kirish bepul edi, lekin siz 50 to'lashingiz kerak edi Pfennig a raqs kartasi bu sizga aslida raqsga tushishga imkon berdi.[13] 20-asrning 20-yillarida gey to'plari juda katta hajmlarga erishdi, binolar bir necha zallarni minglab erkaklar bilan to'ldirdi. Nafaqat Berlinda, balki Germaniyaning boshqa bir qancha shaharlari geylar uchun kichikroq to'plar tashkil qilishdi.[12]

Motzstraße Eldorado, Berlindagi 1932 yil. Belgida ularning shiori bor: "Hier ist's Richtig!".

20-30-yillarda Berlinda sanab bo'lmaydigan barlar, kafelar va raqs zallari mavjud edi. Eng oqlanganini topish mumkin edi G'arbiy Berlin, Bülowstraße, Potsdamer Straße va Nollendorfplatz tomonidan tashkil etilgan maydon yaqinida, Kurfürstendammgacha etib boradi.[13] Shubhasiz, eng taniqli bo'lgan Eldorado, bu haqiqatan ham ikkitasi, biri Lyuterstraßedagi, ikkinchisi Motzstraßedagi edi.[14] Kurt Morek (Konrad Xemmerling) buni 1931 yilda tasvirlab bergan Fyerer durch das „lasterhafte“ Berlin ("Berklyuziv Berlin" bo'yicha ko'rsatma), "tashkiloti sifatida transvestitlar "Eldorado" dasturida shov-shuvli va shov-shuvli namoyishlar mavjud qirolichalar, asosan a ga murojaat qilgan heteroseksual tomoshabinlar, xuddi o'sha paytdayoq, "o'zlarining qiziqishini qondirmoqchi bo'ldilar va sirli va mashxur Berlinni ziyorat qilishga jur'at etdilar".[15] Morek davom etmoqda, garchi u o'zi dalda bergan bo'lsa ham, va bu turdagi edi voyeuristik sayyohlik o'zining sayohatchisi bilan:

Kattaroq uslubdagi raqs zali, nihoyatda nafis tomoshabinlarga ega. Smokinlar va ko'ylaklar, to'liq oqshom liboslari - bu erda odatiylik kuzatiladi. Aktyorlar juda ko'p sonda mavjud. Yorqin plakatlar allaqachon kiraverishda g'azablanib, bezovtalik o'zini masxara qiladigan rasmlar koridorni bezatadi. Shkafda firibgarlik boshlanadi. - Mana bu to'g'ri![4-eslatma] Bu har qanday narsani anglatishi mumkin bo'lgan sirli shior. Hamma narsa sahna ko'rinishida namoyish etiladi va faqat dunyoviy begunoh odamlar uning haqiqiyligiga ishonadilar. O'zlarining anomaliyasini biznes xizmatiga qo'ygan haqiqiy transvestitlar ham bu erda komediyachilarga aylanishadi. Raqslar orasida, hatto oddiy erkak ham, ayol libosidagi shafqatsiz erkak bilan raqsga tushishning yoqimsiz zavqini bajara oladi, kabare tomoshalari mavjud. Tomboy chanteuse soprano ovozi bilan noaniq Parij shansonlari bilan qo'shiq aytmoqda. Juda qizaloq revue yulduz ayol nazokatli pirouetlar bilan diqqat markazida davom etmoqda. U ko'krak qafasi va belkurakdan tashqari yalang'och, hattoki bu yalang'ochlik ham aldamchi bo'lib, tomoshabinga savol tug'diradi, erkakmi yoki ayolmi, degan shubha tug'diradi. Zalda qatnashgan eng jozibali va nafis ayollardan biri bu tez-tez nafis Bobdir va yuragi tubida uning qiz emasligidan, tabiat xato tufayli aldanganidan afsuslanadigan erkaklar etarlicha bor. ularni nozik sevgilisi.[5-eslatma]

— Kurt Morek (1931)[16]
Raqs sahnasi (Eldoradodagi odamlar raqsga tushishadi) (1910), eskiz Ernst Lyudvig Kirchner (1880-1938)

Eldorado Evropaning tungi madaniy markazlaridan biriga aylandi. Korxonada bank menejerlaridan tortib parlament a'zolariga, shuningdek, teatr aktyorlari va kino yulduzlariga qadar mehmonlar bor edi.[17] Ularning orasida divalar yoqadi Marlen Ditrix,[18] ko'pincha eri bilan Rudolf Siber va Anita Berber,[18] kabi qo'shiqchilar Kler Valdof,[19] va shunga o'xshash yozuvchilar Volfgang Kordan,[20] Egon Ervin Kisch, yoki Iosif Xora.[21] Magnus Xirshfeld u erda yaxshi tanilgan edi.[22] Ning asoschilaridan biri va qo'mondoni SA, Ernst Ruh,[23] shuningdek, homiysi bo'lgan va Karl Ernst, keyinroq a natsist siyosatchi va Gruppenführer SA, ofitsiant sifatida, manbaga bog'liq holda, bir muddat omon qolishga harakat qildi,[24] xodim,[25] yoki ijarachi bola[26] Lyuterstraße Eldoradosida. Ballroom cum kabare to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki bilvosita zikr qilingan, ilhom manbai bo'lib xizmat qilgan, ko'plab adabiy asarlarda, xuddi Janob Norris poezdlarni almashtiradi (1935) va Berlin bilan xayr (1939) tomonidan Kristofer Ishervud, yoki xotiralari Erika va Klaus Mann. Atmosfera rasmlari orqali olingan Otto Diks va Ernst Fritsh.[13]

20-asrning 20-yillari oxiriga kelib, nemis jamiyati gomoseksuallar obrazini ushbu muassasadan oldi: dekadent, nafis, buzuq, degeneratsiya, giyohvandlik, yovvoyi jinsiy aloqa va fohishalik bilan chambarchas bog'liq. The Bund für Menschenrecht 1927 yilda ushbu turdagi muhitdagi geylarni masofadan uzoqlashtirishga urinib ko'rdi, ammo bu natija bermadi. 1932 yilda kantsler Franz fon Papen "Berlinning buzuq kechasi" ga qarshi kampaniyani boshladi va o'sha yilning oktyabr oyida gomoseksuallar uchun barcha to'plar taqiqlandi.[13] 1933 yil 30-yanvarda natsistlar partiyasi hokimiyatga keldi va 1933 yil 23-fevralda Prussiya Ichki ishlar vaziri "axloqsizlikni targ'ib qilishda [o'z ruxsatnomalarini] suiiste'mol qilgan" barcha panjaralarni yopishni buyurdi. U "tabiiy axloqsizlikka hurmat ko'rsatadiganlar tez-tez uchrab turadiganlar" ni maxsus nazarda tutgan. 1933 yil 4 martda Berliner Tagblatt bir kun oldin ba'zi muassasalarning yopilishi haqida ma'lumot berdi. Berlindagi gomoseksuallarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan 100 dan ortiq muassasalardan juda oz qismi omon qolgan va ular gomoseksual populyatsiyani tomosha qilish va boshqarishda yordam berishadi.[27]

Frantsiya

"AU BAL DE LA MI-CARÊME" sharhi bilan taxminan 1909 yilda karnaval to'pi chizilgan. Vengriya rassomi tomonidan rasm chizilgan Miklos Vadasz va qizarib ketgan boy odamni yosh ayol bilan qo'ltiqlab, o'zini boshqa erkak bilan o'payotganini ko'rsatadi; chap tomonda, ikkalasi birgalikda raqsga tushayotgan erkaklar kabi ko'rinadi. Rasm anarxistlar jurnalining 422-sonida chop etilgan L'Assiette au Beurre, sarlavhali Les p'tits jeun 'hommes ("Kichkina yosh yigitlar"), dekadent aristokratlarga bag'ishlangan va g'azablangan erkaklar saqlangan.

