Hue – Da Nang aksiyasi - Hue–Da Nang Campaign - Wikipedia

Hue – Da Nang aksiyasi
Qismi Vetnam urushi
DaNang75.jpg
A Vetnam xalq armiyasi T-54 tankga kirish Da Nang 1975 yilda.
Sana1975 yil 5 mart - 2 aprel
Manzil
Xuế (Thừa Thien-Huế viloyati ), Da Nang (Kyon Nam viloyati ), Quảng Trị viloyati, Quong Ngay viloyati, Janubiy Vetnam
NatijaShimoliy Vetnam g'alabasi.[1]
Urushayotganlar
Vetnam Shimoliy Vetnam
FNL Flag.svg Vietnam Kong		 Janubiy Vetnam
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Lê Trọng Tấn
Nguyen Xyu An
Lê Tự Đồng
Chu Xuy Man		Ngô Quang Trưởng
Kuch
4 piyoda bo'linmasi
5 piyoda polk
4 piyoda batalyoni
1 mustaqil brigada
1 zirhli polk
3 artilleriya polki
1 havo hujumidan mudofaa bo'limi
1 ta jangovar muhandislar brigadasi
1 aloqa polki
Jami: ~ 75,000 erkak
60 ta tank
103 ta og'ir artilleriya.		3 piyoda bo'linmasi
1 ta havoga bo'linish
1 dengiz korpusi bo'linmasi
4 ta qo'riqchilar guruhi
1 zirhli brigada
5 zirhli otryad
1 havo kuchlari bo'limi
2 dengiz eskadrilyasi
Jami: ~ 134,000 erkak
513 tank va AFVlar
418 ta og'ir artilleriya buyumlari
373 samolyot
165 harbiy kemalar
Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar
Noma'lum70,000 qo'lga olingan, 40,000 o'ldirilgan yoki yaralangan
Katta miqdordagi harbiy texnika ham qo'lga olindi

The Hue – Da Nang aksiyasi tomonidan o'tkazilgan bir qator harbiy harakatlar edi Vetnam xalq armiyasi (PAVN) ga qarshi Vetnam Respublikasi armiyasi Davomida (ARVN) Vetnam urushi, shuningdek, ma'lum bo'lgan Vetnam sifatida Amerika urushi. Aksiya shaharlarda joylashgan edi Xuế (Thừa Thien-Huế viloyati ) va Da Nang (Kyon Nam viloyati ), viloyatlarda ikkinchi darajali jabhalar bilan Quảng Trị va Quảng Ngai. Aksiya 5 martda boshlanib, 1975 yil 2 aprelda yakunlandi.

1975 yil bahor mavsumida PAVN Oliy qo'mondonligi Xanoy Janubiy Vetnamning yirik Xu va Da Nang shaharlarini egallab olish hamda Janubiy Vetnamning turli qismlarini yo'q qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi. Men korpusning taktik zonasi, ARVN General boshchiligida Ngô Quang Trưởng. Dastlab kampaniya ikki bosqichda o'tkazilishi rejalashtirilgan edi; bahor-yoz va kuz fasllarida. Biroq, Shimoliy Vetnam kuchlari Xyu va Da Nang chekkalarida Janubiy Vetnam mudofaasini ag'darib tashlashganda, Prezident Nguyen Văn Thiệu general Trengga o'z tasarrufidagi barcha hududlarni tark etishni va kuchlarini I korpusining qirg'oq hududlariga tortib berishni buyurdi. Janubiy Vetnamni olib chiqish tezda yo'nalishga aylandi, chunki PAVN 2-armiya korpusi Janubiy Vetnam bo'linmalarini Xu va Da Nangni to'liq o'rab olguncha birin-ketin olib ketdilar. 1975 yil 29 martga qadar PAVN qo'shinlari Xu va Da Nangni to'liq nazorat ostiga olishdi, Janubiy Vetnam esa I korpusga tegishli barcha hududlarni va aksariyat qismlarni yo'qotdi.

Xu va Da Nangning qulashi ARVN tomonidan ko'rilgan azob-uqubatlarning oxiriga etkazilmadi. 31 mart kuni ARVN General Phạm Văn Phu - komandiri II korpus taktik zonasi Dan yangi himoya chizig'ini shakllantirishga urinib ko'rdi Qui Nhơn ARVNning chekinishini qoplash uchun 22-piyoda diviziyasi, ammo ular ham PAVN tomonidan yo'q qilindi. 2 aprelga qadar Janubiy Vetnam shimoliy provinsiyalar ustidan nazoratni hamda ikkita armiya korpusini yo'qotdi.

Fon

Shimoliy Vetnam

1975 yildagi Xu-Da-Nang kampaniyasi davomida Shimoliy Vetnam va Vietnam Kong (VC) kuchlari uchta tarkibga birlashtirildi; PAVN 2-korpus, Tri Thien harbiy zonasi va 5-harbiy mintaqa qo'mondonligi. 2-korpus uchta piyoda diviziyasini (304-chi, 324B va 325C Diviziyalar), 673-havo hujumidan mudofaa bo'limi, 164-artilleriya brigadasi, 203-zirhli polk, 219-jangovar muhandislar brigadasi va 463-aloqa polklari. 2-korpusga general-mayor rahbarlik qildi Nguyen Xyu An, general-mayor Le Linh siyosiy komissar sifatida. Polkovnik Hoang Dan qo'mondonning o'rinbosari, polkovnik Nguyen Kong Trang esa siyosiy komissarning o'rinbosari edi.[2]

Brigada generali Lê Tự Dng boshchiligidagi Tri Tien harbiy zonasida uchta piyoda polk (4, 46 va 271 polklar) va ikkita batalyon (21-mustaqil batalon va 6-mahalliy kuchlar batalyoni) bo'lgan.[2] 5-harbiy mintaqada bitta piyoda diviziyasi bo'lgan (2-divizion ), 141-polk tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi (dan 3-divizion ), 52-mustaqil brigada, ikkita artilleriya polki (368 va 572-artilleriya polklari), ikkita mahalliy batalyonlar (70 va 72 mahalliy kuchlar batalyonlari) va ikkita mahalliy polklar (94 va 96 mahalliy kuchlar polklari). 5-harbiy mintaqaning Shimoliy Vetnam va Vetnam Kong bo'linmalari general-mayor Chu Xuy Manning zimmasiga yuklatilgan, Vo Chi Kong esa siyosiy komissar bo'lgan.[3]

