Ernest Shaklton - Ernest Shackleton - Wikipedia

"Shaklton" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Shaklton (ajralish).

Janob

Ernest Shaklton

CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS
Ernest Shaklton 1909.jpggacha
Kotibi Shotlandiya qirollik geografik jamiyati
Ofisda
1904 yil 11-yanvar - 1905 yil 10-noyabr (1904-01-11 – 1905-11-10)
OldingiFrederik Marshman Beyli
MuvaffaqiyatliUilyam Laklan Forbes
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Ernest Genri Shaklton

(1874-02-15)15 fevral 1874 yil
Kilkea, Kildare okrugi, Irlandiya
O'ldi1922 yil 5-yanvar(1922-01-05) (47 yosh)
Gritviken, Janubiy Jorjiya
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1904 yildan keyin)​
BolalarEdvard Shaklton
QarindoshlarKetlin Shaklton (opa)
Ta'limDulvich kolleji
Mukofotlar
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat Birlashgan Qirollik
FilialQirollik floti, Britaniya armiyasi
Xizmat yillari1901–1907, 1917–1919
RankLeytenant (RNR ), katta
Urushlar

Ser Ernest Genri Shaklton CVO OBE FRGS FRSGS (/ˈʃækəltən/; 1874 yil 15 fevral - 1922 yil 5 yanvar) an Angliya-Irlandiya Antarktida tadqiqotchisi ga uchta ingliz ekspeditsiyasini olib borgan Antarktika. U davr nomi bilan tanilgan asosiy shaxslardan biri edi Antarktida qidiruvining qahramonlik davri.

Tug'ilgan Kilkea, Kildare okrugi, Irlandiya, Shaklton va uning Angliya-Irlandiya oila[1] ko'chib o'tdi Sydenxem Londonning janubida, o'n yoshida. Shakltonning qutb mintaqalarini birinchi tajribasi kapitanning uchinchi zobiti sifatida bo'lgan Robert Falcon Scott "s Kashfiyot ekspeditsiya 1901-1904 yillarda, u sog'lig'i sababli uyiga erta yuborilgan, u va uning hamrohlari Skott va Edvard Adrian Uilson 82 ° S kenglik tomon yurish orqali yangi janubiy rekord o'rnatdi. Davomida Nimrod ekspeditsiya 1907-1909 yillarda u va uning sheriklari yangi rekord o'rnatdilar Eng janubiy kenglik 88 ° S da, faqat 97 ga tenggeografik millar (112 nizom millari dan 180 km) Janubiy qutb, qidiruv tarixidagi qutbga eng katta avans. Shuningdek, uning jamoasi a'zolari ko'tarilishdi Erebus tog'i, eng faol Antarktika vulqoni. Ushbu yutuqlar uchun Shaklton ritsar tomonidan tayinlangan Qirol Edvard VII uyiga qaytganda.

Janubiy qutbga poyga so'ng 1911 yil dekabrda tugadi Roald Amundsen Shackleton g'alaba qozonib, Antarktidani qutb orqali dengizdan dengizga o'tishga e'tibor qaratdi. Shu maqsadda u nima bo'lishiga tayyorgarlik ko'rdi Imperial Trans-Antarktika ekspeditsiyasi, 1914-1917. Ushbu ekspeditsiyani uning kemasi halokatga uchradi, Chidamlilik, tuzoqqa tushib qoldi muz to'plang va qirg'oq tomonlari qo'nishidan oldin asta-sekin ezilgan. Ekipaj parchalanib ketguncha dengiz muzida lager qilib, so'ngra qutqaruv kemalarini uchirib qochib qutuldi. Fil oroli va oxir-oqibat Janubiy Jorjiya oroli, 720 dengiz milini (1330 km; 830 mil) tashkil etgan bo'ronli okean safari va Shakltonning eng mashhur ekspluati. 1921 yilda u yana qaytib keldi Antarktika bilan Shaklton - Rovett ekspeditsiyasi, ammo uning kemasi Janubiy Jorjiya shtatida bo'lganida yurak xurujidan vafot etdi. Xotinining iltimosiga binoan, u o'sha erda dafn etilgan.

Ekspeditsiyalaridan uzoqda bo'lgan Shakkltonning hayoti umuman notinch va bajarilmagan edi. Boylik va xavfsizlikka olib boradigan tezkor yo'llarni izlashda u muvaffaqiyatga erisha olmagan biznes-korxonalarni boshladi va u qarzga botib o'ldi. O'limidan so'ng, u matbuotda maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi, ammo keyinchalik u deyarli unutildi, uning raqibi Skottning qahramonlik obro'si o'nlab yillar davomida saqlanib qoldi. Keyinchalik 20-asrda Shaklton "qayta kashf etildi".[2] U tezkorlik bilan etakchilik uchun namuna bo'ldi, o'ta og'ir sharoitlarda jamoasini madaniy tarixchi Stefani Barsevskiy "aql bovar qilmaydigan" deb ta'riflagan omon qolish haqidagi hikoyada saqlab qoldi.[3]

Uning 1956 yilgi murojaatida Britaniya ilmiy assotsiatsiyasi, Janob Raymond Priestli, uning zamondoshlaridan biri, "Skott ilmiy uslub uchun, Amundsen tezlik va samaradorlik uchun, ammo falokat yuz berganda va barcha umidlar yo'qolganda, tiz cho'kib, Shakklton uchun ibodat qiling" dedi. Apsley Cherry-Garrard 1922 yilgi xotirasiga muqaddimada yozgan edi Dunyodagi eng yomon sayohat. 2002 yilda Shaklton BBC so'rovnomasida o'n birinchi o'rinni egalladi 100 Buyuk Britaniyalik.

Dastlabki yillar

Bolalik

12 Westwood Hill-da joylashgan Ernest Shakltonning uyini nishonlagan ko'k plaket, Sydenxem, Londonning Lewisham tumani

Shaklton 1874 yil 15 fevralda tug'ilgan Kilkea, Kildare okrugi, Irlandiya. Uning otasi Genri Shaklton armiyaga kirmoqchi bo'lgan, ammo sog'lig'i yomonligi bunga imkon bermagan. U Kilkeada joylashib, o'rniga fermer bo'ldi. Shaklton oilasi ingliz tilidan kelib chiqqan, xususan Yorkshir. Ibrohim Shaklton, ingliz Quaker, 1726 yilda Irlandiyaga ko'chib o'tdi va maktabni boshladi Ballitore, County Kildare. Shakltonning onasi Henrietta Letitiya Sofiya Gavan Fitzmaurice oilasidan chiqqan.[4] Ernest ularning o'n farzandining ikkinchisi va ikki o'g'ilning birinchisi edi; ikkinchisi, Frank, 1907 yilda o'g'irlikda gumon qilinuvchi sifatida tanilib, keyinchalik oqlandi Irlandiya toj taqinchoqlari.[5]

1880 yilda, Ernest olti yoshida, Genri Shaklton tibbiyot sohasida o'qish uchun er egasi sifatida hayotidan voz kechdi. Trinity kolleji, Dublin, oilasini shaharga ko'chirmoqda.[6] To'rt yil o'tgach, oila yana Irlandiyadan ko'chib keldi Sydenxem shahar atrofi Londonda. Qisman bu yangi malakaga ega bo'lgan shifokor uchun yanada yaxshi professional istiqbollarni qidirishda edi, ammo yana bir omil Irlandiyalik millatchilar tomonidan o'ldirilganidan keyin ularning ingliz-irland ajdodlariga nisbatan bezovtalik bo'lishi mumkin. Lord Frederik Kavendish, Buyuk Britaniyaning Irlandiya bo'yicha kotibi, 1882 yilda.[6] Biroq, Shaklton Irlandiyalik ildizlari bilan umrbod mag'rurlanib, tez-tez "Men irlandman" deb e'lon qildi.[7]

Ta'lim

Erta bolalikdan Shaklton ashaddiy o'quvchi edi, bu mashg'ulot sarguzashtlarga ishtiyoqni qo'zg'atdi.[8] U o'n bir yoshigacha gubernator tomonidan o'qitilib, G'arbiy Xilldagi Fir Lodge tayyorgarlik maktabida boshlagan, Dulvich, Londonning janubi-sharqida. O'n uch yoshida u kirdi Dulvich kolleji.[6] Yosh Shaklton o'zini olim sifatida alohida ajratib ko'rsatmadi va uning o'qishlaridan "zerikkan" deyishdi.[6]