Frantsiyada, 19-asrning oxiriga qadar geylar va lezbiyenlar odatda xususiy uylarda va adabiy salonlar, Opera Balli ichkarida, jamoatchilikdan yashiringan Parij bir nechta istisnolardan biri. Karnaval uchun har yili nishonlanadigan Opera balli kichik bo'shashishga imkon berdi. Xoch kiyinishga ruxsat bergan birinchi katta jamoat to'pi 1880 yilda Bal Bullier, Ob-havo xiyobonida, keyin Bal Wagram tomonidan 1910 yilda boshlangan.[28]

Birinchi Jahon Urushidan so'ng, Parij Evropadagi tungi hayot markazlaridan biriga aylandi Montmartr, Pigalle va Montparnas va gey va lezbiyenlarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan ko'plab qisqa muddatli barlar, politsiya reydlari, vayronagarchiliklar va jamoatchilikning yangi hayajonlarga bo'lgan chanqog'i orasida omon qolgan. Ko'plab tashkilotlar giyohvand moddalar savdosi bilan ham tanilgan.[29] Jurnalist Villi "Petite Chaumière" baridagi atmosferani kuchli sensatsiya izlayotgan chet elliklar uchun ovqatlanishni tasvirlab berdi:[29]

Pianinochi a ga muqaddima beradi yaltiroq Va go'yo tomoshabinlarga darhol tomosha qilish uchun maosh oladigan mutaxassislar bir-birlariga yopishib olgandek. Ular raqsga tushishdan ko'ra ko'proq narsadan ustunlik qilishadi va tos suyaklarini odob-axloq bilan silkitib, bag'rini titrab, har qadam oldinga siljigan etiklaridan yuqoriga ko'targan shimlarining oyoqlarini nozik ushlaydilar, shu bilan birga xaridorlarga ko'z qisib qo'yishadi.[6-eslatma] Ular juda chiroyli kiyim kiyishadi, ba'zilari esa ko'ksini paxta tolasi bilan qurgan ko'rinadi. Boshqalari pastkash kimono kiyishadi, va bittasi kumushrang sharqona kostyum kiyadi lame.[7-eslatma]

— Villi, Le troisième jinsi (1927), p.173-174[29]
1920-yillarga tegishli belgi.

E'tibor bering
Janoblardan quyidagilar talab qilinadi:
1 ° Shlyapa bilan raqsga tushish mumkin emas.
2 ° Birgalikda raqsga tushish mumkin emas.
Tegishli kiyim qat'iyan bajariladi.

1920-yillarda bir nechta to'p bor edi Bastiliya maydoni, asosan Rue de Lappe, bu erda ishchilar, mast dengizchilar va mustamlakachi askarlar raqsga yig'ilishgan. Bu qat'iy gomoseksual muhit emas edi, lekin erkaklar birgalikda raqsga tushishlari mumkin edi, va siz kechasi uchun sherik topa olasiz. Daniel Gyerin uyalardan birini "[...] ishchilar, fohishalar, jamiyat ayollari, Jon va xolalar hamma raqsga tushdi. O'sha tinch va tabiiy kunlarda, politsiyachilar Frantsiyani egallab olishidan oldin, chevalier jinni deb hisoblanmasdan, xuddi shu jinsdagi turmush o'rtog'i bilan jamoat joylariga chiqishi mumkin edi ». Boshqa tomondan, Uilli muhitning butunlay boshqacha jihatini taqdim etadi: "Siz ko'rgan narsalar juda ehtiyotkorlik bilan yuvilmagan, ammo juda to'qima, boshlarida qalpoqcha va yorqin rangli sport bilan shug'ullanadigan jinoyatchilar. fular; mana shu yigitlar, agar ular bu erda pul topolmasalar, albatta ko'mir yoki boshqa yuklarni tashiydiganlar topiladi. "[29]

Deb nomlangan bal de follesva keyinroq bal de invertis, Birinchi Jahon Urushidan keyin Parijda va hatto boshqa frantsuz shaharlarida ham rivojlangan Toulon. Parijda gomoseksuallar asosan, Bal-Musette de la Montaigne de Sainte-Genevièvega jalb qilingan, bu erda Monteigne de Sainte-Geneviève Rue-ning 46-sonida gey va lezbiyenlarni topishingiz mumkin edi.[28][29] Keyinchalik karnaval uchun katta to'plar gey jamoatchiligini jalb qildi, chunki har yili Magic-City-da nishonlanadigan rue de l'Université, 180, 1920 yilda ochilgan va 1934 yil 6 fevralda taqiqlanguniga qadar faoliyat yuritgan. Vaqt o'tishi bilan Magic-City shahridagi "Carnaval interlope" katta voqeaga aylandi. vedette dan navlar, kabi Mistinguett, yoki Xosefin Beyker, bu eng yaxshi mukofotlarni topshirdi qirolichalar. Bal Wagram yiliga ikki marta ko'ylak kiyish imkoniyatini taqdim etdi; soat 1 da drag malikalari buni qildilar pont aux travestis, kostyumlar tanlovi, Parijning eng tanlangan odamlari oldida podiumda yurib, tun bo'yi yovvoyi tomon yurish uchun kelgan.[28] Ishtirok etgan dreyg malikalar har xil va turli asrlardan kelib, jamiyatning vahshiyona satirasini, uning qadriyatlari va an'anaviy ierarxiyalarini haddan tashqari ayollik va erkalik tasvirlari bilan namoyish etdilar: grafinalar. krinolin, aqldan bokira qizlar, sharqona raqqoslar, dengizchilar, ruffianlar yoki askarlar; ularning ismlari mos ravishda rang-barang edi: qabariq gersoginyasi, Infante Evdoksi, Mauve sichqonchasi; The Dark One, Sweetie Pie, Fréda, ingliz ayol, Mad Mariya, Muse, choynak, she-bo'ri, sapho, ho'l mushuk, kichkina pianino, botqoqlar malikasi, Burgundiya bo'lsa Margerit va boshqalar.[29] Charlz Etien, uning romanida Notr-Dam-de-Lesbos, "Didine" ni quyidagi tarzda ta'riflaydi:

Sariq rangga to'ldirilgan brokar sovg'a jangchisining jismoniy qiyofasini ochib beradigan, titragan xamirning tepasida qizil parik kiyib olgan, past ko'ylakda va orqa tomonda yalang'och kiyimda, bir kishi zinapoyaga ko'tarilib, zinapoyadan o'girilib, puxta imo-ishoralar bilan uning yubkalarining uzun poezdi.

— Charlz Etien, Notr-Dam-de-Lesbos; tarjima Tamagne (2006)[29]

Qaraganlarning aksariyati Charlz Etien o'z romanida tasvirlanganidek, ishtirok etgan geylarni haqorat qilish va ta'qib qilish uchun bordi. Le Bal des folles:[29]

Tashqaridagi ko'kargan hujumdan so'ng, bu erda ziyofat cheklangan, ammo ichi achchiq edi. Qo'rg'oshin bo'ylab odamlar to'planib, tepaga ko'tarilib, bo'g'ib o'tirgunga qadar to'planib, masxara qiluvchi jiyni ko'tarishdi: ko'zlari alanga olgan va og'zlari haqoratli ikki yuz bosh [...] zaharli epitetlardan yunoncha xor, masxara qilish, va shafqatsizlar [...]