Maqsadlar

Tri Thien

1975 yil 21 fevralda Tri-Tien harbiy zonasi va 2-armiya korpusining PAVN dala qo'mondonlari ikki bosqichda amalga oshirilishi rejalashtirilgan maqsadlarini belgilash uchun konferentsiya o'tkazdilar; martda boshlanadigan va ehtimol mayda tugaydigan bahor-yoz bosqichi, kuz bosqichi esa 1975 yil iyuldan avgustgacha davom etadi. PAVN maqsadi - Kong Tru provintsiyasini o'z nazorati ostiga olish, Xu shahrini izolyatsiya qilish va agar imkon bo'lsa. o'zini namoyish qildi, butun Tri Thien-Huế maydonini egallab oldi.[4] Huếni ajratib olish uchun PAVN 2-armiya korpusi o'z maqsadiga qarshi shimoliy-g'arbiy yo'nalish bo'yicha 12-yo'l bo'ylab janubi-g'arbiy tomonga 14-yo'l bo'ylab harakat qiladi va shu bilan mintaqani Janubiy Vetnam kuchlaridan ajratib turadi. II korpus taktik zonasi.[5]

Xu-Da Nang kampaniyasiga tayyorgarlik ko'rishda PAVN 2-armiya korpusi Janubiy Vetnamning Quang Tru viloyati va Tha Thiên provintsiyasida qurshab olingan bir necha muhim bazalarni muvaffaqiyatli qo'lga kiritdi. Ushbu joylar kiritilgan Àông ha –Ái Tử shimolga, Khe Sanx -Ba uzoq g'arbda va A Lưới -Nam Dong janubiy Xyu shahrida. 304-bo'lim va 3-polk, 324-diviziyaning asosiy qismi Nong Son va Thường Đức g'arbdan Da Nangga hujum qilish. 5-harbiy mintaqada 2-bo'lim o'z pozitsiyalarini o'rnatgan edi Tiên Phước, Tra My va Trà Bồng in Quong Ngay viloyati, va Đắk Tô va Tân Cảnh yilda Kon Tum viloyati.[6]

Quảng Tin-Quảng Ngai

Xu izolyatsiya qilinganidan so'ng, 5-harbiy hudud qo'mondonligi Da Nangni izolyatsiya qilish uchun Quin Tin va Quong Ngai viloyatlaridan Tin-Ngai kampaniyasini boshladi. Markaziy tog'liklar.[7] Ikkinchi diviziya, 141-polk, 52-brigada kabi PAVN birliklari ikkita artilleriya polki (368 va 572-artilleriya polklari) bilan birgalikda VC 94 va 96 mahalliy kuchlar polklari va 70 va 72 mahalliy kuchlar batalyonlari bilan o'z harakatlarini muvofiqlashtiradilar. . Umumiy maqsadlarining bir qismi sifatida ular ARVN-ni bog'lashadi 2-divizion, Kyon Ngay provinsiyasidagi 11-zirhli otryad va 912-chi mintaqaviy kuchlar ropedasi va agar imkoniyat bo'lsa, ular ham qo'lga olishadi Bính Dính viloyati va shahar Qui Nhơn.[8]

Da Nang

Faoliyatining yakuniy bosqichida PAVN va VC Da Nangni I Corps taktik zonasini tashkil etuvchi atrofdagi hududlardan uzib tashlaydi va kuchaytirishni shaharni qaytarib olishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi. Keyin, vaziyatga qarab, PAVN shahardagi yirik Janubiy Vetnam armiyasi, dengiz floti va havo kuchlari inshootlarini egallab olish uchun hujum uyushtiradi.[9]

Janubiy Vetnam

Janubiy Vetnamning Xếu va Da Nangdagi harbiy kuchlari ARVN I korpusining taktik zonasiga tegishli edi. General-leytenant tomonidan boshqariladi Ngô Quang Trưởng, Janubiy Vetnam I korpusi Janubiy Vetnamning barcha harbiy tuzilmalari orasida eng kuchlisi hisoblanadi.[10] Uning uchta piyoda bo'linmasi bor edi (1-chi, 2 va 3-chi Piyoda bo'linmalari), Havo-desantiya bo'limi (general-mayor boshchiligida Le Quang Luong ), the Dengiz bo'limi (general-mayor boshchiligida Bui The Lan ) va 11, 12, 14 va 15-ranger guruhlari. Havodan va dengiz bo'linmalaridan har biri to'rtta brigadadan iborat kuchga ega edi. Piyoda bo'linmalaridan tashqari 5-zirhli brigada, beshta zirhli texnika (4, 7, 11, 17 va 20 zirhli otryadlar), 13 zirhli rota va 21 artilleriya batalyonlari ham bor edi.[10]

I korpusdagi mahalliy mudofaani 50 ta batalyon va beshta rota ta'minlagan Mintaqaviy va Ommabop Kuchlar va harbiy politsiyaning oltita kompaniyasi. Hududdagi quruqlikdagi kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash Vetnam Respublikasi havo kuchlari (RVNAF) 1-havo kuchlari bo'linmasi (brigada generali Nguyen Van Xan boshchiligida), ikkitasi bilan Vetnam Respublikasi dengiz floti qirg'oqda va yana ikkitasi daryo bo'yida ishlaydigan eskadrilyalar. Umuman olganda, I korpus 134 mingga yaqin askarni safga jalb qildi; 84 ming nafari oddiy askarlar, 50 ming nafari esa Mintaqaviy va Xalq kuchlariga tegishli edi. Ushbu kuchlar 449 ta tank va zirhli texnika, 418 ta artilleriya qurollari, 64 ta jihozlangan M42 Duster engil havo hujumidan mudofaa qurollari, har xil turdagi 373 ta samolyot va har xil o'lchamdagi 165 ta dengiz kemalari.[10]