Keyinchalik uning so'zlari keltirilgan edi: "Men maktabda hech qachon ko'p geografiyani o'rganmaganman ... Adabiyot ham buyuk shoirlarimiz va nasr yozuvchilarimizning ba'zi parchalarini ajratish, tahlil qilish, tahlil qilishdan iborat edi ... o'qituvchilar juda yaxshi bo'lishlari kerak. [shogirdlarining] she'riyatga bo'lgan didini har doim buzib yubormaslik uchun uni vazifa va majburiy qilib qo'ying. "[6] Maktabdagi so'nggi kursida u hali ham o'ttiz bir sinfda beshinchi o'rinni egallashga muvaffaq bo'ldi.[9]

Savdo floti ofitseri

Shaklton 1901 yilda, 27 yoshida

Shakltonning maktabdagi notinchligi shu ediki, unga 16 yoshida chiqib, dengizga borishga ruxsat berildi.[10] Mavjud variantlar a Qirollik floti kadetlik Britaniya Shakltonning imkoni bo'lmagan; merkantil dengiz kursant kemalari Vester va Konvey; yoki yelkanli kemada "ustundan oldin" shogirdlik. Uchinchi variant tanlandi.[10] Uning otasi unga Shimoliy G'arbiy Yuk tashish kompaniyasida kemada o'tirgan joyni berishga muvaffaq bo'ldi to'rtburchaklar yelkanli kema Xogton minorasi.[10]

Keyingi to'rt yil davomida dengizda Shaklton o'z kasbini o'rganib, dunyoning chekka burchaklarida bo'lib, turli xil qatlamlardan bo'lgan turli odamlar bilan tanishishni boshladi, har xil erkaklar bilan uyda bo'lishni o'rgandi.[11] 1894 yil avgustda u ikkinchi turmush o'rtog'i uchun imtihondan o'tdi va a-da uchinchi ofitser lavozimini qabul qildi tramp paroxod Welsh Shire Line.[11] Ikki yil o'tgach, u birinchi turmush o'rtog'ining chiptasini qo'lga kiritdi va 1898 yilda u dunyoning istalgan nuqtasida Britaniya kemasini boshqarish huquqiga ega bo'lgan usta dengizchi sifatida sertifikatlandi.[11]

1898 yilda Shaklton qo'shildi Union-Castle liniyasi, o'rtasida oddiy pochta va yo'lovchi tashuvchi Sautgempton va Keyptaun. U kema do'sti yozganidek, "odatdagi yosh ofitserimizdan ketish", o'z kompaniyasidan qoniqmayotgan bo'lsa-da, "Keats [and] Browning-dan chiziqlar chiqargan", sezgirlik va tajovuz aralashmasi, ammo xayrixoh.[12] Kasallik paydo bo'lganidan keyin Boer urushi 1899 yilda Shaklton harbiy qismga o'tdi Tintagel qal'asi 1900 yil mart oyida u otasi leytenant Sedrik Longstaff bilan uchrashdi, uning otasi Llevellin V. Longstaff ning asosiy moliyaviy yordamchisi bo'lgan Milliy Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi keyin Londonda tashkil etilgan.[13]

Shaklton ekspeditsiyada joy olish maqsadida o'g'li bilan tanishini Longstaffning katta vakili bilan intervyu olish uchun ishlatgan. Longstaff, Shekltonning g'ayrioddiyligidan ta'sirlanib, uni serga tavsiya qildi Klements Markxem, ekspeditsiya xo'jayini, Shakltonning qabul qilinishini xohlaganligini aniq ko'rsatib berdi.[13] 1901 yil 17-fevralda uni ekspeditsiya kemasiga uchinchi ofitser etib tayinlash Kashfiyot tasdiqlandi; 4 iyunda u podpolkovnik unvoniga ega bo'lgan Qirollik dengiz flotiga ishga qabul qilindi Qirollik dengiz qo'riqxonasi.[14][15] Rasmiy ravishda "Union-Castle" dan ta'tilga chiqqan bo'lsa-da, bu aslida Shakltonning "Merchant Navy" xizmatining oxiri edi.[13]

Kashfiyot ekspeditsiya, 1901-1903 yy

Kashfiyot Antarktika suvlarida

The Britaniya milliy antarktida ekspeditsiyasi deb nomlanuvchi Kashfiyot kemadan keyin ekspeditsiya Kashfiyot, Ser Klements Markxemning ishi edi Qirollik geografik jamiyati va ko'p yillar davomida tayyorgarlik ko'rgan. Bunga rahbarlik qilgan Robert Falcon Scott, Qirollik floti torpedo leytenanti so'nggi paytlarda qo'mondon lavozimiga ko'tarildi[16] ilmiy va geografik kashfiyotlarni o'z ichiga olgan maqsadlarga ega edi.[17]

Garchi Kashfiyot Qirollik dengiz floti bo'linmasi emas edi, Skot ekipaj, ofitserlar va ilmiy xodimlardan Dengiz intizomi to'g'risidagi qonun shartlariga bo'ysunishni talab qildi va kema va ekspeditsiya Qirollik dengiz floti yo'nalishlarida ishladi.[18] Shackleton buni qabul qildi, garchi uning kelib chiqishi va instinktlari etakchilikning boshqa, norasmiy uslubini ma'qullagan bo'lsa ham.[19] Shakltonning o'ziga xos vazifalari quyidagicha sanab o'tilgan: "Dengiz suvini tahlil qilish uchun mas'ul. Konditsionerlar uchun ovqatlanish xonasi. Do'konlar, do'konlar va oziq-ovqat uchun mas'ul [...] Shuningdek, u o'yin-kulgilarni tashkil qiladi."[20]

Kashfiyot orqali Antarktika sohiliga etib kelgan 1901 yil 31-iyulda Londondan jo'nab ketdi Keyptaun va Yangi Zelandiya, 1902 yil 8-yanvarda. Yerga tushgandan so'ng, Shaklton 4-fevral kuni eksperimental balon parvozida qatnashdi.[21] U olimlar bilan birga ishtirok etdi Edvard Adrian Uilson va Xartli Ferrar, ekspeditsiyaning qishki qarorgohidan birinchi chana safari paytida McMurdo Sound, uchun xavfsiz yo'lni tashkil etgan sayohat Katta muz to'sig'i.[22] 1902 yilgi Antarktika qish paytida, muzlatilgan chegarada Kashfiyot, Shaklton ekspeditsiya jurnalini tahrir qildi The South Polar Times.[23]

Styuardning so'zlariga ko'ra Klarens Xare, u "ekipaj orasida ofitserlarning eng mashhuri, yaxshi mikser" edi,[24] garchi bu Skottning norasmiy raqib etakchisidir degan da'volar qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydi.[25] Skott Uekltonni va ekspeditsiyaning janubiy safari chog'ida Janubiy qutb yo'nalishi bo'yicha eng yuqori kenglikka erishish uchun janub tomon yurish uchun Shakkltonni tanladi. Ushbu yurish qutbga jiddiy urinish emas edi, garchi yuqori kenglikka erishish Skott uchun katta ahamiyatga ega bo'lsa va Shakltonning kiritilishi shaxsiy ishonchning yuqori darajasini ko'rsatdi.[25][26]

Robert Falcon Scott

Partiya 1902 yil 2-noyabrda yo'lga chiqdi. Yurish, keyinchalik Skott yozganidek, "muvaffaqiyat va muvaffaqiyatsizlik kombinatsiyasi" edi.[27] Rekord Eng janubiy kengligi 82 ° 17 'ga etib, 1900 yilda o'rnatilgan avvalgi rekordni ortda qoldirdi Karsten Borchgrevink.[a][28] Safarga ovqatlari ifloslangan va tezda kasal bo'lib qolgan itlarning yomon ishlashi sabab bo'ldi.[29] Yurish paytida 22 ta itning hammasi nobud bo'ldi. Uch kishi ba'zida qor ko'rligidan, muzlashdan va oxir-oqibat azob chekishgan. shilliqqurt. Qaytish safarida Shaklton o'z tan olishicha "buzilgan" va endi bu ishdagi ulushini bajara olmagan.[30]

Keyinchalik u Skottning da'vosini rad etdi Kashfiyotning sayohati, u tomonidan olib borilganligi chana.[31] U jiddiy zaiflashgan holatda edi; Uilsonning 14-yanvar kuni yozgan kundalik yozuvida shunday deyilgan: "Shaklton shunchaki o'zgacha narsa edi, va bugungi kunda u juda yomon, juda qisqa shamollaydi va doimo yo'taladi, bu erda tafsilotlarni aytib o'tishni talab qilmaydigan jiddiy alomatlar bilan, ammo hech qanday oqibati yo'q. kemadan yuz oltmish mil uzoqlikda ".