— Charlz Etien, Le Bal des folles; tarjima Tamagne (2006)[29]

Angliya

Oldingi sahifasi tabloid Tasvirlangan politsiya yangiliklari reyd haftasida Temperance Hall-da, yilda Xulme, Manchester[30]

Angliyada hujjatlashtirilgan kamida ikkita xoch kiyinish to'pi bor. Birinchisi, politsiya tomonidan nishonlangan to'pni bosqini natijasida ma'lum bo'lgan Temperance Hall, ichida Xulme maydoni "Manchester". 1880 yil 24 sentyabrda Manchester bosh konstabli Xulme Temperans zalida bo'lib o'tadigan "axloqsiz xarakterdagi" voqea to'g'risida noma'lum ma'lumot oldi. Tergovchi Jerom Kaminada to'pni kuzatish va har qanday hibsga olish uchun politsiya kabinetlari bilan jo'natildi. Yig'ilgan 47 erkakning barchasi chiroyli liboslar kiygan, 22 nafari ayol sifatida; bir juft kiyingan edi Genri VIII va Anne Boleyn va boshqasi Romeo va Juliet. Temperance Hall-ning derazalari asosan qoraytirilgan edi, shuning uchun detektiv Kaminada va uning ish joylari to'pni qo'shni tomdan kuzatishi kerak edi. Kaminada to'p soat 21.00 da boshlangani, soat 22.00 atrofida raqs boshlangani va vaqti-vaqti bilan juftlik yon xonaga g'oyib bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi. Ertalab soat 1.00 dan so'ng, ba'zi mehmonlar ketishni boshlaganini inobatga olgan holda, Kaminada "opa" parolini rohiba kiyingan eshik eshigining eshigiga "singil" parolini berib, to'pga kirish huquqini qo'lga kiritdi. Eshik ochilgandan so'ng, politsiya binoga bostirib kirib, barcha ishtirokchilarni hibsga oldi.[30][31] Sinov shuni ko'rsatdiki, ba'zi sevgililar Manchesterdan emas va shunga o'xshash to'plarning muntazam ravishda bir nechta shaharlarda uyushtirilganlar. Lids, yoki Nottingem. Erkaklar tinchlikni saqlab qolish uchun har biri 25 funt sterling miqdorida majburiyat bilan bog'lanishdi, bu muhim summa. Ba'zilar uni to'lay olmadilar va natijada qamoqqa tushishdi. Barcha hibsga olingan erkaklarning ismlari, manzillari va kasblari keng nashr etilgan. LGBT tarixi oyligi Buyuk Britaniyada Stiven M Xornbi va Rik Brediga 2015 yilda Manchesterda bo'lib o'tgan birinchi OUTing The Past festivali doirasida to'p haqida uch qismli asar yozishni buyurdi. O'yin "Juda Viktoriya janjallari" deb nomlangan [32] va doktor Jeff Evans yozuvchilarning tarixiy maslahatchisi sifatida ishlagan.[33]

Doktor Mett Xulbruk Liverpul universiteti, 1920 va 30-yillarda, xoch kiyinish to'plari deyarli har dam olish kunlari 50 dan 100 gacha erkaklarni to'plab, yashirincha o'tkazilayotganligini tasdiqlaydi. Va bu, noqonuniy va ishtirokchilar uchun katta shaxsiy xavf bo'lishiga qaramay: ular shunchaki qamoqxonani xavf ostiga qo'ymasdilar, agar bilib qolsalar, ular o'zlarining tirikchiliklarini yo'qotishlari, ijtimoiy jihatdan ajralib turishlari va oxir-oqibat asab kasalliklariga duchor bo'lishlari yoki o'z joniga qasd qilishga harakat qiling. 1933 yilda sarlavhalar "haqida ma'lumot berdiLedi Ostinning Kemp Boylari "janjal. Ish 60 kishining shaxsiy to'p xonasida hibsga olingandan keyin boshlandi Holland Park Avenue, yilda London, kiyinishdan keyin politsiyachilar ularning raqsga tushishlarini, bo'yanishlarini, ayollarga o'xshab kiyinishlarini va jinsiy aloqada bo'lishlarini kuzatib borishgan. Yigirma etti kishi hibsga olingan va 3 oydan 20 oygacha qamoq jazosiga hukm qilingan. Shunga qaramay, ko'pchilik o'zlarining xatti-harakatlari uchun turishdi, xususan xonim Ostin: "Bizda hech qanday yomon narsa yo'q. Siz bizni nancies va bum o'g'il deb ataysiz, lekin ko'p o'tmay mamlakatda bizning dinimizga yo'l qo'yiladi".[34][35]

Ispaniya

19-asr o'rtalarida, hukmronligi davrida Izabella II, paydo bo'ldi sociedades de baile, "to'p jamiyatlari", asosan to'pni tashkil qilish uchun ba'zi binolarni ijaraga olishga harakat qilgan yoshlar guruhlari; teatrlarni o'z to'plari uchun ijaraga olgan boshqa, yanada oqlangan yoki o'zboshimcha bo'lganlar ham bor edi. Faqatgina geylar uchun mo'ljallangan balli jamiyatlar ko'p o'tmay, asosan paydo bo'ldi Madrid va "Barselona", chunki uni yaratish uchun hech qanday maxsus talablar mavjud emas edi, va ularni o'rnatish juda oson edi. "To'p uchun eng muhim jamiyatUran suruv "El Ramillete, Alvareda qal'asida, Madridda uchrashishingiz mumkin bo'lgan joyda uchrashgansiz". sodomitlar zarif kostyumlar va boy taqinchoqlar bilan ". Barselonada, keyinchalik Regency davrida Mariya Kristina, eng ko'p gey raqqoslari Liceo Riusda uchrashishdi.[36][37]

Raqsga tushadigan jamoatchilik har xil turdagi edi, lekin asosan transvestitlar va ishchilar sinfining yigitlari - savdo va tijorat ishchilari, ustaxonalar shogirdlari va xizmatchilari - ular uchun to'plar hayotlarining eng yuqori nuqtasi bo'lgan: ish beruvchilar tomonidan ekspluatatsiya qilingan, va jamiyat tomonidan kashf etilishidan qo'rqqan. To'plar ularga o'z holatlarini bir necha soat davomida unutishga, erkinlik bilan o'zlarini ifoda etishga, tengdoshlari bilan aralashishga va ozgina omad bilan kimdir bilan uchrashishga imkon berdi. Boshqa, kamroq omadli, transvestitlar kabi, jirkanch erkaklar va chulitos de barrio, mahalla bezorilari, ishsiz yoki oilalari tomonidan rad etilgan, ular birinchi marta mijozlarini topish uchun to'plardan foydalanganlar. Karnaval uchun ulkan to'plar nishonlandi va o'g'il bolalar butun yilni ushbu muhim kun uchun kiyimlarini tayyorlashga sarfladilar.[36]

20-asrning boshlarida, bu to'plarning barchasi allaqachon yo'q bo'lib ketgan va muallifning so'zlariga ko'ra, o'tmish xotirasi bo'lgan Maks Bembo uning kitobida, La mala vida en Barcelona ("Barselonadagi yomon hayot"): "Men Barselonadagi gomoseksualizmda avvalgidek ko'rinishini topolmadim; gomoseksuallarni suvga cho'mdirish marosimi o'tkazilgan partiyalar; juda janjalli to'plar; sardanapalik bayramlar, shaharning sharmandaligi ". Ushbu jamoat to'plarining yo'q bo'lib ketishi, ehtimol, qonunlarning qo'llanilishi bilan bog'liq edi. ommaviy axloqsizlik va natijada gomoseksual hayotni xususiy turar joy va klublarga olib chiqish.[37][36]