Himoya strategiyasi

"Ly Thuong Kiet harbiy rejasi" va Shimoliy Vetnamliklar davrida to'plangan tajribalar bilan birgalikda Fisihga tajovuzkor, General-leytenant Ngô Quang Trưởng I korpusining mudofaasini uch bosqichda tashkil qildi, uch xil sohada sahnalashtirildi.[11]

Himoya bosqichlari

"Apelsin bosqichi" deb nomlanuvchi birinchi bosqich eng muhim deb hisoblandi, chunki u I korpusdagi Janubiy Vetnam birliklariga dushman hujumlarini to'xtatish va hatto kerak bo'lsa ularga hujum qilish uchun maydonchani taqdim etdi. "To'q sariq bosqich" ning maqsadlarini bajarish uchun General Treng Ranger guruhlari va zirhli kuchlar kabi bir nechta elita jangovar bo'linmalarini doimiy jangovar shay holatga keltirdi. Ikkinchi bosqich, "yashil faza" deb nomlanuvchi, dushman kuchlarini kechiktirish va Janubiy Vetnamning qarshi hujum uyushtirish uchun qayta to'planishiga ko'proq vaqt sotib olish uchun mo'ljallangan edi, bu dushman kuchlari "to'q sariq" bosqichni engib o'tishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi '. Yakuniy bosqichda yoki "ko'k fazalar" Janubiy Vetnam bo'linmalaridan o'zlarining mudofaa maydonlarini xavfsizligini ta'minlashni, so'ngra I Korpusdan dushman kuchlarini yo'q qilishni va haydab chiqarishni talab qiladi.[11]

Himoya yo'nalishlari

General Trengning mudofaasi markazlari Tri Tien-Xu, Da Nang va Kong Nam-Kyon Ngay shaharlarida joylashgan edi.[11]

Tri Thien-Huế

Tri Thien va Huếni ushlab turish vazifasi 1-bo'lim, 4-chi va 15-chi qo'riqchilar guruhlari, 913-chi va 914-chi mintaqaviy kuchlar kompaniyalari, 17-va 20-zirhli otryadlar, 10 ta artilleriya batalyonlari, bitta vertolyot eskadrilyasi, ikkita razvedka zimmasiga yuklatilgan. samolyotlar va bitta qirg'oq patrul otryadlari. Ushbu kuchlarga general-leytenant Lam Quang Thi qo'mondonlik qilgan.[11]

Nam-Da Nang

Da Nang to'g'ridan-to'g'ri general-leytenantning mas'uliyati ostida edi Ngô Quang Trưởng. Bu erda 3-diviziya, 4-va 7-zirhli otryadlar, 11-chi va 14-chi qo'riqchilar guruhlari, 911-chi mintaqaviy kuchlar kompaniyasi, 1-havo kuchlari bo'limi, bitta qirg'oq patrul eskadrilyasi va ikkita daryo eskadrilyasi joylashgan edi.[11]

Quảng Tin-Quảng Ngai

Quong Tin va Quong Ngai 2-diviziya, 12-ranger guruhi, 11-zirhli otryad, uchta artilleriya batalyoni, 912-mintaqaviy kuchlar rota, bitta qirg'oq patrul eskadrilyasi va bitta daryo eskadrilyasi tomonidan o'tkazilgan. Brigada general Trần Văn Nhựt 3-piyoda diviziyasiga va Kong Nam va Kyon Ngaydagi boshqa qismlarga qo'mondonlik qildi.[11]

Prelude

1975 yil 5 martda PAVN 2-armiya korpusi rasman I korpusning Janubiy Vetnam kuchlariga qarshi kampaniyasini boshladi. Kampaniyaning ochilish zarbalari Janubiy Vetnam harbiy konvoylariga hujum bilan belgilandi Xay Van dovoni va An Lo ko'prigining buzilishi Magistral 1, Xu shimolida joylashgan. Dong Ong Do va Tepalik 368-dagi ARVN 913th mintaqaviy kuchlari tomonidan egallab olingan pozitsiyalar ham hujumga uchradi Phu Bai aviabazasi kuchli artilleriya bombardimoniga uchragan. Janubiy Vetnamliklar ushbu hujumlar bilan shug'ullanishganda, general Nguyen Xu An 325-diviziya va 304-diviziyaning 9-polkini yashirin ravishda Kuong Trudan janubdagi Xu tomon yo'naltirdi. Keyinchalik 46 va 271-polklar ilgari 325-bo'lim va 9-polk egallab turgan lavozimlarga o'tdilar. Janubiy Vetnam razvedka idoralarini aldash uchun, Shimoliy Vetnamliklar tank va artilleriya bo'linmalarini Cua Vietnam, Thanh Hoi va Ai Tu-ga ko'chirishdi.[12]

Shimoliy Vetnam birliklarining I korpus taktik zonasida harakatlanishi

6 va 7 mart kunlari VK 4-mahalliy kuchlar batalyoni May Linhga va boshqa 11 atrofdagi harbiy sub-sektorlarga Quin Tru provinsiyasiga hujum qilib, ularni bosib oldi. Ertasi kuni general Lam o'z nazoratidagi hududdagi PAVN hujumlariga javoban Da Nangdagi general Trungdan yordam so'radi. Shu bilan birga, PAVN 2-armiya korpusi o'z hujumlarini davom ettirdi, 324-diviziya Janubiy Vetnam pozitsiyalariga Nui Bong (16 ° 17′10 ″ N 107 ° 44′31 ″ E / 16.286 ° N 107.742 ° E / 16.286; 107.742) va Nui Mau Tau (16 ° 18′25 ″ N. 107 ° 39′36 ″ E / 16.307 ° N 107.66 ° E / 16.307; 107.66) va 75, 76, 224-tepaliklarda (16 ° 16′30 ″ N. 107 ° 44′49 ″ E / 16.275 ° 107.747 ° E / 16.275; 107.747), 273 (16 ° 16′N 107 ° 44′E / 16.26 ° N 107.73 ° E / 16.26; 107.73) va ularning barchasi 303 ga yaqin joylashgan Phú Lộc, Xyu janubida va Xay Van dovonining shimolida.[13]

