Folklend orollari suvereniteti to'g'risidagi nizo - Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute

Vaqt chizig'i amalda boshqaruv
1764 yil fevral
- 1767 yil aprel		 Frantsiya
1765 yil yanvar
- 1770 yil iyul		 Buyuk Britaniya
1767 yil aprel
- 1811 yil fevral		 Ispaniya
1771 yil sentyabr
- 1774 yil may		 Buyuk Britaniya
1811 yil fevral
- 1829 yil avgust		Yo'q
1829 yil avgust
- 1831 yil dekabr		Argentina Río de la Plataning birlashgan provinsiyalari
1831 yil dekabr
- 1832 yil yanvar		 Qo'shma Shtatlar
1832 yil yanvar-dekabrYo'q
1832 yil dekabr
- 1833 yil yanvar		 Argentina Konfederatsiyasi
1833 yil yanvar-avgust Birlashgan Qirollik[Izoh 1]
1833 yil avgust
- 1834 yil yanvar		Yo'q
1834 yil yanvar
- 1982 yil aprel		 Birlashgan Qirollik
1982 yil aprel-iyun Argentina
1982 yil iyun
- hozirgi		 Birlashgan Qirollik

Suverenitet ustidan Folklend orollari (Ispaniya: Islv Malvinas) tomonidan bahslashmoqda Argentina va Birlashgan Qirollik.

Britaniyaliklar suverenitetni da'vo qilishlari orollarga birinchi bo'lib tushgan 1690 yildan boshlab,[1] va Buyuk Britaniya mashq qildi amalda ustidan suverenitet arxipelag 1833 yildan beri deyarli doimiy ravishda. Argentina bu da'voni 1833 yilgacha bir necha yil davomida orollar ustidan nazorat qilib kelgan holda uzoq vaqtdan beri tortishib keladi. Nizo 1982 yilda avj oldi. Argentina orollarni bosib oldi, cho'ktiruvchi Folklend urushi.

Zamonaviy Folklend orollari aksariyat hollarda ingliz bo'lib qolishni afzal ko'rishadi. Ular to'liq inglizlarga ega bo'lishdi fuqarolik bilan Britaniya millati (Folklend orollari) to'g'risidagi qonun 1983 yil, Britaniyaning Folklend urushidagi g'alabasidan keyin.

Nizoning tarixiy asoslari

Shuningdek qarang: Folklend orollari tarixi, Folklend orollari tarixi xronologiyasi, Folklend inqirozi (1770), Folklandda Angliya hukmronligini tiklash (1833) va Janubiy Jorjiya va Janubiy sendvich orollarining suvereniteti
De-fakto Folklend orollari ustidan nazorat

Frantsuz aholi punkti

Frantsuz zodagonlari, Lui Antuan de Bougainville

Port-Luisning poydevori bilan Folklend orollarida doimiy aholi punktini o'rnatgan birinchi davlat Frantsiya edi Sharqiy Folklend frantsuz kashfiyotchisi tomonidan Louis Antuan de Bougainville, 1764 yilda.[2] Frantsuz mustamlakasi kichik qal'adan va 250 ga yaqin aholisi bo'lgan ba'zi turar-joylardan iborat edi. Orollarga Breton porti nomi berilgan Sankt-Malo sifatida Malles Maluines, bu orollarning frantsuzcha nomi bo'lib qolmoqda. 1766 yilda Frantsiya orollarni Ispaniyaga qoldirishga rozi bo'ldi, Ispaniya de Bougainville va Sent-Malo kompaniyasini turar joy xarajatlarini qopladi.[3][4] Frantsiya Buyuk Britaniyaning orollarga unvon talab qilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun Ispaniyaning Port-Luisdagi mustamlakasini saqlab turishini talab qildi va Ispaniya bunga rozi bo'ldi.[5]

Ispancha aholi punkti

1493 yilda Papa Aleksandr VI chiqarilgan Papa buqasi, Inter caetera, ajratish Yangi dunyo o'rtasida Ispaniya va Portugaliya. Keyingi yil Tordesilla shartnomasi o'sha mamlakatlar o'rtasida ikkitani ajratuvchi chiziq 370 bo'lishi kerakligi to'g'risida kelishib olindi ligalar ning g'arbida Kabo-Verde orollari.[6] Folklendlar ushbu chiziqning g'arbiy (ispan) tomonida joylashgan.

Ispaniya Folklend orollari 1713 yilda qoidalar ostida bo'lgan deb da'vo qildi Utrext shartnomasi ning chegaralarini hal qilgan Ispaniya imperiyasi ichida Amerika. Biroq, shartnoma faqat Amerikadagi hududlarni tiklashga va'da bergan Ispaniya merosxo'rligi urushi. O'sha paytda Folklend orollari o'tkazilmadi va bu shartnomada qayd etilmagan edi. Ispaniya orollarda ingliz va frantsuz mustamlakalarini topgach, da'vogarlar o'rtasida diplomatik nizo paydo bo'ldi. 1766 yilda o'sha paytda ittifoqdosh bo'lgan Ispaniya va Frantsiya Frantsiya Port-Sent-Luisni topshirishini va Ispaniya hisob-kitob xarajatlarini qoplashi to'g'risida kelishib oldilar. Frantsiya Ispaniyaning Port-Luisdagi mustamlakasini saqlab qolishini va shu tariqa Britaniyaning orollarga unvon talab qilishiga yo'l qo'ymasligini talab qildi va Ispaniya kelishib oldi.[5] Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya o'sha paytda noqulay munosabatlarga ega edilar va tegishli kelishuvga erishilmadi.[4]

Ispaniyaliklar Port-Luisni boshqarishni o'z qo'liga oldi va uning nomini o'zgartirdi Puerto Soledad 1767 yilda. 1770 yil 10 iyunda Ispaniya ekspeditsiyasi ingliz mustamlakasini quvg'in qildi Egmont porti va Ispaniya oldi amalda orollarni boshqarish. Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya bu masala yuzasidan urushga yaqinlashdilar, ammo buning o'rniga 1771 yil 22-yanvarda inglizlarning Port Egmontga qaytib kelishlariga imkon beradigan shartnoma tuzdilar.[7] 1771 yilda inglizlar qaytib kelishdi, ammo 1774 yilda orollardan chiqib ketishdi, ularning ortida bayroq va plakat qoldirib, egalik huquqini talab qilishdi va Ispaniyani tark etishdi. amalda boshqaruv.[8]:25

1774 yildan 1811 yilgacha orollar Daryo plitasining vitse-qirolligi. O'sha davrda orollarni boshqarish uchun 18 gubernator tayinlandi. 1777 yilda gubernator Ramon de Karassa Port-Egmontdagi qoldiqlarni yo'q qilishga buyruq berdi. Britaniyalik lavha olib tashlandi va Buenos-Ayresga jo'natildi.[5]:51

Ispaniya qo'shinlari 1811 yilgacha Port Soledad nomi bilan tanilgan Port-Luisda qolishdi[9] Gubernator Pablo Gilyen Martines Montevideoga qayta chaqirilganda inqilobiy kuchlar qit'a bo'ylab tarqaldi. U Ispaniya uchun suverenitetni talab qiladigan plakat qoldirdi.[4][10]