Qo'shma Shtatlar

Stag raqsi

Taxminan 1910 yildan kovboy stag raqsi

19-asr davomida Qo'shma Shtatlarda, asosan Buyuk G'arbiy chegara, ayollari kam bo'lgan ko'plab shaharlar mavjud edi. Shunday qilib, uchun kovboylar, konchilar, o'tinchilar yoki temir yo'l ishchilari, ayol topish va turmush qurish juda qiyin edi. Ushbu guruhlarda erkaklar tez-tez samimiy do'stlik o'rnatdilar, ba'zida ular haqiqiy sevgi hikoyalari bilan yakunlandi, ular hayot haqiqati sifatida qabul qilindi. Bu shunchaki ayollarning etishmasligi sababli yoki shu kabi hayot boshqa erkaklarning kompaniyasini afzal ko'rgan erkaklarni jalb qilgan bo'lsa, qaysi nuqtaga qadar bo'lganligini bilish qiyin.[38]

Ushbu muhitda va harbiy sohada,[8-eslatma] bu erda stag raqslari rivojlangan va erkaklar bir-birlari bilan raqsga tushishgan, bu alohida ma'noga ega emas. Bemin bayram qilingan stag raqslari haqida gapiradi San-Fransisko davomida oltin shoshilish, 1849 yilda. Minglab yigitlar barcha qit'alardan shaharga kelishdi, kichik chegaradosh shaharchani ko'ngilochar shaharga aylantirishdi, bu erda hamma narsa mumkin edi. Ayollarning etishmasligi va xurofotlari tufayli erkaklar bir-birlari bilan zavqlanishdi, shuningdek raqsga tushishdi. Ushbu to'plarda, ayolning rolini o'ynagan erkaklar, odatda, qo'llarini bog'lab qo'ygan ro'molcha kiyib yurishgan, ammo ayollar kabi kiyinganlari ham bor edi.[38]

To'pni torting

Maxsus uyda to'pni torting Portlend, 1900-yillarda Oregon

Qo'shma Shtatlardagi sudrab koptoklar ularning kelib chiqishini quyidagicha izlashi mumkin débutante to'plari, va kostyum partiyalari, 19-asrning oxirida. Dastlab, ular erkaklar ayol kabi kiyingan va erkaklar kabi kiyingan ayollar boradigan va ikkita erkak bir-biri bilan raqsga tushadigan oddiy partiyalar edi; Gomoseksuallar - erkaklar va ayollar - bir necha yuzlab, 500 ga yaqin bir xil juftliklarda hisoblanishi mumkin bo'lgan 1880 yillarga kelib ko'proq eksklyuziv to'plarning yozuvlari ham bor, ular kechalari ajoyib orkestrning sadolari ostida asta-sekin vals urishdi. 20-asrning 20-yillarida bu to'plar gey va lesbiyan dunyosida katta ijtimoiy voqealarga aylanib ulgurgan, bu erda - asosan erkaklar - eng yaxshi kostyum uchun kurash olib borgan. Ko'pincha, ular kostyumlarni namoyish qilish uchun "peri paradini" o'z ichiga olgan va eng ajoyib liboslar bo'lgan ishtirokchilar pul shaklida narx olishgan. Hakamlar ko'pincha adabiyot va shou-biznesning shaxslari edilar. Bu asosan qora tanli jamoalarda bo'lgan Nyu-York shahri, Chikago, Baltimor va Yangi Orlean bu to'plar bo'lib o'tgan joyda, ba'zida oq taniqli ziyoratchilarni olib kelishdi. Yilda Manxetten, bu to'plar rasmiy ruxsatnomalar, va shunga o'xshash joylarda politsiya himoyasi va xavfsizligiga ega bo'lishi kerak edi Vebster zali, va Madison Square Garden, Astor mehmonxonasi, Manxetten kazinosi (keyinchalik chaqirildi Roklend saroyi ), Harlem Alhambra, va Savoy bal zali ichida Qora Harlem, va Yangi yulduzli kazino, ichida Italiyalik Harlem. Ushbu to'plarning rejalashtiruvchilari yaxshi tanildi: 1910-yillarda X. Mann, 20-asrning 20-yillarida Kaki Meyson va 30-yillarda, Fil 30-asrning 60-yillarida va 60-yillarida Fil Blek ko'plab romanlarda nishonlandi.[39][40] 1933 yilda ular quyidagicha ta'riflangan:

Zalning qavatida, har qanday chiroyli ko'ylakda erkaklar bir-birlarining quchog'ida dovdirashadi va tebranishadi. Ko'pgina "g'azablanganlar" bu davrda kukunli bosh ko'ylaklarda juda nozik tiqilganlar Pompadur xonim. Ular gilyotingacha bo'lgan go'zal davrning pufakchali, sharli yubkasini kiyishadi [... O] yaqinda modaga aylangan uzun, mahkam ko'ylaklarni kiyishadi [...,] boshqalari esa uzun, orqadagi etaklarni va torayishni boshlaydilar. 1880-yillarning korsetlari - aniq ishlab chiqarilgan metrlar mo'ynali kosmik ruxsat berilganda, ularning orqasida frou-frout.

— op. keltirish. Konsi (1994)
1920 yilda nishonlangan to'pni torting Vebster zali, yilda Grinvich qishlog'i, Quyi Manxetten

Eng mashxur drag to'pi bu edi Maskarad va fuqarolik to'pi - "Fagots Ball" yoki "Fairies Ball" nomi bilan ham tanilgan -, in Yuqori Manxetten "s Harlem. Maskarad va fuqarolik to'pi har ikki yilda bir bo'lib, 1869 yildan boshlangan "Odd Fellows" ning Buyuk Birlashgan ordeni, boshqa amerikaliklardan mustaqil afro-amerika birlashmasi birodarlik buyruqlari bu qora tanli erkaklarni qabul qilmadi. To'p juda mashhur bo'lib, hatto oq tanlilarni ham o'ziga jalb qildi, ammo bu tanqidchilar va geklerlarni to'xtata olmadi. Va irqiy ziddiyatlar, jinsdagi cheklovlar mavjudligiga qaramasdan - ikki erkak, faqat bittasi ayol kiyingan bo'lsa, birgalikda raqsga tushishlari mumkin edi va sinf to'siqlari, bu to'plar oq va qora tanli odamlar muloqot qiladigan kam sonli joylardan biriga aylandi va gomoseksuallar hatto romantikani topishlari mumkin.[39] Shunday qilib, yiliga bir kuni, "fagotlar", asosan, jirkanch ayollar yashirishlari shart emas edi, ular o'zlarini erkin his qiladigan, qo'rquvni qoldiradigan va qo'rquvsiz o'yin-kulgini qabul qiladigan joyga ega edilar. Gomoseksuallar tazyiqqa uchragan va muntazam ravishda xor bo'lgan dunyoda, ularning bir necha minglarini birgalikda nishonlashlarini, tengdoshlari bilan o'zaro munosabatda bo'lishlarini ko'rish imkoniyati keng tarmoq yaratishga va o'zaro yordamning ostidagi yo'lni yaratishga imkon berdi. To'plar ko'plab geylarning hayotidagi asosiy qism edi: xalatlar bir necha oy oldin tayyorlangan va u erda nima bo'lgan bo'lsa ham, g'iybat bir necha oydan keyin muhokama qilingan.[40]