1903 yil 4-fevralda partiya nihoyat kemaga etib bordi. Tibbiy tekshiruvdan so'ng (natijasi aniqlanmagan),[32] Skott Shakltonni yordam kemasida uyiga jo'natishga qaror qildi Tong, 1903 yil yanvar oyida MakMurdo Ovozga kelgan. Skot shunday deb yozgan edi: "U hozirgi sog'lig'ida boshqa qiyinchiliklarga duch kelmasligi kerak".[32] Skottning uni olib tashlashdagi sababi Shakltonning mashhurligidan norozi bo'lganligi va sog'lig'i undan qutulish uchun bahona sifatida ishlatilgan degan taxminlar mavjud.[33]

Scott, Wilson va Shackleton vafotidan bir necha yil o'tgach, Albert Armitaj, ekspeditsiyaning ikkinchi qo'mondoni janubiy safarda janjal kelib chiqqan deb da'vo qildi va Skott kema shifokoriga "agar u kasalga qaytmasa, u sharmandalik bilan qaytadi" deb aytgan.[32] Armitajning hikoyasini tasdiqlash yo'q. Shaklton va Skott hech bo'lmaganda Skottning janubiy safari haqidagi bayonoti nashr etilgunga qadar do'stona munosabatda bo'lishdi Kashfiyotning sayohati.[31] Garchi omma oldida ular o'zaro hurmat va samimiy bo'lib qolishgan bo'lsa ham,[34] biograf Roland Xantfordning so'zlariga ko'ra, Shakltonning Skottga bo'lgan munosabati "jirkanch nafrat va yoqtirmaslik" ga aylandi; yarador mag'rurlikni qutqarish uchun "Antarktidaga qaytish va Skottdan ustun bo'lishga urinish" kerak edi.[31]

Sohil ishlari, 1903-1907

Shakltonning rafiqasi, Emili Dorman

Yangi Zelandiyadagi sog'ayish davridan so'ng Shaklton San-Frantsisko va Nyu-York orqali Angliyaga qaytib keldi.[35] Antarktidadan qaytib kelgan birinchi muhim shaxs sifatida u talabga javob berayotganini aniqladi; xususan, Admiralti qutqarish bo'yicha keyingi takliflari to'g'risida unga murojaat qilishni xohladi Kashfiyot.[36] Ser Klements Markxemning duosi bilan u vaqtinchalik lavozimni qabul qilib, uning jihozlanishiga yordam berdi Terra Nova ikkinchisi uchun Kashfiyot yordam operatsiyasi, lekin u bosh ofitser sifatida suzib borish taklifidan bosh tortdi. U argentinalikni jihozlashda ham yordam berdi Urugvay Qolganlarni yengillashtirish uchun jihozlangan edi Shvetsiya Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi ostida Otto Nordenskjold.[35]

Ko'proq doimiy ish izlash uchun Shaklton Qirollik dengiz flotida doimiy komissiyaga qo'shimcha ro'yxatning orqa eshik yo'li orqali murojaat qildi,[37] ammo Markxem homiyligiga qaramay va Uilyam Xuggins, prezidenti Qirollik jamiyati, u muvaffaqiyatli bo'lmadi.[35] Buning o'rniga u jurnalist bo'lib ishlagan Qirollik jurnali, lekin u buni qoniqarsiz deb topdi.[38] Keyin unga kotiblikni taklif qilishdi va qabul qilishdi Shotlandiya qirollik geografik jamiyati (RSGS), bu lavozimni u 1904 yil 11-yanvarda qabul qilgan.[38] 1904 yil 9-aprelda u turmushga chiqdi Emili Dorman, u bilan uch farzandi bor edi: Raymond, Sesiliya va Edvard, o'zi kashfiyotchi va keyinchalik siyosatchi.[39]

1905 yilda Shaklton rus qo'shinlarini Uzoq Sharqdan uyiga etkazib berishni mo'ljallamoqchi bo'lgan spekulyativ kompaniyaning aktsiyadoriga aylandi. Uning Emiliga "biz shartnomaga aminmiz" deb ishontirganiga qaramay, bu sxemadan hech narsa chiqmadi.[40] U siyosat bilan shug'ullanishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi 1906 yilgi umumiy saylovlar sifatida Liberal Unionist partiyasi uchun nomzod Dandi saylov okrugi Irlandiyalik uy qoidalariga qarshi.[b][41] Bu orada u boy Klydesid sanoatchisi bilan ish boshladi Uilyam Beardmor (keyinchalik Lord Invernairn), bilan qo'riqlash komissiyasi bo'lajak mijozlar bilan intervyu va Beardmore-ning biznes do'stlarining ko'ngil ochishini o'z ichiga olgan.[42] Bu vaqtga kelib Shaklton o'zining ekspeditsiyasi boshida Antarktidaga qaytish niyatida ekanligini yashirmadi.

Beardmore Shackletondan moliyaviy ko'mak berish uchun etarli darajada taassurot qoldirdi,[c][43] ammo boshqa xayr-ehsonlar juda qiyin bo'ldi. Shunga qaramay, 1907 yil fevral oyida Shaklton Qirollik Geografik Jamiyatiga Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi rejalarini taqdim etdi, uning tafsilotlari nomi ostida Britaniya Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi, Qirollik Geografik Jamiyatining axborot byulletenida chop etilgan, Geografik jurnal.[9] Maqsad ham geografik Janubiy qutbni, ham Janubiy magnit qutb. Keyin Shaklton boy do'stlari va tanishlari bilan boshqalarni, shu jumladan, Sirni ham hissa qo'shishga ishontirish uchun juda ko'p ishladi Filipp Li Broklehurst, ekspeditsiyada joy olish uchun 2000 funtga (2011 yilga teng 157000 funt) obuna bo'lgan;[44] muallif Kempbell Makkellar; va Ginnes baron Lord Iveagh, uning hissasi ekspeditsiya kemasi ketishidan ikki hafta oldin ta'minlangan Nimrod.[45]

1907 yil 4-avgustda Shaklton a'zosi etib tayinlandi Qirollik Viktoriya ordeni, 4-sinf (MVO; leytenantning hozirgi darajasi).[46]

Nimrod ekspeditsiya, 1907-1909

Asosiy maqola: Nimrod ekspeditsiyasi
Janubiy qutb partiyasi: Frank Uayld, Shaklton, Erik Marshal va Jeymson Adams

1908 yil 1-yanvarda Nimrod yo'lga chiqmoq Britaniya Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi dan Lyttelton Makoni, Yangi Zelandiya. Shakltonning dastlabki rejalari eskilaridan foydalangan holda ko'zda tutilgan edi Kashfiyot McMurdo Sound-dagi baza janubiy qutb va janubiy magnit qutbga urinishlarini boshlash uchun.[44] Angliyadan ketishdan oldin, u Skottga o'z ish sohasi deb da'vo qilayotgan Makmurdo hududida o'zini tutib qo'ymaslik to'g'risida majburiyat berishini talab qilgan. Shaklton istamay, qishki binolarni ikkitasida qidirishga rozi bo'ldi To'siq kirish joyi - qaysi Kashfiyot qisqa vaqt ichida 1902 yilda tashrif buyurgan edi - yoki Qirol Edvard VII Land.[47]