Britaniyalik aholi punktlari

Britaniya qirollik dengiz kapitani Jon Bayron

Inglizlar birinchi marta 1690 yilda kapitan bo'lgan paytda Folklendga tushishgan Jon Strong Falkland Ovozi orqali suzib o'tib, ushbu suv o'tishiga nomini berdi Entoni Kari, Folklendning 5-visconti, Admirallikning birinchi lordidir shu vaqtda. Inglizlar orollarni joylashtirmoqchi edilar, chunki ular atrofida o'tish uchun strategik dengiz bazasi bo'lishi mumkin edi Burun burni.[11] 1765 yilda kapitan Jon Bayron tushdi Sonders oroli. Keyin u boshqa orollarning qirg'oqlarini o'rganib chiqdi va Britaniya uchun arxipelagga da'vo qildi. Keyingi yil, kapitan Jon Makbrid Sonders oroliga qaytib, nomli qal'a qurdi Egmont porti. Keyinchalik inglizlar[12]:30–31 da Frantsiya mustamlakasini topdi Port-Sent-Luis (1764 yilda tashkil etilgan), birinchi suverenitet nizosini boshlagan.[4]

1770 yilda hukumatdan keyin orollarga Ispaniya harbiy ekspeditsiyasi yuborildi Buenos-Ayres Britaniya mustamlakasi haqida xabardor bo'ldi.[13] Keyinchalik katta kuchga duch kelgan inglizlar Port Egmontdan chiqarib yuborilgan. Bir yildan so'ng koloniya qayta tiklandi Inglizlarning orollar ustidan urush tahdidi;[4] Biroq, 1774 yilda iqtisodiy tazyiqlar Amerika inqilobiy urushi Buyuk Britaniyani boshqa ko'plab boshqa aholi punktlari bilan birga Folklenddan chiqib ketishga majbur qildi.[14] Ular ortida orollar ustidan Buyuk Britaniyaning suverenitetini tasdiqlovchi plaket qoldirdilar.[8] Garchi orollarda ingliz ma'muriyati bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, ingliz va amerikalik muhrchilar ularni muntazam ravishda muhrlarni ovlashda ishlatishgan, shuningdek, toza suv, shuningdek, oziq-ovqat uchun yirtqich qoramol, cho'chqalar va hatto pingvinlarni olishgan. Whalinglar, shuningdek, orollardan Janubiy Atlantika ob-havosidan saqlanish va yangi oziq-ovqatlarni olish uchun foydalangan.

Buyuk Britaniyaning muvaqqat ishlar bo'yicha vaziri ser Vudbin Parish

Hukumati Daryo plitasining birlashgan viloyatlari ni boshqarishga urindi orollar tijorat orqali, 1824 yilda Xorxe Pachekoga baliq ovlash va ov qilish huquqini berish. Pachekoning sherigi Luis Vernet 1826 yilda orollarda oyoq panjasini o'rnatdi va a yangi koloniya 1828 yilda. Shuningdek, u 1826, 1828 va 1829 yillarda Angliya konsulligiga tashrif buyurib, o'z korxonasini ma'qullash va orollarga qaytib kelgan taqdirda uning yashash joyini Angliyadan himoya qilish uchun murojaat qilgan.[12]:50[15][16] Buyuk Britaniya vaziridan ishonch olgandan keyin muvaqqat ishlar vakili, Janob Woodbine Parish, Vernet inglizlarga o'z korxonasining rivojlanishi to'g'risida muntazam ravishda hisobot berib turdi. U inglizlar orollarga qaytgan taqdirda, Britaniya hukumati uning turar-joyini o'z himoyasi ostiga olishini istaganini bildirdi; Parish ushbu istakni Londonga munosib ravishda etkazdi.[12]:52 1829 yilda u mustamlakasini himoya qilish uchun Birlashgan viloyatlardan dengiz kemasini izladi, ammo yo'qligi sababli u tayinlandi Harbiy va fuqarolik qo'mondoni, Britaniya noroziliklariga sabab bo'ldi.[17][18] Baliq ovlash va muhrlashni tartibga solishga urinishlar Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Leksington reyd 1831 yil[19] Mustamlaka tartibsizlikda, mayor Esteban Mestivier tashkil etish topshirildi jazoni ijro etish koloniyasi ammo 1832 yilda kelganidan ko'p o'tmay isyonda o'ldirilgan.[20] Mestivierning tayinlanishiga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari hech qanday javob olmadi va shuning uchun inglizlar dengiz flotini yuborishdi Britaniya hukmronligini tiklash.[21]

Hukumatidan keyin Daryo plitasining birlashgan viloyatlari Vernetni 1829 yilda gubernator etib tayinlagan, Parish Buenos-Ayresga norozilik bildirgan, bu shunchaki norozilikni tan olgan. Vernet orollarda baliq ovlash va muhr bosish bo'yicha eksklyuziv huquqlardan foydalanish niyati borligini e'lon qilgach, Britaniya yana norozilik bildirdi. (Shu kabi noroziliklar Amerika vakili tomonidan qabul qilindi, ular belgilangan huquqlarning cheklanishiga norozilik bildirdilar va Qo'shma Shtatlar Birlashgan viloyatlarning orollar ustidan yurisdiktsiyasini tan olmasligini bildirdilar).[22] Vernet ushbu davr mobaynida Parish uchun muntazam ravishda hisobot berib turdi.[12]:52

The reyd ning USSLeksington 1831 yil dekabrda Birlashgan viloyatlarning suverenitet to'g'risidagi da'volari bilan birlashganda, inglizlar orollarda harbiy mavjudligini o'rnatishga turtki bo'ldi.

HMS Clio deb ishonilgan eskiz
Brig-sloopning eskizi, ehtimol HMS Clio, Cmdr tomonidan. Uilyam Farrington, v. 1812

1833 yil 2-yanvarda kapitan Jeyms Onslow, brig-sloop HMS Clio, Port-Luisdagi Ispaniyaning aholi punktiga kelib, Argentina bayrog'ini Angliya bayrog'iga almashtirishni va Argentina ma'muriyatini orollarni tark etishini so'radi. Argentinalik podpolkovnik Xose Mariya Pinedo, argentinalik skuner qo'mondoni Sarandi, qarshilik ko'rsatishni xohladi,[23]:90 uning soni kamligi aniq edi, ayniqsa uning ekipajining ko'p qismi o'z vatandoshlariga qarshi kurashishni istamaydigan ingliz yollanma askarlari edi.[23] Lotin Amerikasida yangi mustaqil bo'lgan quruqlik kuchlari kuchli bo'lgan, ammo dengiz kuchlari tez-tez boshqariladigan davlatlarda bunday holat odatiy bo'lmagan. U og'zaki ravishda norozilik bildirdi,[24]:26 ammo 5 yanvar kuni jangsiz jo'nab ketdi. Orollar bundan buyon Britaniya hukmronligi ostida davom etgan Folklend urushi.

1833 yilda qaytib kelganlaridan so'ng, inglizlar orollarni mustamlaka sifatida rivojlantirishga urinishmadi. Dastlab, rejalar har yili harbiy kemaning tashrifi bilan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, Port-Luisda qolgan ko'chmanchilarga asoslangan edi. Vernetning o'rinbosari, Metyu Brisben, 1833 yil mart oyida plomba bortida qaytib keldi Tez HMS tashrifi paytida Beagle.[25] U hisob-kitobni o'z zimmasiga oldi va Vernetning Argentina hukumati vakolatiga ega bo'lishni istamagan taqdirda, uning biznes manfaatlarini yanada rivojlantirishga da'vat etildi.[23][26][27] Argentinaliklar Puerto-Luis aholisi inglizlar qaytib kelganidan keyin chiqarib yuborilganligini da'vo qilishdi,[28][29][30] ammo tarixiy yozuvlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, turar-joyning atigi to'rt a'zosi ketishni afzal ko'rgan.[31][32]

Keyingi Gaucho qotilliklari 1833 yil avgustda Folklendlar Vernet koloniyasining qolgan oz sonli aholisi bilan harbiy post sifatida boshqarildi. Birinchi Britaniyalik rezident Lt Smit 1834 yilda tashkil topgan va uning ma'muriyati va tashabbusi bilan aholi punkti tiklanib, gullab-yashnay boshlagan. Lt Smitning qo'mondoni savdo-sotiqni rag'batlantirish bilan shug'ullanadigan Qirollik floti zobitlariga havas qilmagan va Smitni tanbeh bergan. Smit iste'foga chiqdi va keyingi aholi aholi punktining turg'un bo'lishiga yo'l qo'ydi.