Asosan kichikroq to'plar politsiya reydining maqsadi bo'lib, ba'zida ishtirok etganlarni hibsga olgan. Hibsga olish uchun ular 1846 yildagi qonundan foydalangan holda, jamoat joyida niqob kiyishni taqiqlagan, garchi bu qonun transvestitlarni ta'qib qilish uchun asr o'zgargandan beri amalda qo'llanilgan bo'lsa ham. Drag to'plari xususiy muassasalarda nishonlandi va uylar, garchi ular biroz xavfsizroq bo'lsa ham, tez-tez politsiya tashrif buyurardi. 1930-yillarga kelib, politsiya bilan ziddiyat rasmiy ruxsatnoma bilan to'plarga tarqaldi va bu ijtimoiy ahvol o'zgarganligini ko'rsatdi, natijada 1930-31 yilgi mavsumdagi so'nggi ikkita katta to'p bekor qilindi.[40] To'plar ning pasayishidan so'ng aniq dekadensiyaga kirishdi Taqiq 1933 yilda, erkinlik madaniyati bilan tezkorlar, xoch kiyinishga ruxsat berilgan joyda, u bilan yo'qoladi.[39]

lotin Amerikasi

Qirq birning raqsi

Qirq bir Fagots raqsini chizish, Meksika, v. 1901 yil

Yilda Meksika, mamlakatdagi eng katta janjal yigirmanchi asrning boshlarida "Qirq birning raqsi "yoki" Qirq bir fagotaning raqsi ".[41][42] Bu 1901 yil 18-noyabrda hukumat paytida politsiya reydini anglatadi Porfirio Dias, xususiy uyda, calle de la Pazda joylashgan (hozirgi kunda kall) Ezequiel Montes ), o'sha paytda 41 kishidan iborat guruh, 22 kishi erkaklar va 19 ayollar kabi, to'pni nishonlamoqda. Meksika matbuoti raqqoslarni shafqatsizlarcha masxara qildi, hattoki hukumat voqeani yashirishga urinib ko'rdi, chunki ishtirokchilarning aksariyati yuqori darajadagi eshaklarga mansub edi. porfirian jamiyat. Ismlar ro'yxati hech qachon oshkor qilinmagan.[41][42]

Yakshanba kuni kechqurun Calle la Pazning to'rtinchi mahallasidagi uyda politsiyachilar raqsga tushishdi, ayollar kiyimlarini kiyib yurgan 41 ta kuzatuvsiz erkak. Ushbu shaxslar orasida Calle Platerosda har kuni ko'riladigan ba'zi bir tanbehlar ham bor edi. Ular ayollarning oqlangan ko'ylaklari, pariklari, soxta ko'kraklari, sirg'alari, kashtado'z terilarini kiyib, yuzlari ta'kidlangan ko'zlar va qizg'ish yonoqlar bilan bo'yalgan. Yangilik ko'chaga etib borgach, har qanday sharhlar berildi va o'sha shaxslarning xatti-harakatlari tanqidga uchradi. Biz o'quvchilarimizga batafsil ma'lumot berishdan bosh tortamiz, chunki ular o'ta jirkanchdir.[9-eslatma]

— Zamonaviy matbuot hisoboti.[42]

Reyd hech qanday qonuniy asosga ega bo'lmagan va o'zboshimchalik bilan qilingan bo'lsa ham, hibsga olingan 41 kishi majburan harbiy xizmatga chaqirildi:

Yukatanga jo'natilgan qaroqsizlar, mayda o'g'rilar va hayvonlar Mayya hindulariga qarshi kurashayotgan armiya batalyonlarida emaslar, ammo umumiy tsivilizatsiya dushmanidan qaytarilgan shaharlarda jamoat ishlariga tayinlanganlar.[10-eslatma]

— El Ommabop, 1901 yil 25-noyabr[41][43]

41 raqami (yoki 42, Porfirio Diasning kuyovi Ignacio de la Torre qochib ketgan degan mish-mishlarga ko'ra) gomoseksuallarga murojaat qilishning bir usuli sifatida Meksikaning ommaviy madaniyatiga aylandi, passiv 42 raqami uchun gomoseksuallar.[44] Hodisa va raqamlar matbuotdagi xabarlar orqali, shuningdek gravyuralar, satira, pyesalar, adabiyot va rasmlar orqali tarqaldi; so'nggi yillarda, ular hatto tarixiy, televizorda paydo bo'ldi telenovela El vuelo del águila, birinchi tomonidan translyatsiya qilingan Televisa 1994 yilda. 1906 yilda Eduardo A. Kastreyon nomli kitobini nashr ettirdi Los cuarenta y uno. Novela crítico-social. Xose Guadalupe Posada Ishga oid gravyuralar mashhur va tez-tez satirik satrlar qatorida nashr etilgan:[42]

Gvadalupa Posadaning gravyurasi she'rni chap tomoniga tasvirlab beradi

Aqui están los maricones
muy chulos y coquetones.

Hace aún muy pocos días
Que en la calle de la Paz,
Los jandarmes atisbaron
Un gran baile singular.
Cuarenta y un lagartijos
Disfrazados la mitad
De simpáticas muchachas
Bailaban como el que más.
La otra mitad con su traje,
Es decir de masculinos,
Gozaban al estrechar
A los famosos jotitos.
Vestidos de raso y seda
Al ultimo figurín,
Con pelucas bien peinadas
Y moviéndose con chic.

Mana Fagots
juda chiroyli va Coquettish.

Bir necha kun bo'ldi
La Paz ko'chasida,
politsiya kelib tushdi
ajoyib va ​​o'ziga xos raqs.
Qirq bitta kaltakesak
ularning yarmi niqoblangan
yoqimli qizlar kabi
juda ishtiyoq bilan raqsga tushishdi.
Boshqalar kostyumlari bilan,
ya'ni erkaklar kiyimi,
quchoqlashdan zavqlanardi
mashhur kichkina fagotlar.
Tafta va ipak kiygan
so'nggi uslubda,
yaxshi tuklar bilan
va bilan harakat qilish zamonaviy.

- anonim- Sifuentes-Juregi tomonidan tarjima qilingan (2002)[43]

Tango

Shuningdek qarang: Queer Tango

The Argentina tangosi, raqs sifatida, 20-asrning oxiriga kelib erkaklar orasida va boshqa erkaklar bilan ko'chalarda raqsga tushadigan erkaklar va fohishaxonalar:

The society that begins to dance tango was mainly male, and thus, in public, it was danced by two men only, as the [Catholic] church applied its axloq, and did not allow the union of a man and a woman in this type of dance [...] The Papa Pius X banished it, the Kayzer outlawed it to his officers.[11-eslatma]

— Juliana Hernández Berrío: El Tango nació para ser bailado.[45]
Two women dancing the tango on a postcard from 1920

At the beginning of the 1910s the tango was discovered by Europeans, and became fashionable in Paris, but as a dance between man and woman, in a more "decent" style, without "cortes y quebradas ". Historical postcards of the 1920s and 30s also show women dancing tango. But these postcards come from kabaretkalar in Paris, and have a particularly masculine, and voyeur urg'u.[46]

Rio karnavali

In Brazil, homosexuality was legalized in 1830, and kept it legal in the new penal code of 1890. But there were many different laws about ommaviy axloqsizlik, beparvolik, transvestizm yoki "erkinlik " behavior that were used to control, and repress homosexuals.[47] But once a year, during the Karnaval, the social mores relaxed, allowing transvestism, and dancing among men —and women—, beginning in the 1930s. The costumes in the Rio karnavali became more and more elaborate, and a jury begun to give prizes to the best; these shows evolved into full balls, where only 10% of the dancers were dressed as qirolichalar.[48]

Rossiya

There are reports of gay balls (baly zhenonenavistnikov, literally "balls of woman-haters") in Rossiya before the I World War, specifically in Moskva. These balls, even though they were celebrated in the zhenonenavistnik ("woman-haters ") subculture, a hyper-masculine group of homosexuals, also accepted cross-dressers.[49]

