Kulrang Devis - Gray Davis

Ushbu maqola Kaliforniyaning 37-gubernatori haqida. Shimoliy Karolina siyosatchisi va advokati uchun qarang Jozef J. Devis. Quvur organi ishlab chiqaruvchisi uchun qarang Kulrang va Devison.
Kulrang Devis
Kulrang Devis.jpg
37-chi Kaliforniya gubernatori
Ofisda
1999 yil 4 yanvar - 2003 yil 17 noyabr
LeytenantKruz Bustamante
OldingiPit Uilson
MuvaffaqiyatliArnold Shvartsenegger
44-chi Kaliforniya gubernatori-leytenant
Ofisda
1995 yil 2 yanvar - 1999 yil 4 yanvar
HokimPit Uilson
OldingiLeo T. Makkarti
MuvaffaqiyatliKruz Bustamante
28-chi Kaliforniya nazorati
Ofisda
1987 yil 5 yanvar - 1995 yil 2 yanvar
HokimJorj Deukmejian
Pit Uilson
OldingiKennet Kori
MuvaffaqiyatliKetlin Konnell
A'zosi Kaliforniya shtati assambleyasi
dan 43-chi tuman
Ofisda
1982–1986
OldingiXovard Berman
MuvaffaqiyatliTerri Fridman
Xodimlar boshlig'i uchun Kaliforniya gubernatori
Ofisda
1975–1981
HokimJerri Braun
OldingiEdvin Miz
MuvaffaqiyatliB. T. Kollinz
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Jozef Grem Devis Jr.

(1942-12-26) 1942 yil 26-dekabr (77 yosh)
Bronks, Nyu-York, BIZ.
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
(m. 1980)​
Ta'limStenford universiteti (BA )
Kolumbiya universiteti (JD )
Imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar
Filial / xizmat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi
Xizmat qilgan yillari1967–1969[1]
RankUS-O3 insignia.svg Kapitan
Janglar / urushlarVetnam urushi
MukofotlarBronza yulduzi

Jozef Grem "Kulrang" Kichik Devis. (1942 yil 26-dekabrda tug'ilgan) - nafaqadagi amerikalik advokat va Demokratik partiya sifatida xizmat qilgan siyosatchi Kaliforniyaning 37-gubernatori 1999 yildan 2003 yilgacha. 2003 yilda, uning ikkinchi muddatiga bir necha oy qolganida, Devis esga olindi va lavozimidan chetlashtirildi, ikkinchi shtat gubernatori AQSh tarixida muvaffaqiyatli esladi. Gubernator lavozimida ishlashdan oldin Devis gubernator apparati boshlig'i bo'lgan Jerri Braun (1975-81), a Kaliforniya shtati assambleyasi vakili (1983–87), Kaliforniya shtati nazoratchisi (1987-95) va Kaliforniyaning 44-leytenant-gubernatori (1995–99). Devis a B.A. yilda tarix dan Stenford universiteti va a J.D. dan Kolumbiya yuridik fakulteti. U a Bronza yulduzi sifatida xizmat qilgani uchun Kapitan ichida Vetnam urushi.

Gubernatorlik davrida Devis ta'limni birinchi o'ringa qo'ydi va Kaliforniya talab qilinganidan sakkiz milliard dollar ko'proq mablag 'sarfladi Taklif 98 uning birinchi muddati davomida. Devis davrida Kaliforniyada standartlashtirilgan test natijalari besh yil davomida oshdi.[2] Devis avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchilardan avtotransport chiqindilarini cheklashni talab qiluvchi mamlakatning birinchi shtat qonunini imzoladi. Devis taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonunlarni qo'llab-quvvatladi hujum qurollari va shuningdek, Kaliforniya va. o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni yaxshilashga xizmat qiladi Meksika.[3] Devis gubernator lavozimidagi faoliyatini kuchli ma'qullash reytingi bilan boshladi, ammo saylovchilar uni aybdor deb bilganlari sababli ular rad etildilar Kaliforniyadagi elektr inqirozi, Kaliforniya portlashidan keyin sodir bo'lgan byudjet inqirozi nuqta-com pufagi va avtomobil solig'i.

2003 yil 7 oktyabrda Devis AQSh tarixidagi ikkinchi shunday saylovda, undan keyin esga olindi olib tashlash ning Lin Frazier ning Shimoliy Dakota 1921 yilda. U 2003 yil 17 noyabrda aktyor tomonidan lavozimini egallagan Arnold Shvartsenegger, kim g'olib bo'ldi almashtirishni qayta chaqirish. Devis 1777 kun gubernator bo'lib ishladi va 6124 ta veto qo'yib, 6 244 ta 5 132 ta qonunni imzoladi.[4] Eslatib o'tilgandan beri Devis u erda ma'ruzachi bo'lib ishlagan UCLA Jamiyat bilan aloqalar maktabi, Loeb & Loeb-ning advokati sifatida va animatsiya kompaniyasining Direktorlar kengashida o'tirgan DiC Entertainment.

Dastlabki hayoti va siyosiy faoliyati

Devis tug'ilgan Bronks, Nyu-York shahri Doris (Meyer) Morell va Jozef Grem Devisning o'g'li, ularning besh farzandining eng kattasi: uchta o'g'il va ikki qiz.[5] Devis ko'chib o'tdi Kaliforniya 1954 yilda bolaligida oilasi bilan. U Rim-katolik sifatida tarbiyalangan. Devis va uning oilasi post-postning bir qismi sifatida janubi-g'arbiy va Kaliforniyaga ko'chib o'tgan millionlab amerikaliklardan biri edi.Ikkinchi jahon urushi quyosh kamari migratsiya.

Uning davlat, xususiy va katolik maktablaridagi turli xil ta'lim tajribalari unga uchta tizimni qonun chiqaruvchi sifatida taqqoslash imkoniyatini berdi.[6] Devis a Shimoliy Gollivud harbiy akademiya, Garvard O'g'il bolalar uchun maktab (hozir uning bir qismi) Garvard-Vestleyk maktabi ). Devisning oilasi yuqori o'rta sinf edi va uni talabchan onasi boshqargan.[6] Onasi Devisga Grey laqabini bergan.[7] Uning otasi, Jozef Grem Devis Sr., Time Inc kompaniyasining reklama bo'yicha menejeri va alkogol ichkilikboz, biznesmenning o'g'li edi Uilyam Rods Devis.[6]

Uning kuchli akademik yutuqlari uni qabul qildi Stenford universiteti.[6] U Stenford golf jamoasida ikkita nogironlik bilan o'ynagan.[8] Devis kirgandan keyin Stenford universiteti, otasi Devisni qo'shilishga majbur qilib, oilani tark etdi ROTC maktabda qolish. Shartnomada o'qishni tugatgandan so'ng oddiy armiyaga kirishga va'da berildi. U a San'at bakalavri yilda tarix u qabul qilingan Stenfordda Zeta Psi birodarlik, 1964 yilda imtiyozli diplom bilan tugatgan. Keyin u qaytib keldi Nyu-York shahri Qatnashmoq Kolumbiya yuridik fakulteti u erda Moot Court mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. Huquq fakulteti paytida Devis aktrisa bilan romantik uchrashdi Cybill Cho'pon.[9] U uni qabul qildi J.D. 1967 yilda Kolumbiya diplomini olgan va keyinchalik Nyu-York shahridagi Beekman & Bogue yuridik firmasida ishlagan.