1841 yilda, General Rosas qarzlarini to'lash evaziga Argentinaning har qanday hududiy da'volaridan voz kechishni taklif qildi Barings Bank ichida London shahri. Britaniya hukumati bu taklifni e'tiborsiz qoldirishni tanladi.[33]

Britaniyada 1832 yilgi islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun ovoz berishni ko'proq Buyuk Britaniya fuqarolariga, shu jumladan Janubiy Amerikada bozorlarni ochishda iqtisodiy imkoniyatni ko'rgan erkin savdo savdosi sinfining a'zolariga etkazdi. Britaniyaning Savdo kengashi yangi koloniyalar tashkil etish va ular bilan savdo qilishni ishlab chiqarish ishlarini kengaytirishning bir usuli deb bildi. Chet el va mustamlaka idoralari, agar boshqalar tomonidan mustamlaka qilinishini oldini olish uchun bo'lsa, Folklandni ushbu mustamlakalardan biri sifatida qabul qilishga kelishib oldilar.[34] 1840 yil may oyida Folklendda doimiy koloniya tashkil etildi. 1842 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlakachilik ma'muriyati tashkil topgan. Bu qo'shimcha ravishda 1908 yilda kengaytirilgan Janubiy Jorjiya, 1775 yilda da'vo qilingan va Janubiy Shetland orollari 1820 yilda da'vo qilingan Buyuk Britaniya bir tomonlama ravishda Folklend janubidagi Antarktika hududlari, shu jumladan Janubiy sendvich orollari, Janubiy Orkney orollari va Grem Land, ularni Folklend orollariga bog'liqliklarga birlashtirish.

1850 yilda Arana-Janubiy shartnomasi aks holda Qaror to'g'risidagi konventsiya Buyuk Britaniya va Argentina o'rtasida imzolangan. Bu bilan bahslashdi bir nechta mualliflar mojaroning har ikki tomonida ham Argentina o'z talabidan jimgina voz kechganligi sababli, bu haqda eslatib o'tirmadi va Folklend ustidan norozilik namoyishini to'xtatdi. 1849 yil va 1941 yil dekabr oylari orasida Prezidentning Kongressga qilgan xabarlarida Folklendlar haqida so'z yuritilmagan.

Joriy etilgandan so'ng Antarktika shartnoma tizimi 1959 yilda Folklend orollariga bog'liqliklar qisqartirilib, faqat Janubiy Jorjiya va Janubiy Sandvich orollari tarkibiga kirdi. 60-parallelning janubidagi hudud yangi bog'liqlikka aylandi Britaniya Antarktika hududi, bu da'volarni Argentina bilan qoplaydi (Argentina Antarktida ) va Chili (Antartika Chilena viloyati ).

1976 yilda Buyuk Britaniya hukumati orollarning o'zlarini ta'minlash qobiliyati va iqtisodiy rivojlanish imkoniyatlarini o'rganib chiqqan Folklendning kelajagi to'g'risida tadqiqot o'tkazishni buyurdi. Tadqiqot olib borildi Lord Shaklton, Antarktika tadqiqotchisining o'g'li, Ernest Shaklton. Argentina tadqiqotga g'azab bilan munosabatda bo'ldi va Lord Shackletonga orollarga Argentinadan sayohat qilishga ruxsat berishni rad etdi va inglizlarni Qirollik floti uni orollarga etkazish uchun kema. Bunga javoban Argentina Buyuk Britaniya bilan diplomatik aloqalarini uzdi. Keyinchalik Argentina dengiz kemasi Janubiy Jorjiyadagi otasining qabrini ziyorat qilayotganda Shakltonni olib ketayotgan kemani o'qqa tutdi.

Shakltonning hisobotida Folklend orollari ommabop e'tiqodga xilof ravishda o'zining iqtisodiy faoliyati natijasida ortiqcha hosil bo'lganligi va omon qolish uchun Britaniyaning yordamiga bog'liq emasligi aniqlandi. Shu bilan birga, hisobotda, ayniqsa, orollar atrofidagi suvdagi har qanday tabiiy resurslardan foydalanish natijasida iqtisodiy o'sishga erishish kerak bo'lsa, siyosiy kelishuv zarurligi ta'kidlangan.

1794 yilda chop etilgan jahon atlasidan xaritada suverenitetni tavsiflovchi marginal yozuvlar bilan to'ldirilgan: Folklendlar "birinchi kashf etish huquqi bilan Buyuk Britaniyaga tegishli edi", inglizlar "G'arbiy Folklandning shimolida" "qal'a va turar-joy" bo'lgan, ispanlar esa. "Sharqiy orolda qal'aga ega edi".

Argentina aholi punktlari

Amerikalik oddiy odam, polkovnik Jewett

Argentina mustaqilligini e'lon qildi 1816 yilda Ispaniyadan, garchi bu keyinchalik hech qanday yirik kuchlar tomonidan tan olinmagan bo'lsa. Buyuk Britaniya norasmiy ravishda 1823 yil 15-dekabrda Argentina mustaqilligini "Buenos-Ayres viloyati" deb tan oldi,[35] va rasmiy ravishda buni tan oldi 1825 yil 2-fevralda,[36]ammo, AQSh singari, yangi davlat da'vo qilgan hududning to'liq hajmini tan olmadi.[37]

1820 yil oktyabrda frekat Qahramon, amerikaliklar qo'mondonligi ostida xususiy Polkovnik Devid Jewett, kirib keldi Puerto Soledad sakkiz oylik sayohatdan so'ng va ekipajining aksariyati toshbaqa kasalligi va boshqa kasalliklarga qodir emas. Bo'ron kuchli shikast etkazdi Qahramon va Jewett tomonidan qaroqchilik qilgan portugaliyalik kemani cho'ktirgan Karlota.[38] Kapitan ingliz kashfiyotchisidan yordam so'radi Jeyms Ueddell kemani portga qo'yish. Ueddellning xabar berishicha, 200 kishilik qo'shimchadan atigi o'ttiz dengizchi va qirq askar xizmatga yaroqli bo'lgan va Gyutett isyonga urinish ortidan boshiga to'pponcha bilan uxlagan. 1820 yil 6-noyabrda Djevett Daryo Pleytning Birlashgan viloyatlari bayrog'ini ko'tarib, yangi davlat uchun orollarga egalik qilishni da'vo qildi. Weddellning xabar berishicha, u Jyettdan olgan maktubda shunday o'qilgan:[39]

Janob, Janubiy Amerikaning Birlashgan viloyat provinsiyalari oliy hukumati tomonidan ushbu orollarni tabiiy ravishda o'zlari belgilab qo'ygan mamlakat nomi bilan egallab olish uchun buyurgan ushbu portga kelganim to'g'risida sizga xabar berish sharafiga egaman. Ushbu vazifani bajarishda men barcha do'stona bayroqlarga nisbatan eng taniqli adolat va xushmuomalalik bilan harakat qilishni xohlayman. Asosiy maqsad, ehtiyojlari ularni orollarga tashrif buyurishga majbur qilgan yoki taklif qilayotganlarga etkazib berish manbalarini istaksiz yo'q qilinishini oldini olish va eng kam muammo va xarajatlar bilan ta'minot olishni talab qiladiganlarga yordam va yordam berishdir. Sizning fikrlaringiz ushbu buyurtmalar bilan ziddiyatga yoki raqobatga kirmasligi sababli va o'zaro manfaatdorlik shaxsiy suhbatlar natijasida kelib chiqishi mumkin deb o'ylayman, men sizni o'z kemamga tashrif buyurishga taklif qilaman, u erda sizni kutib olish paytida xursand bo'laman. zavq. Sizdan iltimos qilaman, sizning sohangizga keladigan bo'lsak, ushbu ma'lumotni ushbu atrofdagi boshqa ingliz sub'ektlariga etkazishingizni iltimos qilaman. Men janob Sening eng itoatkor kamtar xizmatkoring, imzolangan, Jewett, Janubiy Amerikaning Birlashgan viloyatlari dengiz floti polkovnigi va Heroina fregati qo'mondoni bo'lish sharafiga muyassar bo'ldim.