Members of a clandestine gay group in Petrograd, in 1921

In 2013 a photograph (to the right) was published for the first time: it depicts a group of cross-dressed men from Petrograd that were celebrating a drag party on February 15, 1921, during the first years of the Sovet rejimi. The photo was taken by the forensic experts of the police that had raided the party being held in a private apartment, after receiving an anonymous tip-off about "antinatural activities" in a house in the Simeon street, number 6. Ninety-eight sailors, soldiers, and civilians were arrested —even though sodomy had been legalized in 1917. They had met to celebrate a "transvestite wedding", many dressed in feminine gowns, "Spanish dresses", and "white wigs", to dance the vals va minuet, and socialize with other men. The responsible Justice Commissar justified the raid saying that a public show of homosexual tendencies could endanger "non mature personalities". Even though none of the participants were condemned, the owner of the apartment was accused of running a brothel, according to article 171 of the Soviet penal code, a felony that could be punished with up to three years of prison, and confiscation of all, or some of the property.[50][49]

Lesbian balls

Two women dancing the waltz (c. 1892) by Tuluza Lautrec

Uchun to'plar lezbiyenler were also quite common, even though not so much as male ones. Not only were they less in number, but there is less information about them, a problem common to all lezbiyen tarixi. On the other hand, in western societies, two woman dancing together publicly is still acceptable nowadays, and can be done without any suspicions of lesbianism.

In Mexico, on December 4, 1901, shortly after the raid to the Dance of the Forty-One, there was also a police raid of a lesbian ball in Santa María, but the incident had a much smaller social impact than the male equivalent.[44]

Hirschfeld, in his book Berlins drittes Geschlecht (1904), talks also about lesbian balls:

In a big hall, where the uranians celebrate their balls, every week there is an equivalent evening ball for uranierinnen, most of whom participate in men's clothing. Most homosexual women can be found at the same spot every year on the costume ball a lady from Berlin organizes. The ball is not public, but usually only accessible those that are known to one of the ladies on the committee. One of the participants drafts following portrayal: "On a beautiful winter evening, after 8 p.m., cars and cars drive in front of one of the first hotels in Berlin, where ladies and gentlemen descent in costumes of all countries, and epochs. Here you can see a dashing fraternity student taniqli bilan düello chandiq, there a slim rokoko gentleman helps gallantly his lady out of the equipage. More and more people fill the brightly lit rooms; now a fat Kapuchin enters, to whom bow gypsies, Pierrots, sailors, clowns, bakers, lansquenets, smart officers, ladies and gents in riding gear, Boers, Japanese, and delicate Geyshalar. A Karmen with fire in her eyes burns a jockey, a passionately hot Italian befriends intimately a snow man. The in brightest colors [dressed] dazzling, happy multitude offers a unique, attractive tableau. The participating women first strengthen themselves on tables decorated with flowers. The director, in a charming velvet jacket, welcomes the guests in a short, sharp speech. Then, the tables are cleared. "Danubian waves " sound, and accompany the happy dancing couples, that turn the night away in circles. From the neighboring rooms you can hear clear laughter, the clinking of glasses, and animated singing, but nowhere – wherever you look – are the limits of a fine, elegant fancy-dress ball overstepped. No discordant note tarnishes the general happiness, until the last participants leave the place in the dull crepuscular lights of a cold February morning, where for a few hours they could dream themselves as that what they are inside, amongst those that share their feelings.[12-eslatma]

— Magnus Hirschfeld, Berlins Drittes Geschlecht (1904), "Kapitel 3"

Later in Germany, the "bowling club" Die lustige Neun ("The Funny Nine""), created in Berlin in 1924, continued organizing lesbian balls with 200 to 300 women at least until April 1940. It is unknown if the balls, known thanks to the descriptions in the Gestapo files, continued throughout the war years; fact is, the track is lost.[51]

Keyinchalik rivojlanish

From the II World War to Stonewall in Europe

In Switzerland, even with many difficulties, the homosexual movement kept its structures over the war. Davra, a gay magazine, organized weekly club evenings in Tsyurix, that only subscribers could visit. Several elaborate systems were used to secure the anonymity of the participants, and only "Rolf ", the editor of the magazine, had the names and addresses of everyone. For spring, summer, and fall big balls were organized, and there was also a big costume ball for carnival. An important effort was done to keep everything decent, respectable, and contained, and Rolf made sure that no man under 20 was present. This secrecy mentality was no longer acceptable to gays by the mid-1960s, and in 1967 the magazine and its organization disappeared.[52]

Frantsiyada, davomida Parijni bosib olish, all balls were prohibited, a situation that did not change after the ittifoqchilar shaharga kirdi.[28] During the war, the only possibility was to meet in the outskirts of Paris, as gays did on the Christmas eve of 1935, when hundreds of men traveled 50 km in a bus from Paris to celebrate the traditional dinner.[29] After the war, the only possibility was to travel by train to the Bal de la Chervrière, in L'Etang-la-Vill, Yvelines, an establishment owned by a lesbian, "la Colonelle", that had been part of the qarshilik, and had enough contacts to keep her place open. The situation improved with the reopening of the Bal de la montaigne de Sainte-Geneviève in 1954, organized by Georges Anys, who would keep it open until the 1960s. Possibly the most important ball was the one celebrated every Sunday evening by the magazine and association Arkadiy, the Cespala (Club littéraire et scientifique des pays latins), in the number 9 of the Rue Béranger, reserved exclusively to the members of the club.[28]

There was a short revival of the gay pre-war scene after the war in Germany. The Walterchens Ballhaus organized drag balls already in 1946, and the parties at Prince Sasha 's were one of the centers of gay nightlife. Yilda Frankfurt, in 1949 reopened the bar Fellsenkeller; the bar had a police permit that allowed men to dance together. By the beginning of the 1950s this revival had been thoroughly eliminated, and gay subculture had disappeared.[53]

Urushdan keyin, Amsterdam a narsaga aylandi gay mecca: the biggest gay dance hall in Europe was DOK (De Odeon Kelder), initially belonging to the COC (Cultuur en Ontspanningscentrum, "Center for Culture and Leisure"), it became independent under the direction of Lou Charité three years after. The COC opened then another dance club, De Shakel ("The Chain Link"). The city was quite accepting of these clubs, and gay men from all around the world traveled there for the opportunity to dance freely with other men.[54]

Ning kurashlari gomofil harakat to resist the pressure of society and the authorities, trying to gain respectability, and acceptance by o'tish, but at the same time tying to accommodate the need to socialize, and vent for gay men, can be illustrated by the Kafe 't Mandje: a small den in gay-accepting Amsterdam's Red-Light District, where prostitutes, pimps, seamen, gays and lesbians came openly together, allowed the dancing of two men only on the Qirolichaning tug'ilgan kuni, once a year, as it did not have a dancing license.[55] Another example is the origin of the Balletti Verdi affair ("green ballet"[13-eslatma]): a series of private parties in Kastel Mella, organized by two homosexuals for their friends, became a political scandal of enormous proportions in the Brescia viloyati in 1960 when it was discovered that minors —between 18 and 21 years old— had participated. Additionally, the fact that there had been some prostitution going on had disastrous consequences for all the participants, most of them innocent, and ended with three suicides, one man fleeing the city, and many losing their jobs. Keyingi jodugar ovi against gays in Italy covered the whole land.[56][57] As late as 1973, in the last years of Franko diktaturasi, ten men were arrested in Sitges, Spain, for going out dancing in women's clothes. The press published their photos in drag, and made snide comments for days, calling them all kinds of names.[58][59]

Balli madaniyat

In the U.S., cross dressing balls evolved into the balli zal, yoki to'p madaniyati, that started in the Harlem va Vashington, Kolumbiya, 1960-yillarda.

