Esopus daryosi - Esopus Creek

Esopus daryosi
Esopusdagi baliqchilar Finikiya, bilan Tremper tog'i fonda, 2020 yil
Esopus daryosi va uning suv havzasi xaritasi
Etimologiya	Mahalliy Lenape qabila
Manzil
Mamlakat	Qo'shma Shtatlar
Shtat	Nyu York
Mintaqa	Mushuklar, Hudson vodiysi
Tuman	Olster
Shaharlar	Shandaken, Zaytun, Marbletaun, Xarli, Olster, Saugerties (shuningdek Finikiya, Kingston va Saugerties qishlog'i )
Jismoniy xususiyatlar
Manba	Winnisook ko'li
• Manzil	Shandaken
• koordinatalar	42 ° 0′55 ″ N 74 ° 24′45 ″ V / 42.01528 ° N 74.41250 ° Vt / 42.01528; -74.41250
• balandlik	2,660 fut (810 m)
Og'iz	Hudson daryosi da Saugerties
• koordinatalar	42 ° 4′17 ″ N 73 ° 55′45 ″ Vt / 42.07139 ° N 73.92917 ° Vt / 42.07139; -73.92917Koordinatalar: 42 ° 4′17 ″ N 73 ° 55′45 ″ Vt / 42.07139 ° N 73.92917 ° Vt / 42.07139; -73.92917
• balandlik	1-4 fut (0,30-1,22 m)
Uzunlik	65,4 milya (105,3 km)
Havzaning kattaligi	425 kvadrat mil (1100 km)2)[1]
Chiqish
• Manzil	Koldbruk, Nyu-York
• o'rtacha	680,8 kub fut / s (19,28 m.)3/ s)
• maksimal	75.800 kub fut / s (2150 m.)3/ s)
Chiqish
• Manzil	Marion tog'i, Nyu-York
• o'rtacha	775,4 kub fut / s (21,96 m.)3/ s)
• eng kam	5,3 kub fut / s (0,15 m.)3/ s)
• maksimal	30,500 kub fut / s (860 m.)3/ s)
Havzaning xususiyatlari
Daryo tizimi	Hudson daryosi
Daryolar
• chap	Stony Clove Creek, Killni ko'rdim, Plattekill Creek
• to'g'ri	Woodland Creek
Sharsharalar	Otter sharsharasi, Parker sharsharasi, Blossom Falls, Gleneri sharsharasi, Kantin sharsharasi

Esopus daryosi /ɪˈsoʊpəs/ uzunligi 65,4 mil (105,3 km)^[2] irmoq ning Hudson daryosi bu sharqiy-markaziy suvni to'kib tashlaydi Katskill tog'lari AQSh shtatida Nyu York. Uning manbasidan Winnisook ko'li yon bag'irlarida Slide Mountain, Catskillsning eng baland cho'qqisi, u bo'ylab oqadi Ulster okrugi Hudsonga Saugerties. Ko'p irmoqlar uning uzunligini kengaytiradi suv havzasi qo'shni Grin okrugi va kichik bir qismi Delaver okrugi. Uning uzunligi bo'ylab, bu shunday hibsga olingan da Zaytun ko'prigi yaratmoq Ashokan suv ombori, bir qismi sifatida Catskills-da qurilgan bir nechtasidan birinchisi Nyu-York shahri "s suv ta'minoti tizimi. O'zi oqim suv omboridan 13 milya (21 km) balandlikda Shandaken tunnel, shaharning suvini tashiydi Shohari suv ombori soyga.

Dastlab "Esopus" nomi bilan tanilgan soy O'ldiring ",^[3] uning nomini Esopus qabilasidan olgan Lenape, kim edi Tug'ma amerikalik qachonki pastki Esopus aholisi Golland dastlab o'rganilgan va joylashtirilgan Hudson vodiysi 17-asrning boshlarida. Daryoning keng vodiysi Esopus va uni yig'ib olgan boshqa Lenape uchun ideal savdo yo'nalishiga aylandi qunduz istagan evropalik savdogarlarni qirib tashlaydi. Keyinchalik, ostida Ingliz tili, bu tog'larda erga oid munozarali da'volarning boshlanish nuqtasi bo'ldi. Keyin mustaqillik, Esopus koridori Catskillsga olib boradigan asosiy yo'lga aylandi, avval yo'l orqali, keyinroq Ulster va Delaver temir yo'li, o'rmonni qayta ishlash, terini terish va ko'mir tayyorlash. Ushbu sohalar 19-asrning oxirlarida, yaratilishidan bir oz oldin pasayib ketdi O'rmon qo'riqxonasi va Catskill Park mintaqani, ayniqsa, kurortlar va dam olish uchun yanada jozibador qildi gulmohi baliq ovlash. Yangilangan Esopus, shuningdek, tez rivojlanayotgan Nyu-York shahrining e'tiborini tortdi, u mahalliy siyosiy qarama-qarshiliklarni engib chiqib, erlarni egallab, suv ombori va tunnelni qurishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.

U soyni yuqori cho'zinchoq qismga, asosan yovvoyi tog 'oqimiga va Gudzonga yaqin pastroq bo'lakka ajratib, asta-sekin ko'proq daryo suvi. Suv omboridan yuqorida suv sifati nafaqat shaharni suv ta'minotidagi roli, balki rekreatsion resurs sifatida mahalliy iqtisodiy ahamiyatini saqlab qolish uchun ham diqqat bilan kuzatib boriladi. Yuqori Esopus - bu eng samarali alabalık oqimlaridan biri Shimoli-sharq, chivinli baliqchilar Nisbatan qulay bo'lgan banklardan alabalık olib ketish uchun juda ko'p sonda kelgan. Kanoechilar va baydarkalar unga jalb qilingan oq suv, bu ham band bo'lgan mahalliy aholini tug'dirdi quvurlar yoz oylarida sanoat. Quyi Esopus asosan estetik va ekologik manba hisoblanadi, garchi Saugerties daryosi daryosi mashhur bo'lsa ham bas baliq ovlash.

Esopusning davlat va mintaqa iqtisodiyotidagi roli, uni himoya qilish va boshqarish uchun, ayniqsa yuqori qismida, harakatlarni kuchaytirishga olib keldi. Turli xil manfaatdor tomonlarning manfaatlari har doim ham birlashavermagan, ayniqsa bu shaharning suvga bo'lgan ehtiyojini boshqarish bilan bog'liq. Loyqalik 1996 yilgi toshqindan keyin Shandaken tunnelidan chiqadigan chiqindilar natijasida hosil bo'lgan shaharga qarshi muvaffaqiyatli sud jarayoni va davlat boshqaruvi olib keldi; suv omborining quyi qismida shahar kuchli yomg'ir paytida ko'p miqdordagi suvni tashlab suv toshqini muammolariga hissa qo'shgani uchun tanqid qilindi Irene dovuli 2011 yilda. Qayiqchilar va baliqchilar ham to'qnash kelishdi va invaziv turlar yuqori soyga ham kira boshlaydilar.

Kurs

Esopus odatda suv omboriga bo'lingan yuqori va quyi oqim sifatida muhokama qilinadi. Rekreatsiya uchun eng ko'p foydalaniladigan yuqori qism tog 'oqimining xususiyatlariga ega - sayoz, toshloq va tez, oqimning alabalık qismi baliq ovchilari tomonidan olib boriladi. Yuqoridagi qism o'zi chiqishi orqali "kichik" va "katta" oqimlarga bo'linadi Shandaken tunnel.^[4] Suv ombori to'kilmasidan pastda oqim yana tekisroq, chuqurroq va qisqagacha sekinroq bo'lib boshlanadi mansub.^[5]

Chiqish paytida Esopusning manbai Winnisook ko'li

Kichik yuqori Esopus

Winnisook ko'lidan Big Indiangacha

Esopus sun'iy ravishda yaratilgan narsalardan oqib chiqadi Winnisook ko'li, dengiz sathidan 2660 fut (810 m) balandlikda, Catskillsdagi eng baland ko'l,^[6]:178 ning shimoli-g'arbiy yon bag'irlarida Slide Mountain, Catskillsning eng baland cho'qqisi^[7]:11 ichida shahar ning Shandaken, ning G'arbiy filialidan 100 metr masofada Neversink daryosi ning boshqa tomonida bo'lmoq Hudson va Delaver suv havzalari, keng o'rmon orasida. Da manba uni kichik yog'och piyodalar ko'prigi kesib o'tadi,^[8] undan keyin Oliverea Road (Ulster okrugi 47-yo'nalish ), u darhol o'rmon bo'ylab parallel ravishda boshlanadi.^[9]

Oqim boshi u erdan shimolga qarab Big Indian Hollowga tushadi va milga (1,6 km) 169 fut (52 m) tushadi. ^[10]:111 dastlabki uch mil bo'ylab o'rtacha 13 foiz nishab bilan,^[7]:12 tor va toshli tog'lar ushbu qismdan oqib o'tadi. Uning yonida uchta sharshara - Otter sharsharasi va pastda Parker va Blossom sharsharalari joylashgan.^[10]:111 Dastlab g'arbiy yo'nalishda, yo'ldan uzoqroqda, Uinnisuk ko'li ostidan yarim mil (800 m) pastda, yo'lning chetiga qaytib, sharqdan noma'lum birinchi irmoqini qabul qilib, Slaydning yana bir chuqurchasini quritdi.^[9]

Gigant Ledj oqimining quyilish joyidagi Esopus

G'arbiy shimoli-g'arbga egilib Esopus a chegarasining bir qismini tashkil etadi Katta hindu tabiat zonasi uning janubida^[11] qanday qabul qilsa Giant Ledge oqimi shimoldan, qurigan bu ismning eng yuqori nuqtasi va Panter tog'i, sobiq meteor krateri^[12] uning devorlari soyning yuqori yo'nalishini belgilaydi. G'arbdan yana yarim mil uzoqlikda Esopus o'zining birinchi chap irmog'ini oladi, osilgan Qushlar Nest Bruk, janubga Spruce va Hemlock tog'larining shimoliy yuzasini quritadi.^[13]

U erdan Esopus shimoliy g'arbiy tomonga qarab bir milya yaqinlikda oqadi, chunki Big Indian Hollow vodiysining tubi ochilib, ba'zi tozalangan erlar oqimga yaqinlasha boshlaydi. Keyin Maben ichi bo'sh Bruk to'qnashuv, g'arbga buriladi va braidlar 1200 fut (370 m) uzunlikdagi bir necha kichik kanallarga burilib, burgut tog 'yo'li ostidan o'tishdan oldin birlashdi. U boshqa sharqiy irmoqni oladi Elk Bushkill drenajlaydi Fir va Katta hind janubi-sharqda tog'lar, Burnxem ichi bo'sh yo'l ko'prigidan janubda. Keyin Esopus yana shimoliy yo'nalishga egiladi.^[13] Qisqa naqshli qismlar keyingi milya davomida shag'al bilan birga qaytadi panjaralar banklar bo'ylab.^[14]

Ko'proq to'qilgan uchastkalar va panjaralardan o'tib,^[15] Esopus kichik sobiq qishloqqa etib boradi Oliverea Shimoldan 0,6 milya (1 km).^[16] Bu erda McKenley Hollow Road kesib o'tadi devorlar kanalning har ikki tomonida.^[17] Shimolga yana 150 fut (150 m), xuddi shunday nomlangan irmoq, tik qiyaliklardan suv tashiydi Xeyns va Balzam g'arbiy tomondan tog'lar, g'arbiy tomondan Esopus bilan birlashadi, chunki oqimning bosh qismi g'arbdan g'arbga, yo'ldan uzoqroqqa buriladi, so'ngra ko'proq panjaralar bilan shimoli-sharqqa egilib, kengroq kanalni to'qiydi.^[13]