Ko'pgina zamonaviy mualliflar ushbu xatni Jewett tomonidan e'lon qilingan deklaratsiya sifatida xabar berishadi.[23] Jewettning Buenos-Ayres hukumatiga bergan hisobotida Folklend orollariga bo'lgan har qanday da'vo esga olinmagan,[40] va da'vo haqidagi xabar 1821 yil noyabr oyida ushbu voqeadan bir yil o'tib, Qo'shma Shtatlar va Evropa orqali Argentinaga etib bordi.[41]

Buenos-Ayres hukumati tomonidan 1829 yilda Folklend orollari va Keyp Hornga tutash orollarning harbiy va fuqarolik qo'mondoni etib tayinlangan Luis Vernet.

1823 yilda Buenos-Ayres hukumati erlarni berdi Sharqiy Folklend savdogarga qarzdor bo'lgan Buenos-Ayreslik tadbirkor Xorxe Pachekoga Luis Vernet.[42] Birinchi ekspeditsiya keyingi yili orollarga sayohat qilib, 1824 yil 2 fevralda Sharqiy Folklendga etib keldi. Bu muallif Meri Kavkel tomonidan "muvaffaqiyatsizlik" deb baholandi:[8]:31 "1824 yil fevralda kelganidan bir hafta o'tgach, Areguati umidsizlikka uchragan xatni Pachekoga yubordi."[12]:47 Uning rahbari Pablo Areguati edi, u o'zi bilan 25 gauchos olib kelgan. O'n kundan keyin Areguati, olib kelgan otlari juda zaif bo'lganligi sababli, ular yovvoyi mollarni tutib ololmasliklari va ularning yashash uchun yagona vositasi yovvoyi quyonlar bo'lganligi sababli mustamlaka yo'q bo'lib ketishini yozdi. 7 iyun kuni Areguati o'zi bilan 17 gaucho olib, orollarni tark etdi. 24-iyul kuni qolgan sakkiz gaucho qutqarildi Susanna Anne, ingliz muhri. Muvaffaqiyatsizlikdan so'ng, Pacheco o'z ulushini Vernetga sotishga rozi bo'ldi.[42]

1826 yilda ikkinchi urinish, inglizlar tomonidan sanktsiyalangan [12]:48 (ammo qishgacha Braziliya blokadasi tufayli kechiktirildi), orollarga etib kelganidan keyin ham muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi.[12]:52 1828 yilda Buenos-Ayres hukumati Vernetga butun Sharqiy Folklendni, shu jumladan barcha resurslarini, agar uch yil ichida mustamlaka tuzilishi mumkin bo'lsa, 20 yilga soliq to'lashdan ozod qildi. U ko'chmanchilarni, shu jumladan ingliz kapitani Metyu Brisbenni ham olib ketdi va ketishdan oldin yana Buenos-Ayresdagi Buyuk Britaniya konsulligidan ruxsat so'radi.[12]:50 Inglizlar orollar haqida Britaniya hukumati uchun hisobot berishni so'radilar va Vernet agar qaytib kelishsa, Britaniya himoyasini so'radi.[12][43]

Vernet Folklendga qaytgach, Puerto Soledad Puerto Luis deb o'zgartirildi. Boshchiligidagi Buenos-Ayres hukumati General Xuan Galo de Lavalle, 1829 yil 13 iyundagi farmon bilan Vernetni "Siyosiy va harbiy qo'mondon" etib tayinladi. Inglizlar bunga argentinaliklarning orollar bilan siyosiy va iqtisodiy aloqalarni rivojlantirishga urinishi sifatida qarshi chiqdilar. Vernetning birinchi harakatlaridan biri jilovlash edi muhr ovi kamayib borayotgan muhr populyatsiyasini saqlab qolish uchun orollarda. Bunga javoban inglizlar konsul da Buenos-Ayres bu harakatga norozilik bildirdi va o'z hukumatining da'vosini qayta ko'rib chiqdi. Ushbu davrda orolliklar tug'ilgan (shu jumladan, Vernetning qizi Malvina Mariya Vernet y Saez).[43]

Keyinchalik Vernet Amerikaning uchta kemasini hibsga oldi Harriet, Yuqori va Dalgalanma suvi, uning muhrni ovlash bo'yicha cheklovlariga bo'ysunmaslik uchun. The Dalgalanma suvi signalni ko'tarish uchun qochib ketgan va Yuqori o'z ishini Vernet manfaati uchun davom ettirishga ruxsat berildi. Bortdagi mulk Harriet qo'lga olindi va Vernet o'zi bilan qaytib keldi Buenos-Ayres kapitan uchun sud oldida. Amerikadagi Argentinadagi konsul Vernetning xatti-harakatlaridan norozi bo'lib, AQSh Folklenddagi Argentina suverenitetini tan olmasligini aytdi. Konsul harbiy kemani jo'natdi USS Leksington, ga Puerto Luis ga qayta olish musodara qilingan mol-mulk.

1831 yilga kelib, koloniya yangi kolonistlar uchun reklama qilish uchun muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldi, garchi kapitanning ma'ruzasi Leksington orollardagi sharoitlar juda achinarli ekanligini ko'rsatmoqda.[44][45] Kapitani Leksington o'z hisobotida u turar-joyning chang do'konini vayron qilganini va qurollarni uchirganini ta'kidlamoqda; ammo keyinchalik reyd paytida Argentinaning Puerto-Luisdagi aholi punkti vayron qilingan deb da'vo qilindi. Qaytish uchun ketayotganda Montevideo, kapitani Leksington orollarni deb e'lon qildi res nullius (hech kimning mulki).[43] (Darvinning 1833 yildagi tashrifi aholi punktidagi og'ir sharoitlarni tasdiqladi, garchi Vernetning o'rinbosari kapitan Metyu Brisben keyinchalik bularning hujumi natijasi deb ta'kidladi Leksington.)[26] Vernet 1831 yilda hujumdan oldin Buenos-Ayresga qaytib kelgan va gubernatorlikdan iste'fo bergan. Muvaqqat hokim, Esteban Xose Fransisko Mestivier, Buenos-Ayres hukumati tomonidan tayinlangan. U Puerto-Luisga o'z oilasi bilan birga samolyot kemasida kelgan Sarandi 1832 yil oktyabrda.[43] Mestivierning tayinlanishi yana Buyuk Britaniyaning Buenos-Ayresdagi konsulining noroziligiga sabab bo'ldi.