[black men in the Harlem took the balls to ...] heights undreamed of by the little gangs of white men parading around in frocklar in basement taverns. In a burst of liberated zeal they rented big places like the Elks Lodge on 160 West 129th Street, and they turned up in dresses Pompadur xonim herself might have thought twice about. Word spread around Harlem that a retinue of qirolichalar was putting together outfits bigger and grander than Atirgul paradi floats, and the balls began to attract spectators, first by the dozens and then by the hundreds, gay and straight alike. People brought liquor with them, sandwiches, buckets of chicken. As the audiences grew, the queens gave them more and more for their money. Kleopatra on her barge, all in gold lame, with a half dozen attendants waving white, glittering palm fronds. Faux fashion models in feathered coats lined with mylar, so that when the coat was thrown open and a two-thousand-watt incandescent lamp suddenly lit, the people in the first few rows were blinded for minutes afterward.

— Maykl Kanningem[60]

Soon the balls were divided in "houses", or "families", lead by a charismatic figure.

Some regular house parties became institutionalized as drag "houses" and "families." The leader, or "mother," often provided not only the opportunity for parties but also instruction and mentoring in the arts of make-up, selecting clothes, lip-synching, portraying a personality, walking, and related skills. Those taught became "drag daughters," who in turn mentored others, creating entire "drag families." Drag houses became the first social support groups in the city’s gay and lesbian community [in Washington, D.C].

— Rainbow tarixi loyihasi[61]

The ballroom community is still active, as has been documented in the film Parij yonmoqda (1990). It has had a notable influence, mainly through Madonna "Moda " video, where the dancers use the moda dancing style, developed in the ball culture, imitating the movements of models on the catwalk. Beyonce has also mentioned she was influenced by the ball culture, "how inspired she's been by the whole drag-house circuit in the States, an unsung part of black American culture where working-class gay men channel ultra-glamour in mocked-up catwalk shows. 'I still have that in me', she says of the 'confidence and the fire you see on stage [...]'".[62][63][64][65]

Stounuoldan keyin

The Imperial Court of New York's annual Night of a Thousand Gowns Coronation Ball in Times Square

Keyin Stounewall tartibsizliklari, and the appearance of the modern LGBT liberation movement, these extensive cross-dressing balls, as they had been celebrated until then, practically disappeared. There are a few notable exceptions, as the Hayot to'pi yilda Vena, celebrated yearly since 1992,[66] yoki yillik Night of a Thousand Gowns in New York City, organized by the Imperator sud tizimi,[67] but in general they have been substituted by the raqs klubi.

By the mid 1970s, initially in New York City, appeared the diskoteka, with the corresponding diskoteka musiqasi va diskli jokeychilar, in close relationship with the gey sahnasi —see for example 54-studiya. Discotheques, and their music soon became favorites of gay men, who found in its songs geylar madhiyalari, kabi Yomg'ir yog'moqda, Y.M.C.A., I'm coming out, yoki So many men, so little time, qaramay gomofobiya ba'zi birlari divalar qo'shiq aytish.[68][69] Mid 1980s appears the clubbing subculture, with centers in New York City, Ibiza, London, and Paris; one of its most iconic clubs being the Ovoz zavodi Nyu-York shahrida. These clubs usually offered elektron raqs musiqasi to big masses of gay men. By the end of the decade, and the beginning of the 1990s, the circuit parties appear: big, outdoors parties, similar to qarg'alar, very planned, that can go on for days, and that can draw patrons from a very large territory, even from other countries.[70] Some circuit parties, like the Oq partiya yilda Palm Springs, Black and Blue Party yilda Monreal, va Winter Party yilda Mayami, attract gay men in the thousands, and the ten thousands. In Europe, the biggest circuit party is celebrated in Barcelona, with about 70,000 men participating.[71][72]

Izohlar

  1. ^ Own translation from original:

    Von einigen Wirten urnischer Lokale, aber durchaus nicht von diesen allein, werden namentlich im Winterhalbjahr große Urningsbälle veranstaltet, die in ihrer Art und Ausdehnung eine Spezialität von Berlin sind. Hervorragenden Fremden, namentlich Ausländern, die in der jüngsten der europäischen Weltstädte etwas ganz Besonderes zu sehen wünschen, werden sie von höheren Beamten als eine der interessantesten Sehenswürdigkeiten gezeigt. [...] In der Hochsaison von Oktober bis Ostern finden diese Bälle in der Woche mehrmals, oft sogar mehrere an einem Abend statt. Trotzdem das Eintrittsgeld selten weniger als 1,50 Mark beträgt, sind diese Veranstaltungen meist gut besucht. Fast stets sind mehrere Geheimpolizisten zugegen, die achtgeben, daß nichts Ungeziemendes vorkommt; soweit ich unterrichtet bin, lag aber noch nie ein Anlaß vor, einzuschreiten. Die Veranstalter haben Ordre, möglichst nur Personen einzulassen, die ihnen als homosexuell bekannt sind.

  2. ^ Own translation from original:

    Einige der Bälle erfreuen sich eines besonderen Renommées, vor allem der kurz nach Neujahr veranstaltete, auf dem die neuen, vielfach selbst gefertigten Toiletten vorgeführt werden. Als ich diesen Ball im letzten Jahr mit einigen ärztlichen Kollegen besuchte, waren gegen 800 Personen zugegen. Gegen 10 Uhr abends sind die großen Säle noch fast menschenleer. Erst nach 11 Uhr beginnen sich die Räume zu füllen. Viele Besucher sind im Gesellschafts- oder Straßen-Anzug, sehr viele aber auch kostümiert. Einige erscheinen dicht maskiert in undurchdringlichen Dominos, sie kommen und gehen, ohne daß jemand ahnt, wer sie gewesen sind; andere lüften die Larve um Mitternacht, ein Teil kommt in Phantasiegewändern, ein großer Teil in Damenkleidern, manche in einfachen, andere in sehr kostbaren Toiletten. Ich sah einen Südamerikaner in einer Pariser Robe, deren Preis über 2000 Francs betragen sollte.

  3. ^ Own translation from original:

    Nicht wenige wirken in ihrem Aussehen und ihren Bewegungen so weiblich, daß es selbst Kennern schwer fällt, den Mann zu erkennen. [...] Wirkliche Weiber sind auf diesen Bällen nur ganz spärlich vorhanden, nur dann und wann bringt ein Uranier seine Wirtin, eine Freundin oder – seine Ehefrau mit. Man verfährt im allgemeinen bei den Urningen nicht so streng wie auf den analogen Urnindenbällen, auf denen jedem »echten Mann« strengstens der Zutritt versagt ist. Am geschmacklosesten und abstoßendsten wirken auf den Bällen der Homosexuellen die ebenfalls nicht vereinzelten Herren, die trotz eines stattlichen Schnurrbartes oder gar Vollbartes »als Weib« kommen. Die schönsten Kostüme werden auf ein Zeichen des Einberufers mit donnerndem Tusch empfangen und von diesem selbst durch den Saal geleitet. Zwischen 12 und 1 Uhr erreicht der Besuch gewöhnlich seinen Höhepunkt. Gegen 2 Uhr findet die Kaffeepause – die Haupteinnahmequelle des Saalinhabers – statt. In wenigen Minuten sind lange Tafeln aufgeschlagen und gedeckt, an denen mehrere hundert Personen Platz nehmen; einige humoristische Gesangsvorträge und Tänze anwesender »Damenimitatoren« würzen die Unterhaltung, dann setzt sich das fröhliche Treiben bis zum frühen Morgen fort.