Portalga katta hindistonlik

1,6 mil (2,6 km) masofani bosib o'tgandan so'ng, Kuluçka ichi bo'sh Bruk sharqdan oqib keladi. Vodiy tubining kengayishi bilan Esopus ko'proq shimolga qarab oqadi. U so'nggi Big Indian Hollow irmoqini oladi, Yo'qotilgan chinnigullar soyasi, g'arbdan Balzamni tushiradigan va Bellayre Yo'qotilgan chinnigullar yo'li ko'prigidan bir oz pastda, tog'lar. Bo'shliqning og'zida, kichik qismida qishloq ning Katta hind, Manbaidan 8,5 milya (13,7 km),^[10]:110 Esopus sharqqa burilib, ostidan o'tib ketadi Nyu-York shtati 28-yo'nalish balandligi 1200 fut (370 m) bo'lgan Ashokan suv ombori bilan chambarchas parallel.^[13] Ko'prikda u oladi Birch Creek, bu kichik sobiq qishloqdan oqib o'tadigan Qarag'ay tepaligi g'arbda, katta shag'al barga qarama-qarshi bo'lib, keyin shimolga egiladi. Esopusning avvalgi kanali bu burchakni kesib o'tib, oqimning quyi qismida 300 metr (ikki metr balandlikda) joylashgan ikki oqimning avvalgi quyilish joyidagi asosiy pog'onani qayta tiklaydi.^[18]

Ushbu bo'lim orqali u vodiy tubi orqali tog'lar oralig'ida tez-tez tozalanadigan joylar bilan kengayib boradi, meandering Panter tog 'atrofida aylana yo'l bo'ylab muloyimlik bilan, uning shimolidagi Krik Sayd Drive bilan parallel. Yana bir ming metr narida, Fayr Xoud yo'li (47-gachasi okrug) kesib o'tadi, shundan so'ng Esopus shimolga, so'ngra shimol-sharqdan katta shag'al barda navbatdagi milga keskin buriladi. Millbrook Hollow Bruk quyilish joyida u boshqa shimoliy irmoq bilan sharqqa egilib, Seneka Xoluk Bruk yana yarim mil narida oqimga bo'shatish.^[19]

Shandaken ustidagi Esopus

Esopus oladi Bushnellsvill-Krik shimoldan bir chaqirimdan keyin, keyin 28-chi marshrutning janubiy tomoniga kichik sobiq qishloqdan o'tib ketadi Shandaken Sharqdan 1,25 milya (2,01 km). Uning keyingi yarim milligi shimoliy chegaraning bir qismi bo'lib xizmat qiladi Slayd tog 'cho'l zonasi.^[20] Allaben shahrida, Katta Hindistondan 5,5 milya (8,9 km),^[10]:111 oladi Fox Hollow Bruk janubdan, Fox Hollow Road ko'prigidan faqat sharqda va Pek ichi bo'sh Bruk shimoldan sharqqa 500 metr narida, boshqa shag'al barning qarshisida.^[21] Bu vaqtda Esopus balandligi 300 metrdan pastga tushadi.^[19]

Daryo Shandaken shahar hokimligi yonidan janubga egila boshlaydi,^[22] keyingi mil bo'ylab 18 mil (29 km) bo'lgan joyga^[23] Shandaken tunnel^[24] suv olib keladi Shohari suv ombori shimoldan Esopusga kirib, oqimini ko'paytirmoqda. Oqimdagi ushbu nuqta Shandaken portali yoki shunchaki portal sifatida tanilgan.^[25]:20–38

Katta yuqori Esopus

Portaldan janubda, hozirgi yuqori Esopusning "katta" qismi^[4] Broadstreet Hollow Creek-dan keyin janubi-sharqqa buriladi, shimolroq bir kanal yo'lga yaqinroq bo'lib, katta janubiy esa taglikka yaqinlashadi. Garfild tog'i, Slide Mountain Wilderness chegarasining yana bir millik qismini tashkil etadi;^[20] ikkisi kanoe va baydarka qo'yish uchun foydalaniladigan jamoat to'xtash joyida birlashadilar.^[26] Oqim oqimidan uch milya (4,8 km) narida sharqqa burilishdan oldin janubga yana bir milya buriladi Woodland Creek, Esopusning eng katta o'ng irmog'i, janubdan sobiq Panter krater devorining sharqiy tomoniga, boshidan Vittenberg tog'i, Vudlend vodiysi yo'li kesib o'tadigan joyning sharqida. Ushbu yo'nalishda yana 1,8 mil masofada Esopus yetib boradi Finikiya, uning bo'ylab birinchi yirik aholi punkti. 28-marshrut yana oqim oladigan joyning g'arbidan kesib o'tadi Stony Clove Creek shimoldan, janubga oqib tushadigan joy Grin okrugi. Daryo kengayadi, lekin sayoz bo'lib qoladi; The Catskill tog'li temir yo'l qirg'oqlariga parallel.^[24]

Oqim o'rtasida janubiy tomonga egiladi Tremper tog'i sharqda va Romer tog'i g'arbda. Ikki mildan keyin yana shag'al panjaralar va kanaldagi ba'zi orollar janubi-sharqqa burilishni bildiradi.^[27] Yana bir yarim mil (2,4 km) quyi oqimda Esopus qabul qiladi Qunduz o'ldiring tepaligida Pleasant tog'i. Keyin u Pleasant Road tog'ining ostidan o'tib, quyi oqimdan 800 metr (240 m), 28-marshrutni, oxirgi marta suv omboridan yuqoriroqda, qishlog'i yaqinida Tremper tog'i.^[28] Bu yerda toshqinlarni nazorat qilish chora-tadbirlar g'arbiy sohilni barqarorlashtirish.^[29]

Esopus janubi-sharqdan janubi-sharqqa keyingi milya va og'zidan bir yarim mil uzoqlikda harakat qiladi Kichkina qunduz o'ldir Beandfordda, u Shandakendan chiqib, shaharchaga kiradi Zaytun. Oqim janubga burilib, etib borgan sari qirg'oqlar keyingi 1,8 mil (1,3 km) davomida yanada rivojlanib boradi Bisevil, Finikiyadan buyon eng katta aholi punkti, qaerda Nyu-York 28A uni Besh Arches ko'prigidan kesib o'tadi. Balandlikda 180 metrdan pastga olib boradigan katta burilishdan so'ng, Esopus kiradi Ashokan suv ombori, Allaben ostidan 19 milya (19 km),^[10]:111 daryoning 26 millik (42 km) yuqori qismining oxiri.^[30]

Quyi Esopus

Kingstonga boradigan Ashokan suv ombori

U suv omboriga kirib boradigan joydan to'rt milya (6,4 km), Travers Hollow Bruk va undan oldin Bush o'ldirish unga to'kib tashlang,^[31] esopusning asosiy poyasi suv omboridan oqib chiqadi to'kilgan yo'l. Suv ombori yaqinidagi to'kilgan suv oqimiga qadar 10,5 km uzoqlikda davom etmoqda Zaytun ko'prigi.^[32] Suv omborining sharqiy qismi, biroz shimolda, daryoning oqim qismiga kirmaydi.^[31]

Esopus suv omboridan chiqib ketayotganda balandligi 150 metrdan pastga tushadi. Qayta tug'ilgan oqimning quyi qismida 300 metr narida yana 28A yo'nalish bo'ylab, keng, o'rmonli kanyon o'rtasida kesib o'tadi.^[33] U sobor darasi orqali janubga, keyin yana sharqqa buriladi^[34]:8 o'tgan Ashokan markazi shimolda, chanizlangan va kengaytirilgan uchastkalar orqali. Yana torayib, yana bir egilgandan so'ng, oqim shaharchaga oqib keladi Marbletaun yana ming fut sharqqa, shuningdek, kesib o'tgan Moviy chiziq va tark etish Catskill Park.^[33]

U erdan daryo g'arbiy shimoli-g'arbga, tor daradan o'tib, atrofni o'rmonni buzadigan kam sonli inshootlar bilan egilib qoladi. Marbletaundan bir chaqirim narida u to'satdan kengayib boradi va suv omborining boshqa chiqish oqimini olish natijasida janubga egiladi.^[33] Shag'al panjaralar va ikkala tomonning ba'zi tozalangan joylari, hali ham tik bo'lib, deyarli janubga qarab oqimning keyingi milini belgilaydi.^[35]

Marbletown shahar bog'idagi Esopus

Keyingi 1,2 milya (1,9 km) masofada Esopus o'xshash erlar bo'ylab oldinga va orqaga egilib, parallel ravishda Nyu-York shtati 213-yo'nalish vodiysi kengayib, ekin maydonlari atrofdagi landshaftda hukmronlik qiladigan tik bluff ostida 305 m balandlikda.^[36] Janubdan ikki milya (3,2 km), kanal yana kengayib, Xarli tog 'yo'li (Ulster okrugi 5-yo'nalish ) xochlar. Ushbu ko'prikdan yana 1500 fut (460 m) janubda, oqim yana egilib, o'z yo'nalishi bo'ylab eng janubiy nuqtaga etib boradi.^[a] Marbletaun bog'ida janubdan oqib o'tuvchi noma'lum irmoq bilan birlashadigan joyning yuqorisida. U erdan Esopus shimoli-sharqqa qarab oqishni boshlaydi, chunki oqimning bir qismi atrofni o'rab turgan fermalar va uning atrofidagi suv havzalariga yo'naltiriladi. qirg'oq tamponu borgan sari tekislikda.^[37]

Eskidan keyin ford Parkning shimolidan 1,25 milya (2,01 km) Lomontvil qishlog'idan sharqdagi Fording Place Road,^[37] Esopus parallel ravishda boshlanadi AQShning 209-yo'nalishi, kengaygan sari ozgina meandering, g'arbida dehqon erlari.^[38] Boshqa bir irmoq bo'lgan Fording Place Road-dan ikki chaqirim shimolda, Stoni-Krik, dan g'arbdan oqadi Xarli shahar chizig'i.^[39] Yana 1,75 milya (2,82 km) pastga, keng o'ralgan burilishdan o'tib, Wynkoop yo'li (Ulster okrugi 29A-yo'l) sharqning sharqiy qismidan o'tib ketadi. Xarli xiyoboni va Hurley Mountain Inn.^[40]

Xarli yaqinidagi Esopusda keng meandr

Ushbu o'tish joyidan shimolda, Esopus 209-chi marshrutdan dalalar bo'ylab egilib, biroz to'qish va burilish bilan, Olster shaharning quyi oqimidan bir mil narida. Bu erda uning shimoliy qirg'og'i ham Catskill Park Blue Line-ning bir qismiga aylanadi,^[41] sharqiy janubi-sharqqa egilib, 209-marshrut ostidan o'tib, oqimning quyi qismida ming fut. U yana shimoli-sharqqa egilib, yana 2000 futdan (610 m) keyin shaharning g'arbiy burchagiga etib boradi Kingston, soy bo'ylab eng katta aholi punkti,^[b] shundan keyin u shaharning shimoliy chegarasiga aylanadi.^[45]