Ko'mirni tejash uchun kemani paroxod 1650 mil (2655 km) tortib oldi Koonya Antarktika muziga, Shaklton Yangi Zelandiya hukumati va Union Steamship kompaniyasini xarajatlarni baham ko'rishga ko'ndirgandan keyin.[48] Shakltonning Skottga bergan va'dasiga binoan, kema 1908 yil 21-yanvarda Buyuk Muz to'sig'ining sharqiy sektoriga yo'l oldi. Ular to'siq kirish joyi kengayib, yuzlab kitlar bo'lgan katta ko'rfazni tashkil etganini aniqladilar. kabi maydonni zudlik bilan suvga cho'mdirilishiga olib keldi Kitlar ko'rfazi.[49]

Muz sharoitlari beqaror bo'lganligi, u erda xavfsiz bazani yaratishga xalaqit berishi ta'kidlandi. Qirol Edvard VII Landda langarni qidirish bo'yicha olib borilgan ishlar ham samarasiz bo'lib chiqdi, shuning uchun Shaklton Skottga bo'lgan majburiyatini buzishga va McMurdo Sound-ga suzib ketishga majbur bo'ldi, bu qaror, ikkinchi ofitser Artur Harbordning so'zlariga ko'ra, "sog'lom fikr bilan buyurilgan". muz bosimi, ko'mir tanqisligi va yaqinroq ma'lum bo'lgan bazaning etishmasligi kabi qiyinchiliklarni hisobga olgan holda.[49] Nimrod 29-yanvar kuni McMurdo Sound-ga etib keldi, ammo shimoldan 26 km (26 km) shimolda muz bilan to'xtadi Kashfiyot'ning eski bazasi Hut Point.[50] Ob-havoning ancha kechikishidan so'ng, oxir-oqibat Shakltonning bazasi tashkil etildi Keyp Royds, Hut-Poytaxtdan taxminan 39 km shimolda. Og'ir sharoitlarga qaramay, ziyofat ko'tarinki kayfiyatda o'tdi; Shakltonning har bir erkak bilan muloqot qilish qobiliyati partiyani baxtli va diqqat markazida ushlab turdi.[51]

"Buyuk janubiy sayohat",[52] kabi Frank Uayld 1908 yil 29-oktyabrda boshlangan. 1909 yil 9-yanvarda Shaklton va uning uchta sherigi - Uayld, Erik Marshal va Jeymson Adams - yangisiga erishdi Eng janubiy kenglik 88 ° 23 'S, qutbdan atigi 112 milya (180 km) masofada joylashgan nuqta.[d] Janubiy qutb partiyasi marshrutda Beardmore muzligi - Shaklton homiysi nomi bilan atalgan[53]- va Janubiy qutb platosini ko'rgan va sayohat qilgan birinchi odamlar bo'ldi.[54] Ularning McMurdo Sound-ga qaytish safari ko'p vaqt davomida yarim ratsionda ochlikka qarshi poyga edi. Bir paytlar Shaklton kun uchun ajratilgan bitta pecheneini kasal bo'lib qolgan Frank Uayldga berdi, u o'zining kundaligida shunday deb yozgan edi: "Hamma zarb qilingan pullar bu pecheneni sotib olmagan bo'lar edi va bu qurbonlik xotirasi meni hech qachon tark etmaydi" .[55] Ular kemani ushlash uchun Hut-Poytnga yetib kelishdi.

Ekspeditsiyaning boshqa asosiy yutuqlariga birinchi ko'tarilish ham kiritilgan Erebus tog'i, va taxminiy joylashishini aniqlash Janubiy magnit qutb, 1909 yil 16-yanvarda, tomonidan Edgevort Devid, Duglas Mawson va Alister Makkay.[56] Shaklton Buyuk Britaniyaga qahramon sifatida qaytib keldi va ko'p o'tmay o'zining ekspeditsiya hisobotini e'lon qildi, Antarktidaning yuragi. Keyinchalik Emili Shaklton yozib qo'ydi: "U menga qutbga etib bormaslik to'g'risida" tirik eshak o'lgan sherdan yaxshiroq, shunday emasmi? " Va men "Ha, sevgilim, menga tegishli" dedi.[57]

1910 yilda Shaklton Edison yordamida ekspeditsiyani tavsiflovchi uchta yozuvlar seriyasini yaratdi fonograf.[58] 1909 yilda qoldirilgan viski va brendi bilan bog'liq bir necha holatlar 2010 yilda distillash kompaniyasi tomonidan tahlil qilish uchun tiklandi. Yangi Zelandiyada foyda keltiradigan daromadning bir qismi bilan topilgan ma'lum brendlar uchun vintajni qayta tiklash va yo'qolganidan keyin formulani sotish taklif qilindi. Antarktika merosiga ishonish yo'qolgan ruhlarni kashf etgan.[59]

Ekspeditsiyalar o'rtasida, 1909-1914 yillar

Jamiyat qahramoni

Shaklton keng ma'ruza safari boshladi, unda u nafaqat o'zining qutbli sayohatlari, balki Skott va Roald Amundsen

Shaklton uyga qaytgach, jamoat sharaflari tezda paydo bo'ldi. Qirol Eduard VII uni 10 iyulda qabul qildi va uni a Qirollik Viktoriya ordeni qo'mondoni;[60][61] Noyabr oyida Qirolning tug'ilgan kuniga bag'ishlangan ro'yxatda u a ritsar, Ser Ernest Shaklton bo'lish.[62][63] U Qirollik Geografik Jamiyati tomonidan sharaflanib, unga Oltin medalni topshirdi; medal avval kapitan Skottga berilganidan kichikroq bo'lishi kerak degan taklifga amal qilinmadi.[64] Nimrod ekspeditsiyasining qirg'oq partiyasining barcha a'zolari kumushga ega bo'lishdi Qutbiy medallar 23-noyabr kuni Shakklton oldingi medaliga qisqich oldi.[62][65] Shaklton, shuningdek, uning ukasi etib tayinlandi Trinity House, Britaniya dengizchilari uchun katta sharaf.[60]

Rasmiy mukofotlardan tashqari Buyuk Britaniyada Shakltonning Antarktidadagi yutuqlari katta ishtiyoq bilan kutib olindi. Qirollik jamiyatlari klubi tomonidan Shaklton sharafiga berilgan tushlikda kashfiyotchiga tushlik taklif qilish, Lord Xalsberi, avvalgi Lord Kantsler, dedi: "Biror kishi nima bo'lganini eslaganda, ingliz irqining taxminiy degeneratsiyasiga ishonmaydi. Biror kishi biz jasorat va sabr-toqatga qoyil qolish tuyg'usini yo'qotganimizga ishonmaydi".[66] Qahramonlikni Irlandiya ham talab qildi: Dublin Kechki telegraf "s sarlavha "Janubiy qutbga deyarli irlandiyalik yetib keldi",[66] esa Dublin Express "irlandiyalik sifatida uning merosi bo'lgan fazilatlar" haqida gapirdi.[66]

Shakltonning kashfiyotdoshlari hayratlarini izhor etishdi; Roald Amundsen RGS kotibiga yozgan xatida Jon Skott Kelti, "ingliz millati bu harakati bilan Shakltonning g'alabasini hech qachon orttirib bo'lmaydigan darajada qo'lga kiritdi".[67] Fridtof Nansen Emili Shakltonga "har jihatdan to'la muvaffaqiyat qozongan noyob ekspeditsiyani" maqtab, ta'sirchan shaxsiy maktub yubordi.[67] Haqiqat shundaki, ekspeditsiya Shakltonni o'z qarindoshlariga bergan moliyaviy kafolatlarini bajara olmay, chuqur qarzga botgan. Uning sa'y-harakatlariga qaramay, bu eng dolzarb majburiyatlarni bajarish uchun hukumatning 20 ming funt sterling (2008 yil: 1,5 million funt) miqdoridagi harakatini talab qildi. Ehtimol, ko'plab qarzlar bosilmagan va hisobdan chiqarilgan.