Dasturni tugatgandan so'ng 1967 yilda u faol xizmatga kirdi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi, xizmat Vetnam urushi balandligi davomida 1969 yilgacha.[1] Devis Vetnamda bo'lganida jang maydonida vaqtni ko'rdi.[6] Devis a bilan kapitan bo'lib uyiga qaytdi Bronza yulduzi medali munosib xizmat uchun. O'sha paytda uni tanigan do'stlari aytishicha, Devis, ko'plab urush faxriylari singari, o'zgargan, siyosatga qiziqqan va g'ayratli odamni qaytardi. Sakramento asalari.[1] U Vetnamdan yanada "jiddiyroq va yo'naltirilgan" qaytib keldi.[6] Devis Vetnamda xizmat qilayotganlarning ko'pchiligini topganidan ajablandi Lotinlar, Afroamerikaliklar va Stenford va Kolumbiya kabi maktablardan juda kam bo'lgan janubiy oqlar; Devis urushning og'irligini teng darajada his qilish kerak deb hisoblagan va u o'zgarishi uchun Amerikani o'zgartirishga qaror qilgan.[10] Devis hayotning a'zosi Amerika legioni va Xorijiy urushlar faxriylari.[11]

Devis o'z ixtiyori bilan Jon V. Tunni uchun kampaniya Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 1970 yilda.[10] U Kaliforniya shtati jinoiy adolat bo'yicha kengashining raisi bo'lib ishlayotganda shtat bo'ylab mahalladagi jinoyatchilikni kuzatish dasturini boshladi.[1] Uning dastlabki siyosiy tajribasi yordam berish uchun ishlashni o'z ichiga olgan Tom Bredli 1973 yilda Los-Anjelesning birinchi qora tanli meri etib saylanganda g'olib chiqing. Bredlining g'alabasining tarixiy ahamiyati Devisni siyosat bilan shug'ullanishga undaydi.[10] Devis yugurdi davlat xazinachisi 1974 yilda, ammo mashhurroq bo'lganida yutqazdi Jessi Unruh belgilangan muddatda ishlash uchun ariza bergan.[10]

Devis Kaliforniyaga qaytib, siyosatga kirib, gubernatorning ijrochi kotibi va shtab boshlig'i bo'lib ishlagan Edmund G. "Jerri" Braun Jr. 1975 yildan 1981 yilgacha. Devis Braun singari liberal bo'lmagan va ba'zilar u Braunning uslubini yanada kuchli, boshqariladigan shaxsni loyihalashtirish bilan qoplagan deb aytgan.[1] Braun saylovoldi tashviqoti paytida Prezident 1980 yilda Devis Braun yo'qligida Kaliforniyani boshqargan bo'lsa-da, keyinchalik Devis "biz har doim Braun nima deb o'ylagan bo'lsa, shunday qilganmiz" deb da'vo qilar edi.[12]

U 1978 yilda rasmiy biznesga intilayotgan samolyotda bo'lajak rafiqasi Sharon Ryer bilan uchrashgan. Ryer, styuardessa Pacific Southwest Airlines aviakompaniyasi, Devis Sakramentodan Los-Anjelesga parvozni amalga oshirishda g'azablandi. Devis kechirim so'radi va uni tashqariga so'radi va keyinchalik ular 1983 yilda turmushga chiqdilar Kaliforniya Oliy sudi adolat Atirgul qushi sudya.[13]

U ofisiga saylandi Assambleyachi qismlarini ifodalovchi 43-okrugdan Los-Anjeles okrugi shu jumladan G'arbiy Los-Anjeles va Beverli Xillz[14] 1983–87 yillarda. Devis bedarak yo'qolgan bolalarni topishga yordam beradigan mashhur kampaniyani qo'llab-quvvatladi, ularning rasmlarini sut qutilariga va oziq-ovqat paketlariga joylashtiring.[1][15] Devisning poygadagi respublikachi raqibi Uilyam Kempbell Devisni tanqid qildi: "... maxsus manfaatlar odamni eng yaxshi ko'radi". Kempbell tomonidan ilgari surilgan boshqa da'volar qatorida Devis G'arbiy Gollivud shahar kengashiga nomzod, federal pornografiya ayblovi bilan sudlangan Eugene LaPietra-dan saylovoldi kampaniyasida mablag 'olganligi haqidagi ma'lumotlar ham bor. LaPietra Devisning moliya raisi bo'lib ishlagan, ammo oshkor etilgandan so'ng ishdan bo'shatilgan.[16]

Gubernatorlikdan oldin

Davlat nazoratchisi

1986 yilda Devis o'z poygasida yana oltita da'vogarga qarshi chiqdi Davlat nazoratchisi; o'sha nomzodlarning bir nechtasi, shu jumladan demokrat Jon Garamendi va respublika Bill Kempbell, o'sha paytda shubhasiz yaxshiroq tanilgan edi.[6] Devis 1995 yilgacha sakkiz yil davomida davlat nazoratchisi bo'lib ishlagan. Kaliforniyaning moliya-soliq xizmati boshlig'i sifatida u Medi-Cal firibgarligiga qarshi kurash, hukumat chiqindilari va samarasizligini yo'q qilish va davlat mablag'laridan maqsadsiz foydalanishni fosh etish orqali soliq to'lovchilarni yarim milliard dollardan ko'proq tejab oldi.[17] U gubernator va qonunchilik palatasi muddati o'tgan byudjetni qabul qilgunga qadar shtat tomonidan saylangan barcha amaldorlardan, shu jumladan o'zidan maoshlarni ushlab qolgan birinchi nazoratchi edi. Shuningdek, u Kaliforniya fuqarolariga 1,8 milliard dollardan ortiq talab qilinmagan mulkni, shu jumladan unutilgan bank hisob raqamlarini, sug'urta hisob-kitoblarini va aktsiyalarini topdi va qaytarib berdi.[17]

Senat uchun 1992 yilgi kampaniya

Devis qarshi yugurdi San-Fransisko shahar hokimi Dianne Faynshteyn uchun Demokratik nomzodi uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 1992 yilgi maxsus saylovlarda Senat tomonidan bo'shatilgan o'rinni to'ldirish uchun Pit Uilson kim saylangan Kaliforniya gubernatori 1990 yilda. Poyga ko'pincha Devisning saylovoldi kampaniyasining salbiy taktikasi tarixiga misol sifatida keltiriladi.[18] Devis kampaniyasida Faynshteynni qamoqdagi uy egasi bilan taqqoslaydigan reklama e'lon qilindi Leona Xelmsli.[15] Ba'zi ekspertlar ushbu reklamani davlat tarixidagi eng salbiy deb hisoblashadi.[19] Reklama Devisning Faynshteynga nomzodlik uchun katta farq bilan yutqazishi bilan teskari ta'sir ko'rsatdi, ammo bu yo'qotish Devisni kelajakda, shu jumladan leytenant-gubernatorlik poygasida salbiy saylov kampaniyasi reklamalaridan foydalanishga to'sqinlik qilmadi.[18] Devis mag'lubiyat uchun saylov kampaniyasining menejerlarini aybladi va kelgusi kampaniyalarda katta qarorlarni uning saylov shtabi tomonidan hal qilinishiga yo'l qo'ymaslikka va'da berdi.[15] 2003 yilda, Feynshteyn saylovchilarni qayta chaqirilgan saylov paytida "yo'q" deb ovoz berishga chaqirganda, u doimo savollar, videofilmlar va ommaviy axborot vositalari orqali 1992 yilgi boshlang'ich saylovlar to'g'risida eslatib turardi.[19]

Leytenant gubernator

Leytenant-gubernator sifatida Devisning biografiyasi fotosurati

Ko'plab demokratlar Devisning siyosiy karerasi, Senatga nomzodini qo'yishda mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin tugagan deb ishonishdi, ammo Devis yangi saylovoldi guruhini tuzdi. U o'zining poygasida katta g'alabani qo'lga kiritdi leytenant gubernator 1994 yilda Amerikadagi boshqa demokratik nomzodlardan ko'proq ovoz olgan.[15][17] Devis respublikachi Keti Raytga qarshi mo''tadil nomzod sifatida qatnashdi.[20] Devis Raytni Kaliforniya uchun juda konservativ bo'lgan respublikachi sifatida tasvirlash uchun reklamalardan foydalangan.[18] Saylov kampaniyasida Devis katta ustunlikka ega edi.[18]