Kingston - Saugerties

Yana 1500 fut (460 m) quyi oqim, tashlandiq bo'ylab ko'prik Ulster va Delaver yo'l Esopusni kesib o'tadi. Oqim shimolga va janubi-sharqqa orqaga qarab keyingi yarim mil bo'ylab egri chiziq bo'ylab kesib o'tadigan uzun egri chiziqni oladi Nyu-York shtati Thruway 19-chiqishning janubida,^[45] bu erda Catskill Park Blue Line avtomobil yo'lining g'arbiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab harakatlanish uchun oqimni tark etadi.^[41] Yana bir yarim mil narida, Vashington avenyu kesib o'tadi. Janubiy tomonida turarjoy majmuasi va shimolidagi o'rmonzorlar bilan yarim mildan so'ng, Teri zavodi Bruk Esopusga hozirda 28-yo'l bilan bir vaqtda joylashgan ko'milgan suv o'tkazgichidan quyiladi Davlatlararo 587, daryoni kesib o'tadi^[45] oxirgi marta.^[46]

I-587 dan yarim mil narida, ikki tomon o'rmonzorlari orasida, Esopus Truvayuga parallel joylashgan.^[47] Dar kanalli mo''jazgina yo'nalishda milning to'rtdan uch qismi, sharqda oqimni tark etgan Kingston shahar chizig'i. Yo'l-yo'lakay irmoq Truvayga bir milga yaqinlashadi va unga parallel ravishda yugurishni boshlaydi, 209-marshrut ostidan o'tib ketadi Katrin ko'li yana bir yarim mildan keyin. Ushbu ko'prikning shimolida u yana bir muhim irmoqni oladi Killni ko'rdim.^[45] Daryoning bo'yida bu erda ko'proq rivojlangan, sharqiy sohilida uylar va docklar mavjud.^[48]

Saugerties shahridagi Glasco Turnpike ko'prigidan Esopus

Saw Kill shimolidan bir milya masofada Esopus yana shimoli-sharqqa egilib, Leggs Mill Road yo'li kesib o'tib, irmoq ustidan ozgina tushganda. Keyingi yarim mil bo'ylab hovlilar va docklar ikkala qirg'oq bo'ylab joylashgan, shundan so'ng yana daryoning shimoliga buriladi, u erda CSX Daryoning bo'linishi yuk izlari uning sharqida Esopus bilan parallel. Oqim shimol tomonga to'g'ri yo'nalishda, sharqdan ozgina qarab, so'nggi so'nggi irmoqni olguncha 1,82 milya (2,82 km) davom etadi, Plattekill Creek, sharqdan Saugerties shahar chizig'i. Bu vaqtda u yana sharqqa egilib, pastga tushadi Gleneri sharsharasi, keyingi 2000 fut (610 m) oqim davomida 68 fut (21 m) ga tushadigan bir qator beshta kaskad,^[34]:15

Gleneri sharsharasidan pastda, balandligi 30 metrdan past bo'lgan Esopus yana shimolga burilib, parallel AQShning 9W yo'nalishi tor, tik vodiydan bir milya uzoqlikda.^[49] Glasko burilish yo'li (Ulster okrugi 32-yo'l) kesib o'tganidan so'ng, 9W yo'nalish shimol-sharqqa, irmoqdan uzoqlashib ketmoqda, Esopus esa shimolga tor o'rmonzor darasi orqali davom etib, keyingi uch mil (4,8 km) davom etadi. Oqim atrofida rivojlanish ko'prikdan bir milya pastda sharqda joylashgan karer bilan cheklanib, so'ngra g'arbiy sohilda to'xtab qolgan ko'chalar uch millik masofada joylashgan; 161 gektar (65 ga) Esopus Bend qo'riqxonasi^[50] sharqiy sohilni bufer qiladi.^[51]

Saugerties Light

Ushbu erishish oxirida, janubi-sharqdan Saugerties qishlog'i, Esopus so'nggi irmoqini oladi, Teri zavodi Bruk, shimoldan, sharqqa burilib, qishloqqa kiradi. Janub tomonda joylashgan botqoqli kvartiralarning yonidan yarim mil uzoqlikda yurib, ko'prik 9W yo'nalish va Nyu-York shtati 32-yo'nalish oqim ustidan, uning so'nggi o'tish joyi. Ko'prik ostidan u 25 metrlik (7,6 m) Kantin to'g'onidan oqib o'tib, Kantin sharsharasini yaratmoqda. U shimolga, so'ng janubga egilib, sharqqa qaytadi, chunki ikki tomonda docklar va inshootlar ko'p. 1,3 mildan (2,1 km) keyin Esopus Nyu-York shahridagi og'zidan 88,5 milya (142,4 km) shimoliy Gudzonga quyiladi.^[52] da Saugerties Light, dengiz sathidan bir necha metr (1-2 m) balandlikda.^[53][c]

Suv havzasi

Esopus suv havzasi 425 kvadrat milni (1100 km) bosib o'tadi²). Uning aksariyati oqimning o'zi kabi Ulster okrugida; The Grin okrugi qismga janubning o'sha okrugining katta qismi kiradi Iblisning yo'li oralig'i va uning janubi-sharqiy burchagi. Juda kichik bir qismi bilan ustma-ust tushadi Delaver okrugi g'arbiy chiziq Qarag'ay tepaligi. Suv omboridan yuqori Esopus havzasi 256 kvadrat milni (660 km) tashkil etadi²) pastki havzasi qolgan 169 kvadrat milni (440 km) tashkil etadi²).^[1]

Janubda u birlashgan suv havzasi bilan chegaradosh Rondout-Krik va Uolkill daryosi. Shimoli-sharqda Kaaterskill-Kriki havzasi, bilan G'arbiy o'ldirish shimoli-g'arbiy qismida Spruceton vodiysini quritmoqda Schoharie Creek, ning uzun irmog'i Mohawk daryosi, o'zi Gudzonning eng uzun irmog'i.^[55][d] G'arbiy chegarada suv quyiladi Sharqiy filial ning Delaver daryosi; ning ikkita yuqori shoxchasi Neversink Delaverning eng katta chap irmog'i Esopus havzasining janubi-g'arbiy chegarasi bo'ylab ko'tarilgan,^[56] Neversinkning Sharqiy filiali boshlari, Esopusning Winnisook ko'lidagi manbasidan ming metr masofada oqishi bilan.^[57]

Esopusning yuqori suv havzasi qo'pol va 95 foiz o'rmon bilan, 58,5 foiz qismi bilan "abadiy yovvoyi" o'rmon qo'riqxonasi va deyarli barcha hosil yoki tozalashdan himoyalangan.^[7]:9 Uch xil o'rmon turlari ustunlik qiladi: tog 'archa-archa boreal o'rmon baland tog 'cho'qqilarida, olxa-qayin-chinor shimoliy qattiq o'rmon ba'zilari bilan Sharqiy gilos yon bag'irlari tanbarking maydonidan omon qolgan daraxtzorlar va an eman-xikori o'rmoni soy sohillariga yaqinroq. 3090 fut (940 m) cho'qqisi Ashokan High Point, suv omboriga qaragan, anomal qarag'ay-emanni taklif qiladi xit bepusht.^[34]:6

Suv omborining quyi qismida o'rmonlar pastki ikkitasining aralashmasiga aylanadi. Suv toshqini o'rmonlari aralashgan kumush chinor va qaymoq; daryo qayin banklar atrofidagi klasterlar. Yana bir noodatiy jamoa, a baland qarag'ay -eman daraxti bepusht, Hallihan va Jokey tepaliklarining tepalarida joylashgan Kingston shahri, Saw Kill qo'shilishidan shimoli-g'arbda.^[34]:6

Oqim yonida 28-marshrut bo'ylab bir qator rivojlanish mavjud bo'lsa-da, qishloq xo'jaligida muhim ahamiyatga ega emas. Uning ichkarisidagi yoki uning chegarasidagi tog'lar orasida balandligi 910 metrdan baland bo'lgan 21 ta cho'qqilar, shu jumladan, 35-ning 16-qismini hammasi yoki qisman. Catskill baland cho'qqilari 1100 metrdan oshib ketgan. Slide Mountain, oralig'idagi eng baland cho'qqisi, shuningdek, Esopus suv havzasidagi eng baland cho'qqidir va taxminan 1,170 fut (1270 m). Bu Nyu-York shahrining suv omborlarini oziqlantiruvchi suv havzalari orasida o'rtacha eng yuqori balandlikka ega. Nomlangan va nomlanmagan irmoqlar suv havzasiga yana 330 mil (530 km) oqimlarni qo'shib qo'yishadi.^[58]

Suv omboridan Marbletaungacha, pastki Esopus ham o'rmon bilan o'ralgan. Ushbu nuqtadan pastga, uning toshqin tekislik 2000 gektar (810 ga) ishlov beriladigan qishloq xo'jaligi erlari, asosan makkajo'xori maydonlari bilan og'ir fermer xo'jaligiga aylanadi va u erdagi oqim bilan Katrine ko'lidagi Leggs Mills Road ko'prigi bo'ylab joylashgan.^[34]:24 Tog'lar quyi oqimga ta'sirini davom ettirmoqda, bitta baland cho'qqisi, 3573 fut (1089 m) Hindiston bosh tog'i, Saw Kill va Plattekill Creek suv osti suv havzalariga o'z hissasini qo'shgan, ularning aksariyati o'rmonlarda qolgan Catskill Park.^[34]:10

Tarix

Esopus tarixi, xuddi soyning o'zi singari, kelajakdagi Katskill tog'lariga meteor tushishidan boshlangan bir necha aniq davrlarga ega.^[12]

Esopus daryosi va Vudlend-Kriki dumaloq naqshlari, krater devorlarining o'tmishda joylashganligini ko'rsatmoqda

Tabiiy tarix

Esopusning yuqori yo'nalishi 375 ga o'rnatildi million yil oldin ichida Devoniy davr, Catskills hali ham a daryo deltasi past cho'kindi plyajlar va ular orasidagi sayoz kanallar katta ichki dengiz ning bugungi joylashuviga mos keladi Allegheny platosi. A meteor ta'siri shu vaqt ichida taxminan 9,7 km kenglikda qoldi krater uning devorlari bugungi kunda yuqori Esopus va Vudlend-Kriki yo'nalishlariga to'g'ri keladi. Nyu-York shtat geologiya xizmati geologi Yngvar Isachsen 20-asrning oxirida meteor ta'sirining izlarini, shu jumladan Esopusdagi tog 'jinslaridagi yoriqlar zichligini kashf etdi.^[12]

Keyinchalik krater loy bilan to'ldirila boshladi va a ga aylandi krater ko'l. Delta sifatida ko'tarilgan bitta plato, daryoning to'shagi og'ir birlashtirilgan va kuchsizroq bo'ylab shakllana boshladi slanets va qumtosh krater devorining ko'milgan chetidan yuqorida.^[12] Umuman olganda Catskillsda ham yangi shakllanayotgan oqimlar boshlandi ajratish tog'larga va vodiylarga Ushbu jarayon Esopusni, ayniqsa chuqur va keng vodiysi bilan, to'shagini qizil rang bilan to'ldirishga undadi gil irmoq suvlarini baland suvda bulutlar va toshqinlar.^[59] Yaqinda geologik davrda, taxminan 12000 yil oldin, Viskonsin muzligi vodiyni to'ldirib, yon bag'irlarini yanada keskinroq o'yib, daryoga ko'proq cho'kindi jinslarni emirgan. U pastki Esopusni ham shakllantirdi, chunki Gudzonga yaqinroq bo'lgan uzun muzlik tizmalari oqimni shimolga Saugerties tomon yo'naltirgandan so'ng, ular eritib yubordi.^[60]