Taom berish vaqti

Qaytib kelganidan keyin darhol Shaklton jamoat chiqishlari, ma'ruzalar va ijtimoiy ishlarda mashg'ulotlar jadvali bilan shug'ullangan. Keyin u taniqli odamga biznes dunyosida katta pul topish orqali pul topishni xohladi.[68] U targ'ib qilishni umid qilgan korxonalar orasida tamaki ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniya ham bor edi,[69] Yangi Zelandiya hukumati tomonidan Shakkltonning Antarktida pochta mudiri etib tayinlanishiga asoslanib, "Qirol Edvard VII er" deb bosib chiqarilgan pochta markalarini kollektsionerlarga sotish sxemasi[70]- va Vengriya shahar yaqinida sotib olgan konchilik kontsessiyasini ishlab chiqish Nagibaniya, endi qismi Ruminiya.[71]

Ushbu korxonalarning hech biri rivojlanmagan va uning asosiy daromad manbai ma'ruza safarlaridan olgan pullari edi. U 1910 yil sentyabr oyida, yaqinda oilasi bilan birga ko'chib o'tgan bo'lsa-da, janubga qaytish xayollarida edi Sheringham Norfolkda u Emiliga quyidagicha xat yozdi: "Men endi hech qachon Janubga bormayman va men hamma narsani o'ylab topdim va mening joyim hozirda uyda".[68] U Duglas Mawson bilan Antarktika sohilidagi ilmiy ekspeditsiya to'g'risida munozaralarda bo'lgan Keyp Adare va Gaussberg va bu haqda RGSga 1910 yil fevralda yozgan edi.[e][72]

Shaklton tomonidan Janubiy qutbni izlash bo'yicha kelajakdagi har qanday tiklanish Skott natijalariga bog'liq edi Terra Nova ekspeditsiyasi 1910 yil iyulda Kardiffdan jo'nab ketgan. 1912 yil boshlarida dunyo qutbni Norvegiya zabt etganidan xabardor edi. Roald Amundsen. Skott ekspeditsiyasining taqdiri o'sha paytda ma'lum emas edi. Shakltonning fikri Shotlandiyalik tadqiqotchi tomonidan e'lon qilingan va keyin tashlab yuborilgan loyihaga aylandi Uilyam Bryus, kontinental o'tish uchun, qo'nish joyidan Weddell dengizi, Janubiy qutb orqali McMurdo Sound-ga. Moliyaviy yordamni ololmagan Bryus, Shakltonning rejalarini qabul qilishidan xursand edi,[73] nemis kashfiyotchisi ta'qib qilganlarga o'xshash edi Vilgelm Filchner. Filchner ketgan edi Bremerxaven 1911 yil may oyida; 1912 yil dekabrda Janubiy Jorjiyadan uning ekspeditsiyasi muvaffaqiyatsiz tugagani haqida xabar keldi.[f][73] Transkontinental sayohat, Shakltonning so'zlari bilan aytganda, hozirda unga ochiq bo'lgan "Antarktida sayohatining yagona buyuk ob'ekti" edi.[74]

Imperial Trans-Antarktika ekspeditsiyasi, 1914–1917 yy

Tayyorgarlik

Asosiy maqolalar: Imperial Trans-Antarktika ekspeditsiyasi, Ross dengiz partiyasi va Imperial Trans-Antarktika ekspeditsiyasining shaxsiy tarkibi
Antarktida qirg'oqlari, ekspeditsiya paytida kemalar va quruqlik tomonlarining turli sayohatlarini ko'rsatadigan turli xil chiziqlar.
  Ning sayohati Chidamlilik
  Drift of Chidamlilik muz ichida
  Keyinchalik dengiz muzlari siljiydi Chidamlilik lavabolar
  Ning sayohati Jeyms Kaird
  Rejalashtirilgan trans-antarktika yo'nalishi
  Ning sayohati Avrora Antarktidaga
  Orqaga chekinish Avrora
  Ta'minot omborining yo'nalishi

Shaklton 1914 yil boshida "Imperial Trans-Antarktika ekspeditsiyasi" deb nomlangan yangi ekspeditsiyasining tafsilotlarini e'lon qildi. Afsona borki, Shakkltonning gazetadagi maqolasi aniqroq qisqartirilishi va o'z ekspeditsiyasiga nomzodlarni tanlashi uchun yozilgan. .[75] Ikkita kema ish bilan ta'minlanadi; Chidamlilik asosiy partiyani Ueddell dengiziga olib chiqib, Vaksel ko'rfaziga borishni maqsad qilgan edi, u erdan Shakklton boshchiligidagi olti kishilik guruh qit'ani kesib o'tishni boshlar edi. Ayni paytda, ikkinchi kema Avrora, kapitan boshchiligidagi yordamchi partiyani qabul qiladi Aeneas Mackintosh qit'aning qarama-qarshi tomonidagi McMurdo Sound-ga. Keyinchalik bu partiya Beardmore muzligiga qadar Buyuk Muz to'sig'i bo'ylab ta'minot omborlarini yotar edi; Ushbu omborlarda Shakklton partiyasining qit'a bo'ylab 1800 mil (2900 km) masofani bosib o'tishiga imkon beradigan oziq-ovqat va yoqilg'i bor edi.[74]

Shaklton mablag 'yig'ish bo'yicha katta ko'nikmalaridan foydalangan va ekspeditsiya asosan xususiy xayriya mablag'lari hisobidan moliyalashtirilgan, ammo Britaniya hukumati 10 000 funt sterling (2019 yilga kelib taxminan 900 000 funt) bergan. Shotlandiya jut magnat Ser Jeyms Kaird 24 ming funt sterling berdi, Midlend sanoatchisi Frenk Dadli Docker 10000 funt sterling va tamaki merosxo'ri berdi Janet Stankomb-Uills oshkor qilinmagan, ammo xabarlarga ko'ra "saxiy" summani bergan.[76] Ekspeditsiyaga jamoatchilikning qiziqishi katta edi; Shakltonga qo'shilish uchun 5000 dan ortiq ariza kelib tushdi.[77]

Uning intervyu va tanlov usullari ba'zan ekssentrik ko'rinardi; xarakter va temperament texnik qobiliyat kabi muhim ekanligiga ishonish,[78] u noan'anaviy savollarni berdi. Shunday qilib fizik Reginald Jeymsdan u kuylay oladimi deb so'rashdi;[79] boshqalari ko'rinishga qabul qilindi, chunki Shaklton ularning qiyofasini yoqtirdi yoki eng qisqa so'roqlardan so'ng.[80] Sheklton, shuningdek, o'rtoqlikni rivojlantirish uchun ba'zi an'anaviy ierarxiyalarni bo'shatdi, masalan, kema ishlarini ofitserlar, olimlar va dengizchilar o'rtasida teng ravishda taqsimlash. Shuningdek, u har kuni kechki ovqatdan so'ng ekipaj a'zolari bilan suhbatlashdi, qo'shiq kuylash, hazil va o'yinlarda etakchilik qildi.[81] U oxir-oqibat a ni tanladi ekipaj 56, har bir kemada yigirma sakkizta.[82]

1914 yil 3-avgustda Birinchi Jahon urushi boshlanganiga qaramay, Chidamlilik tomonidan boshqarilgan Admirallikning birinchi lordidir, Uinston Cherchill, "davom etish" uchun,[g] va 8 avgust kuni Britaniya suvlaridan chiqib ketdi. Shaklton kemani kutib olish bilan o'z jo'nashini 27 sentyabrga qoldirdi Buenos-Ayres.[83]

Ekipaj

Shaklton ekspeditsiyani boshqargan bo'lsa, kapitan F. Vorsli qo'mondonlik qildi Chidamlilik va leytenant J. Stenxaus the Avrora. Ustida Chidamlilik, ikkinchi buyruq tajribali kashfiyotchi Frank Uayld edi. Meteorolog kapitan L. Xussi edi, u ham banjo o'ynashga qodir edi. McIlroy, Vordini ham o'z ichiga olgan ilmiy xodimlar boshlig'i edi.

Aleksandr Maklin ikki jarrohdan biri edi, shuningdek 70 itning sog'lig'ini saqlashga mas'ul edi. Tom Krin tezroq bosh itlar bilan shug'ullanuvchi edi. Boshqa ekipaj tarkibida Jeyms, Xussi, Grinstrit, duradgor Garri Maknish va Klark ismli biolog bor edi. Keyinchalik mustaqil shuhrat fotograf edi Frank Xarli, ushbu missiyada xavfli zarbalari bilan tanilgan.