1999 yilgacha leytenant-gubernator sifatida Grey Devis Kaliforniya iqtisodiyotidagi sa'y-harakatlarga e'tibor qaratdi va yangi sanoat tarmoqlarini shtatda joylashishi va kengayishi uchun rag'batlantirish ustida ishladi.[17] U, shuningdek, Kaliforniyadagi o'rta sinf oilalari uchun kollejda ta'lim olish imkoniyatini ta'minlash uchun ish olib bordi va Kaliforniya tarixidagi eng katta talaba to'lovlarining pasayishini nazorat qildi.[17] Shtatning ikkinchi eng yuqori lavozim egasi sifatida u Senat Prezidenti, Iqtisodiy rivojlanish bo'yicha komissiya raisi, erlar bo'yicha davlat komissiyasi raisi, Regent Kaliforniya universiteti va ishonchli shaxs Kaliforniya shtati universiteti.[17]

1998 gubernatorlik kampaniyasi

Asosiy maqola: 1998 yil Kaliforniyadagi gubernatorlik saylovi

Iyun oyidagi asosiy saylovlarda Devis siyosiy kuzatuvchilarni mablag 'bilan ta'minlangan Demokratik raqiblardan ikkitasini - multimillioner aviakompaniyaning ijrochisini engib, hayratga soldi. Al Chechki va Kongress ayol Jeyn Xarman, multimillionerning rafiqasi Sidni Xarman.[6][21] Dastlabki saylovlar paytida Devisning saylovoldi kampaniyasi shiori "Pulni sotib olmaydigan tajriba" edi. Dastlabki dastlabki so'rovnomalar Demis Demokratlar nominatsiyasi bo'yicha uchinchi o'rinni egalladi.[21] Devis o'zining g'alabasi bilan ko'plab siyosiy insayderlarni hayratga soldi.[6][22] Devis hatto Kaliforniyadagi birinchi da'vogar bo'lmagan respublikachilar nomzodidan oldinda tugadi adyol gubernatorial birlamchi.

Devis 1998 yildagi gubernatorlik uchun o'tkazilgan umumiy saylovda 57,9% ovoz bilan respublikachini mag'lubiyatga uchratdi Dan Lungren 38,4 foizga ega bo'lganlar. Devis o'zini mo''tadil markazchi demokrat sifatida ko'rsatishni va Lungrenni respublikachi sifatida Kaliforniya uchun juda konservativ deb atashni va qurol va abort kabi masalalarda uning qarashlaridan tashqarida bo'lishni maqsad qilgan.[23] G'alabadan so'ng Devis o'zidan avvalgisining "bo'linish siyosati" ni tugatish uchun harakat qilishini aytdi Pit Uilson.[23] Saylovoldi tashviqotida Devis Kaliforniya shtatidagi davlat maktablarini takomillashtirish zarurligini ta'kidladi, ular saylovchilar ushbu saylovda eng asosiy tashvish sifatida qayd etishdi.[23]

Birinchi davr

Ommabop boshlang'ich va ta'lim

1998 yilda Devis Oltin shtatning 16 yil ichidagi birinchi demokratik gubernatori etib saylandi. San-Xose Merkuriy yangiliklari uni "ehtimol Kaliforniyada hozirgacha eng yaxshi o'qitilgan kutgan gubernator kutgan" deb atagan.[1] Deyvis Demokratik partiyaning mumkin bo'lgan nomzodi sifatida qattiq ko'rib chiqildi Prezident 2004 yilda.[24] 1999 yil mart oyida Devis 58 foiz ma'qullash reytingiga va 12 foizgina norozilikka ega edi.[25] Uning soni 2000 yil fevral oyida 62% ma'qullash va 20% norozilik bilan eng yuqori darajaga ko'tarilib, eng yuqori darajaga to'g'ri keldi dot-com boom Kaliforniyada.[8][26] Devis o'zining kuchli so'rovnomalarini 2001 yil yanvariga qadar o'tkazdi.

Devisning gubernator sifatida birinchi rasmiy ishi shtat qonun chiqaruvchi organining maxsus sessiyasini chaqirib, Kaliforniya shtatidagi barcha bolalarni 9 yoshgacha o'qish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lish rejasini hal qilish edi.

"Men o'qishga bo'lgan ishtiyoqim tufayli gubernatorlikka saylandim", dedi Devis qayta chaqirilgan saylov oldidan yakshanba kuni kechqurun CNN telekanaliga Larri King jonli.[1]

Devisning gubernator sifatida rasmiy tarjimai holi

Devis Kaliforniya shtatining o'sib borayotgan byudjet profitsitidan ta'lim xarajatlarini ko'paytirish uchun foydalandi. U yangi davlat miqyosidagi hisobdorlik dasturini va akademik ko'rsatkichlar indeksini ta'minlaydigan qonunchilikni imzoladi va o'rta maktabga chiqish imtihonini qo'llab-quvvatladi.[4] U Cal Grant dasturini eng katta kengaytirishga ruxsat beruvchi qonunchilikni imzoladi.[4] Devis ma'muriyati davrida Kaliforniya yangi talabalar uchun matematika va fanlarda katta ilmiy yutuqlari uchun tan olindi Oltin shtat imtihonlari. Devisning "Gubernatorlar uchun stipendiya" dasturi shtatning har yili o'tkaziladigan shtat miqyosidagi standartlashtirilgan test sinovlarida ikkita fan yo'nalishi bo'yicha eng yaxshi 1% ball to'plagan talabalarga $ 1000 miqdorida stipendiya ajratdi.

Rasmiy davlat portreti

Devis qonun hujjatlariga imzo chekdi, u mahalliy kontekst (ELC) dasturida qatnashishni kafolatlagan dasturni boshladi. Kaliforniya universiteti O'rta maktab sinfining eng yuqori 4 foizini bitirgan talabalarga.[27] Davlat maktablari talab qilgan minimaldan 8 milliard dollar oldi Taklif 98 Devisning birinchi muddati davomida. Devis ko'proq va yuqori malakali o'qituvchilarni jalb qilish uchun xarajatlarni ko'paytirdi. U qabul qilingan shtat miqyosidagi taklifga binoan mahalliy maktab zayomlarini tasdiqlash chegarasini uchdan ikki qismidan 55 foizgacha tushirish kampaniyasini o'tkazdi. Devis to'rt yil ichida yangi darsliklar uchun 3 milliard dollar ajratdi va 1999 yildan 2004 yilgacha har bir o'quvchiga shtat xarajatlarini 5756 dollardan 6922 dollarga oshirdi.[28]

2001 yilda gubernator Grey Devis Boshlang'ich maktablarda oziq-ovqat uchun oziqlanish standartlarini belgilaydigan va boshlang'ich va o'rta maktablarda gazlangan ichimliklar sotilishini taqiqlovchi Senatning 19-sonli qonunini imzoladi.[29]

Devisning yana bir dastlabki harakati uning salafiy respublikachi gubernatori Pit Uilsonning Kaliforniyada ish haqi oluvchilar uchun sakkiz soatlik qo'shimcha ish haqi to'g'risidagi qoidasini o'zgartirganligi edi.

Ichki hamkorlik

Devis 1999 yilda ichki sheriklik reestrini tan oldi va 2001 yilda bir jinsli sheriklarga qarama-qarshi jinsdagi turmush o'rtoqlar foydalanadigan bir qator huquqlarni berdi, masalan, qobiliyatsiz sherik uchun sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilish, konservator vazifasini bajarish va mulkni meros qilib olish.[4] Shuningdek, u jinsiy orientatsiya asosida hakamlar hay'ati diskvalifikatsiyasini oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasini imzoladi. Bundan tashqari, u ishchilarga oilaviy ta'tildan ichki sherigiga g'amxo'rlik qilish uchun foydalanishga ruxsat beruvchi qonun loyihasini imzoladi, garchi u fuqarolik kasaba uyushmalarida ishchi guruh chaqirish kampaniyasida va'dasini bajarmadi.[28]

Qurol va jamoat xavfsizligi

U 1999 yilda hujum qurollarini markasiga emas, balki o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga ko'ra taqiqlash to'g'risidagi qonunlarni imzoladi, shuningdek qurol sotib olishni oyiga bir martagacha cheklashni talab qiladi. tirnoq qulflari barcha yangi qurollarni sotish va arzon qurollarni sotishni kamaytirish bilan. Devisning taqiqiga .50 kalibrli o'qotar qurol va "Shanba kechasi maxsus" deb nomlangan taqiq kiritilgan.[4][27] 2001 yilda Devis qurol sotib oluvchilarni xavfsizlik sinovlaridan o'tishini talab qiladigan qonun loyihasini imzoladi.[28]

Uning qurol ustida turishi uni ko'pchilikka yoqmasligi uchun yordam berdi. Devis 1999 yilda chaqirib olish to'g'risidagi iltimosnomaga duch keldi, ammo bu harakatlar ovoz berish uchun yetarli imzo to'play olmadi.