10 martga qadar 224 va 273-tepaliklarda 1-batalyon, 54-piyoda polki, 1-diviziya yo'q qilindi; ARVN 47-zirhli otryadini Nge tog'ida PAVN 1-polki, 324-diviziya bosib oldi; va ARVN 113-hududiy kuchlar batalyoni Foy Layni PAVN 4-polkiga taslim qildi, bu 223-artilleriya polki tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Keyin general Ti 27-va 37-tank otryadlari ko'magi bilan 15-chi qo'riqchilar guruhi va 54-piyoda polkasining 2-batalioniga 224-tepalikka qarshi hujum uyushtirishni buyurdi. Bir hafta davomida ikkala tomon ham 8000 dan ortiq o'q otishdi. 224-tepalikdagi artilleriya snaryadlari va RVNAF PAVN 2-korpus yutuqlarini to'xtatish uchun 60 dan ortiq bombardimonlarni amalga oshirdi.[14]

13 mart kuni shimoliy provinsiyalardagi og'ir janglar o'rtasida general Treng uchib ketdi Saygon Prezident bilan uchrashuv uchun Nguyen Văn Thiệu. Ushbu uchrashuvda Prezident Tiu I Korpusdagi viloyatlarning ko'pini tark etish to'g'risida qaror qabul qildi va general Trangga o'z kuchlarini o'rniga Vetnamning markaziy qirg'oqlari tomon olib chiqishni buyurdi. Bundan tashqari, havo-desant bo'linmasi qayta joylashtirilishi kerak edi Mekong deltasi mintaqa, bu erda u mamlakat poytaxtini himoya qilishi mumkin edi. Shimoliy viloyatlarni dushmanga bo'ysundirishni istamagan general Treng, Prezident Tyuning qarorini I korpusda ushlab turishi va yo'qolgan hududlarni havo-desant va dengiz piyoda bo'linmalaridan foydalangan holda qaytarib olishiga ishontirishga ishontirishga muvaffaq bo'lmadi.[15] U shu kuni tushdan keyin o'z shtab-kvartirasiga qaytib kelganidan so'ng, general Treng bir necha sabablarga ko'ra Prezident Tyuning buyrug'ini darhol bajarish o'rniga o'z kuchlarini qayta joylashtirishga qaror qildi. Birinchidan, u Prezidentni Janubiy Vetnam birliklarining aksariyati hali ham buzilmaganligiga va yo'qolgan hududlarni qaytarib olishga hali ham vaqtlari borligiga ishontirishni xohladi, ikkinchidan, general Treng I korpusidagi harbiy vaziyatda bo'ysunuvchilari orasida chalkashliklar yaratishni istamadi. hali ham nazorat ostida edi.[16]

Shunday qilib, general Treng I korpusining janubida joylashgan PAVN shakllanishidan kelib chiqadigan tahdidni bartaraf etish uchun o'zining mudofaasini qayta tashkil etdi; u Da Nangni I Corps-da Janubiy Vetnam mudofaasining asosiy markazi, shimolda Tri Thien va janubda Quong Nam va Quong Ngai bilan tayinladi. Havo-desant bo'linmasining yo'qolishini qoplash uchun general Trang 369-dengiz piyoda brigadasiga Kong Nam provintsiyasidagi 3-havo desant brigadasini almashtirishni va 258-dengiz piyoda brigadasini shimolda joylashgan Phu Gia tog'idagi 2-desant brigadasini egallashni buyurdi. Xay Van.[17]

Shu bilan birga, 13 va 15 mart kunlari PAVN 6-polk Xujning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Chuc Meo, La Son, Hill 300 va Hill 511-ga bir necha marta hujum uyushtirdi va ARVN 1-piyoda diviziyasi elementlarini Dong Tranh va Binh Dien tomon orqaga qaytishga majbur qildi.

17 mart kuni PAVN Oliy qo'mondonligi Janubiy Vetnam birliklari Xyu va Da Nang shaharlariga chiqib ketishi mumkinligini bashorat qildi, shuning uchun PAVN dala qo'mondonlariga quyidagi buyruqlar berildi: General Lê Tự Đồng Havo transportining oldini olish uchun kuchlar Phu Bai aviabazasini qo'lga kiritishi va Xu shimolidan 1-avtomagistralning bir qismini kesib tashlashi kerak edi va general Nguyen Xu Anning 2-armiya korpusi shaharning janubidagi 1-avtomagistralni xavfsiz holatga keltirishi kerak edi. Mamlakatning qolgan qismidan Xyu va Da Nang.[17]

Ertasi kuni general Dongning kuchlari o'zlarining hujumlarini ikkita asosiy yo'nalishda - Txan Xoy va Tich Tuong-Nxu Le yo'nalishida, mos ravishda 68-yo'nalish va 1-milliy avtomagistral bo'ylab harakatlanishdi. Boshqa tomondan, 2-korpus Janubiy Vetnamning Phu Loc va Phu Gia-dagi pozitsiyalariga hujum qildi.

18 mart kuni kechqurun soat 20:30 ga qadar shimoliy Kong Troning katta qismi Shimoliy Vetnam nazorati ostida edi. ARVN polkovnigi Do Ky, shuningdek, Kong-Tru provinsiyasining boshlig'i, o'z qo'shinlaridan qolganlarini Xuga qaytarishga harakat qildi, ammo Shimoliy Vetnamliklar Milliy avtomagistral 1 bo'ylab ular yetib kelguniga qadar ta'qib qildilar. An Lo.