Muzliklar asta-sekin eriydi, ular yaratdi muz to'g'onlari va muzli ko'llar. Ikkinchisidan Esopus bo'ylab eng ahamiyatlisi Shokondagi katta tekislikni ortda qoldirdi. 20-asrda asl ko'l qayta tiklangan bo'lar edi Ashokan suv ombori.^[59]

Esopus daraxtlar Catskills-ga o'tib ketgan uchta vodiydan biri edi vegetatsiya tog 'yonbag'irlari muzliklar uyg'otishida sodir bo'lgan. Birinchi bo'lib kelganlar boreal kabi turlar balzam archa, bugungi kunda faqat ushbu diapazon cho'qqilarida davom etmoqda baland cho'qqilar. Keyingi shimoliy edi qattiq daraxtlar, birinchi navbatda olxa, qayin va chinor turlari, bugungi kunda Catskill o'rmonlarining ko'p qismida hukmronlik qilmoqda. So'nggi janubiy qattiq daraxt turlari, asosan eman, xikori va Amerikalik kashtan, ehtimol hindlarni shimolga ko'chib ketayotganda ularga ergashish. Kashtanlarning aksariyati kashtan kuyishi 20-asr boshlarida. Katskill o'rmon tarixchisi Maykl Kudish Esopus vodiysida daryoning manbasidan bir milya yoki undan pastroq masofada joylashgan Olivereaga qadar boshqa janubiy qattiq daraxt turlarini topish mumkinligi aniqlandi.^[61]

Tarixgacha – 1704: Mahalliy va Evropada foydalanish

Odamning yashashi yoki oqimning quyi qismida foydalanishi 4000 yil ilgari qayd etilgan. Ulster okrugidagi ko'plab boshqa oqimlarda bo'lgani kabi Mahalliy amerikaliklar kvartiradan foydalangan toshqin tekisliklar makkajo'xori dalalari uchun quyi Esopusdan va zaytun atrofida suv ombori suv ostida qolgan, olma sifatida ekilgan joylar bor. bog '. Mahalliy aholi bu hududni doimiy ravishda joylashtirmagan va faqat ov qilish uchun vodiyning yuqori qismiga borgan, chunki u erda ekin maydonlari kam bo'lgan.^[61]:47

Esopus bu hudud uchun juda muhim edi Evropa mustamlakasi. Bu uning nomini Lenape banklarida yashagan, ba'zilari esa mehmon qilgan guruh Genri Xadson mo'yna savdogarlari bilan ilgari aloqada bo'lgandan keyin 1609 yilda daryo bo'ylab sayohat qilgan.^[62]:10 Evropalik savdogarlar daryo bo'ylab ko'proq yurishni boshladilar va oxir-oqibat shu maqsadda doimiy aholi punktlarini o'rnatdilar. Gollandiyalik ko'chmanchilar tashkil etilgan Wiltwyck, bugungi kunda Kingston, Esopus va. o'rtasidagi balandlikda Rondout 1649 yilda. Esopus ularni quvib chiqargandan keyin turar-joy yilda ikki urush, mustamlakachi gubernator Piter Stuyvesant ichiga qo'shib qo'yishni buyurdi qadoqlash shuning uchun hindular va mintaqadagi boshqa da'vogar mustamlaka kuchlari tomonidan qilingan bosqinlardan xavfsizroq bo'lar edi Ingliz tili. Ikkinchisi uni egallab oldi Yangi Gollandiya 1664 yilda mustamlaka bo'lib, ushbu hududning mahalliy xalqlariga nisbatan nozikroq munosabatda bo'ldi.^[63]

Aholining Esopusning Katskillzdan chiqqan joyi ustida joylashganligi uni ideal holatga keltirdi savdo posti Evropaning qunduz po'stlog'iga bo'lgan talabiga javob beradigan hindular uchun qunduz shapka keyin modada. Keyingi 17-asrda sharqiy Katskillz atrofida yevropaliklar istiqomat qilgani sababli, erlar mo'yna o'rnini yangi kelganlar istagan hindiston mollari sifatida egalladi.^[62]:20–22 Londondagi ingliz hukumati mahalliy amaldorlarni aybladi berish dan yaxshiroq himoyalanishi uchun mustamlaka chegarasida katta er uchastkalari Frantsuzcha shimolga va g'arbga, ammo bu amaldorlar o'zlarini va do'stlarini bu jarayonda boyitib bo'lgandagina shunday grantlar berishgan. Catskills va Esopus vodiysi, dehqonchilik uchun bo'shatilishi mumkin bo'lgan ozgina erlari bu maqsadga mos kelmadi.^[62]:33–39

1704–1885 yillar: Aholini joylashtirish va ekspluatatsiya qilish

Esopus daryosida erta kuz (taxminan 1861-1897), tomonidan Alfred Tompson Bricher

1704 yilda bir guruh dehqonlar in Xarli iltimosnoma bilan mustamlakachi gubernator, Viskont Kornberi, sifatida foydalanish uchun o'z g'arbiy qismida o'zlashtirilmagan er ba'zi uchun umumiy yaylov va o'tin, chunki ular Kingston tomonidan o'zlarining sharqida va tomonlarida siqib chiqarilgandilar Marbletaun janubga Bu petitsiya go'yo tekshirilayotganda bir necha yilga qoldirilgan va 1706 yilda 2 million akr (8000 km) miqdorida grant ajratilgan.²) ga qilingan Yoxannes Xardenberg va bir guruh investorlar Kingston yaqinidagi Esopus bo'ylab boshlanib, u erga chiqib ketishdi Delaver daryosi, nafaqat Ulster okrugini g'arbga, balki bugungi kunning katta qismiga olib boradi Delaver va Sallivan okruglar ham. Hardenbugh Patenti, ma'lum bo'lganidek, ko'pgina manbalar er uchastkalari bugungi kunda Catskills-da, uning qonuniyligi boshidanoq bahs qilingan bo'lsa-da, tortishuv undan keyin ham davom etdi Inqilob, etarli bo'lmaganligi sababli og'irlashadi so'rovnomalar mintaqaning. Og'irliklar 20-asrgacha ko'plab mulklarda qoldi.^[62]:33–39

Erga bo'lgan da'vo bilan bog'liq bo'lgan asoratlar Katskilllarni aniq tekshirishni 1885 yilgacha kechiktirdi. Bu orada Esopus vodiysining doimiy joylashuvi 18-asrning o'rtalarida boshlanib, 1805 yilda Slide Mountain pochtasi tashkil etilishi bilan tugadi.^[61]:155 Ushbu jamoalarning aksariyati mahalliy o'rmon mahsulotlari ishlab chiqaradigan korxonalar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi: daraxt kesuvchilar daraxtlarni yig'ib oldilar arra zavodi operatorlar,^{[61]:167–70} va mebel ishlab chiqaruvchilar yaqin atrofda do'kon tashkil etishdi.^{[61]:174–77} Ulster, Delaver va Dutchess Turnpike yo'li vodiyni ko'tarib, keyin Delaver okrugiga olib borgan eski mustamlakachilik yo'lidan yaxshilandi. Highmount.^[62]:390 Asrning o'rtalarida u bilan parallel bo'lgan Ulster va Delaver temir yo'li.^[64]

Yog'och nafaqat tog 'yonbag'ridan olingan va vodiyni tushirgan mahsulot edi. Tannerlar tarbiyalangan sigir terilari qaynatilgan suvda tozalash uchun ushbu yo'llar orqali hemlock qobiq,^{[61]:159–60} va ko'mir pechlar Catskills-ning boshqa joylariga qaraganda Esopus vodiysida ko'proq edi.^[62]:562 Moviy tosh shahar piyodalari yo'llari va binolari uchun ham tepaliklardan chiqib ketishgan, ba'zi hollarda esa ariq to'shagining o'zida.^[65]:42

1877 yilda tabiatshunos Ernest Ingersoll Esopus vodiysiga tashrif buyurib, bu haqda yozgan Harperniki. U o'rmonlarning yo'q qilinishiga e'tibor qaratdi. "Esopus, manbadan manbaga qadar Sugerties-da, musavvir bo'lgan tog 'oqimi, masalan, rassomlar Shotlandiyaga topish uchun borishadi", deb yozgan u. "Aksincha, uning qirg'og'idagi o'rmonlar kesilguncha va uning suvlari buzilganidan oldin, uning qobig'i va yog'ochlari bilan o'ziga jalb qilingan teri, tegirmon va qishloqlardan bosh tortishgan." Buning o'rniga u irmoqlarni nisbatan daxlsiz deb topdi, u erda "ularga bo'lgan muhabbatni cho'lning eng chuqur joylaridan qidiradigan" joylar topildi.^[66]

1885–1915: Rekreatsiya taraqqiyoti

Buning imkoni bor loy eroziyadan Adirondack yon bag'irlari tiqilib qolishi mumkin Eri kanali shtat ishbilarmonlarini yaratish lobbisiga olib borgan edi O'rmon qo'riqxonasi 1885 yilda. O'sha yili Olster okrugi delegatsiyasi tomonidan qonunchilik manevri Katskilllarni qo'shib, okrugni ozod qildi. mol-mulk solig'i terichilar va o'tinchilar har qanday qimmatbaho narsani yig'ib, daromad bilan yashirgandan so'ng, garov evaziga olib qo'yilgan erlar bo'yicha davlatga majburiyatlar. Qonun hujjatlarida davlat tasarrufiga berilgan erlar abadiy yovvoyi holda saqlanishi kerak edi.^{[62]:581–89} Qonun hujjatlari 14-moddasiga aylandi davlat konstitutsiyasi to'qqiz yil o'tgach, 1894 yilda, yangi shartlarsiz ularni sotish, ijaraga berish yoki boshqa har qanday o'tkazishni taqiqlovchi qo'shimcha shartlar bilan tuzatish bunday operatsiyani amalga oshirishga ruxsat berish.^[67]

O'sha davrga kelib, osongina erishish mumkin bo'lgan o'rmonzorlarning aksariyati yig'ib olindi. O'rmon xom ashyosiga bo'lgan ehtiyojni bartaraf etgan ba'zi sohalardagi texnologik yutuqlar bilan birgalikda 19-asrning boshlarida mintaqaga bunday ta'sir ko'rsatgan sanoatlarning aksariyati pasayib ketdi.^[65]:35 Ularning o'rnida yangisi paydo bo'ldi, tog'li turizm, yangi boylarga imkoniyat yaratdi Oltin oltin tabiat bilan bog'lanish uchun joy^[65]:44–45 va yoz oylarida issiq shaharlardan uzoqlashing. Bu xususiyatga yaqin Esopusda joylashgan oila tomonidan boshqariladigan Bishop's Falls House, 1905 yilda 135 mehmonni qabul qilish uchun kengaygan mashhur joy edi va mulkdorlarga 3000 dollar (bugungi dollar bilan 85000 dollar) daromad keltirdi.^[68]) o'sha yoz ^[65]:94–95

Belgilangan kurortlardan biri tashqarida joylashgan Tremper tog 'uyi edi Finikiya yon bag'irlarida Tremper tog'i. 1880-yillarning eng yuqori cho'qqisida, uning oldida kichik alabalık suv havzasi bo'lgan. Uy shifokori H.R.Vinter sportning yangi turini jonkuyar va targ'ib qiluvchi edi uchib baliq ovlash, u terapevtik ta'sirga ega deb hisoblagan va "odam biron bir vaqtgacha har qanday g'amxo'rligi, ishi yoki tashvishi borligini unutib qo'yadi".^[10]:131[69]