2003 yilda uning oxir-oqibat esga olinishi qisman qurol to'g'risidagi qonunchilik bilan bog'liq edi.

Jinoyat

O'lim jazosi va qattiqroq jazo qonunchiligi tarafdori Devis shartli ravishda ozod qilish kengashining deyarli barcha shartli tavsiyalariga to'sqinlik qildi.[28]

Meksika bilan aloqalar

Devis Meksika prezidenti bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga intildi Visente Foks.

1999 yil boshida Devis bilan munosabatlarni yaxshilashga intildi Meksika. Devis Kaliforniyaning ostida ekanligiga ishongan Pit Uilson millionlab potentsial savdo daromadlarini "stolda" qoldirgan edi.[30] Devis Kaliforniyaning Meksika bilan o'xshashroq munosabatda bo'lishini istashini aytdi Texas o'sha paytda gubernator davrida Jorj V.Bush.[30] Kaliforniya-Meksika chegarasi bo'yicha tortishuvlar va Kaliforniyadagi taklif 187 ikki tomon o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni keskinlashtirgan edi.[31] Devis Meksika prezidenti bilan uchrashdi Ernesto Zedillo Kaliforniyaning janubiy qo'shnisi va asosiy savdo sherigi bilan munosabatlarni Devisning ish boshlagan dastlabki 30 kun ichida yaxshilash.[2][4] Keyinchalik Devis Prezident bilan uchrashdi Visente Foks va uning inauguratsiyasida ishtirok etdi. Gubernator Meksika prezidentlari bilan sakkiz marta uchrashgan. Devis ma'muriyati ostida, Kaliforniya va Quyi Kaliforniya bir nechta siyosiy yo'nalishlarda hamkorlikni kengaytiradigan "O'zaro anglashuv memorandumi" ni imzoladi.[2] Devis davrida Meksika tarixda birinchi marta Kaliforniyaning etakchi eksport bozoriga aylandi va Kaliforniyaning Meksika bilan savdosi Meksikaning Lotin Amerikasi, Evropa va Osiyo bilan umumiy savdosidan oshib ketdi.[2] Kaliforniya iqtisodiyotidagi o'sish tufayli Devis butun dunyo bo'ylab, shu jumladan Meksikada savdo ofislarini ochdi va kengaytirdi. Ammo ushbu idoralarning aksariyati 2003 yilgi Kaliforniya byudjetida qiyin moliyaviy vaqt tufayli bekor qilindi.[2]

Sog'liqni saqlash, atrof-muhit, biznes va transport

Devis kam ta'minlangan bolalar sonini salomatligini qoplash uchun davlat tomonidan imtiyozli ravishda kengaytirildi.[2] U bemorlarga a olish imkoniyatini beradigan qonunlarni imzoladi ikkinchi fikr agar ular bo'lsa HMO davolanishni va cheklangan hollarda sudga murojaat qilish huquqini inkor etadi.[27] Devis HMO kasallariga huquqlarni, shu jumladan nizolarni hal qilish uchun yordam liniyasini va da'volarni mustaqil tibbiy ko'rikdan o'tkazishni ta'minlaydigan qonunchilikni imzoladi.[4] Devis davrida qariyalar uylarida xodimlarning bemorlarga nisbati yaxshilandi. Biroq, Devis byudjet taqchilligi sababli, muhtoj bolalarning ota-onalariga arzon tibbiy xizmatni kengaytirish bo'yicha kampaniyada va'dasidan voz kechdi.[28]

Devis nogiron bo'lmagan kam ta'minlanganlarga ruxsat berdi OIV ostida davolanmoq O'rta kal. U igna almashish dasturlarida ishtirok etayotgan odamlarning jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaslik huquqini beruvchi qonunni imzoladi. Shuningdek, u OITSning oldini olishga davlat xarajatlarini ko'paytirdi.[28]

Gubernator Devis boshchiligida, Kaliforniya qarshitamaki aksiya mamlakatdagi eng yirik va eng samarali kampaniyalardan biriga aylandi.[32] R. J. Reynolds va Lorillard Tamaki Kaliforniya shtatidagi antisokka qarshi kampaniyasi ustidan sudga murojaat qildi, ammo ularning da'vosi 2003 yil iyul oyida bekor qilindi. Devis shuningdek, chekishni chekishga qarshi yangi reklama e'lonini e'lon qildi, unda zarar etkazilgan zararni grafik ravishda aks ettiradi. chekish.[2]

2002 yil sentyabr oyida gubernator Devis yoshni tekshirish uchun qonun loyihalarini imzoladi sigaretalar va undan ortiq sotilgan boshqa tamaki mahsulotlari Internet yoki pochta orqali tamaki sotib olganlik uchun barcha davlat soliqlarining to'liq to'lanishini ta'minladilar va chekilmagan sigaretlarni saqlash yoki sotib olish uchun jarimani oshirdilar.[33] Shuningdek, u jamoat binolari atrofidagi tutunsiz zonalarni kengaytirish bo'yicha qonunchilikka imzo chekdi.[2][33]

Devis 2003 yilda telemarketing orqali qo'ng'iroq qilmaslik ro'yxatini tuzgan qonunchilikni tasdiqladi.[27] Devis davrida jarohatlangan va ishsiz ishchilar uchun nafaqalar ko'paygan. Eng kam ish haqi 1 dollarga oshib, 6,75 dollarni tashkil etdi.[2] Devis yuqori ilmiy tadqiqotlar va rivojlanish soliq imtiyozlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi. U ish boshlagan dastlabki ikki yil ichida yangi korxonalar tomonidan to'lanadigan franchayzing soliqlarining eng kam miqdorini bekor qilishni talab qildi.[28]

Devisning rekordlari, odatda, erlarni sotib olish, shtatdagi park tizimini saqlash xarajatlarini ko'payishi, avtoulov ishlab chiqaruvchilarga yanada samarali transport vositalarini ishlab chiqarish, davlat parklariga yig'imlarni kamaytirish va ularga qarshi chiqindilarni chiqarishga qaratilgan qonunchilikni imzolash bilan bog'liq ekologik hisoblanadi. dengizda burg'ulash, u ba'zi bir ekologlar xohlaganidek, yog'och ishlab chiqaradigan kompaniyalarga nisbatan cheklangan cheklovlarni qo'llab-quvvatlamaganligi uchun tanqid qilindi.[28] Devis ma'muriyati davrida Kaliforniya 10 ming akr (40 km) sotib oldi2) shahar bog'lari uchun.[4]

Devis 2002 yil iyul oyida AQShda avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchilaridan chiqindilarni chiqarishni cheklashni talab qiladigan birinchi shtat qonunini imzoladi. Qonun Kaliforniya Havo resurslari kengashidan 2009 yilda va undan keyin barcha tijorat bo'lmagan transport vositalari chiqaradigan issiqxona gazlarida "maksimal darajada" qisqartirishni talab qilishi kerak edi.[34] Avtomobil ishlab chiqaruvchilarining ta'kidlashicha, ushbu qonun Kaliforniyada sotiladigan kichikroq va qimmatroq mashinalarga olib keladi.[35]