Kung Trudagi janglar davom etar ekan, general Treng Saygondan uchib ketdi va u erda prezident Tyudan yangi mudofaa rejasi uchun rozilik olishga harakat qildi va shoshilinch ravishda I Korpusning shimoliy hududlarida Janubiy Vetnam mudofaasini qayta tashkil etdi.[18] Keyinchalik general Treng quyidagi buyruqlarni yubordi: 480-dengiz brigadasi Da Nangni tark etish va Xuoning shimoliy-g'arbiy qanotini qo'riqlash; janubi-g'arbiy Xuếni himoya qilish uchun 1-piyoda diviziyasi, 15-qo'riqchilar guruhi va 7-tank otryadi; 258-dengiz brigadasi va 914-chi mintaqaviy harbiy batalyon Xuếni Da Nang bilan bog'laydigan 1-avtomagistralning bir qismini himoya qilishi kerak edi.[19]

Jang

Huếning qulashi

General Treng hali ham I Korpusdagi Janubiy Vetnam bo'linmalarini qayta tashkil etish bilan band bo'lganida, 20 mart kuni Tri Thien qo'mondonligi Janubiy Vetnam kuchlarining u erda qayta to'planishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik maqsadida Xusni qo'lga olish rejasini yakunladi. Xuddi shu kuni soat 14:30 da Prezident Thiu ARVN I Korpusining shtab-kvartirasiga qo'ng'iroq qildi va resurslar etishmasligi sababli general Trangga faqat Da Nangni himoya qilishni buyurdi.[20] 21 mart kuni ertalab soat 5:40 da PAVN 325 va 324 diviziyalari 1-magistral yo'lda joylashgan Janubiy Vetnam qismlariga hujum qilishdi. Shu bilan birga, K5 maxsus kuchlari batalyonining elementlari magistral yo'lning bir qismini bog'laydigan Thua Luu ko'prigini vayron qildilar. Xu va Da Nang o'rtasida 1, Da Nang tomon yo'l olgan minglab Janubiy Vetnam fuqarolik va harbiy transport vositalarini orqaga burilishga majbur qildi. Keyin ARVN 20-tank otryadini 1-avtomagistralni qayta ochish uchun jo'natishdi, ammo PAVN 203-zirhli polk tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchradi.[21]

22 mart kuni kechqurun harbiy vaziyat yomonlashgani munosabati bilan general Treng general Thiga o'z kuchlarini Da Nangga qaytarishga vakolat berdi. Biroq, PAVN tomonidan asosiy yo'llar to'sib qo'yilganligi sababli, general Thining yagona imkoniyati - qirg'oq yo'lagidan foydalanish edi Thun An va Tu Hien va 106-dengiz flotiga tegishli transport kemalari va Da Nangga qaytib ketishdi.

23 mart kuni ertalab PAVN 324-bo'limi Hill-303 va Nui Mo Tau orqali o'tib, shimoliy Phu Lokga hujum qildi, PAVN 325-bo'lim esa Mui Ne-ni qo'lga oldi, Phuoc Tuong va Xu janubida joylashgan Tu Xienni o'rab olgan. Shimolda VC 4, 46 va 271 polklari orqaga chekinayotgan Janubiy Vetnam tarkibini 147-dengiz brigadasi, 14-chi dengizchilar guruhi, 5-piyoda polki, 1-piyoda diviziyasi va 17-zirhli eskadron Tuan An tomon yo'naltirishdi. 23 mart kuni soat 16.30 da PAVN 101 polk, 325-diviziya Luong Dienni bosib o'tib, janubdan Xuga olib boruvchi asosiy yo'lakni yopish uchun Pxu Bay aviabazasini o'rab oldi. Bir vaqtning o'zida VC 46-polk Bo daryosidagi Janubiy Vetnam mudofaasini yo'q qildi, Quang Dien, Quang Loi va Xong Can tumanlarini egallab oldi va shimoliy Xyu chekkasidagi asosiy yo'llarni himoya qildi.[22]

Vetnam xalq armiyasi eskilarga kiradigan askarlar Imperial Siti, Xu, 1975 yilda

24 va 25 mart kunlari PAVN 3 va 101-polklar Phu Bai aviabazasini muvaffaqiyatli qo'lga kiritgandan so'ng, Xu towards tomon o'z harakatlarini davom ettirdilar. Shu bilan birga, 1-polk, 324-bo'lim, VK 4 va 271-polklar bilan birga Xong Thuy qirg'og'ida langar tashlagan dengiz kemalariga o'tirmasdan oldin, 147-dengiz brigadasi va 15-qo'riqchilar guruhining so'nggi elementlarini yo'q qilishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. , Luong Txen va Ke Sung va Cu Lay.[23]

25 mart oqshomiga qadar PAVN Xyu atrofidagi barcha asosiy nuqtalarni himoya qildi va qochib qutula olmagan Janubiy Vetnam birliklari to'liq qurshab olindi. Binobarin, PAVN ko'plab janubiy Vetnam mahbuslari va harbiy texnikasini qo'lga kiritganini da'vo qildi. Hammasi bo'lib 58 722 ta janubiy Vetnam askarlari harbiy asirga aylandilar, ular qatorida bitta polkovnik va 18 podpolkovnik, shuningdek 14 000 ga yaqin Janubiy Vetnam hukumat amaldorlari va xodimlari PAVN organlariga hisobot berishdi. Xyu shahridagi Janubiy Vetnam harbiylari juda ko'p miqdordagi qurol-aslaha topshirdilar, ular tarkibida 140 ta tank va zirhli texnika bor edi.[24]

Kalay-Ng'ay kampaniyasi

10 mart kuni soat 4:30 da PAVN va VC kuchlari quyidagi nishonlarni egallashga kirishdilar: PAVN 38-polk Nui Vu, Nui Ngoc, Duong Con, Soui Da va Nui Vy yuqori nuqtalarini bosib o'tdi; 36-polk Janubiy Vetnamning Trung-Lien, Da tog'i, Khong ten, Ho Bax va Xill-215 dagi kuchli nuqtalarini yo'q qildi; Janubiy Vetnamning qarshi hujumlarini to'xtatish uchun VC "Ba Gia" polki Hill-269 va Hill-310-da o'z pozitsiyalarini ushlab turdi. Tuan Duong; 52-mustaqil brigada esa Go Xan, Fuok Tien, Duong Ong Luu, Duong Xu, Nui My, Xon Nhon, Deo Li va Dzt Dz tog'ini egallab oldi. Shunday qilib, ARVN 12-chi qo'riqchilar guruhlari bo'linmalarining 23 ta pozitsiyasi to'rt soatlik janglardan so'ng qo'lga kiritildi.[25]