Esopus vodiysiga yurgan davrdagi baliqchilarga qo'llanma kitoblari va jurnal maqolalarida Katskilllarning alabalık populyatsiyalari haqida ma'lumot berib, irmoqlar foydasiga asosiy oqimni chetlab o'tishlari kerak edi, chunki Esopusning o'zi odatda juda iliq edi ariq alabalığı, o'sha paytda taniqli turlar, va hali ham terini qayta ishlash zavodlari oqimi bilan ifloslangan. 1880-yillarda kashshoflik baliq yetishtiruvchi Set Grin paypoqlarini himoya qildi kamalak alabalığı baliq ovlash bosimi natijasida ariq alabalığı populyatsiyasi siyraklasha boshlagan oqimlarda, chunki ular iliqroq suv bilan yaxshi ishlashlari mumkin edi. Boshqa baliqchilar, agar ular joriy etilsa, ko'proq tajovuzkor kamalak mahalliy soylarni almashtiradi deb qo'rqishgan.^[10]:129

1883 va 1884 yillarda minglab kamalak qovurmoq Finikiya va Katta Hindiston o'rtasidagi Esopusda etuk baliqlar to'plangan. Tez orada ular oqimning dominant baliqlariga aylanishdi va Esopus o'z-o'zidan baliq ovlanadigan joyga aylandi. 3-4 funt (1,2-1,6 kg) namunalari xabar qilingan, ba'zilari esa tanklarda namoyish etilgan Katta Hindiston temir yo'l stantsiyasi.^[10]:131

Winnisook ko'li

Dan farqli o'laroq Qunduz o'ldiring va Willowemoc Creek janubda, Esopus Creekning baliq ovi sifatida rivojlanishi, bitta istisno bilan, xususiy baliq ovlash klublarini tashkil etishga olib kelmadi. 1887 yilda Alton Parker va uning do'stlari oqimning manbai joylashgan Slayd tog 'yonbag'ridagi 600 gektar maydonni (240 ga) sotib oldilar. Ular oqimni to'sib qo'ydilar va 6,4 gektar maydonni (2,6 ga) yaratdilar. Winnisook ko'li, Catskillsdagi eng baland ko'l, ularning zavqlanishlari uchun. 1896 yilda a'zolar qabul qilindi Uilyam Jennings Bryan, keyin Demokratik Prezidentlikka nomzod, mehmon sifatida. Uning tashrifi mahalliy aholining e'tiborini tortdi, uning aholisi uni ko'rish uchun Olster va Delaver shtatining relslarida turishdi va stantsiyalarda qo'lini silkitishni kutayotgan ulkan olomon^{[10]:132–33}

1915–1973: suv havzasining rivojlanishi

Olivebridge to'g'onining qurilishi. 1910 yil

1861 yilda Kingston shahri Ashokan yaqinidagi Bishop sharsharasi atrofidagi erlarni to'g'on qurish va undan foydalanish uchun sotib olishni o'ylagan edi. suv ombori. Bu g'oyani tezda tashlab yubordi, chunki daryoning suvlari hali ham oqava suvlar tomonidan buzilgan. Oradan chorak asr o'tgach, u ikkinchi marta ko'rdi va teri qayta ishlangan zavodlar bilan toza suvga qaytdi. Oxir-oqibat rivojlandi Kuper ko'li arra o'ldirish irmog'ida, uning o'rniga suv ehtiyojlari uchun, xususiy Ramapo Water Company sotib olganidan keyin huquqlar.^[62]:590

20 yildan keyin, 20-asrning dastlabki yillarida, Nyu-York shahrining suv omborlari Vestchester va Putnam okruglar o'sib borayotgan shahar talabiga zo'rg'a javob berar edi. Shahar agentlari qirg'oqqa qarashdi Ramapo daryosi Hudsonning narigi tomonida, ichida Roklend va apelsin okruglar, yangi suv omborlari uchun, ammo Ramapo suv kompaniyasi birinchi bo'lib u erga etib kelganini aniqladi va Delaver va Sallivan okruglarida ham shu kabi huquqlarni qulflab qo'ydi. Shahar ushbu harakatni mukofotlashdan qo'rqdi spekulyativ foyda olish,^[62]:591 va 1900 yilda muhandis Jon Ripli Freeman, who had worked on the development of Boston's water supply, produced a report for the city on possible future water sources that disparaged the upper Esopus, estimating that without any precipitation or streamflow data to work from, it could provide no more than 100 million gallons (380,000 m³) a day, half of what Ramapo had claimed and equivalent to some of the areas on the O'n millik daryo, ning irmog'i Xomatatonik that the city was also considering. The soil was less conducive to dam and reservoir construction, precluding the possibility of building larger storage facilities.^[70]

After political wrangling the state revoked the company's rights in 1901, whereupon the city's early skepticism about the Esopus, as expressed in Freeman's report, evaporated. Daryo yumshoq suv was now held to be its chief virtue, as it would among other things save the city's residents almost a half million dollars a year on soap, by a 1903 report Freeman contributed to.^[65]:150 Two years later the state allowed the city to create its own water supply commission and granted it the exclusive right to acquire land in the Esopus and Shoxari watersheds and construct two reservoirs.^[62]:591[e]

Residents in the Esopus valley attempted to block the project, objecting to the dislocation the proposed reservoir would require, forcing out the population of seven hamlets and relocating the Ulster and Delaware. They also noted that both reservoirs would be outmoded in a decade, requiring the construction of more reservoirs, and suggested the city look further north, to the Adirondacks. They feared the dam would fail, and called the project the "Esopus folly".^[62]:592

The state's water supply commission ruled in the city's favor, and once the city began acquiring land most local objections faded because local lawyers, well versed in the tangled history of land claims on the former Hardenburgh Patent, were able to negotiate prices highly favorable to local landowners. The reservoir was completed in 1913 and began delivering its first water to the city via the Catskill suv o'tkazgichi ikki yildan keyin.^{[62]:594–98}

Landsat 5 image two days after Hurricane Irene showing how the reservoir's two basins contain turbidity

City engineers had taken note of the tendency of the clays and silts on the beds and banks of the Esopus to cloud the water for long periods of time after heavy rain. To deal with this, they designed the reservoir with two basins. Water from the upper Esopus accumulates in the western basin, where accumulated sediment is allowed to settle. The clearer water near the surface is then allowed to flow into the eastern basin, where the aqueduct begins.^[71]

The water releases from the Portal made the sections below it into a oq suv stream with rapids of Class II-III on the Daryo qiyinligining xalqaro miqyosi.^[72] In the mid-1960s the Kayak and Canoe Club of New York began holding an annual whitewater slalom near Phoenicia.^[73] Later businesses in the hamlet began offering quvurlar to summer visitors;^[74] it has become one of the most popular recreational activities on the creek despite its negative impact on angling^[75] and occasional fatalities.^[76]

1974–2010: Stream management, flooding problems and city-local conflicts

In the late 20th century, the population of the upper Esopus valley more than doubled. Most of the increase came from residential land use, which has also more than doubled as agricultural use has decreased 80 percent. The newer residents have primarily used the area for second homes.^[7]:21

Clashes between homeowners, recreational users and the city have been resolved with regional stream management efforts that involve all stakeholders, such as local and state government, user groups, and local advocacy groups. These began on the upper Esopus in the 1970s between anglers and the city over releases from the Portal.^{[77]:142–145} In the 21st century they began to involve homeowners and their communities along the lower Esopus, asking the city to consider the effect on them in how it manages the reservoir even though they are outside its watershed.^[78]

This era of the creek's history began in the 1970s. At the time the city considered solely its own water needs in setting the Portal discharges. Regular anglers knew the stream could change greatly, from a torrent one day to a trickle the next, depending on how the city saw its needs. During the 1974 fishing season, two trout kills along the Esopus that the Nyu-York atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish davlat departamenti (DEC) attributed to the Portal discharges led to anger at the city and threats of lawsuits. Angler organizations and other local advocacy groups formed Catskill Waters, an soyabon tashkil etish, to fight the city on the issue.^{[77]:142–145} 1976 yilda^[79] they were able to lobby the state legislature to pass, over vigorous opposition from the city,^[77] a new section of the state's Environmental Conservation Law permitting DEC to regulate discharges from the Schoharie and some other reservoirs.^[80][f]

Catskill Waters and the other organizations, later under the auspices of the Catskillni muhofaza qilish va rivojlantirish markazi, next worked to prevent the Nyu-York shtatining kuch idorasi (PASNY) from building a nasosli saqlash station to feed an nearby artificial lake and hydroelectric plant on Schoharie Reservoir, arguing that it would warm the Esopus too much. The authority responded that it would actually be beneficial for trout, by reducing sediment and moderating the colder temperatures that inhibit the fish from breeding in the early spring.^[83] In 1987 PASNY withdrew its application to the Federal Energiya Nazorat Komissiyasi to build the project.^[84]

Levee along Esopus in Kingston

Flood control measures were built along almost half a mile^[g] of the east bank of the Esopus at the northwest corner of Kingston in the late 1970s, in response to the March 1951 flood that reached an estimated discharge of 34,000 cu ft (960 m³) per second, considered to be the heaviest flooding ever in that reach. The combination of 8-foot (2.4 m) levees and concrete toshqin devorlari, along with interior measures like havzalarni ushlash va a nasos stantsiyasi, was designed to contain flooding up to 37,600 cu ft (1,060 m³) per second, about 10 percent greater than the 1951 flood. They protect an apartment complex and strip mall immediately adjacent to the creek between what is today Washington Avenue and I-587/NY 28.^[85]

In March 1980 the upper Esopus flooded significantly for the first time in years following a heavy storm. Roads were left impassable, including a section of Route 28 at Bisevil, some bridges were damaged or washed away, and many tributaries suffered severe damage. The gauge at Coldbrook recorded a maximum discharge of 65,300 cubic feet per second (1,850 m³/s), breaking a 30-year-old record.^[86]:20

To avoid a federal requirement that it build a suv filtratsiyasi plant that would cost several billion dollars,^[h] in 1990 the city instituted stricter rules for the use of its lands in its watersheds,^[men] regulations that adversely affected the local economies. This exacerbated tensions between the city and local residents, many of whom had long resented what they considered to be the city's arrogance and lack of concern for them. After seven years of litigation and activism, the Catskill Watershed Corporation was created in 1997 to mutually manage the watershed in the city and the local communities' best interest.^[78] It invests and facilitates economic development in the city's Catskill and Delaware watersheds that enhances water quality.^[88]

The Portal became an issue between anglers and the city again in the late 1990s. Keyin a heavy January 1996 blizzard was followed by a thaw and equally heavy rain, washing the melting snow into waterbodies along with the runoff, and in the process doing severe damage to streambanks in the Schoharie Reservoir's watershed. The eroded silt and clay washed into the depth of reservoir, where it was then drawn into the tunnel and released into the Esopus. The Coldbrook gauge recorded maximum discharge of 53,600 cubic feet per second (1,520 m³/s), its highest since the 1980 flood.^[86]:20 For several years afterward the creek was often so muddy that fly-fishermen went elsewhere to pursue trout, adversely affecting the local economy.^[89]

In 2000 the angler advocacy group Trout Unlimited filed a lawsuit in federal court under the Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun arguing that the city needed a permit if it was going to continue releasing muddy water from the Schoharie basin into the Esopus. The trial court's dismissal was overturned on appeal by the Ikkinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi 2001 yil oktyabrda.^[90][91] 2003 yilda, kuni hibsga olish, another federal judge assessed a $5.7 million fine against the city for muddying the creek and ordered it to get a state permit.^[92][93] The city duly applied for and received a New York State Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (SPDES) permit effective in 2006.^[94]