The Sarandi, uning sardori Xose Mariya Pinedoning buyrug'i bilan atrofdagi dengizlarni qo'riqlashni boshladi. Puerto Luisga 1832 yil 29-dekabrda qaytib kelgandan so'ng Sarandi g'alayonda koloniyani topdi. Pinedoning yo'qligida Gomila ismli odam boshchiligida g'alayon bo'lgan; Mestivier o'ldirilgan va uning rafiqasi zo'rlangan. Frantsiya kemasining kapitani Jan Jak shu bilan birga yordam ko'rsatib, qurolsizlantirdi va zo'ravonlarni qamoqqa oldi. Pinedo ingliz shunosi bilan Buenos-Ayresga mutantlarni yubordi Tez. Gomila surgun qilishga hukm qilindi, yana etti nafar isyonkor qatl etildi.

1833 yil 2-yanvarda kapitan Jon Onslou kelib, Pinedodan Argentina bayrog'ini inglizlar foydasiga tushirishi va Argentina ma'muriyati orollarni tark etishi to'g'risida yozma so'rov yubordi. Pinedo Argentina va Buyuk Britaniya o'rtasida urush e'lon qilingan-bo'lmaganligini so'radi; Onslow shunday deb javob berdi. Shunga qaramay, Pinedo juda jahldor va qurolsiz bo'lib, orollarni norozilik ostida tark etdi, britaniyalik ofitserlar tomonidan Argentina bayrog'i tushirilib, unga topshirildi. Materikka qaytib, Pinedo harbiy sudga duch keldi; u to'rt oyga to'xtatib qo'yilgan va armiyaga ko'chirilgan, ammo 1845 yilda dengiz flotiga chaqirilgan.

Suverenitet nizosi

Amerika muhrlaydigan kemalar Harriet va Dalgalanma suvi Vernet tomonidan olib qo'yilgan (yuqoriga qarang) ularning sug'urtalovchilariga qarshi da'volar keltirib chiqardi va 1839 yilda ushbu da'volar AQSh Oliy sudiga kelib tushdi. Uilyams Suffolk sug'urta kompaniyasiga qarshi.[46] Sug'urtalovchilarning ta'kidlashicha, Vernet Folklend orollarining qonuniy gubernatori bo'lgan, shuning uchun muhr noqonuniy bo'lgan va shuning uchun ular to'lashlari shart emas. Oliy sudning qarori:

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumati o'zining doimiy ijro etuvchi hokimiyati orqali Folklend orollari Buenos Ayres suvereniteti doirasidagi dominionlarning biron bir qismini tashkil etmasligini va bu orollardagi muhr baliq ovi savdo-sotiq ekanligini ta'kidlab kelmoqda va davom etmoqda. erkin va Qo'shma Shtatlar fuqarolari uchun qonuniy va Buenos Ayres hukumati tomonidan tartibga solish, taqiqlash yoki jazolash vakolatlaridan tashqarida, Qo'shma Shtatlar tuman sudining ushbu nomni boshqa dalillarni tekshirishi va aniqlashi vakolatli emas. Buenos Ayres hukumatining Folklend orollari suverenitetiga.

1850 yil Qaror to'g'risidagi konventsiya, aks holda Arana-Janubiy shartnomasi, orollarni eslatmagan, ikki mamlakat o'rtasidagi "mukammal do'stlik munosabatlarini" tiklashga kelishib oldi. 1885 yilgacha Argentina Folklend orollarini rasmiy homiylik qilingan xaritaga kiritgandan so'ng, boshqa norozilik namoyishlari bo'lmadi.[iqtibos kerak ]. 1888 yilda Argentina ushbu masalani hakamlik sudiga topshirishni taklif qildi, ammo Britaniya hukumati buni rad etdi.[iqtibos kerak ]. 1885 yilda qilingan norozilik namoyishidan tashqari, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati 1940 yillarga qadar Argentinaning bundan keyingi noroziliklarini tan olmadi, ammo Argentina hukumatining rasmiy pozitsiyasi quyidagicha: "Yigirmanchi asrning birinchi yarmida ketma-ket Argentina hukumatlari buni standartga aylantirdilar. noroziliklarni Buyuk Britaniyaga topshirish amaliyoti ".[47] Argentina hukumati ushbu yillik noroziliklarni aniqlamaydi, ammo Roberto Laver kabi mualliflarni[48] kamida "Buyuk Britaniyaga, Argentinada va xalqaro tashkilotlarga nisbatan suverenitetga oid 27 ta da'vo" da'vo qilish. Xalqaro huquqda, agar suverenitetga qarshi norozilik namoyishlari o'rtasida 50 yil va undan ko'proq vaqt bo'lsa, hududiy da'volar bekor qilingan deb hisoblanadi.[49][tekshirish uchun kotirovka kerak ]

Keyingi Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Britaniya imperiyasi rad etdi va ko'plab koloniyalar Osiyo, Afrika va Karib dengizi mustaqillikka erishdilar. Argentina buni Folklend orollari ustidan suverenitetni qo'lga kiritish uchun o'z imkoniyatini ilgari surish uchun imkoniyat deb bildi va bu masalani o'rtaga tashladi Birlashgan Millatlar, birinchi bo'lib 1945 yilda BMTga a'zo bo'lganidan keyin o'z da'vosini bildirgan. Ushbu da'vo ortidan Buyuk Britaniya Folklend orollariga bog'liqligi to'g'risidagi nizoni vositachilikka berishni taklif qildi. Xalqaro sud yilda Gaaga (1947,[50] 1948[51] va 1955 yil[51]). Har safar Argentina rad etdi.

1965 yilda Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti a qaror Buyuk Britaniya va Argentinani suverenitet masalasini tinch yo'l bilan hal qilish bo'yicha muzokaralarni davom ettirishga chaqirgan "bu qoidalar va maqsadlarni yodda tutadi" Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Ustavi va Bosh assambleyaning 1514 (XV) rezolyutsiyasi va Folklend orollari (Malvinas) aholisi manfaatlari. "[52]

Ikki xalq o'rtasida 1981 yilgacha bo'lgan keyingi 17 yil davomida bir qator muzokaralar bo'lib o'tdi, ammo suverenitet to'g'risida xulosa chiqara olmadi. Suverenitet muhokamalari Folklend va Argentina o'rtasida iqtisodiy va transport aloqalarini o'rnatishda bir muncha muvaffaqiyatga erishgan bo'lsa-da, orollarning suvereniteti masalasida hech qanday yutuqlarga erishilmadi.

Ikki xalq 1971 yilgi Aloqa to'g'risida bitimni imzolagandan so'ng,[53] shu orqali tashqi aloqa Folklend orollariga Argentina tomonidan taqdim etiladi Argentina havo kuchlari dan amfibiya parvozi bilan havo yo'lini ochib, orollarning havo yo'llarini izolyatsiyasini buzdi Komodoro Rivadaviya bilan Grumman HU-16B Albatros tomonidan boshqariladigan samolyotlar LADE, Argentina harbiy aviakompaniyasi. 1972 yilda argentinaliklarning iltimosidan so'ng Buyuk Britaniya Argentinaga Stenli yaqinida vaqtinchalik havo yo'lagi qurishga ruxsat berishga rozi bo'ldi. 1972 yil 15-noyabrda a ning birinchi kelishi bilan vaqtinchalik uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi ochildi Fokker F-27; keyingi reyslar haftasiga ikki marta etib bordi. 1978 yilda parvozlar yaxshilandi Fokker F-28 Britaniya hukumati tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan doimiy uchish-qo'nish yo'lagi tugagandan so'ng. Orollar bilan yagona havo aloqasi bo'lgan ushbu xizmat 1982 yilgi urushgacha saqlanib qolgan.[54][55][56]

Shuningdek YPF o'sha paytda Argentina milliy neft va gaz kompaniyasi bo'lgan, orolni muntazam ravishda etkazib berishga mas'ul bo'lgan.[57]

Angliya da'vosini qo'llab-quvvatlagan holda, Buyuk Britaniya hukumati urush boshlanishidan ikki yil oldin suverenitetni o'tkazish to'g'risida o'ylab ko'rdi.[58] Biroq, Britaniya hukumati Folklend orollari qabulxonasining kuchi tufayli manevr qilish uchun cheklangan joylarga ega edi Parlament uylari. Suverenitet masalasida Tashqi ishlar vazirligi tomonidan taklif qilingan har qanday chora orolliklar tomonidan qattiq qoralandi va ular Angliya bo'lib qolishga qaror qilishlarini yana bir bor ta'kidladilar. Bu Britaniya hukumatining huquqni saqlab turishiga olib keldi o'z taqdirini o'zi belgilash orol aholisi birinchi o'rinda turardi. Ammo Argentina orol aholisining huquqlarini tan olmadi va shu sababli suverenitet masalasida muzokaralar boshi berk ko'chada qoldi.[59]

1966 yilda bir guruh argentinalik millatchilar Aerolineas Argentinas DC-4 samolyotini olib qochdi va orollarni Argentina uchun zabt etish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz urinish qilib, uni Port Stenliga qo'nishga majbur qildi.