Ismli (erkak) mushuk bor edi Chippi xonim bu duradgor Garri Maknishga tegishli edi. Chippi xonim Chidamlilik cho'kib ketganda, u keyingi sinovdan omon qolmasligiga ishonganligi sababli otib tashlangan.[84][85]

Yo'qotish Chidamlilik

Chidamlilik 5 dekabr kuni Janubiy Jorjiyadan Vedsel dengiziga yo'l oldi va Vaxsel ko'rfaziga yo'l oldi. Kema janubga qarab harakatlanayotganda muzda suzish, birinchi yil muz duch keldi, bu esa rivojlanishni sekinlashtirdi. Ueddell dengizining tubida, 1915 yil 19-yanvargacha sharoitlar asta-sekin yomonlashdi. Chidamlilik ichida tezda muzlab qoldi muz parchasi.[86]

24 fevralda, keyingi bahorga qadar tuzoqqa tushishini anglagan Shaklton kemaning odatiy ishlaridan voz kechishni va qishki stantsiyaga aylantirishni buyurdi.[87] U keyingi oylarda muz bilan asta-sekin shimol tomon siljidi. Sentyabrda bahor kelganida, muzning parchalanishi va uning keyingi harakatlari kema tanasiga haddan tashqari bosim o'tkazdi.[88]

Yo'qotilganidan keyin Shaklton Chidamlilik

Shu paytgacha Shaklton kema muzdan bo'shatilganda Vaxsel ko'rfaziga qaytib borishi mumkin deb umid qilgan edi. 24 oktyabrda suv quyila boshladi. Bir necha kundan so'ng, 69 ° 5 'S, 51 ° 30' Vt bo'lgan holatida, Shaklton kemani tark etish to'g'risida buyruq berib, "U pastga tushmoqda!"; erkaklar, oziq-ovqat vositalari va jihozlar muzdagi lagerlarga ko'chirildi.[89] 1915 yil 21-noyabrda halokat nihoyat yer ostiga siljidi.[90]

Deyarli ikki oy davomida Shaklton va uning partiyasi katta va yassi po'stlog'ida turar edilar, chunki u tomon siljiydi Polet oroli, taxminan 250 milya (402 km) uzoqlikda, do'konlarning keshlanganligi ma'lum bo'lgan.[91] Ushbu orolga muz orqali yurish uchun muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishlardan so'ng, Shaklton boshqa bir joyda yana bir doimiy lager (Sabr-toqat lageri) tashkil etishga qaror qildi va ularni xavfsiz qo'nish tomon olib borish uchun muzning siljishiga ishondi.[92] 17 martga qadar ularning muz lagerlari Polet orolidan 60 milya (97 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan;[93] ammo, o'tib bo'lmaydigan muz bilan ajralib, ular unga erisha olmadilar. 9 aprel kuni ularning muzlari ikkiga bo'lindi va Shaklton ekipajni qutqaruv kemalariga o'tirishni va eng yaqin erga borishni buyurdi.[94]

Besh kun davomida dengizda charchagan odamlar, uchta qutqaruv qayig'iga tushishdi Fil oroli, Endurance cho'kib ketgan joydan 346 milya (557 km).[95] Bu ular 497 kun davomida mustahkam zaminda birinchi marta turish edi.[96] Shaklton o'z odamlari haqida qayg'urganligi sababli, u qo'lqoplarini fotosuratchiga berdi Frank Xarli, qayiqda sayohat paytida yo'qolgan. Natijada Shakkltonning barmoqlari muzlab qoldi.[97]

Ochiq qayiqda sayohat

Asosiy maqola: Jeyms Kairdning sayohati
The ishga tushirilmoqda Jeyms Kaird qirg'og'idan Fil oroli, 1916 yil 24-aprel

Fil oroli har qanday yuk tashish marshrutlaridan yiroq, yaroqsiz joy edi; tasodifiy kashfiyot yordamida qutqarish juda kam edi. Binobarin, Shaklton 720 dengiz-mil masofaga ochiq qayiqda sayohat qilishni tavakkal qilishga qaror qildi. Janubiy Jorjiya yordam olish mumkinligini bilgan kit ovlash stantsiyalari.[98] Suvga cho'mgan 20 metrlik (6,1 m) mayda qayiqlarning eng kuchlisi Jeyms Kaird ekspeditsiyaning bosh homiysi sayohat uchun tanlanganidan keyin.[98] Kema duradgorlari Garri Maknish turli xil yaxshilanishlarni amalga oshirdi, shu jumladan yon tomonlarini ko'tarish, keelni mustahkamlash, yog'och va tuvaldan yasalgan pastki qismini qurish va ishni yog'li bo'yoq va muhr qoni bilan yopish.[98]

Shaklton sayohat uchun beshta sherigini tanladi: Frenk Vorsli, Chidamlilik'navigatsiya uchun javobgar bo'lgan kapitan; Tom Krin, kim "borishni iltimos qilgan"; ikkita kuchli dengizchi Jon Vinsent va Timoti Makkarti va nihoyat duradgor Maknish.[98] Partiya muz ustida qolib ketayotgan paytda Shaklton Maknish bilan to'qnashgan edi, lekin duradgorning avvalgi bo'ysunmasligini kechirmasa ham, Shaklton bu aniq ish uchun uning qadr-qimmatini tushundi.[h][99][100] Shaklton nafaqat ularning ish uchun qadr-qimmatini, balki ularning ma'naviy xavfini bilishi bilan ham tan oldi. Bu Shakltonga ekipaj a'zolarining ruhiy holatini nazorat qilib turishga imkon berdi. Uning odamlarining munosabati, odamlarini xavfsizlikka qaytarishda muhim ahamiyatga ega edi.

Shaklton, agar ular shu vaqt ichida Janubiy Jorjiyaga etib bormasalar, qayiq va uning ekipaji yo'qolishini bilgan holda, to'rt haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida materiallarni yig'ishdan bosh tortdi.[101] The Jeyms Kaird 1916 yil 24 aprelda ishga tushirilgan; Keyingi o'n besh kun ichida, bo'ronli dengizlarning rahm-shafqatiga ko'ra doimiy ravishda aylanib qolish xavfi ostida janubiy okean suvlari bo'ylab suzib ketdi. 8-may kuni Vorslining navigatsion mahorati tufayli Janubiy Jorjiyaning qoyalari ko'zga tashlandi, ammo bo'ronli shamollar qo'nish imkoniyatini to'xtatdi. Partiya bo'ronni offshor haydab chiqishga majbur bo'ldi, chunki toshlarga to'qnashish xavfi doimiy edi. Keyinchalik ular xuddi shu bo'ron Buenos-Ayresdan Janubiy Jorjiya tomon yo'l olgan 500 tonnalik paroxodni cho'ktirganini bilib olishdi.[102]

Ertasi kuni ular, nihoyat, egasiz janubiy sohilga tushishdi. Shimoliy qirg'oqdagi kit ov qilish stantsiyalariga etib borish uchun yana dengizga chiqish xavfini emas, balki bir oz dam olgandan va sog'ayib ketgandan so'ng, Shaklton orolni quruqlikdan kesib o'tishga qaror qildi. Norvegiyalik kitlar ilgari chang'ining boshqa joylaridan o'tib ketishgan bo'lsa-da, hech kim ushbu marshrutga harakat qilmagan.[103] Omon qolganlar sayohatlari uchun faqat toqqa chiqishga mo'ljallangan botinka vazifasini bajarish uchun vintlarni bosgan botinkalar bilan jihozlangan edilar. adze va 50 metr arqon. Maknish, Vinsent va Makkartini tark etib, Janubiy Jorjia shtatidagi qo'nish joyida, Shaklton 51 km masofani bosib o'tdi.[95] Vorsli va Crean bilan juda xavfli tog'li erlarda 36 soat davomida kit ovlash stantsiyasiga etib boring Stromness 20 may kuni.[104]

Britaniyalik kashfiyotchi tomonidan Janubiy Jorjiyaning navbatdagi muvaffaqiyatli o'tishi 1955 yil oktyabrda bo'lgan Dunkan Karse, Shaklton partiyasi bilan bir xil yo'nalish bo'ylab sayohat qilgan. Ularning yutuqlariga hurmat sifatida u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Men buni qanday amalga oshirganlarini bilmayman, faqat ular kerak edi - Antarktida razvedkasining qahramonlik yoshidagi uchta odam va ular orasida 50 metr arqon bilan. adze ".[105]