10 mart kuni ertalab soat 9:00 da 368-artilleriya polkining PAVN askarlari Nui Vu va Xan Thon tepalariga 85mm, 105mm va 122mm qurollarini o'z ichiga olgan 12 ta artilleriyani tortib olib, qurollarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri 211-tepalikka va ma'muriy tomon yo'naltirdilar. markazi Tien Phuoc, ushbu hududlarga hujum qilayotgan 31-polkni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun. 13:30 da, ikkita muvaffaqiyatsiz qarshi hujumdan so'ng, Janubiy Vetnam birliklari Phuoc Lam jang maydonidan voz kechdi. Bu orada, ammo Tien-Phuokdagi Janubiy Vetnam qo'shinlari, erdagi Janubiy Vetnam qo'mondonlari kuchlarni kuchaytirishga chaqirgandan so'ng, ikkita A-37 bombardimonchi samolyotlari qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Chu Lay. Soat 16:00 ga qadar Tien Phuoc PAVN 2-diviziyasi tomonidan qo'lga olindi.[25]

Tien Phuoc va Phouc Lam yo'qotilishi sababli, ARVN 916-chi mintaqaviy kuchlar batalyoni ushbu hududdan orqaga chekindi. Shunday qilib, Tam Kỳ, poytaxti Quảng qalay Viloyat, PAVN tomonidan bosib olinishi bilan tahdid qilingan.

11 mart kuni general Treng General Nhutga 2-diviziya, 12-qo'riqchilar guruhi, 11-zirhli eskadron elementlari va bitta mintaqaviy kuch batalonini Tuan Duongdan Kam Khe va Duong Konga qarshi hujumni tashkil etish uchun safarbar qilishni buyurdi. General Treng, shuningdek, ARVN 2-piyoda polkiga, 3-piyoda diviziyasiga Da Nangdan ketishni va Tam Kuni himoya qilishni buyurdi, shunda general Nhut kuchlari PAVNga qarshi kurashish uchun bo'shatilishi mumkin edi.[26]

Biroq, 14 va 15 mart kunlari ARVN 2-piyoda polki VK 70 va 72 mahalliy kuchlar batalyonlari tomonidan Tang Binhga qilingan hujum bilan shug'ullanish uchun Tam Kỳdan qaytishga majbur bo'ldi. Janubiy Kyon Nayda VC 94-mahalliy kuchlar polki hujum qildi Binx Son, 1-avtomagistralning Chau O yaqinidagi qismini kesib tashladi va ARVN 4-piyoda polki, 2-piyoda diviziyasi VC hujumlariga qarshi kurashishga urinib ko'rildi. Shunday qilib, Janubiy Vetnamning samarali qarshi hujumni uyushtirishga urinishlari Kuang-Ngay viloyatidagi PAVN / VC qo'shma kuchlari tomonidan tezda to'sqinlik qildi. Endi qarshi hujumni boshlash uchun odam kuchi yo'qligini anglagan general Nxut o'z qo'shinlariga Tra Bong va Son Xani tashlab, uning o'rniga Tam Kỳ va Chu Lay shaharlarida to'plashni buyurdi.[27]

Muvaffaqiyatsiz qarshi hujumdan so'ng, Prezident Tiu Havo-desant diviziyasini Saygonga qaytarib berganida, I korpusdagi Janubiy Vetnam kuchlari yanada zaiflashdi. Endi Janubiy Vetnamning 2-piyoda diviziyasi va 12-chi qo'riqchilar guruhi Quong Ngai va Hội An, Tam Kỳ faqat ARVN 5-piyoda polk va ARVN 4 piyoda polkidan bitta batalon tomonidan himoya qilingan holda, PAVN generali Chu Xuy Man Tam Kỳni qo'lga kiritish uchun ustunlikdan foydalanishga qaror qildi. 21 mart kuni ertalab soat 5: 30da PAVN 2-bo'limi Tam Kỳ tashqarisidagi Janubiy Vetnamning so'nggi forposti Suoi Da ga hujum qildi.[28] Tushlik soat 12:00 atrofida ARVN generali Nyut Tam Kỳni ushlab turish maqsadida 4-piyoda polkning qolgan qismini Kyon Ngaydan chiqarib yuborishni buyurdi, shuning uchun o'sha provintsiyadagi Janubiy Vetnam mudofaasi yanada zaiflashdi. Shunga qaramay, vaziyatdan foydalanib, general Man 52-mustaqil brigada va 94-mahalliy kuchlar polkiga Kuin Ngayga hujum qilishni buyurdi. 24 mart kuni ertalab soat 7:00 ga qadar Tam Kỳ va Kyon Ngay shaharlari bir vaqtning o'zida PAVN / VC kuchlari tomonidan hujumga uchradi. Tam Kỳda ikki soat davom etgan og'ir janglardan so'ng ARVN 4 va 5 piyoda polklari yo'q qilindi, shahar chekkasidagi 37 va 39-qo'riqchilar batalyonlari (ARVN 12-qo'riqchilar guruhidan) oddiygina jang maydonidan qochib ketishdi. 24 mart kuni ertalab soat 10:00 da 2-diviziyaning PAVN va VC askarlari, "Ba Gia" polki va 31-polk Tam Kỳni muvaffaqiyatli qo'lga kiritdilar.[28]

Quảng Ngai shahrida PAVN 52-mustaqil brigadasi, ikkita maxsus kuchlar batalonlari hamda 574-polkning tanklari va zirhli mashinalari ko'magi bilan Janubiy Vetnam mudofaasi ustidan o'tib ketishdi. Kechki soat 2:00 atrofida, ARVN 6-piyoda polkining tirik qolgan elementlari, 12-chi qo'riqchilar guruhi va 4-tank eskadroni 1-avtomagistral bo'ylab VC 94-mahalliy kuchlar polki tomonidan pistirma ostiga olinib, ular Chu Lay tomon chekinmasdan harakat qilishgan. kurash. Natijada, 600 dan ortiq Janubiy Vetnam askarlari o'ldirildi va 3500 ga yaqin askarlar qo'lga olindi. 24 mart kuni soat 23:30 da PAVN Quong Ngai Siti ustidan to'liq nazorat o'rnatdi.[29] O

1975 yil 25 martda Tin-Ngai kampaniyasi PAVN / VC kuchlari bilan Kong Tin va Quong Ngai provinsiyalarini to'liq nazoratida yakunlab, Da Nangni I Korpusdagi hanuzgacha Janubiy Vetnam tomonidan saqlanib kelinayotgan yagona yirik shahar sifatida qoldirdi.