1999 yil 25 martda Devis an ijro buyrug'i olib tashlashni talab qilmoqda MTBE shtatda sotiladigan benzindan (toksik benzin qo'shimchasi).[36] 2001 yilda MTBE-ni olib tashlagan holda Kaliforniyada benzin narxi o'rtacha bo'lib qolishi uchun, Devis Prezidentdan so'radi Jorj V.Bush Kaliforniyaga federal minimal kislorod talabidan voz kechishni ta'minlash uchun EPAga buyurtma berish.[37] Imtiyozsiz Kaliforniya juda katta miqdordagi mahsulotni import qilishi kerak edi etanol yiliga va gaz narxi keskin o'sishi rejalashtirilgan edi. Bush bu imtiyozni bermadi va 2002 yilda Devis o'zining avvalgi buyrug'ini bekor qilish to'g'risida buyruq chiqardi.[38]

Biznesni tartibga solish haqida gap ketganda Devisning xatti-harakatlari Devisni yanada mo''tadil gubernator deb taxmin qildi. U iste'molchilarning shaxsiy moliyaviy ma'lumotlarini himoya qilish uchun banklar va sug'urta kompaniyalari qarshi chiqqan keng qamrovli qonun loyihasini o'ldirishda ishlagan. "Kampaniyada ko'rganingiz, olgan narsangiz edi", dedi UC Berkli universiteti professori Bryus Keyn. "U turli xil qiziqish guruhlari o'rtasida muzokara olib borishga va demokratlarni yanada markazlashgan, biznesga yo'naltirilgan yo'lda ushlab turishga harakat qildi".[28]

Devis besh yildan beri 150 dan ortiq tranzit va avtomobil yo'llari loyihalariga 5,3 milliard dollarni ma'qulladi. Ushbu loyihalardan biri bu yangi sharqiy qismida qurilish edi Bay ko'prigi. 1999 va 2000 yillar davomida Kaliforniya millionlab yangi temir yo'l vagonlarini sotib olish va takomillashtirishni kuzatib borish kabi bir vaqtning o'zida loyihalarga sarf qildi.[28]

Ommaboplikning pasayishi

2001 yil may oyida, o'rtalarida Kaliforniyadagi elektr inqirozi, uning raqamlari 42% ma'qullash va 49% ma'qullashdan bosh tortdi.[39] 2001 yil dekabrga qadar Devisning reytingi 51% gacha ko'tarildi.[40] Uning soni 2001 yil may oyiga qadar pasayib ketdi va kelgusi yil davomida o'zgarmadi.[41] 2003 yil aprel oyida Devis 24% ma'qullash darajasiga va 65% norozilik reytingiga ega edi.[42][43] Devisning mashhurlik darajasining keskin pasayishiga (va oxir oqibat esga olinishiga) asosiy sabablari quyidagilardir Kaliforniyadagi elektr inqirozi elektr energiyasi narxlarining keskin o'sishi va 2001 yilda bir qator elektr uzilishlarini o'z ichiga olgan,[44] shuningdek, avtomobillarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazishda davlat soliqlarining ko'payishi bilan saylovchilarning noroziligi.[45]

Devis o'rtacha yo'lni tutishga harakat qilgan edi, ammo oxir-oqibat uni juda konservativ deb bilgan va uni juda liberal deb biladigan ko'plab konservatorlar deb hisoblagan ko'plab davlat liberallarini chetlashtirdi.[46] Ko'pchilik byudjetni muvozanatlashtirmoqchi bo'lganida, Devis qamoqxonalar uchun xarajatlarni ko'paytirib, maktablar uchun xarajatlarni qisqartirganidan xafa bo'ldi. Ba'zi tanqidchilar ushbu taklifni Kaliforniya Tuzatish Tinchlik Ofitserlari Uyushmalari Devisning qayta saylov kampaniyasiga xayriya mablag'lari.[47]

Kaliforniyadagi elektr inqirozi

Asosiy maqola: Kaliforniyadagi elektr inqirozi
Asosiy maqola: Enron janjal

Ishga kirishganidan ko'p o'tmay, Devis 1999 yil aprel oyida o'n ikki yil ichida birinchi elektrostantsiya qurilishini tezkor ravishda kuzatib borishga muvaffaq bo'ldi, garchi elektr inshooti inqirozidan oldin ushbu stansiya ishlamagan edi.

Keyingi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra Federal Energiya Nazorat Komissiyasi kabi tergov va hisobot, ko'plab Texasda joylashgan ko'plab energiya savdo kompaniyalari, masalan Enron korporatsiyasi, elektr energiyasidan foydalanish tezlashishi elektrni o'chirishga olib keladigan darajada ularni noqonuniy ravishda cheklab qo'ydi. Yorilish 97000 mijozga ta'sir qiladigan 2000 yil 14 iyunda San-Frantsisko ko'rfazida urilgan va San-Diego gaz va elektr kompaniyasi da'vo bilan murojaat qildi bozor manipulyatsiyasi 2000 yil avgust oyida ba'zi energiya ishlab chiqaruvchilar tomonidan.[48] 2000 yil 7 dekabrda kam ta'minlanganlik va ishlamay qolgan elektr stantsiyalaridan aziyat chekkan Kaliforniya mustaqil tizim operatori Kaliforniya elektr tarmog'ini boshqaradigan (CAISO) birinchi shtat bo'ylab Stage 3 quvvat signalini e'lon qildi, ya'ni quvvat zaxiralari 3 foizdan past edi. Shtat elektr energiyasini tejash uchun ikkita yirik shtat va federal suv nasoslarini to'xtatganda, o'chirib qo'yishning oldini olindi.[48]

Palm Springs tashqarisidagi shamol tegirmoni maydoni. Issiq harorat Kaliforniyani o'chirishga olib keladi, deb o'ylashdi, ammo keyinchalik bozor manipulyatsiyasi sabab bo'lganligi aniqlandi.

2001 yil 17 yanvarda Devis elektr inqiroziga javoban favqulodda holat e'lon qildi. Boshchiligidagi chayqovchilar Enron korporatsiyasi, bir necha hafta davomida davlat chekkada qolib, oxir-oqibat 17 va 18 yanvar kunlari elektr uzilishlariga duch keldi.[48] Kaliforniya energetika kompaniyalari texnik jihatdan bo'lganligi sababli Devis ochiq bozorda juda noqulay sharoitlarda quvvat sotib olishga kirishdi bankrot va sotib olish qobiliyatiga ega emas edi. Kaliforniya kelasi 20 yil ichida elektr energiyasi uchun 43 milliard dollar to'lashga rozi bo'ldi.[48] Gazeta noshirlari Devisni sudga berib, uni energiya shartnomasi tafsilotlarini ommaga oshkor qilishga majbur qildi.[49]

Elektr inqirozi paytida Devis ma'muriyati energiya tejash dasturini amalga oshirdi, u televizion reklamalarni va energiya sarfini kamaytirish uchun moddiy rag'batlantirishni o'z ichiga oldi. Ushbu harakatlar, elektr uzilishidan qo'rqish va elektr narxining oshishi natijasida 2000 yil iyundan 2001 yil iyunigacha elektr energiyasidan foydalanish 14,1 foizga kamaygan.[48]

Grey Devis tanqidchilari ko'pincha uni inqirozga to'g'ri javob bermagan deb ayblashadi, uning himoyachilari esa inqirozni faqatgina korporativ buxgalteriya janjallari va Devis qo'lidan kelgan barcha ishni qildi, deb ayt. Chapdagi ba'zi tanqidchilar, masalan Arianna Xuffington, Devis tomonidan harakatsizlikka uchragan deb da'vo qilgan kampaniyadagi hissalar energiya ishlab chiqaruvchilardan.[50] Devisning ba'zi energetika bo'yicha maslahatchilari ilgari inqirozdan millionlab pul ishlab topgan bir xil energetik chayqovchilar tomonidan ishlagan. Bundan tashqari, Demokratlar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan qonun chiqaruvchi idora ba'zan Dovisni taniqli elektr stantsiyalarini egallab olish va ularni kommunal xizmatlar nazorati ostiga olish orqali qat'iy qaror qabul qilishga undaydi. Ayrim konservatorlar Devisning energiya narxlarini oshirib yuborgan shartnomalarni imzolaganligi, qobiliyatsiz muzokarachilarni ishlaganligi va San-Diegoda bo'lgani kabi shtat bo'ylab turar-joy binolari uchun elektr narxlarining ko'tarilishiga yo'l qo'ymasliklarini da'vo qildilar, chunki ular Devisga energiya savdogarlariga nisbatan ko'proq ta'sir ko'rsatishi va ko'proq tejashga undashlari mumkin edi.[51] Elektr inqirozi Devisni eslashiga sabab bo'lgan asosiy omillardan biri hisoblanadi.