Another heavy rain struck the region at the beginning of April 2005, delivering 2–6 inches (51–152 mm) over 36 hours;^{[86]:gauge 9} the Coldbrook gauge recorded a maximum discharge of 55,200 cubic feet (1,560 m³) per second, the third worst flood in the stream's recorded history^[86]:9 at that time after floods in 1980 and 1951.^[86]:20 The Allaben gauge recorded its all-time heaviest flow of 21,700 cubic feet per second (610 m³/s), whose takrorlanish oralig'i was estimated to be 30 years,^[86]:11 and the upper Esopus experienced similar effects as it had in 1980, severely impacting the stream's brown trout population that year, since the species spawns in the spring.^[95] Unlike 1980, this flood also affected the lower Esopus. The Mount Marion gauge recorded what is still its maximum ever amount at 30,500 cubic feet per second (860 m³/s), an 80-year flood^[86]:11[96] and far greater a flow than that seen in any flood event there for almost a century.^[86]:20

Roads had to be closed in the vicinity of the creek, including Kingston Circle, the junction of Route 28, Washington Avenue, Davlatlararo 587 and the offramps from the Nyu-York shtati Thruway. Businesses near the stream had to close, including several hotels, and the Qizil Xoch estimated that 109 houses along the creek were destroyed;^[86]:22 some areas reached 100-year flood levels.^[86]:23–24 Five years later, the last quarter of 2010 brought two separate storms that both reached around 40,000 cubic feet per second (1,100 m³/s) at Coldbrook, meaning that five of the 11 worst storms in that gauge's history had come in the preceding 30 years.^[97]

In the wake of the first storm, in October, the city began releasing turbid water into the lower Esopus from the reservoir for the first time. In the hundred days following the storm and its successor, 40 billion US gallons (150 million cubic metres) of dark brown muddy water was channeled down the creek in order to clear the reservoir itself. DEC filed a complaint against the city seeking $2.6 million in damages and a committee of state, local and city representatives was convened to decide on a schedule for future releases.^[98]

2011–present: Hurricane Irene and after

The sixth, and worst, storm came within a year, when Hurricane Irene struck the Catskills at the end of August 2011. At the peak of the flooding, discharge at Coldbrook was 75,800 cubic feet per second (2,150 m³/s), its all-time high.^[99] More than 6 inches (150 mm) of rain fell all over Ulster County, and the Slide Mountain weather station at Winnisook Lake recorded nearly a foot (305 mm), a 200-year storm.^[100]

Site of bridge over Giant Ledge Stream on County Route 47 a month after Irene

The deluge at Winnisook Lake led to concerns after the rains stopped that the dam would burst, which could have devastated much of Shandaken even further;^[101] the problem was made more urgent since Giant Ledge Stream had washed out the bridge along County Route 47, cutting the lake and headwaters of the Esopus off from the rest of the town. Many homes and businesses downstream had suffered serious damage from the floods; in Phoenicia the popular Sweet Sue's restaurant was flooded to a depth of a foot, with five inches (13 cm) of silt. The Bridge Street crossing into the hamlet from the east had to be closed and rebuilt.^[102] Further downstream on the upper Esopus, a lightly used bridge at Coldbrook was swept away,^[103] along with most of the old railroad trestle near the mouth of the reservoir.^[104] Two weeks later, the remnants of Li tropik bo'roni brought another 7.5 inches (19 cm) of rain and more flooding to areas still recovering from Irene.^[105]

While stream discharge on the Esopus below the reservoir remained below the levels experienced in 2005,^[100] floods along that reach did more damage. Farmers whose fields are along the creek's toshqin tekislik in Marbletown and Hurley reported that some of their fields were under as much as 10 feet (3.0 m) of water, killing livestock, washing away buildings and ruining crops just as the harvest season began. "I don’t think I have ever seen anything on this scale here in New York", remarked Darrel Aubertine, the state's Commissioner of Agriculture and Markets.^[106]

Downstream of that reach, the Esopus did not cause the damage it had in 2005, which has been attributed to the reservoir holding the waters back; only near the Killni ko'rdim va Plattekill Creek confluences was flooding severe.^[100] The stream remained extremely muddy for several months afterwards as the city again released water from the reservoir, muddy enough for its bright orange color to be visible in satellite photos used by Google xaritalari. Ulster County and Daryo egasi, whose complaints about similarly turbid releases earlier that year had led DEC to fine the city $2.6 million, again petitioned for the city to be required to either use the reservoir's release channel or add alum to the water,^[107] which it had stopped doing in 2007 due to negative environmental effects.^[71] The DEP commissioner said that the county had a choice between "mud or flood",^[108] a dichotomy local officials saw as false.^[78]

The city's local opposition threatened litigation. Ulster County Executive Maykl P. Xayn, the first elected to the position when it was created in 2008,^[109] was particularly vocal, likening the city to a colonial power in the region. "They have their own police force, their own rules and regulations. They're extracting a natural resource at below-market rates and they use their powers indiscriminately,"^[78]

An early version of the city's federal Filtration Avoidance Determination (FAD) in 2013 showed that $2 million had been allocated to deal with the muddying of the lower Esopus, but it was taken out before the final version was approved. The city promised a rozilik buyrug'i later that year would separately address the issue; since the FAD only applies to water meant for drinking.^[78] It has, but Ulster County would still prefer it be included in the FAD.^[110]

In 2017 the city released its draft FAD renewal applications. Some comments on it suggested that major discharges from the reservoir should be prohibited; the city replied that the consent order addressed this issue, which was beyond the scope of the FAD.^[111]:8 It also responded to a suggestion that it keep the reservoir below capacity to prevent flooding of the lower Esopus by saying that its water supply needs require the reservoir be at or close to full around June 1 each year.^[111]:24

At the end of that year the Sog'liqni saqlash davlat boshqarmasi granted the FAD through 2027. As a condition of that renewal the city had to build a new chiqindi suvlarni tozalash inshooti for the hamlet of Shokan, in the town of Olive just north of the reservoir. It was also required to continue existing programs that provided for streamside land conservation, best-management practices on agricultural lands, and septik tank installations and replacements at local businesses.^[112]

Dam olish

Angling

Large brown trout taken from the Esopus during a study

Trout from local streams had been a dietary staple since the earliest days of settlement in the Catskills.^[113] The farmers used every means they could, including o'lja, to'rlar va hatto balyozlar,^[114] to catch enough to make sure their families had plenty to eat whatever the outcome of their harvests. By the 1840s the Esopus's trout fishery was beginning to attract anglers from outside the region. Many stayed at Milo Barber's Inn in Shandaken.^[62]:397

Teodor Gordon, considered the father of American dry-fly fishing, did most of his angling in the Qunduz o'ldiring, Willowemoc Creek, Neversink daryosi and other streams of Sallivan okrugi, south of the Esopus watershed. But in 1913, he wrote the construction of the reservoir would give the Esopus "the finest trout fishing in America, if properly treated ... It will be stocked naturally from the Esopus with the rainbow and European trout of the finest quality."^[115]

Today the upper Esopus still attracts many baliqchilar JSSV fly-fish uchun gulmohi,^[75][4] particularly because the state land around it in the Slide Mountain va Big Indian-Beaverkill cho'l zonalari makes it more accessible than other streams in the region,^[116][117] with a number of public parking areas^[118] and stretches where DEC has negotiated public fishing rights on private property.^[119] In the late 19th century it became the first place in the Catskills where kamalak alabalığı were successfully stoklangan,^[10]:131 and the population of that fish has since become indigenous to the point that it is considered one of the most productive wild-trout streams in the Shimoli-sharq.^[120][121] The state augments it with regular stockings of jigarrang alabalık shuningdek. Because of that species' preference for later spawning dates in the fall, trout season along the Esopus extends until November 30, a month and a half later than most other streams in the state.^[25]:58

The Esopus is the only stream in the county with no minimum size restriction; up to five may be taken per day.^[122] Most fish taken are thus less than 12 inches (30 cm) in length, but in 1923 a brown trout was taken at Chimney Hole just above the reservoir that weighed 19 pounds 4 ounces (8.7 kg), a state record that stood for three decades.^[4]

The Portal

Anglers subdivide the upper Esopus into four sections: the small Esopus, from Winnisook Lake to Big Indian, and the three sections of the big Esopus. These are from Big Indian to the Portal, from the Portal to Phoenicia, and from Phoenicia to the reservoir.^[4]

Trout, along with Uolli, bosh va krappi are also taken in the reservoir,^[118] where anglers must have a permit from the Nyu-York shahar atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish boshqarmasi (DEP) as well as a state license. They must use unpowered boats^[123] stored at designated areas along the shoreline and used only in the reservoir. Here there is a 12-inch minimum with a limit of three per day.^[124]

Daryo mansub below the dam at Saugerties has also become a popular spot for bas baliq ovlash. Bir nechta turnirlar are held for both largemut va mayda og'izlar. Chiziqli bas from the Hudson also spawn in the estuarine Esopus, making it a popular spot for them as well.^[125]

Qayiq

Canoeists and kayakers use the stretch from just above the Portal at Allaben to just above the reservoir at Bisevil. They only run the Esopus when the Coldbrook gauge records discharge above 800 cubic feet per second (23 m³/s), or water levels between 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m),^[25]:79 which usually occurs after major releases from the Portal or heavy rains. When it does, the oq suv is sufficient for the stream to reach Class II or III on the International scale of river difficulty; the 11-mile (18 km) stretch accounts for nearly 30 percent of the dam-controlled whitewater in New York, ideal for both experienced and beginning canoeists and kayakers.^[25]:76

More regional whitewater enthusiasts have been paddling the upper Esopus since the Federal Energiya Nazorat Komissiyasi stopped dam releases on G'arbiy Konnektikut "s Xosatonik daryosi in 2006, limiting whitewater opportunities there.^[25]:76 The KCCNY has its annual 400-meter (1,300 ft) whitewater slalom race in early June after one of the former.^[73] The Amerika kanoeda assotsiatsiyasi has also held its Atlantic Division Championships there every fall since 1979, and the stream hosted the 1980 U.S. Open Canoe Championship.^[25]:78

The lower Esopus is also attractive to boating enthusiasts who prefer flatwater. Much of it outside the Esopus Bend Nature Preserve is private property; the portion near Saugerties has been open to the public only once a year when the Esopus Creek Conservancy held its annual Decks and Docks on the Esopus mablag 'yig'ish.^[126] Marinalar on the estuary in Saugerties shelter craft used on the Hudson.^[127][128]

Tubers on the creek

Naychalash the Esopus above and below Phoenicia has long been popular, with about 15,000 people a year taking the float.^[129] Since the 1970s, local businesses have rented naychalar to visitors, and it has become a major draw to the Catskills in summertime.^[130] Some residents complained about its local impact^[74] and its negative effect on fishing. Other anglers are not as bothered by tubers, pointing out most tubing takes place during daylight hours rather than the krepuskulyar times at which trout are most active.^[25]:60 The Shandaken Town Board proposed a law in 1983 that would have limited tubing to the lower stretch during prescribed hours, required bathroom facilities and levied a 10-cent qo'shimcha to'lov on each rented tube to cover the expenses to the town. It was not adopted, but later the town required a special use permit under its rayonlashtirish kod. That requirement was dropped after one of the tube-rental businesses challenged it in court.^[25]:65–66

Currently, two companies in the area rent to visitors, who can choose between the wilder but more dangerous stretch north of the hamlet (not recommended for children) or the calmer stretch below it. Those who take the latter option can ride the Catskill Mountain Railroad orqaga.^[120]:278 Tubes are rented only when the stream gauge at Coldbrook indicates a level of 4–6 feet (1.2–1.8 m).^[25]:67