Shunday qilib, Janubiy Vetnamning 44 viloyatidan 10 tasi PAVN tomonidan ishg'ol qilindi va uchta ARVN piyoda bo'linmasi samarasiz deb topildi. Bundan tashqari, elita ARVN 147-dengiz piyoda brigadasi jangovar kuch sifatida mavjudligini to'xtatdi.[30]

Da Nangning qulashi

Janubiy Vetnamning joylashuvi

1975 yilga kelib, Da Nang Janubiy Vetnamning millionga yaqin aholisi bo'lgan ikkinchi yirik shaharga aylandi. Bu I Korpusdagi yirik iqtisodiy va siyosiy markaz edi va Janubiy Vetnam armiyasi, dengiz floti va havo kuchlarini birlashtirgan eng yirik harbiy inshootlar joylashgan edi. Logistika nuqtai nazaridan shahar ichidagi harbiy infratuzilma minglab tonna qurol-yarog ', o'q-dorilar, oziq-ovqat zaxiralari va boshqa muhim urush materiallarini saqlashi mumkin edi. Shuningdek, uning to'rtta yirik dengiz portlari va yirik aeroportlari bo'lgan Da Nang va Nuoc Man.[31] Shunday qilib, 25 mart kuni Quong Trị, Tha Thiên, Quong Nam va Quong Ngai yo'qolganidan so'ng, Prezident Thiu barcha darajadagi Janubiy Vetnam qo'mondonlariga I korpusdan qolgan narsalarni oxirigacha ushlab turishni buyurdi.[32] 26 mart kuni general Treng o'z qismlaridan qolgan narsalarni, 75 mingga yaqin askarni yig'di va ularni quyidagi tartibda tashkil etdi:

  • Tashqi mudofaa chizig'i: Phuoc Tuong va Lien Chieu o'rtasidagi barcha hududlarni ushlab turish uchun 258-dengiz piyoda brigadasi va 914-mintaqaviy kuchlar batalyoni. 369-dengiz piyoda brigadasi va 57-piyoda polki, 3-piyoda diviziyasi Day Lok va Dong Lamni himoya qilishi kerak edi. 147-dengiz piyoda brigadasi va Dengiz bo'linmasi shtab-kvartirasining omon qolgan elementlari Nuoc Man aerodromiga ega bo'lishdi. Shu bilan birga, 3-piyoda diviziyasining qoldiqlari Vinx Dien va Ninh Quega, 15-chi Ranger guruhi esa Ba Renga ega edi.[33]
  • Ichki mudofaa chizig'i: 912-chi mintaqaviy kuchlar batalyoni va 11 va 20 zirhli otryadlarning so'nggi elementlari Phuoc Tuong-Hoa My. 1-piyoda diviziyasining so'nggi uchta batalyoni, 2-piyoda diviziyasi, 12-qo'riqchilar guruhi va Hoa Cam o'quv lagerining 3000 ga yaqin yangi o'qitilgan askarlariga Hoa Cam va Nuoc Man o'rtasidagi barcha muhim joylarni himoya qilish buyurilgan. Barcha mustaqil Mintaqaviy va Xalq kuchlari batalonlari zaxiraga joylashtirilgan va kerak bo'lganda jangga kirishlari mumkin edi.[33]

General Trengning ixtiyorida 12 ta artilleriya batalyonlari, shuningdek Da Nang va Nuoc Man-da joylashgan 1-havo kuchlari bo'linmasi bo'lgan, ular I korpusdagi dastlabki to'qnashuvlarga qaramay hali ham buzilmagan edi.[33]

Shimoliy Vetnam hujum rejasi

Tri Thien va Tin-Ngai kampaniyalari tugagandan so'ng, PAVN Oliy Qo'mondonligi General Lê Trọng Tấnga janubga sayohat qilishni buyurdi. Xanoy va Da Nang kampaniyasini shaxsan o'z zimmasiga oling. Keyinchalik, 25 mart kuni Shimoliy Vetnamliklar Da Nangga to'rt tomondan hujum qilish rejasini ishlab chiqdilar:

  • Shimol: 325-diviziya (95-polksiz), bitta tank batalyoni va bitta artilleriya batalyoni ko'magida, 1-avtomagistral bo'ylab harakatlanib, ARVN 1-brigada shtab-kvartirasini, Da Nangdagi Janubiy Vetnam 1-havo kuchlari bo'linmasini va keyin Son Tra yarimoroliga borib, u erdagi asosiy dengiz portini egallab oling.
  • Shimoliy-G'arbiy: 9-polk, 304-diviziya, bitta tank batalyoni, bitta artilleriya bataloni va bitta zenit qurolli batalyoni tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, 14B avtomagistrali bo'ylab ilgarilash va Phuoc Tuong-da ARVN 3-piyoda diviziyasi shtab-kvartirasini qo'lga olish va keyin Da Nang aviabazasiga o'ting.
  • Janubiy va janubi-sharqiy: Ikkinchi bo'lim, bitta artilleriya bo'linmasi (36-artilleriya polki), bitta artilleriya batalyoni, bitta tank zirhli texnika batalyoni, bitta zenit qurolli batalyon va bitta tankga qarshi qurol-yarog 'kompaniyasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi. Da Nang aviabazasi va ARVN 1-brigada shtab-kvartirasini olib, keyin shaharning o'zini qo'lga kiritishni buyurdi. 3 va 68-polklar zaxiraga joylashtirildi.
  • Janubi-g'arbiy: 2-korpusga (9-polk, 304-diviziyasiz) Thuong Duc-Ai Nghia-Hiep Duc-da mudofaa chizig'i bo'ylab 369-dengiz piyoda brigadasi tomonidan tutilgan barcha pozitsiyalarni egallash, so'ngra Nuoc Man aerodromi tomon yurish buyurildi. 24-polk, 304-diviziya Hoa Kamni qo'lga kiritishi va keyin Da Nangga o'tishi kerak edi.[34]