  4. ^ The original German, Hier ist's richtig!, can be translated in several ways; richtig can be translated as "right", "correct", "good", "adequate", "real", or "authentic". As can be seen in the text that follows, the meaning was not clear in German either.
  5. ^ Own translation from original:

    Ein Tanzsaal größeren Stils mit einem äußerst eleganten Publikum. Smokings und Fräcke und große Abendroben – so präsentiert sich die Normalität, die zum Schauen hierher kommt. Die Akteurs sind in großer Zahl vorhanden. Grelle Plakate locken schon am Eingang, und Malereien, in denen die Perversität ihrer selbst spottet, schmücken den Gang. An der Garderobe setzt der Nepp ein. ‚Hier ist’s richtig!‘ heißt es auf den Affichen. Eine geheimnisvolle Devise, unter der man sich allerhand vorstellen kann. Alles ist Kulisse, und nur der ganz Weltfremde glaubt an ihre Echtheit. Selbst die echten Transvestiten, die ihre Abart in den Dienst des Geschäftes stellen, werden hier Komödianten. Zwischen den Tänzen, bei denen auch der Normale sich den pikanten Genuss leisten kann, mit einem effeminierten Manne in Frauenkleidern zu tanzen, gibt es Brettldarbietungen. Eine männliche Chanteuse singt mit ihrem schrillen Sopran zweideutige Pariser Chansons. Ein ganz mädchenhafter Revuestar tanzt unter dem Scheinwerferlicht weiblich graziöse Pirouetten. Er ist nackt bis auf die Brustschilde und einen Schamgurt, und selbst diese Nacktheit ist noch täuschend, sie macht den Zuschauern noch Kopfzerbrechen, sie läßt noch Zweifel, ob Mann ob Frau. Eine der entzückendsten und elegantesten Frauen, die im ganzen Saale anwesend sind, ist oft der zierliche Bob, und es gibt Männer genug, die in der Tiefe ihres Herzens bedauern, daß er kein Mädchen ist, daß die Natur sie durch einen Irrtum um eine deliziöse Geliebte betrogen hat.

  6. ^ The author is describing the usual way to dance the "yaltiroq ", a new dance style that scandalized the society at the time.
  7. ^ Tarjima tomonidan Florence Tamaigne (2006) from the original:

    Par quelques accords fêlés, le pianiste prélude à un shimmy. Les professionnels de l'endroit, payés pour donner le spectacle à la galerie, s'enlacent aussitôt. Ils ondulent plutôt qu'ils ne dansent. Ils se choquent le ventre d'un mouvement obscène, à chaque temps d'arrêt, impriment à leur buste de courts frémissements, et pincent délicatement entre leurs doigts la jambe du pantalon, qu'ils relèvent sur la bottine vernie à chaque pas en avant, en lançant de œillades à la clientèle. Ils sont habillés avec un grand raffinement. Certains semblent s'être rembourrés la poitrine avec l'ouate. D'autres exhibent des kimonos largement décolletés. L'un d'eux porte un costume oriental tout lamé d'argent.

  8. ^ In military circles it was not uncommon to organize balls where men would dance with each other, as women could not be part of the military, and very often were not available. There are several short films documenting the fact, as Jacks 'the Dasant', from 1922, that shows a ball celebrated on HMS Qalpoqcha, with Brazilian, U.S., French, and Japanese sailors participating; Interned Sailors, from about 1914–1918, is a short film of unknown origin, depicting a group of sailors looking, while two play the accordion, and other dance together; yoki male soldiers dancing together during WWI, that shows a group of sailors dancing on a ship.
  9. ^ Own translation from original text:

    La noche del domingo fue sorprendido por la policía, en una casa accesoria de la 4a. calle de la Paz, un baile que 41 hombres solos verificaban vestidos de mujer. Entre algunos de esos individuos fueron reconocidos los pollos que diariamente se ven pasar por Plateros. Estos vestían elegantísimos trajes de señoras, llevaban pelucas, pechos postizos, aretes, choclos bordados y en las caras tenían pintadas grandes ojeras y chapas de color. Al saberse la noticia en los boulevares, se han dado toda clase de comentarios y se censura la conducta de dichos individuos. No damos a nuestros lectores más detalles por ser en sumo grado asquerosos.

  10. ^ Translation by Sifuentes-Jáuregui from original text:

    Los vagos, rateros y afeminados que han sido enviados a Yucatán, no han sido consignados a los batallones del Ejército que operan en la campaña contra los indígenas mayas, sino a las obras públicas en las poblaciones conquistadas al enemigo común de la civilización

  11. ^ Own translation from original:

    La sociedad en la cual se comienza a bailar tango era mayoritariamente masculina, por la tanto, a la luz pública se bailaba entre parejas de hombres únicamente, ya que la iglesia aplicaba su moralismo y no permitía la unión de un hombre y una mujer en esta clase de baile. [...] El Papa Pío X lo proscribió, el Káiser lo prohibió a sus oficiales.

  12. ^ Own translation from original text:

    In einem der großen Säle, in welchem die Urninge ihre Bälle veranstalten, findet auch fast jede Woche ein analoger Ballabend für Uranierinnen statt, von denen sich ein großer Teil in Herrenkostüm einfindet. Die meisten homosexuellen Frauen auf einem Fleck kann man alljährlich auf einem von einer Berliner Dame arrangierten Kostümfest sehen. Das Fest ist nicht öffentlich, sondern gewöhnlich nur denjenigen zugänglich, die einer der Komiteedamen bekannt sind. Eine Teilnehmerin entwirft mir folgende anschauliche Schilderung: »An einem schönen Winterabend fahren von 8 Uhr ab vor einem der ersten Berliner Hotels Wagen auf Wagen vor, denen Damen und Herren in Kostümen aller Länder und Zeiten entsteigen. Hier sieht man einen flotten Couleurstudenten mit mächtigen Renommierschmissen ankommen, dort hilft ein schlanker Rokokoherr seiner Dame galant aus der Equipage. Immer dichter füllen sich die strahlend erleuchteten weiten Räume; jetzt tritt ein dicker Kapuziner ein, vor dem sich ehrfurchtsvoll Zigeuner, Pierrots, Matrosen, Clowns, Bäcker, Landsknechte, schmucke Offiziere, Herren und Damen im Reitanzug, Buren, Japaner und zierliche Geishas neigen. Eine glutäugige Carmen setzt einen Jockey in Brand, ein feuriger Italiener schließt mit einem Schneemann innige Freundschaft. Die in buntesten Farben schillernde fröhliche Schar bietet ein höchst eigenartiges anziehendes Bild. Zuerst stärken sich die Festteilnehmerinnen an blumengeschmückten Tafeln. Die Leiterin in flotter Samtjoppe heißt in kurzer kerniger Rede die Gäste willkommen. Dann werden die Tische fortgeräumt. Die »Donauwellen« erklingen, und begleitet von fröhlichen Tanzweisen, schwingen sich die Paare die Nacht hindurch im Kreise. Aus den Nebensälen hört man helles Lachen, Klingen der Gläser und munteres Singen, nirgends aber – wohin man sieht – werden die Grenzen eines Kostümfestes vornehmer Art überschritten. Kein Mißton trübt die allgemeine Freude, bis die letzten Teilnehmerinnen beim matten Dämmerlicht des kalten Februarmorgens den Ort verlassen, an dem sie sich unter Mitempfindenden wenige Stunden als das träumen durften, was sie innerlich sind.«

  13. ^ "baletti" means literally balet, and is the name given at the time to sexual scandals involving minors, from similar heterosexual cases; verde means "green", and it was considered the color of gays; it was the color of the carnation that Oskar Uayld wore on his lapel.

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