1976 yilda Argentina ekspeditsiyani qo'ymoqda Janubiy Thule,[60] orol Janubiy sendvich orollari o'sha paytda Folklend orollariga qaramlikning bir qismi bo'lgan. Buyuk Britaniyada qo'nish haqida faqat 1978 yilda xabar berilgan, biroq Britaniya hukumati kuchlarni yuborish tushunchasini rad etgan. Qirol dengiz piyodalari Argentina bazasini yo'q qilish Korbeta Urugvay.

1977 yilda Argentina dengiz kuchlari Port Stenli aeroportiga yoqilg'i etkazib berishni to'xtatganda va ular bundan buyon samolyotni uchirmaymiz, degan jiddiyroq to'qnashuv bo'lgan. Qizil Ensign Folklend suvlarida. (An'anaga ko'ra chet el suvidagi kemalar xushmuomalalik sifatida mamlakat dengiz bayrog'ini ko'tarib yurishar edi.) Buyuk Britaniya hukumati Argentinaning Janubiy Thule operatsiyasi uslubida yana bir ekspeditsiya o'tkazishiga shubha qilmoqda. Jeyms Kallagan, Buyuk Britaniya bosh vaziri, atom suv osti kemasini yuborishni buyurdi, HMS Qo'rquv va fregatlar Alacrity va Fibi Argentina dengiz floti bilan to'qnashuvda ishtirok etish qoidalari belgilanib, Janubiy Atlantika tomon. Inglizlar hattoki orollar atrofida taqiq zonasini tashkil etish haqida o'ylashdi, ammo bu masalani yanada kuchaytirganda rad etildi. Ushbu voqealar 1982 yilda Folklend urushi paytida parlament muhokamalariga qadar oshkor qilinmadi.

Folklend urushi

Folklend orollarining joylashishi
Asosiy maqola: Folklend urushi

1982 yildagi Folklend urushi bu orollarning suvereniteti uchun eng katta va eng og'ir qurolli to'qnashuv edi. Bu ishg'oldan keyin boshlandi Janubiy Jorjiya Argentina dengiz piyoda askarlarini o'z ichiga olgan argentinalik hurda savdogarlar tomonidan. Ammo, Buyuk Britaniya, shuningdek, orollardan chiqishini e'lon qilib, orollardagi ishtirokini kamaytirgan edi HMS Chidamlilik, Qirollik dengiz flotining muzqaytiruvchi kemasi va faqat Janubiy Atlantika okeanida doimiy mavjudligi. Buyuk Britaniya, shuningdek, Folklend orollari aholisini to'liq inglizlardan bosh tortdi fuqarolik ostida Britaniya fuqaroligi to'g'risidagi qonun 1981 yil.

Argentina dengiz floti bosh qo'mondoni, admiral Xorxe Anaya

1982 yilda Argentina halokatli iqtisodiy inqiroz va repressivlarga qarshi keng ko'lamli fuqarolik tartibsizliklari davrida edi harbiy xunta bu mamlakatni boshqarayotgan edi. 2 aprel kuni, bilan Argentina dengiz floti bosh qo'mondon Admiral Xorxe Anaya operatsiyaning asosiy me'mori va tarafdori sifatida, birlashgan argentinalik amfibiya kuchi orollarni bosib oldi. Darhol Buyuk Britaniya Argentina bilan diplomatik aloqalarni uzdi va orollarni qaytarib olish uchun tezkor guruh tuzishni boshladi. Iqtisodiy va harbiy sanktsiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun diplomatik hujum boshlandi. The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi berilgan sana Qaror 502 Argentinani orollardan kuchlarini olib chiqishga va ikkala tomonni ham diplomatik echim izlashga chaqirmoqda.[61] Boshqa qaror[62] zudlik bilan o't ochishni to'xtatishga chaqirdi, ammo bunga AQSh ham, Buyuk Britaniya ham veto qo'ydi. Evropa hamjamiyati bu bosqinchilikni qoraladi va Argentinaga qarshi iqtisodiy sanktsiyalarni qo'lladi, biroq EKning bir necha davlatlari Angliyaning ushbu sohadagi siyosati to'g'risida o'zlarining fikrlarini bildirishdi.[63] Frantsiya va G'arbiy Germaniya, shuningdek, Argentina harbiy kuchlari bilan bir qancha harbiy shartnomalarni vaqtincha to'xtatdi. Qo'shma Shtatlar davlat kotibi orqali vositachilik qilgan muzokaralarni qo'llab-quvvatladi Aleksandr Xeyg va dastlab neytral pozitsiyani egalladi, garchi bostirib kelgan paytdan boshlab Buyuk Britaniyaga katta miqdordagi moddiy yordam ko'rsatildi. AQSh tinchlik muzokaralari muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganidan keyin Buyuk Britaniyaning pozitsiyasini ommaviy ravishda qo'llab-quvvatladi.

Britaniyaning Tezkor guruhi 1982 yil 23 aprelda Argentinaga qarshi hujumni boshladi va qisqa muddatli dengiz qo'shinidan keyin Janubiy Jorjiyani qaytarib oldi. Folklend orollarini tiklash bo'yicha operatsiya 1 mayda boshlandi va shiddatli dengiz va havo aloqalaridan so'ng amfibiya qo'nish amalga oshirildi. San-Karlos ko'rfazi 21 may kuni. 14 iyun kuni Argentina kuchlari taslim bo'ldi va orollar ustidan nazorat Buyuk Britaniyaga qaytdi. Ikkita qirollik dengiz floti kemalari suzib ketishdi Janubiy sendvich orollari va Argentina harbiylarini chiqarib yubordi Tule oroli, Folklend orollari qaramliklarida Argentinaning mavjudligini qoldirmadi.