Gidrologiya

Suv sifati

New York's Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) rates the suv sifati of Esopus Creek in different sections.^[131] Most of the lowermost 12.7 miles (20.4 km) of the stream, from Cantine Dam in Saugerties to the Tannery Brook confluence near Kingston,^[132] is rated Class B, suitable for primary and secondary contact recreation and fishing.^[133] Weed growth along the banks between the mouth and the dam has led DEC to downgrade that reach to Class C,^[131]:3–4 with limited recreational prospects.^[133]

From Tannery Brook to the Ashokan suv ombori dam, the Esopus remains Class B, albeit slightly impacted, with equivalent weed growth in many portions. The releases from the reservoir, and the stream's low gradient, are also seen as factors.^[131]:5–6 The reservoir itself is considered impacted, due to pollution from atmospheric simob, but not to levels that affect its use for drinking water, since mercury does not dissolve much in water. Fosfor is also present, but within acceptable levels. Those pollutants have resulted in the state's Sog'liqni saqlash boshqarmasi issuing an advisory to anglers that they should eat no more than one ingichka bosh over 16 inches (41 cm) long taken from the reservoir per month.^{[131]:11–12}

The stretch of the upper stream from the reservoir to the Portal at Allaben is rated Class A by DEC due to its use as a trout fishery. It is also considered impacted due to the turbidity of the waters released from the tunnel as well as Stony Clove Creek va Broadstreet Hollow Brook.^{[131]:13–14} From Allaben to Winnisook Lake the upper Esopus is class C water due to emissions from Qarag'ay tepaligi 's wastewater treatment plant via Birch Creek. DEC's assessments found that the stream does have thriving aquatic life.^[131]:15

Chiqish

Graph from Coldbrook USGS stream gauge showing record discharge after Hurricane Irene

The Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Geologik xizmati (USGS) maintains five stream gauges along Esopus Creek. The station in Coldbrook, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) upstream from Ashokan Reservoir, had a maximum discharge of 75,800 cubic feet (2,150 m³) sekundiga 2011 yil 28 avgustda, kabi Hududdan Irene dovuli o'tib ketdi. Minimum discharge has not been recorded.^[134] In 2019 it averaged 680.8 cu ft (19.28 m³) sekundiga.^[135]

Two more stations are further upstream. The one in Allaben, in operation since 1963 between Fox Hollow and Peck Hollow creeks, had a maximum discharge of 29,300 cubic feet (830 m³) per second on August 28, 2011, during Irene and a minimum discharge of 2.1 cubic feet (0.059 m³) per second in September 1983.^[136] It recorded an average flow of 204 cu ft (5.8 m³) 2019 yilda.^[137] A station at the Lost Clove Road bridge near Katta hind has been in operation since 2016. It recorded a maximum discharge of 2,190 cubic feet (62 m³) per second in August 2018, and a minimum of 2 cubic feet (0.057 m³) per second in October 2016;^[138] average discharge in 2019 was 82 cu ft (2.3 m³) sekundiga.^[139]

The Big Indian stream gauge, the newest on the creek

Downstream, there are two more stations. Lomontville, in operation since 2013, 5.6 miles (9.0 km) below the spillway, had a maximum discharge of 4,300 cubic feet (120 m³) per second in September 2015 and a minimum discharge of 2.4 cubic feet (0.068 m³) per second in October 2014.^[140] Its 2019 average flow was 428.8 cu ft (12.14 m³) sekundiga.^[141] Mount Marion, at the Glasco Turnpike Bridge between Kingston and Saugerties, recorded its 30,500 cu ft/s (860 m³/s) maximum during the 2005 flood, with a minimum of 5.3 cu ft (0.15 m³) coming in 1999.^[96] Average flow for 2019 was 775.4 cu ft (21.96 m³) sekundiga.^[142]

During Irene, up to 16 inches (410 mm) of rain fell in some locations of the watershed over a 12-hour period. Streamflows on the creek met or surpassed the 100-year flood levels. On the upper Esopus, floodwaters filled the streets of Boiceville and Phoenicia, destroyed homes in Mount Tremper, and washed out numerous roads and bridges in Oliverea.^[143][144] In the 2005 flood, 2 inches (5.1 cm) to almost 6 inches (150 mm) fell in some locations, including 4.83 inches (123 mm) at the Slide Mountain station near Winnisook Lake. This along with 1 to 2 inches (25 to 51 mm) that fell a few days before produced extensive flooding on the Esopus. The DEP recorded over 3.3 inches (84 mm) of rainfall at Ashokan Reservoir. The Federal favqulodda vaziyatlarni boshqarish agentligi studied 25 sites along the Esopus, and found that most sites were near the 50-year flood level. The peak level at Bushnellsville Creek in Shandaken surpassed 100-year levels.^[145]

Loyqalik

In 2014 the USGS released a report on loyqalik in the upper Esopus, both above and below the Portal, in light of the ongoing controversy between the city's DEP and local communities over it. The study took in data both from joyida instruments on the creek and the analysis of samples in the laboratory over the three years prior, the former of which it found better at measuring suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) in the water. Instruments were placed both on the Esopus and several tributaries above the reservoir.^[146]

The study sought to determine if it was possible to discern what the sources of turbidity in the Esopus might be, and if possible what those sources were. Buni topdi Stony Clove Creek was the largest source of turbidity and suspended-sediment concentration, accounting for more turbidity than the rest of the upper Esopus watershed combined, with those two quantities varying directly with each other and also correlating with discharge. Those loads were markedly higher in 2012, which the authors attributed to the work done to kannliz that stream near its mouth in Phoenicia that year in the wake of the flooding caused by Irene.^[146]:18 Woodland Creek, which also empties into the Esopus at Phoenicia, was the second-largest source.^[146]

Small rainbow trout taken from the Esopus during study

Another USGS study, in 2015, considered what effect the turbidity might be having on fish populations in the upper Esopus. The authors collected data from 18 100-metre (330 ft) reaches, 10 on tributaries from the Birch to the Little Beaver Kill, and the others on the main stem from Oliverea to Boiceville annually between 2009 and 2011, primarily counting the jigarrang alabalık, kamalak alabalığı, slimy sculpin va pirzola minnow. They found some effects downstream of the portal, such as lowered density and biomassa, but none significant and none that they considered negative.^[147] Another 2015 study, that took in the effect of the Irene-induced floods found that kamalak alabalığı were the only species in the stream to have been negatively affected by them, for at least two years after the storm, although populations had been trending down for two years before.^[148] A fourth study that year which also considered that species population found that that species' density and biomass were higher in the upper Esopus than they had been since before 2010.^[149]

The USGS station along the creek near Marion tog'i, between Kingston and Saugerties, collects turbidity data every 15 minutes. The maximum daily SSC mean was 439 mg/L in July 2014, and the minimum was 1 mg/L over four days seven months later. In September 2015 the maximum and minimum daily suspended sediment discharge was recorded: 6,200 tons (5,600 t) on September 30, and 0.23 tons (0.21 t) on September 8–9, respectively.^[96] Since 2013 the Lomontville station, above Kingston along the lower stream, has also been collecting turbidity data. Its maximum daily mean for SSC was 210 mg/L in March 2014, and the minimum was less than 1 mg/L on many days from 2014 to 2015. Maximum daily suspended sediment discharge was 770 tons (700,000 kg) on September 30, 2015, and the minimum was .01 ton (9.1 kg) in October 2014 and May 2015, respectively.^[140]

In 2011 a study of the lower Esopus found no significant effect on bentik makro omurgasızlar (BMI) at several points in the stream over the previous four years, the period when complaints about the turbidity caused by the reservoir releases began. Samples were taken both under normal flow conditions and storm discharges. In addition to BMI, they showed no effect on other metrics such as turbidity, umumiy erigan qattiq moddalar yoki erigan kislorod that correlated to distance from the reservoir.^[150] A 2019 study of the BMI population in the upper Esopus found that although it had declined severely after the floods from Irene and Lee, it had mostly recovered within a year.^[105]

Geologiya

Limestone bedrock shelf as the river bank south of Xarli

Imbrication of rocks in the stream's headwaters

Asosiy tosh of the upper Esopus is generally cho'kindi jinslar o'rtadan kechgacha Devoniy period, deposited when today's Catskills were a daryo deltasi va allyuvial tekislik 360-390 million years ago.^[7]:25 The stream's uppermost headwaters are underlain by tosh of the Slide Mountain Formation, a Fransiyalik cross-bedded yellowish-gray konglomerat bilan qatlam kvarts pebbles found at the uppermost 2,000 feet (610 m) in the Catskills. It is the youngest of the sediment layers in the mountains, deposited shortly before the entire region uplifted to form the ajratilgan plato bugun.^[151]:C8

Not far below Winnisook Lake, the Slide Mountain formation gradually gives way to the Upper Uolton shakllanishi,^[7]:27 characterized by gray and greenish-gray fine-grained qumtosh with some pebbles like those seen in the stratum above. The Upper Walton soon gives way, by the point the creek receives Giant Ledge Stream, to the Lower Walton, with fine-grained sandstone and some gray slanets. This layer remains the Esopus's bedrock all the way to the Bushnellsville Creek confluence.^[7]:27

O'sha paytda Oneonta Formation takes over for the rest of the upper Esopus. The Oneonta's bedrock is more coarse-grained cross-bedded lighter gray sandstone with some red shale beds. Siltstones va claystones ham mavjud.^{[151]:C7–C8}

Below the Ashokan Reservoir, the Catskill sediments continue to underlie the lower Esopus,^[34]:8–9 this time in the form of the region's lowest and oldest layer, the Givetian Plattekill Formation. It is characterized by grayish-red claystone and shale katakli with medium dark gray shale and cross-bedded sandstone.^[151]:C1

Just above its bend to the northeast at Marbletown, the Catskill sediments end, giving way to the ohaktosh underneath the broad flood plains to Kingston. This reach continues north of the city, with oxbow ko'llar va meander scroll indicating the occurrence of many active floods in the recent past. North of Leggs Mill Road the bedrock changes again to tightly folded shale as the Esopus drops through a ayb at Glenerie Falls and into the narrow valley, itself a fault between shale and the limestone layers on the adjoining ridges, that takes it to its mouth at Saugerties.^[34]:9–10

The Esopus's sirt geologiyasi reflects the effect of past glaciations on the Catskills. Bu bilan boshlanadi muzlikgacha covering the bedrock at the stream's steep uppermost reaches, giving way to kame deposits on the north bank for another short stretch and then till again. At Allaben yuvish sand and gravel takes over. The streambed rocks are generally xiralashgan, keeping them stable except in heavy floods.^[7]:32

Below the reservoir, the outwash gives way in some areas to sand barrens. The fertile soils of the many farms alongside the creek characterize the surface of the floodplain reach.^[34]:20 The lower reach, once part of the glacial Albani ko'li, still has the clays and silt from its days as a lake bottom.^[34]:5

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish va boshqarish

The upper and lower Esopus have different conservation and management issues as a result of the reservoir's intervention. Management of the upper stream is more hands-on due to its major role in New York City's water supply system, its importance as a recreational resource and its location amid the O'rmon qo'riqxonasi.^[129] Below the reservoir it is not a source of drinking water, and its surrounding land is more heavily farmed. Conservation efforts on that stretch primarily focus on its aesthetic and ecological role.^[152]