Qutqarish

1916 yil avgustda Shakltonning Elephant oroliga qaytishini tasvirlaydigan "Hammasi xavfsiz, hammasi yaxshi". Jeyms Kaird aprel oyida fotograf tomonidan doktorlik qilingan Frank Xarli ushbu rasmni yaratish uchun.[106]

Shaklton zudlik bilan uchta odamni Janubiy Jorjiyaning narigi tomonidan olib ketish uchun qayiq jo'natdi va u Fil orolidagi odamlarni qutqarishni tashkil etish uchun ish boshladi. Uning dastlabki uchta urinishi orolga yaqinlashishni to'sib qo'ygan dengiz muzidan xalos bo'ldi. U Chili hukumatiga murojaat qildi, u foydalanishni taklif qildi Yelcho, dengiz flotidan kichik dengiz kemasi. Yelcho, kapitan tomonidan boshqariladi Luis Pardo va ingliz kiti Janubiy osmon yetdi Fil oroli 1916 yil 30-avgustda, o'sha paytda erkaklar to'rt yarim oy davomida izolyatsiya qilingan edilar va Shaklton tezda 22 erkakni evakuatsiya qildi.[107] The Yelcho birinchi bo'lib ekipajni olib ketdi Punta Arenas va bir necha kundan keyin to Valparaiso olomon ularni tsivilizatsiyaga qaytarish uchun iliq kutib olgan Chilida.

Erkaklar qoldi Ross dengiz partiyasi, kim qolib ketgan Keyp Evans keyin McMurdo Sound-da Avrora langaridan uchib ketgan va orqaga qaytolmay dengizga haydalgan. Kema, ko'p oylik suzgandan so'ng, Yangi Zelandiyaga qaytib keldi. Shaklton u erga qo'shilish uchun sayohat qildi Avrorava Ross dengiz partiyasini qutqarish uchun u bilan birga suzib ketdi. Ushbu guruh, ko'plab qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, depo qo'yish vazifasini to'liq bajargan, ammo uch kishining hayoti, shu jumladan komandirining hayoti, Aeneas Mackintosh.[108]

Birinchi jahon urushi

When Shackleton returned to England in May 1917, Europe was in the midst of the Birinchi jahon urushi. Suffering from a heart condition, made worse by the fatigue of his arduous journeys, and too old to be conscripted, he nevertheless volunteered for the army. Repeatedly requesting posting to the front in France,[109] he was by now drinking heavily.[110][111] In October 1917, he was sent to Buenos-Ayres to boost British propaganda in South America. Unqualified as a diplomat, he was unsuccessful in persuading Argentina and Chile to enter the war on the Allied side.[112] He returned home in April 1918.

Shackleton was then briefly involved in a mission to Shpitsbergen to establish a British presence there under guise of a mining operation.[113] On the way he was taken ill in Tromsø, possibly with a heart attack. Appointment to a military expedition to Murmansk obliged him to return home again, before departing for northern Russia.[113]

Rossiya fuqarolar urushi

Shackleton was specially appointed a temporary major on 22 July 1918.[114] From October 1918, he served with the Shimoliy Rossiya ekspeditsiya kuchlari ichida Rossiya fuqarolar urushi general-mayor qo'mondonligi ostida Edmund Ironsayd, with the role of advising on the equipment and training of British forces in arctic conditions.[115]

For his "valuable services rendered in connection with Military Operations in North Russia" Shackleton was appointed an Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni xodimi in the 1919 King's Birthday Honours,[116] va edi jo'natmalarda aytib o'tilgan by General Ironside.[117] Shackleton returned to England in early March 1919, full of plans for the economic development of Northern Russia.[115] In the midst of seeking capital, his plans foundered when Northern Russia fell to Bolshevik boshqaruv.[118] He was finally discharged from the army in October 1919, retaining his rank of major.[119]

Yakuniy ekspeditsiya va o'lim

Asosiy maqola: Shaklton - Rovett ekspeditsiyasi
Film fragment from 1922: Sir Ernest Shackleton

Shackleton returned to the ma'ruza davri and published his own account of the Chidamlilik expedition, Janubiy, in December 1919.[120] In 1920, tired of the lecture circuit, Shackleton began to consider the possibility of a last expedition. He thought seriously of going to the Bofort dengizi maydoni Arktika, a largely unexplored region, and raised some interest in this idea from the Canadian government.[121] With funds supplied by former schoolfriend John Quiller Rowett, he acquired a 125-ton Norwegian sealer, named Foca Iu qayta nomladi Quest.[121][122]

The plan changed; the destination became the Antarctic, and the project was defined by Shackleton as an "oceanographic and sub-antarctic expedition".[121] The goals of the venture were imprecise, but a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent and investigation of some "lost" sub-Antarctic islands, such as Tuanaki, were mentioned as objectives.[123]

Rowett agreed to finance the entire expedition, which became known as the Shaklton - Rovett ekspeditsiyasi.[123] On 16 September 1921, Shackleton recorded a farewell address on a ovozli film tomonidan yaratilgan tizim Garri Grindell Metyus, who claimed it was the first "talking picture" ever made.[124] The expedition left England on 24 September 1921.

Although some of his former crew members had not received all their pay from the Chidamlilik expedition, many of them signed on with their former "Boss".[123] When the party arrived in Rio-de-Janeyro, Shackleton suffered a suspected heart attack.[125] He refused a proper medical examination, so Quest continued south, and on 4 January 1922, arrived at Janubiy Jorjiya.

Shackleton's grave at Gritviken

In the early hours of the next morning, Shackleton summoned the expedition's physician, Aleksandr Maklin,[126] to his cabin, complaining of back pains and other discomfort. According to Macklin's own account, Macklin told him he had been overdoing things and should try to "lead a more regular life", to which Shackleton answered: "You are always wanting me to give up things, what is it I ought to give up?" "Chiefly alcohol, Boss," replied Macklin. A few moments later, at 2:50 a.m. on 5 January 1922, Shackleton suffered a fatal heart attack.[126]

Macklin, who conducted the postmortem, concluded that the cause of death was ateroma of the coronary arteries exacerbated by "overstrain during a period of debility".[127] Leonard Xussi, a veteran of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition, offered to accompany the body back to Britain; u ichkarida edi Montevideo en route to England, a message was received from Emily Shackleton asking that her husband be buried in South Georgia. Hussey returned to South Georgia with the body on the steamer Vudvill, and on 5 March 1922, Shackleton was buried in the Gritviken cemetery, South Georgia, after a short service in the Lyuteran cherkovi,[128] bilan Edward Binnie sudya.[129][130] Macklin wrote in his diary: "I think this is as 'the Boss' would have had it himself, standing lonely in an island far from civilisation, surrounded by stormy tempestuous seas, & in the vicinity of one of his greatest exploits."

Study of diaries kept by Erik Marshal, medical officer to the 1907–09 expedition, suggests that Shackleton suffered from an atriyal septal nuqson ("hole in the heart"), a tug'ma yurak nuqsoni, which may have been a cause of his health problems.[131]

Shackleton's will was proven in London on 12 May 1922. Dying heavily in debt, Shackleton's small estate consisted of personal effects to the value of £556 2s. 2d. (equivalent to £30,590 in 2019[132]) which he bequeathed to his wife.[133] Lady Shackleton survived her husband by 14 years, dying in 1936.