Devis energiya bo'yicha ma'ruza qilmoqda

Da nutqida UCLA 2003 yil 19 avgustda Devis energetika inqirozi paytida sustkashlik qilgani uchun kechirim so'radi, ammo keyin kuchlilarga hujum qildi Xyuston "Energiyani etkazib beruvchilar:" Menga energiya regulyatsiyasi sxemasi meros bo'lib o'tdi, bu hammamizni yirik energiya ishlab chiqaruvchilarning rahm-shafqatiga topshirdi. Biz Federal hukumatdan yordam olmadik. Aslida men kurashayotgan paytlarim Enron va boshqa energiya kompaniyalari, xuddi shu kompaniyalar bilan o'tirishgan Vitse prezident Cheyni milliy energetika strategiyasini ishlab chiqadi ".[52]

Bir necha yil o'tgach, Enronga qarshi hukmlar chiqarilganda, Enron va boshqa kompaniyalarni bozorni manipulyatsiya qilishda ayblanib, Devis quyidagi taklif bilan javob berdi:

Ken Lay va Jeffri Skilling, hammaga qaraganda ko'proq, hozir siz bilan ushbu yuridik firmadan gaplashishimning sababi.[8]

(Skillingning sudlanganligi keyinchalik bekor qilindi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Oliy sudi "halol xizmatlar" to'g'risidagi nizomning qisqarishida.)

2003 yil 13 noyabrda, lavozimidan ketishdan sal oldin Devis energetika inqirozini rasman 2001 yil 17 yanvarda e'lon qilgan favqulodda holatni tugatish to'g'risidagi deklaratsiya bilan tugatdi. Favqulodda holat davlatga moliyaviy jihatdan elektr energiyasini sotib olishga ruxsat berdi. bog'lab qo'yilgan kommunal xizmat ko'rsatuvchi kompaniyalar. Favqulodda vaziyatlar boshqarmasi Devisga buyruq berishga ruxsat berdi Kaliforniya energetika komissiyasi yangi elektr stantsiyalariga ariza berish jarayonini soddalashtirish. Shu vaqt ichida Kaliforniya 38 ta yangi elektr stantsiyalariga litsenziyalar berdi, ularning qurilishi tugagandan so'ng 14 365 megavatt elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarishni tashkil etdi.[2]

2006 yilda, Los Anjeles Tayms Devisning kelajakdagi elektr uzilishlarini oldini olish va Kaliforniyaga arzon energiya ta'minotini etkazib berish uchun uzoq muddatli loyihalarni imzolaganligi sababli energiya narxining oshishi bilan bog'liq maqolani chop etdi.[53]

2003 yil mart oyida Federal Energiya Nazorat Komissiyasining "energiya inqirozi" deb nomlangan uzoq kutilgan hisoboti e'lon qilindi. Ushbu hisobot Devisni energiya iskanjasida ayblovni o'z zimmasiga olgan va Kaliforniya xazinasini 25 ga yaqin energiya ishlab chiqaruvchi savdo kompaniyalari tomonidan ishlatilgan qasddan qilingan taktikada ayblagan. Ikkinchisidan eng e'tiborlisi shu edi Enron, keyinchalik ularning rollari uchun bir qator direktorlar jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan.

Byudjet inqirozi

Devis ma'muriyati iqtisodiy rivojlangan yillarda Kaliforniya byudjeti Devisning yangi dasturlarini qoplash uchun kengaytirildi. Kaliforniyaning K-12 ta ta'lim bo'yicha past milliy reytinglari va Devisning kampaniyasi ta`limga yordam berishga va'da berdi, Devisni birinchi muddatiga saylagan aksariyat ko'pchilik va uning mashhurligi, Kaliforniyaliklarning aksariyati o'quv yilining boshlarida ta'lim xarajatlarining ko'payishini qo'llab-quvvatlaganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Kaliforniya byudjet profitsiti bo'lganida uning birinchi muddati. So'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, ta'lim sohasidagi xarajatlarning ko'payishi Kaliforniya shtati saylovchilari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi.[54] Devis ma'muriyati davrida soliqlar 5,1 milliard dollardan oshiq kamaytirildi, bu 3,5 milliard dollarlik soliqni kamaytirish va transport vositalarini litsenziyalash uchun to'lovlarni kamaytirishni o'z ichiga olgan.[27][55] Savdo soliqlarini qisqartirish, 1991 va 1999 yillarda va 2000 yillarda amalga oshirilgan ikki moliya yilida byudjet zaxiralari davlat umumiy jamg'armasining 4 foizidan oshib ketganda, sotish soliqlarini chorak foizga kamaytirishni talab qiladigan 1991 yilgi qonun bilan belgilandi.[55] Devis shu vaqt ichida 5,1 milliard dollar ajratishga veto qo'ydi.[55]

Devis 2000-2001 yilgi davlat byudjetini imzolaydi. 2002-2003 va 2003-2004 yillardagi byudjetlarni davlat daromadlarining keskin pasayishi bilan muvozanatlash ancha qiyinlashadi.

Kaliforniya iqtisodiyoti kengayib borayotgan bir paytda, Kaliforniya soliqlarni kamaytirgandan va yangi xarajatlaridan keyin ham Devis davrida rekord darajada byudjet profitsiti ishlab chiqarayotgan edi. Kaliforniya moliya vazirligining ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 1999 yil oxirida Kaliforniya 10% profitsitga ega edi va 2000 moliya yilining oxirida Kaliforniya 4% profitsitga ega bo'lishi prognoz qilingan.[55] Ushbu ortiqcha pullar xazinada qoldi. Devis davlat moliya masalasida ehtiyotkor bo'lishni da'vo qildi.

"Men oqilona yo'lni belgilab, bizni o'rtada ushlab turishga harakat qilyapman. Men qurolni sarflashda sakrashni xohlamayman; soliqni yengillashtirishda qurolni sakrashni xohlamayman", dedi Devis byudjet profitsiti to'g'risida 2000 yil 26 oktyabrda.[55]

The dot-com boom Kaliforniya shtatidagi rekord darajada soliq tushumini kuchaytirayotgan bu avj oldi. Kaliforniya ko'plab yuqori texnologiyali firmalarning uyi bo'lgan va asosan davlatning daromad solig'iga bog'liq edi. Davomiy xarajatlar bo'yicha majburiyatlar kamomadni keltirib chiqarganda, davlat daromadlari kamaydi. Byudjetdagi bo'shliqni bartaraf etish va davlatning kredit reytingini barqarorlashtirish uchun avtotransport vositalarini litsenziyalash bo'yicha yig'imlarni soliqdan oldin soliqlarni pasaytirish darajalariga qaytarish ommabop bo'lmagan.[8][56] 2002-2003 yillardagi davlat byudjetining boshlang'ich kamomadi 23,6 milliard dollarni tashkil etdi.[57] Devis 2003-2004 yillardagi byudjet kamomadi 34,6 milliard dollarni tashkil etishini, qonun chiqaruvchi tahlilchi esa 21,1 dollarni tashkil etishini e'lon qildi.[58]

2002 yil qayta tanlov

Asosiy maqola: 2002 yil Kaliforniyadagi gubernatorlik saylovi

Devis gubernatorlik davrida 2002 yilda qayta saylanish kampaniyasi uchun mablag 'yig'ishni boshladi. 1999 yilda Devis 13,2 million dollar va 2000 yilda 14,2 million dollar yig'di, bu ikkala tanlangan muddat ichida o'sha paytdagi misli ko'rilmagan summa.[59] Devisning 1999 va 2000 yildagi hissalarida Pacific Gas & Electric va Edison International kompaniyalari hissalari mavjud.[59] Devis, shuningdek, mehnat jamoalari, atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish guruhlari va shaxslardan katta hissa qo'shdi.[59]