Urushdan keyingi urush

1982 yilgi urushdan keyin inglizlar Folklend orollarida o'zlarining ishtiroklarini ko'paytirdilar. RAF tog'i yoqimli qurilgan. Bu qiruvchi samolyotlarning orollarga asoslangan bo'lishiga imkon berdi va Buyuk Britaniyaning qisqa vaqt ichida orollarni mustahkamlash qobiliyatini kuchaytirdi. Harbiy garnizon sezilarli darajada ko'paytirildi va yangi garnizon tashkil etildi Janubiy Jorjiya. Qirollik floti Janubiy Atlantika patrul xizmati ikkala HMSni ham o'z ichiga olishi uchun mustahkamlandi Chidamlilik va Folklend orollari qo'riqchi kemasi.[64]

Ushbu harbiy qurilish bilan bir qatorda Buyuk Britaniya ham o'tgan Britaniya millati (Folklend orollari) to'g'risidagi qonun 1983 yil, bu orol aholisiga to'liq Buyuk Britaniya fuqaroligini berdi. Britaniyaning orollarga bo'lgan sadoqatini ko'rsatish uchun yuqori martabali ingliz arboblari Folklendga, shu jumladan Margaret Tetcher, Uels shahzodasi va Malika Aleksandra, hurmatli xonim Ogilvi. Buyuk Britaniya, shuningdek, Folklend urushi paytida Britaniya kuchlariga yordam bergan Chilidan orollar bilan aloqalarni davom ettirdi. LATAM endi Pleasant tog'idan Chiliga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri havo aloqasini ta'minlaydi.[65]

1985 yilda Folklend orollariga bog'liqliklar, o'sha paytda Janubiy Jorjiya va Janubiy Sandvich orollari orol guruhlarini va Shag qoyalari va Klerke toshlari, aniq bo'ldi Buyuk Britaniyaning xorijdagi hududi — Janubiy Jorjiya va Janubiy sendvich orollari.

1985 yil konstitutsiyasiga binoan Folklend orollari hukumati (FIG) gubernator hukumat boshlig'i va qirolicha vakili bo'lgan parlament vakolatiga ega demokratik qaramlikka aylandi. FIG a'zolari demokratik yo'l bilan saylanadi, gubernator amalda taniqli shaxs hisoblanadi. Nazariy jihatdan gubernator 1985 yil konstitutsiyasiga binoan ijro hokimiyatini amalga oshirish vakolatiga ega, amalda u maslahatlashishga majburdir Ijroiya kengashi uning funktsiyalarini amalga oshirishda. Hokimning asosiy vazifalari tashqi ishlar va davlat xizmatlari.[66] Ushbu konstitutsiyaga muvofiq, Folklend orollari tashqi siyosatdan tashqari o'zini o'zi boshqaradi, garchi FIG o'zini o'zi namoyish qilsa Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Decolonizatsiya bo'yicha maxsus qo'mitasi chunki Britaniya hukumati endi qatnashmaydi.

1982 yildan keyin Buyuk Britaniya va Argentina o'rtasidagi munosabatlar dushman bo'lib qoldi va 1989 yilda diplomatik munosabatlar tiklandi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Bosh assambleyasi Buyuk Britaniya va Argentinani orollarning kelajagi bo'yicha muzokaralarga qaytishga chaqirgan rezolyutsiya qabul qilgan bo'lsa ham,[67] Buyuk Britaniya orollar suvereniteti bo'yicha boshqa muzokaralarni rad etdi. Buyuk Britaniya, shuningdek, Argentinaga qurol eksporti ustidan nazoratni saqlab qoldi,[68] garchi bu 1998 yilda tinchlangan bo'lsa.[69]

Prezident Kristina Fernandes de Kirchner Folklend urushining 30 yilligini nishonlash paytida so'zga chiqdi Ushuaia, 2012 yil 2 aprel

1990-yillarda Buyuk Britaniya va Argentina o'rtasidagi munosabatlar yanada yaxshilandi. 1998 yilda, Karlos Menem, Argentina prezidenti, Londonga tashrif buyurdi va u erda orolining mamlakatiga bo'lgan da'volarini yana bir bor tasdiqladi, garchi u Argentina ularni tiklash uchun faqat tinch yo'llardan foydalanishi kerakligini aytdi. 2001 yilda, Toni Bler, Buyuk Britaniyaning Bosh vaziri, Argentinaga tashrif buyurdi va Buyuk Britaniya va Argentina 1982 yilgi urushga olib kelgan kelishmovchiliklarni hal qilishlariga umid qilishini aytdi. Biroq, tashrif davomida suverenitet to'g'risida hech qanday muzokara o'tkazilmadi va Argentina prezidenti Néstor Kirchner stated that he regarded gaining sovereignty over the islands as a "top priority" of his government.[70]

Argentina renewed claims in June 2006, citing concern over fishing and petroleum rights; the UK changed from annually granting fishing concessions, to granting a 25-year concession.[71] On 28 March 2009, UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown stated that there was "nothing to discuss" with Kristina Kirchner, the Argentine president, over sovereignty of the islands, when they met in Chile on his pre-2009 yil G-20 London sammiti dunyo bo'ylab sayohat.[72] On 22 April 2009 Argentina presented to the UN a formal claim to an area of the continental shelf encompassing the Falklands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, and parts of Antarctica, citing 11 years worth of maritime survey data.[73] The UK quickly protested these claims.[74]

In February 2010, in response to British plans to begin drilling for oil,[75] the Argentine government announced that ships travelling to the Falklands (as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands) would require a permit to use Argentine territorial waters. The British and Falkland governments stated that this announcement did not affect the waters surrounding the islands.[76][77] Despite the new restrictions, Desire Petroleum began drilling for oil on 22 February 2010, about 54 nautical miles (100 km, 62 mi) north of the Islands.[78]

2011 yilda Mercosur bloc agreed to close ports to ships flying the Falkland Islands flags, while British-flagged ships would continue to be allowed.[79]

In March 2013 the Falkland Islanders voted overwhelmingly in a referendum for the territory to remain British. Argentina dismissed this referendum.[80][81] The British Government urged Argentina and other countries to respect the islanders' wishes.[82]

Current claims

Shuningdek qarang: Folklend orollari nomlari ro'yxati

Argentina

Falklands War memorial in Argentina, 2015

The Argentine government argues that it has maintained a claim over the Falkland Islands since 1833, and renewed it as recently as December 2012.[83] It considers the archipelago part of the Tierra del Fuego viloyati, bilan birga Janubiy Jorjiya va Janubiy sendvich orollari.

Supporters of the Argentine position make the following claims:

  • That sovereignty of the islands was transferred to Argentina from Spain upon independence in 1816,[84] a principle known as uti possidetis juris.
  • That the British dropped their claim by murosaga kelish by not protesting the many years of pacific and effective Spanish occupation, after the abandonment of Port Egmont.[85][86][87] :34–35
  • That, in addition to uti possidetis juris, sovereignty was obtained when the islands were formally claimed in Argentina's name in 1820, followed by Argentina's confirmation and effective occupation from 1826 to 1833.[88][89][90]
  • Bu establishment of British amalda rule on the Falklands in 1833 (referred to as an "act of force" by Argentina) was illegal under international law, and this has been noted and protested by Argentina on 17 June 1833 and repeated in 1841, 1849, 1884, 1888, 1908, 1927, 1933, 1946, and yearly thereafter in the UN.[91][92]
  • That the principle of self-determination is not applicable since the current inhabitants are not aboriginal and were brought to replace the Argentine population (see below).[93]
  • That the principle of self-determination does not apply to this sovereignty question because, as Argentina argues, the current inhabitants are a "transplanted population", of British character and nationality, not a distinct "people" as required by external self-determination doctrine.[93][94][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]
  • That self-determination is further rendered inapplicable due to the disruption of the territorial integrity of Argentina that began with a forceful removal of its authorities in the islands in 1833, thus there is a failure to comply with an explicit requirement of UN Resolution 1514 (XV).[93][94]
  • That the UN ratified this inapplicability of self-determination when the Assembly rejected proposals to condition sovereignty on the wishes of the islanders.[93]
  • That the islands are located on the continental shelf facing Argentina, which would give them a claim, as stated in the 1958 UN Convention on the Continental Shelf.[95]
  • That Great Britain was looking to extend its territories in the Americas as shown with the Río de la Plataning inglizlar tomonidan bosib olinishi yil oldin.[96]

The Nootka Sound Conventions

In 1789, both the United Kingdom and Spain attempted settlement in the Nootka tovushi, kuni Vankuver oroli. On 25 October 1790, these two Kingdoms approved the Nootka Sound Convention. The Conventions included provisions recognising that the coasts and islands of South America colonised by Spain at the time were Spanish, and that areas south of the southernmost settlements were off limits to both countries, provided (in a secret article) that no third party settled there either. The conventions were unilaterally repudiated by Spain in 1795[iqtibos kerak ] but implicitly revived by the Madrid shartnomasi 1814 yilda.[iqtibos kerak ]

The sixth article of the convention states:[97]

It is further agreed with respect to the eastern and western coasts of South America and the islands adjacent, that the respective subjects shall not form in the future any establishment on the parts of the coast situated to the south of the parts of the same coast and of the islands adjacent already occupied by Spain; it being understood that the said respective subjects shall retain the liberty of landing on the coasts and islands so situated for objects connected with their fishery and of erecting thereon huts and other temporary structures serving only those objects.