On 27 November 2011, the ashes of Frank Wild were interred on the right-hand side of Shackleton's gravesite in Grytviken. The inscription on the rough-hewn granite block set to mark the spot reads: "Frank Wild 1873–1939, Shackleton's right-hand man."[134]

Meros

Erta

Shackleton statue by C.S. Jagger tashqarida Qirollik geografik jamiyati

Before the return of Shackleton's body to South Georgia, there was a memorial service held for him with full military honours at Holy Trinity Church, Montevideo, and on 2 March a service was held at Aziz Pol sobori, London, at which the King and other members of the royal family were represented.[128] Within a year the first biography, The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton, tomonidan Xyu Robert Mill, nashr etildi. This book, as well as being a tribute to the explorer, was a practical effort to assist his family; Shackleton died some £40,000 in debt (equivalent to £2,200,324 in 2019[132])[135] A further initiative was the establishment of a Shackleton Memorial Fund, which was used to assist the education of his children and the support of his mother.[136]

During the ensuing decades Shackleton's status as a polar hero was generally outshone by that of Captain Scott, whose polar party had by 1925 been commemorated on more than 30 monuments in Britain alone, including stained glass windows, statues, busts and memorial tablets.[137] A statue of Shackleton designed by Charlz Sargeant Jagger was unveiled at the Royal Geographical Society's Kensington headquarters in 1932,[138] but public memorials to Shackleton were relatively few. The printed word saw much more attention given to Scott—a forty-page booklet on Shackleton, published in 1943 by OUP as part of a "Great Exploits" series, is described by cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski as "a lone example of a popular literary treatment of Shackleton in a sea of similar treatments of Scott". This disparity continued into the 1950s.[139]

Keyinchalik

In 1959, Alfred Lansing's Chidamlilik: Shakltonning ajoyib sayohati nashr etildi. This was the first of a number of books about Shackleton that began to appear, showing him in a highly positive light. At the same time, attitudes towards Scott were gradually changing as a more critical note was sounded in the literature, culminating in Roland Xantford 's 1979 treatment of him in his dual biography Skott va Amundsen, described by Barczewski as a "devastating attack".[140] This negative picture of Scott became accepted as the popular truth[141] as the kind of heroism that Scott represented fell victim to the cultural shifts of the late twentieth century.[140]

Within a few years, he was thoroughly overtaken in public esteem by Shackleton, whose popularity surged while that of his erstwhile rival declined. In 2002, in a BBC poll conducted to determine the "100 Buyuk Britaniyalik ", Shackleton was ranked 11th while Scott was down in 54th place.[142]

In 2001 Margaret Morrell and Stephanie Capparell presented Shackleton as a model for corporate leadership in their book Shaklton yo'li: Buyuk Antarktida tadqiqotchisidan etakchilik darslari. They wrote: "Shackleton resonates with executives in today's business world. His people-centred approach to leadership can be a guide to anyone in a position of authority".[143] Other management writers soon followed this lead, using Shackleton as an exemplar for bringing order from chaos. In 2017 Nancy Koehn argued that, in spite of Shackleton's mistakes, financial problems and narcissism, he developed the capability to be successful.[144]

The Centre for Leadership Studies at the Exeter universiteti offers a course on Shackleton, who also features in the management education programmes of several American universities.[145] Yilda Boston, a "Shackleton School" was set up on "Tashqi chegaralar " principles, with the motto "The Journey is Everything".[145] Shackleton has also been cited as a model leader by the AQSh dengiz kuchlari, and in a textbook on Congressional leadership, Peter L Steinke calls Shackleton the archetype of the "nonanxious leader" whose "calm, reflective demeanor becomes the antibiotic warning of the toxicity of reactive behaviour".[145] In 2001, the Athy Heritage Centre-Museum, Athy, County Kildare, Ireland, established the Ernest Shackleton Autumn School, which is held annually, to honour the memory of Ernest Shackleton.[146]

Amundsen, Shackleton and Peary 1913 yilda

Shackleton's death marked the end of the Antarktida qidiruvining qahramonlik davri, a period of discovery characterised by journeys of geographical and scientific exploration in a largely unknown continent without any of the benefits of modern travel methods or radio communication. In the preface to his 1922 book Dunyodagi eng yomon sayohat, Apsley Cherry-Garrard, one of Scott's team on the Terra Nova Expedition, wrote: "For a joint scientific and geographical piece of organisation, give me Scott; for a Winter Journey, Wilson; for a dash to the Pole and nothing else, Amundsen: and if I am in the devil of a hole and want to get out of it, give me Shackleton every time".[147]

In 1993 Trevor Potts re-enacted the Boat Journey from Elephant Island to South Georgia in honour of Sir Ernest Shackleton, totally unsupported, in a replica of the Jeyms Kaird.[148] 2002 yilda, 4-kanal ishlab chiqarilgan Shaklton, a Televizion serial depicting the 1914 expedition with Kennet Branagh bosh rolda. Broadcast in the United States on the A&E Network, it won two Emmi mukofotlari.[149]

A Christie's auction in London in 2011, a biscuit that Shackleton gave "a starving fellow traveller" on the 1907–1909 Nimrod expedition sold for £1250.[150] That same year, on the date of what would have been Shackleton's 137th birthday, Google honored him with a Google Doodle.[151] Asteroid 289586 Shaklton, discovered by Swiss amateur astronomer Mishel Ori in 2005, was named in his memory. Rasmiy nomlash tomonidan nashr etilgan Kichik sayyoralar markazi 2011 yil 10 dekabrda (M.P.C. 77510).

In January 2013, a joint British-Australian team set out to duplicate Shackleton's 1916 trip across the Southern Ocean. Led by explorer and environmental scientist Tim Jarvis, the team was assembled at the request of Alexandra Shackleton, Sir Ernest's granddaughter, who felt the trip would honour her grandfather's legacy.[152] In October 2015, Shackleton's decorations and medals were auctioned; the sale raised £585,000.[153] This team became the first to replicate the so-called "double crossing"; sailing from Elephant Island to South Georgia, and the crossing of the South Georgian mountains from King Haakon Bay (where Shackleton had landed nearly 100 years prior) to Stromness.[154][155]

The expedition very carefully matched legacy conditions, using a replica of the Jeyms Kaird (named for the project's patron: the Aleksandra Shaklton), period clothing (by Burberry ), replica rations (both in calorific content and rough constitution), period navigational aids, and a Thomas Mercer chronometer just as Shackleton had used.[156] This expedition was made into a documentary film,[157] screening as Shakltonni ta'qib qilish kuni PBS Qo'shma Shtatlarda va Shaklton: o'lim yoki shon-sharaf elsewhere on the Discovery kanali.[158]

In 2016 a statue of Shackleton by Mark Richards was erected in Athy homiysi Kildare okrugi kengashi.[159][160] In 2017, the musical play Ernest Shaklton meni yaxshi ko'radi by Val Vigoda and Joe DiPietro made its debut in New York City at the Tony Kiser Theater, an Off-Broadway joy.[161] Blended with a parallel story of a struggling composer, the play retells the adventure of Chidamlilik in detail, incorporating photos and videos of the journey.[162]

Mukofotlar va bezaklar

Coat of arms of Ernest Shackleton
Shackleton Achievement.png
Crest
A poplar tree Proper charged with a buckle as in the arms.
Eskutcheon
Or, on a fess Gules, three lozengy buckles, tongues paleways Gold; on a canton of the Second, a cross humettée of the Third.
Shiori
Fortitudine Vincimus
Buyurtmalar
Qirollik Viktoriya ordeni qo'mondoni
Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni xodimi (Harbiy bo'lim) [163]

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

  1. ^ Modern calculations, based on Shackleton's photograph and Wilson's drawing, place the furthest point reached at 82° 11'. (Vinç, pp. 214–215)
  2. ^ Shackleton stood as political candidate in Dundee but finished fourth of five candidates, with 3,865 votes to the victor's 9,276. (Morrell & Capparell, p. 32)
  3. ^ Beardmore's help took the form of guaranteeing a loan at Clydesdale Bank, for £7,000 (2008 equivalent approx. £350,000), not through an outright gift. (Riffenburgh 2005, p. 106)
  4. ^ The distance from the Pole is commonly given as 97 or 98 miles, this being the distance in nautical miles. (Shaklton, Antarktidaning yuragi, p. 210)
  5. ^ This expedition took place under Mawson, without Shackleton's participation, as the Avstraliya-Antarktida ekspeditsiyasi of 1911–1913. (Riffenburgh 2005, p. 298)
  6. ^ Filchner was able to bring back geographical information that would be of much use to Shackleton, including the discovery of a possible landing site at Vaxsel ko'rfazi. (Huntford, p. 367)
  7. ^ Churchill sent Shackleton a one-word telegram on 3 August – Davom eting. (Fisher, p. 324)
  8. ^ For an account of McNish's "mutiny", see Huntford, 475-476-betlar. Despite McNish's heroics during the Jeyms Kaird voyage, Shackleton refused to recommend him for the award of a Polar Medal. (Huntford, p. 656)

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