Devisning mablag 'yig'ish harakatlari ko'pchilikning e'tiborini tortdi. Kaliforniya universiteti Berkli Hukumat Tadqiqotlar Instituti Devisning mablag 'yig'ish mahorati "siyosiy maydonda hech kimdan kam emas" deb da'vo qilar edi. Jon Makkeyn Devisning 2001 yildagi 26 million dollarlik maqsadini "sharmandali" deb atadi.[60] San-Frantsisko Chronicle-dagi bir maqolada Devis kuniga 34 ming dollar yig'ayotgani da'vo qilingan.[60] Devisning mablag 'yig'ish sur'ati uning ko'plab yomon ko'ruvchilar tomonidan tanqid qilingan bo'lsa-da, Arnold Shvartsenegger keyinchalik uning hokimligining dastlabki yillarida tezroq stavkalar yig'ib beradi.[61] Arnoldwatch.org - Soliq to'lovchilar va iste'molchilar huquqlarini himoya qilish jamg'armasining, ham demokratlar, ham respublikachilarni tanqid qiluvchi nodavlat tashkilot, Devisni "o'ynash uchun maosh" siyosatchi va "tanlab olish" deb atagan.[62]

2002 yilgi saylov kampaniyasi paytida Devis respublikachilar davrida saylovoldi tashviqotlarini e'lon qilishda g'ayrioddiy qadam tashladi boshlang'ich saylovlar Los-Anjeles meriga qarshi Richard Riordan. Devis, Riordan uning yozuvlariga hujum qilgan va uning kampaniyasi uning yozuvlarini himoya qilgan deb da'vo qildi.[63] So'rovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, mo''tadil sifatida Riordan umumiy saylovlarda konservativ nomzodga qaraganda ancha dahshatli raqib bo'ladi. So'rovlar hatto Riordan Devisni mag'lub etishini ko'rsatdi.[64] Devis Riordianga qarshi asosiy tarkibda salbiy reklama bilan hujum qildi. E'lonlar Riordanning hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi siyosatchilar va sudyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlashiga shubha ostiga qo'yib, Riordanning tanlov tarafdorlari pozitsiyasini shubha ostiga qo'ydi.[65][66] E'lonlar Riordanning o'lim jazosiga moratoriy qo'yishni istagan Grey Devisning chap tomonidagi pozitsiyasini ko'rsatdi.[67][68]

2002 yilgi saylov sahifasida Devisning Riordanga nisbatan salbiy reklamalari va boshqa bir xil muhim omillar izohlanib, Riordanning Respublikachilar partiyasida bo'lib o'tgan saylovlarda qat'iy konservativ nomzodning mag'lub bo'lishiga olib keldi. Bill Simon. 2002 yilning dastlabki 10 xaftaligida Devis reklama uchun 10 million dollar sarfladi: ijobiy reklama uchun 3 million dollar, o'z rekordidan maqtanish bilan, 7 million dollar Riordanga qarshi salbiy reklama uchun.[69]

Saylovga qarshi uzoq va achchiq kampaniyadan so'ng, Devis 2002 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan umumiy saylovlarda qayta saylandi, bu ikkala tomonning axloqiy tanqisligi va saylovchilarning befarqligi ayblovlari bilan ajralib turdi.[70] Saymonning obro'siga putur etkazgan moliyaviy firibgarlik mojarosi ham Simonga zarar etkazdi.[71] Devisning kampaniyasi Kaliforniyaning test sinovlari natijalari, atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish, bolalar uchun tibbiy sug'urtani qoplash va qariyalar uchun retsept bo'yicha dori-darmon narxlarini pasaytirishini ta'kidladi.[72] Devisning kampaniyasida Simonning moliyaviy firibgarlik mojarosini ko'rsatadigan bir nechta salbiy reklamalar namoyish etildi.[73] 2002 yilgi gubernatorlik poygasi Kaliforniya shtati tarixidagi eng qimmat bahs bo'lib, 100 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'sarflandi.[74] Devisning kampaniyasi yaxshiroq moliyalashtirildi; Saylov kampaniyasining zaxiralarida Devis 2002 yil avgust oyida Saymonga qaraganda 26 million dollardan ko'proq mablag 'to'plagan.[73] Devis Saymonning 42,4 foiziga 47,4 foiz ovoz bilan qayta saylandi. Biroq, Simon-Devis poygasi zamonaviy gubernatorlik tarixidagi eng kam ishtirok etish foizini egallab oldi va bu chaqirib olish uchun talab qilinadigan imzo miqdoridan pastroq bo'lishiga imkon berdi.[75] Saylovda Devis g'alaba qozondi, ammo saylovchilarning aksariyati Devisni yoqtirmadi va uning ish faoliyatini ma'qullamadi.[76][77]

Ommaviy imidj

So'rovlar Devisning obro'sining pasayib ketishini energetika va byudjet muammolari bilan izohlagan bo'lsa-da, ba'zi gazeta maqolalari va sharhlovchilari uning samaradorligi va siyosiy jozibasini cheklaydigan boshqa masalalarni aniqladilar. Mo''tadil, mo''tadil Devis, demokratlar tomonidan ko'proq erkinroq boshqariladigan Qonunchilik palatasi bilan ba'zi kelishmovchiliklarga duch keldi.[28] Demokrat Jon L. Berton, rahbari Kaliforniya shtati senati, Devisning bosh antagonisti edi.[28] 2003 yilda respublikachilar rahbari Jim Brulte Los-Anjeles Taymsga aytishicha, Devisga qiyin paytlarda uni jalb qilish uchun siyosiy kollegiallik asoslari etishmayapti. "Men hech qachon uni taniganimni his qilmaganman ... Men unga doim achindim".[29]

Devisning o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlari unga Demokratik partiyaning asosiy okrugiga murojaat qilishni qiyinlashtirdi. During the recall, Davis failed to gain the full support he needed from his more liberal Democratic base.[15] He had the reputation of being beholden to supporters yet unable to satisfy them.[29]

Davis' leadership and compromise-building skills have also been questioned. Many of the challenges that California faced during his years required a strong force of personality to forge compromise but Davis lacked such skill.[29] He was also hurt by redistricting in 2000 that made most districts safe for the incumbent party, limiting some legislators' need and willingness to compromise.[29]

When Davis was inaugurated, he said, regarding Taklif 187, "I'm a governor, not a judge" and vowed to uphold all of the laws of the state, even the ones with which he personally disagreed. Davis defended the law initially,[78] but when it was declared unconstitutional by the To'qqizinchi tuman apellyatsiya sudi, he did not appeal the decision.[79]

Davis' personality was often described as aloof and his political style cautious and calculated instead of charismatic.[15] His personality forced him to depend more on political skills, such as fundraising, to win elections.[15] Davis' tendency to micromanage his administration made it difficult for people to present opposing views and even drove some out of service.[49]

As Davis left office in 2003, the San-Fransisko xronikasi published an editorial discussing his legacy. The newspaper claimed that he lacked vision, allowed the legislature and its policies to define his tenure and had a "robotic governing style" that focused on fundraising instead of personal relationships. The Chronicle commented that Davis was often on the right side of the issues but that being on the right side of the issues alienated the electorate. Davis lacked charisma and seemed to be more passionate about winning campaigns than governing.[15] Davis never showed emotion to the voters.[80] He spent much of his campaign time talking about his accomplishments instead of providing voters with a vision.[4]

Ikkinchi muddat

Davis signs AB 574 on September 11, 2003, establishing a student loan repayment program for members of the State Military Forces.