Whether or not this affected sovereignty over the islands is disputed. The British argue that the agreement did not affect the respective claims and only stipulated that neither party would make further establishments on the coasts or "adjacent" islands already held by Spain.[98] Argentina argues that "the islands adjacent" includes the Falklands and that the UK renounced any claim by the agreements.[99]

Argentina konstitutsiyasi

The Argentine claim is included in the transitional provisions of the Argentina konstitutsiyasi kabi amended in 1994:[100][101]

The Argentine Nation ratifies its legitimate and non-prescribing sovereignty over the Malvinas, Georgias del Sur and Sandwich del Sur Islands and over the corresponding maritime and insular zones, as they are an integral part of the National territory.The recovery of these territories and the full exercise of sovereignty, respecting the way of life for its inhabitants and according to the principles of international law, constitute a permanent and unwavering goal of the Argentine people.

In addition, Argentina demonstrates its claim to the islands by stating they are part of its Tierra del Fuego viloyati.

Birlashgan Qirollik

The UK exercises both de-yure va amalda control over the islands

In 1964 the Argentine government raised the matter at the Birlashgan Millatlar in a sub-committee of the Special Committee on the situation with regard to the implementation of the UN Declaration of the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. In reply, the British Representative on the committee declared that the British Government held that the question of sovereignty over the islands was "not negotiable". Following a report by the Special Committee, UN General Assembly Resolution 2065 was passed on 16 December 1965. In its preamble it referred to the UN's "cherished aim to bring colonialism to an end everywhere", and invited both nations to proceed with negotiations to find a peaceful solution bearing in mind "the interests of the population of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas)".[52][102]

In January 1966 the British Foreign Secretary, Michael Stewart, visited Buenos Aires when the Argentine claim to the islands was raised with him, following which, in July, a preliminary meeting was held in London, where the British delegation "formally rejected" the Argentine Ambassador's suggestion that the UK's occupation of the Islands was illegal.[102]

On 2 December 1980, Nikolas Ridli, Minister of State at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, stated in the Jamiyat palatasi: "We have no doubt about our sovereignty over the Falkland Islands... we have a perfectly valid title".[102] The British government regards the right of the islanders to self-determination as "paramount"[102][103] and rejects the idea of negotiations over sovereignty without the islanders' consent.[104] Supporters of the British position argue:

  • Bu o'z taqdirini belgilash is a universal right enshrined in BMT nizomi, and applies in the case of the Falkland Islanders.[105][106]
  • That the 2013 referendum, in which 99.8% of Falklands voters voted to remain a Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududi on a 92% turnout, was an exercise in self-determination that "demonstrated beyond all doubt" the islanders' views on the dispute; and that the result should be respected by all other countries including Argentina.[107][108][109]
  • That the UK both claimed and settled the islands in 1765 before Argentina existed.[98]
  • That the 1771 Anglo-Spanish agreement preserved the claims of both Spain and Britain, not Spain alone.[41]
  • That the UK abandoned its settlement in 1774 due to economic pressures, but left a plaque behind proving sovereignty was not relinquished.[98]
  • Bu Nootka Sound Convention only stipulated against further establishments and did not affect existing claims to sovereignty.[98]
  • Bu uti possidetis juris "is not a universally accepted principle of international law" and Argentina could not inherit the islands upon independence anyway as Spain did not have amalda control since 1811.[110]
  • That Argentina's attempts to colonise the islands were ineffectual and there was no indigenous or settled population before British settlement.[106]
  • That in 1833 an Argentine garrison was expelled but the civilian residents were encouraged to stay.[41]
  • That the islands have been continuously and peacefully occupied by the UK since 1833, with the exception of "2 months of illegal occupation" by Argentina.[106]
  • Bu Arana-Southern Treaty of 1850 (the 'Convention of Settlement'), ended all possible claims by Argentina on the Falkland Islands.[41][111]
  • That Argentine leaders indicated in the 1860s that there was no dispute between Argentina and the UK, and that Argentine maps printed between 1850 and 1884 did not show the islands as part of Argentina.[41]
  • That the UN Dekolonizatsiya bo'yicha maxsus qo'mita resolutions calling for negotiations "are flawed because they make no reference to the Islanders' right to choose their own future".[106]
  • The Yevropa Ittifoqi Lissabon shartnomasi ratifies that the Falkland Islands belong to the United Kingdom.[103]

Folklend orollari konstitutsiyasi

The Folklend orollari konstitutsiyasi, which came into force on 1 January 2009, claims the right to self-determination, specifically mentioning political, economic, cultural, and other matters.[112]

International and regional views

Argentina has pursued an aggressive diplomatic agenda, regularly raising the issue and seeking international support. Ko'pchilik Janubiy Amerika countries have expressed support for the Argentine position and called for negotiations to restart at regional summits.[113] The Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi has backed Argentina's sovereignty claim, reciprocating Argentina's support of the PRC claim to Tayvan.[114] Conversely, the Republic of China on Taiwan acknowledges British sovereignty and ignores Argentina's sovereignty claim.[115]

Since 1964, Argentina has lobbied its case at the Decolonization Committee of the UN, which annually recommends dialogue to resolve the dispute. The BMT Bosh assambleyasi has passed several resolutions on the issue. In 1988, the General Assembly reiterated a 1965 request that both countries negotiate a peaceful settlement to the dispute and respect the interests of the Falkland Islanders and the principles of UN GA resolution 1514.[116]

The United States and the European Union recognise the de facto administration of the Falkland Islands and take no position over their sovereignty;[114][117] however, the EU classifies the islands as an overseas country or territory of the UK, subject to EU law in some areas. The Millatlar Hamdo'stligi listed the islands as a Britaniyaning chet eldagi hududi in their 2012 yearbook.[118] Da OAS summits Canada has continued to state its support for the islanders' right to self-determination.[119][120]

  • Map of the Islands, with British names
  • Map of the Islands, with Argentine names

Izohlar

  1. ^ The United Kingdom was called the Buyuk Britaniya va Irlandiya Birlashgan Qirolligi gacha Qirollik va parlament unvonlari to'g'risidagi qonun 1927 yil, quyidagi Angliya-Irlandiya shartnomasi in 1922. The current name Buyuk Britaniya va Shimoliy Irlandiyaning Birlashgan Qirolligi has been in use since 1927.

Adabiyotlar

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  3. ^ de Bougainville, Louis (4 October 1766). "Instrumento que otorgó M. Bougainville para la entrega de las Malvinas" [Document from M. Bougainville for delivery of the Falklands] (PDF) (ispan tilida). Dirección General de Cultura y Educación, Buenos Aires Provincia, Argentina. Olingan 31 mart 2013. the expenses incurred by the St. Malo Company in equipments for founding their intrusive establishments in the Malvina Islands
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