Upper Esopus

The upper Esopus, located within both the Catskill Park and the New York City watershed, is closely monitored by both the state DEC and the city DEP. Between the DEC's O'rmon qo'riqxonasi holdings, city-owned buffer lands and privately held forested parcels, 99 percent of the land in the upper watershed is forested.^[60] Trout fishermen are also active through groups like Trout Unlimited in working to keep the creek's water clean, although their interests sometimes clash with the city's.^[89]

According to the 2007 Upper Esopus management plan compiled by DEP, the Kornell Cooperative Extension va AQSh armiyasining muhandislar korpusi for the Ashokan Watershed Stream Management Program, a joint program run by DEP, Cornell and the Ulster County Soil and Water Conservation District,^[153] suv sifati in that part of the stream is generally good. Property owners and other manfaatdor tomonlar in the stream expressed concern about toshqin risks and attendant eroziya muammolar.^[129]:31 The plan did not find any evidence that floods have become more common in the last century (before Irene dovuli four years after the report, the record flood for the stream occurred in 1980, with chiqindilar of 65,300 cubic feet per second (1,850 m³/s) recorded above the reservoir and was calculated to be a 40-year flood ), despite two heavy floods in the preceding decade.^[129]:36 It recommends that new construction on the creek's toshqin tekislik be avoided wherever possible and that flood control measures and warning systems be improved along the length of the upper creek.^[129]:37

Portal discharge in spring

The Portal's effect on the creek's baliqchilik is a continuing source of friction. For a long time after its construction it was believed to have a positive effect on the trout, but after the floods of 1996 some fishermen began complaining that the waters from Schoharie have been too loyqa and warm (some calling it "Yoo Hoo Krik "^[89]), with the rainbow trout population declining as a consequence. Nyu-Yorkniki Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) says it has found no sign of that, but in 2000 the Catskills chapter of Trout Unlimited, Daryo egasi and some other groups sued the city, arguing the Portal releases into the creek violated the federal Toza suv to'g'risidagi qonun.^[75] After lengthy litigation the city was eventually required to get a state permit for the discharges. Atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish guruhlari, agar boshqa barcha shahar suv omborlari singari Schoharie ham ko'p darajali tushirish tuzilishiga ega bo'lsa, suvni loyqalanmagan yuzadan va salqinroq chuqurlikdan olishga imkon beradigan bo'lsa, muammolar echimini topadi.^[154]

Boater va tuber foydalanuvchi guruhlari Portaldan chiqarilishlariga bog'liq bo'lib, ular soniyasiga 900 kub fut (25 m) qo'shishi mumkin.³/ s) daryoning oqimiga, ushbu tadbirlarni amalga oshirish uchun. Ba'zan ularning manfaatlari oqimning qiziquvchan jamoatchiligi bilan, masalan, toshqin paytida qirg'oqlardan bo'shatilgan daraxtlar yoki oyoq-qo'llar kabi yirik yog'och qoldiqlari (LWD) masalasida farq qiladi. Odatda ular oqimda, ba'zan ko'prikda dam olish uchun kelishadi turar joylar, alabalıklar va boshqa suv hayoti uchun yashash muhitini yaratish, ammo navigatsiya xavfini yaratish. 2002 yilda oqimda LWD natijasida baydarka va tuber alohida hollarda o'ldirildi; ikkala o'lim ham mulk egalariga qarshi sud ishlariga sabab bo'ldi. Boshqaruv rejasida quyidagilarni aniqlashtirish tavsiya etilgan javobgarlik masalalar.^{[129]:59–60}

Ripar tamponlar hal qilinishi kerak bo'lgan yana bir masala. Yuqori Esopusning ko'p qismida har ikki tomonda kamida 100 fut (30 m) tampon mavjud, ammo 25 fut (7,6 m) va undan kam va 6,25 milya (10,06 km) bo'lgan qismlar umuman buferga ega emas. tiklanishlar avtomagistral yoki temir yo'l yonidagi chekkalarni qisib qo'yish. Buferlar asosan yopiqkanpoy toshqini o'rmonlari, qolgan qismi maysazorlar bilan.^{[129]:46–49}

Invaziv turlar

"Rock snot" maslahat belgisi

So'nggi yillarda koloniyalar Yapon knotweed, an invaziv turlar, qirg'oqlarda va bufer zonalarida kuzatilgan.^{[129]:46–49} Ular soyaning sog'lig'iga zarar etkazuvchi hisoblanadi, chunki ular soya bermaydilar, eroziyani boshqarishda unchalik samarasiz va ular qalin klasterlarda o'sib, oqimga kirishga to'sqinlik qilmoqdalar.^[7]:177

Sharq achchiq, bufer o'rmonlaridagi daraxtlarni atrofiga mahkam bog'lab, ularni o'ldiradigan tok, ba'zi joylarda ham kuzatilgan. Oqimlarni boshqarish rejasi ikkala turni va kelajakda topilishi mumkin bo'lgan boshqa turlarni boshqarish va yo'q qilish uchun keng qamrovli reja tuzishni tavsiya qiladi.^{[129]:46–49}

2009 yilda buferlardagi invaziv turlar muammosi tasdiqlangan kelishi bilan yanada murakkablashdi Didimosphenia geminata, an suv o'tlari Shandaken va suv ombori orasidagi daryoning suvlarida, odatda "toshbo'ron" deb nomlanadi. Bu topilgan shtatdagi keyin uchinchi oqim edi Batten o'ldiring yilda Vashington okrugi va Sharq va G'arb filiallari Delaver daryosi Delaver shtatida, Esopus vodiysining g'arbiy qismida. Ushbu tur suv olishni to'sib qo'yishi mumkin, ammo inson hayotiga hech qanday xavf tug'dirmaydi. Alabalık ko'proq xavf ostida, chunki u ko'pincha oziq-ovqat manbai sifatida qaram bo'lgan hasharotlar chiqindilarini yumshatib, daryo tubida o'sadi. Hozirgi vaqtda turni yo'q qilishning imkoni yo'q; davlat buning o'rniga baliqchilarga ularni yaxshilab tozalash va dezinfeksiya qilishni maslahat berdi yuruvchilar o'sishini sekinlashtirish va boshqa oqimlarga etishishini oldini olish maqsadida sayohatlardan keyin.^[121][155]

USGS ning Nyu-York suvshunoslik markazi tomonidan 2015 yilda o'tkazilgan tadqiqotlar shuni aniqladi D. geminata asosan, daryoning baliqchilik va suv hayotini sezilarli darajada buzgani ko'rinmadi perifiton 2009–10 yillarda besh marotaba yuqori Esopus bo'ylab 6–20 joylardan olingan namunalar. Yosunlar o'sha davrda Portalning quyi qismida joylashgan joylarda juda ko'p bo'lgan. Mualliflar to'xtatilgan cho'kma va fosfatlar suvda gullashni cheklashi mumkin.^[156]

Quyi Esopus

Quyi Esopusda saqlash va boshqarish bo'yicha harakatlar yuqori oqimdagi kabi muvofiqlashtirilmagan va oqimlarni boshqarish rejasi yo'q. Aksariyat harakatlar mahalliy munitsipalitetlar tomonidan boshqarilgan. 2005 yilgi toshqindan so'ng, pastki Esopus shaharlari va Kingston har yili Esopus Creek quyi havzasi suv havzasi konferentsiyasini o'tkazishni boshladi. Uning asosiy tashvishlaridan biri bu toshqinning mintaqaga ta'siri edi: ba'zi fermerlarni tiklash uchun bir necha oy kerak bo'ldi.^[157]

Toshqindan zarar ko'rgan qishloq xo'jaligi maydonlarining katta qismi shaharchada joylashgan edi Marbletaun, avval oqimning pastki qismida. Loy va boshqa yemirilgan materiallar erga to'planib, ularni olib tashlashga to'g'ri keldi va qishloq xo'jaligi erlarining bir qismi butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketdi.^[157] Marbletaun fermerlar bilan birgalikda sotib olishni rejalashtirgan rivojlanish Daryoning toshqin tekisligidan tashqarida kamida 750 gektar (300 ga) ga egalik huquqi, uni rivojlantirish mumkin emas va kelajakdagi toshqinlar ta'sirini minimallashtirish bilan bir qatorda, daryo bo'yidagi noyob o'simlik va hayvonot olamlarini yanada himoya qilish.^[158]

Quyi Esopusdagi toshqin xavotirlari, shuningdek, suv toshqini kuchaytiradigan kuchli yomg'ir paytida bo'shatishlarni talab qiladigan suv omborini zarur bo'lganidan yuqori darajada saqlash uchun DEPni tanqid qildi. 2010 yilda shahar o'zining barcha suv havzalaridagi suv sathini yanada yaqinroq kuzatib boradigan kompyuter dasturlarini hamda suvning yaqin muddat ichida mavjudligini taxmin qilishga imkon beradigan ma'lumotlarni joriy etishni boshladi. Mahalliy rasmiylar bu harakatni maqtashdi, ammo ular DEP ning quyi oqimdagi mulk egalariga ta'sirini yanada ko'proq anglashlari uchun ishlashni davom ettirishlarini aytishdi.^[159]

Keyinchalik quyi oqimda, Saugerties hududida, konservatsiya harakatlar Esopus Creek Conservancy tomonidan boshqarilgan, a notijorat tashkilot landshaftlarni saqlash uchun ishlaydigan va ekotizimlar daryoning atrofida.^[160] U 1999 yilda mahalliy fuqaroning daryo bo'yidagi mulkning bir qismini rivojlanishdan himoya qilishga qaratilgan sa'y-harakatlari asosida yaratilgan. Besh yildan so'ng, yordamida Catskillni muhofaza qilish va rivojlantirish markazi, er sotib olindi va konservantlik shakllandi.^[161] Hozir 161 gektar (65 ga) Esopus Bend qo'riqxonasi,^[162] soyning janubiy qirg'og'i bo'ylab juda muhim yashash joylarini himoya qiladigan Saugerties qishlog'idan tashqarida. Uning ichidagi yo'laklar daryo bo'yidagi qarashlarga olib keladi Catskill Escarpment tashqarida.^[163] Shunga qaramay, 2013 yil yanvar oyida EPA davlatni "nogiron" deb tasniflangan loyli quyi Esopusda harakat qilishga yo'naltirdi.^[164]

2007 yilda "Quyi Esopus suv havzasini qadrlash va boshqarishni rivojlantirish uchun" bir nechta munitsipalitetlarning koalitsiyasi bo'lgan Quyi Esopus suv havzasi sherikligi (LEWP) tashkil etildi.^[152]

Daryolar

Arra o'ldirish

• Birch Creek
• Bushnellsvill-Krik
• Elk Bushkill
• Fox Hollow Bruk
• Giant Ledge oqimi
• Osilgan qushlar uyasi Bruk
• Kuluçka ichi bo'sh Bruk
• Seneka ichi bo'sh oqim
• Maben ichi bo'sh Bruk
• McKenley Hollow Bruk
• Yo'qotilgan chinnigullar soyasi
• Peck Hollow Creek
• Broadstreet Hollow Creek
• Woodland Creek
• Stony Clove Creek
• Qunduz o'ldiring
• Kichkina qunduz o'ldir
• Bush o'ldirish
• Killni ko'rdim
• Plattekill Creek
• Teri zavodi Bruk (Saugerties)
• Teri zavodi Bruk (Kingston)
• Stoni-Krik

Shuningdek qarang

• Shimoliy Amerikadagi chivinli baliq ovlash suvlari ro'yxati
• Nyu-York daryolari ro'yxati

Izohlar

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Esopus Creek Conservancy
• Yuqori Esopus daryosi oqimini boshqarish rejasi
• Tabiatni muhofaza qilish rejasi