Davis' second term, which lasted only ten months, was dominated by the saylovni esga olish. He was widely criticized for responding to the budget crisis by reversing a decade of fee reductions on motor vehicles, a decision which his opponents repeatedly referenced.[81]Not long after Davis signed law legalizing that the DMV grant drivers licenses to undocumented immigrants, Davis was challenged to a recall election. Davis had also signed legislation requiring employers to pay for medical insurance for workers and legislation granting domestic partners many of the same rights as married people, and vetoed legislation that would have given undocumented immigrants free tuition for community college.[82] Some political observers saw these efforts as an attempt to reinforce support from Hispanics, labor union members and liberal Democrats.[82] Ultimately, Davis did not have as much support from Hispanics and union members in the recall election as he did in his 2002 re-election.[15]

Saylangan hokim Arnold Shvartsenegger, Prezident Jorj V.Bush and Governor Gray Davis speak to firefighters on November 4, 2003.

Davis was governor during the southern California fires of 2003, more commonly known as the Sidr olovi. Davis declared a state of emergency in Los Angeles County, San Bernardino County, San Diego County and Ventura County in October 2003 and deployed the National Guard to help with disaster relief. By mid-November, the greater South Los Angeles area had been declared a disaster area. This enabled federal funding to help repair flooding and weather-related damage, including the destruction of thousands of acres of vegetation.[83] The Cedar Fire was the last major event during Davis' tenure as governor. Both Davis and governor-elect Schwarzenegger worked to help with disaster relief. Schwarzenegger went to Vashington, Kolumbiya and met Vice President Dik Cheyni to lobby the federal government for more disaster relief funds.

Eslatib o'tamiz

Asosiy maqola: Kaliforniya gubernatorligini chaqirib olish bo'yicha saylov

In July 2003, a sufficient number of citizen signatures were collected for a saylovni esga olish. The initial drive for the recall was fueled by funds from the personal fortune of AQSh vakili Darrell Issa, a Republican who originally hoped to replace Davis himself. The 2003 California recall special election was the goal of the "Dump Davis" campaign and constituted the first gubernatorial recall in Californian history and only the second in U.S. history. Keyinchalik, the unsuccessful recall ning Skott Uoker ning Viskonsin in 2012 would be the third.

Early in the runup to the recall election, Davis called the recall election an “insult” to the eight million voters who had voted in the 2002 gubernatorial election. The Davis campaign tried to run against the recall Yes/No vote instead of against the candidates that were trying to replace him. Davis tried to depict the recall as a $66 million waste of money that could allow a candidate with a very small percentage of the vote to become Governor—potentially someone who was very liberal or conservative as there are no primaries in a recall election. Davis tried to run “outside the recall circus” and to make himself appear gubernatorial and hard at work for California, and who had made improvements to education and healthcare.[22][84] Early August polls showed that over 50% supported the recall.[22]

In September 2003, Davis conceded that he had lost touch with the voters and he was trying to correct that with numerous townhall meetings.[85] Poll numbers in September showed a 3% drop in the number of California voters who were planning to vote yes on the recall.[86] According to some analysts and campaign aides, Davis' town hall meetings and conversations with voters were softening his image.[86] Many political insiders remarked that Davis had made several comebacks and that he should not be counted out of the race despite poll numbers that showed over 50% planning to vote yes on the recall.[6][22][86]

Headlines of Gray Davis' defeat in Berkli gazetasi, Kundalik Kaliforniyalik. The paper's headlines read "Davis Terminated", a reference to one of then governor-elect Arnold Schwarzenegger's movie characters, The Terminator.

During the recall, Davis blamed some of the state's problems on his predecessor Pete Wilson.[87] Davis claimed that he would have rather raised taxes on the upper tax brackets instead of restoring vehicle registration fees and college student tuition.[87]

Davis called the recall a right-wing effort to rewrite history after losing the fall election last year.[87] In a major 19 minute campaign address that was broadcast statewide, Davis said the recall was a "right-wing power grab" by Republicans and he blamed Republicans in the legislature and in Washington for many of the state's problems while at the same time he tried to take some of the responsibility for the state's problems.[88]

"It's like the Oakland Raiders saying to Tampa Bay, 'We know you beat us, but we want to play the Super Bowl again,"' said Davis about the recall.[87]

On October 7, 2003, Davis was recalled with 55.4% of the votes in favor of the recall and Republican Arnold Shvartsenegger was elected to replace him as governor. The Ko'rfaz zonasi va Los-Anjeles okrugi were the only regions in California to vote no on the recall. Davis joined Frazier, who was ousted in 1921, as the only governors in American history to be recalled.[89]

On the night of the recall, Davis conceded defeat and thanked California for having elected him in 5 statewide elections. Davis mentioned what he defined as the accomplishments of his administration such as improvements in education, environmental protection, and health insurance for children.[90] Davis said he would help Schwarzenegger in the transition and he later urged his staff to do the same.[91] His last day in office was November 17, 2003.[92]

Siyosatdan keyingi hayot

Davis participating in a public service announcement as part of the State of California's "Your Action Saves Lives" series promoting facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

After leaving public office, Davis appeared on several shows, such as Jey Leno ishtirokidagi Tonight Show va Devid Letterman bilan kech namoyish, shuningdek kameo ustida CBS sitcom Ha azizim. In December 2004, he announced that he was joining the law firm of Loeb & Loeb.

Davis spends 80% of his workdays practicing corporate law as "of counsel " to Loeb & Loeb in Century City, a firm where all attorneys wear casual attire, even Davis. American Lawyer magazine called the firm one of the "best places" in the country for legal staff to work.[8]

Davis has done several media interviews about his legacy. He appeared prominently in the documentary Enron: Xonadagi eng aqlli yigitlar.[93]

The debate about his legacy and role in the energy woes that proved to be his downfall remains. In a CNN interview on August 5, 2005, Davis expressed that he feels complete vindication because of the revelation that Enron manipulated the California energy market and because of Schwarzenegger's then-low approval ratings. He also indicated that he had no interest in running for governor again, although he had been urged to run by some Democrats.[93]

He was a guest lecturer at UCLA's School of Public Policy in 2006 alongside former Republican State Senator Jim Brulte. He wrote an introduction for a journalist's book on the Amber haqida ogohlantirish system for missing children, a cause he championed.[8]

On April 23, 2007, Davis was appointed to the Board of Directors of animation company DiC Entertainment, as a non-executive.[94]

On May 21, 2009, Davis was keynote speaker at the Columbia Law School graduation ceremony.[95][96]

Criminal Controversies

Gray Davis' cut all ties with convicted pornographer, Eugene La Pietra, his Finance Chairman for his run for California State Controller, after the Los Angeles Times reported on Eugene La Pietra's previous Federal and State convictions on pornography charges.[97]

In 1979, Jerry Brown, an investigative journalist, and reporter Gus Russo, cited multiple sources that Governor Brown and Gray Davis were in the pocket of longtime Chicago mobster and Hollywood fixer, Sidney Korshak.[98]

In 2005, while Davis was governor, John Robert Stevens, a high ranking advisor to Davis, admitted to sexually molesting two young boys.[99]

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Tashqi havolalar

Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Edvin Miz		 Shtab boshlig'i Kaliforniya gubernatori
1975–1981		Muvaffaqiyatli
B. T. Collins
Oldingi
Kenneth Cory		 Kaliforniya nazorati
1987–1995		Muvaffaqiyatli
Kathleen Connell
Oldingi
Leo T. Makkarti		 Kaliforniya gubernatori-leytenant
1995–1999		Muvaffaqiyatli
Kruz Bustamante
Oldingi
Pit Uilson		 Kaliforniya gubernatori
1999–2003		Muvaffaqiyatli
Arnold Shvartsenegger
Kaliforniya assambleyasi
Oldingi
Xovard Berman		 A'zosi Kaliforniya assambleyasi
47-okrugdan
1982–1986		Muvaffaqiyatli
Terry Friedman
Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari
Oldingi
Kathleen Brown		 Demokratik nomzod Kaliforniya gubernatori
1998, 2002		Muvaffaqiyatli
Kruz Bustamante
Oldingi
Pol E. Patton		 Kafedra Demokratik Hokimlar Uyushmasi
2000–2001		Muvaffaqiyatli
Parris Glendening