Jang boshlanadi

Shimoliy Vetnamliklar Da Nangni qo'lga kiritish rejasini yakunlashidan oldin, 2-korpus allaqachon shaharga so'nggi hujumga tayyorgarlik ko'rishni boshlagan edi. 24 martda PAVN 325-bo'lim 258-dengiz brigadasi va 914-mintaqaviy kuchlar batalyoni bilan Xay Van shimolida jang qildi va Fuok Tuong, Nuok Ngot, Tho Son va Tua Luu ustidan zabt etdi. Binobarin, PAVN kuchlari Fuok Tuongda dushmanning artilleriya pozitsiyalarini egallab olishdi va keyingi haftalarda undan yaxshi foydalanishdi. 27 mart kuni, havodan qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan A-37 Da Nangdan hujum samolyotlari, 258-dengiz brigadasi va 914-mintaqaviy kuchlar batalyoni Phu Gia va Xai Van-da PAVN kuchlarini to'xtatib turishga urinishdi, ammo ular orqaga qaytarilib, bu jarayonda katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi. Keyin PAVN 325-bo'lim So Xay, Loan Ly, An Bao va Lăng Cô. Ko'p o'tmay PAVN 84 va 164-artilleriya polklariga qarashli 30 dan ortiq artilleriya Son Tach, Son Xanx va Mui Trau shahridagi turli baland joylarga joylashtirildi; 28 mart kuni ertalab soat 5:30 da PAVN artilleriya bo'linmalari Janubiy Vetnamning Da Nang atrofidagi pozitsiyalarini bombardimon qildi.[35] Ayni paytda, 369-dengiz brigadasi PAVN 304-bo'limining jang maydonida razvedka vazifalarini bajarayotgan elementlarini aniqlagandan so'ng, Son Ga-dagi mavqeidan tezda voz kechdi. 28 mart kuni PAVN 66-polk, 304-diviziya Ai Nghia va Nuoc Man aerodromining ma'muriy hududiga hujum qildi va egallab oldi, PAVN 24-polki Da Nang chekkasidagi Hoa Cam va Toaga hujum qildi.[36]

The Xi Von dovoni

Keyin 369-dengiz piyoda brigadasi An Dong va My Khe tomon orqaga qaytishga urindi, ammo ularni PAVN 2-bo'limi ta'qib qildi.[36] Ayni paytda Hoa-Kamdagi 3000 ta Janubiy Vetnam askarlari o'zlarining qo'mondonlariga qarshi itoatsizlik qilishdi va PAVNga taslim bo'lishdi.[37] Da Nang janubida, PAVN 2-bo'limi, tank va artilleriya bo'linmalari ko'magida Ba Renni 28 mart kuni ertalab soat 9:00 atrofida bosib o'tishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Bunga javoban general Tren havo kuchlari brigadasi generali Nguyen Van Xanga samolyot yuborishni buyurdi. squadron of four A-37 bombers to destroy the main bridges at Ba Ren and Cau Lau, but they could not prevent the PAVN 2nd Division from crossing the river using canoes, and other small river craft. At 5:55 am on March 29, the outer South Vietnamese defence line located south of Da Nang succumbed to the PAVN.[38] At 6:30 am on the same day, the last South Vietnamese strongholds in and around Hai Van were overrun by the PAVN. The PAVN 325th Division then secured Lien Chieu, the Nam O Bridge and the Trinh Me The Bridge, thereby clearing the main road for the supporting tank and armored units to advance on Son Tra. As PAVN troops were closing in, General Trưởng and other high-ranking South Vietnamese officers were airlifted out to the coastal areas, where they boarded the navy transport ship HQ-404. At 12:00 pm, the ARVN 1st Brigade Headquarters was finally captured. At 12:30 pm, the 9th Regiment, 304th Division also captured the ARVN 3rd Infantry Division Headquarters, and quickly established their control over the entire Phuoc Tuong area.[39]

Vietnamese civilians fleeing from Da Nang in March 1975

By the time Da Nang fell into North Vietnamese hands, South Vietnamese commanders on the ground simply lost control of their men as military discipline collapsed. On March 28, about 6,000 soldiers of the 2nd Infantry Division deserted, and left the battlefield. And then the soldiers of the ARVN 3rd Infantry Division also retreated, thereby leaving the rear of the Marine Division exposed to enemy attacks.[40] Since March 25, from the Markaziy razvedka boshqarmasi Station in Da Nang, Al Francis and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon began formulating an evacuation plan, in order to evacuate U.S. citizens and South Vietnamese government officials out from Da Nang. As part of the plan, aircraft belonging to civilian airliners were to be used. And in addition to the South Vietnamese navy vessels of I Corps, U.S. General Homer D. Smith also provided five barges, six passenger liners, and three cargo ships to help with the evacuation process.[41] Even though the evacuation plan was designed to be carried out in an orderly manner, chaos and confusion quickly descended on the civilian and military population of Da Nang as people fought each other to board the vessels anchored off the coast. On the afternoon of March 29, North Vietnamese soldiers of the 2nd, 304th, 324th and 325th Divisions, as well as the 203rd Armoured Regiment, entered the city of Da Nang.[42]

Natijada

Zarar ko'rgan narsalar

The struggle for Huế and Da Nang had cost South Vietnam its entire army corps. Ga ko'ra Vetnam Sotsialistik Respublikasi 's official history, apart from the 16,000 soldiers and civilians who managed to escape, over 120,000 South Vietnamese soldiers were killed, wounded or captured after the fall of Huế and Da Nang.[42] In abandoning I Corps, the South Vietnamese military left behind vast quantities of U.S.-supplied military hardware. The North Vietnamese claimed to have captured 129 aircraft of different models, 179 tanks and armored vehicles, 327 artillery pieces, 184 transport vehicles and 47 naval craft. More than 10,000 tons of bombs, ammunition, grenades, food supplies, combat rations, and other materials were also captured.[43] Total PAVN/VC casualties are unknown.

Loss of northern provinces of South Vietnam

President Thiệu's decision to abandon the Central Highlands and the coastal regions of I Corps had a severe negative impact on ARVN morale, especially as the northern provinces of South Vietnam were driven into chaos. On March 31, after the fall of Huế and Da Nang, ARVN General Phạm Văn Phú, commander of II Corps Tactical Zone, held a meeting with his General Staff and the provincial chiefs of Bình Định, Xan Xa, Phú Yên, Ninh Thuận va Bhn Thuận and requested them to form a defensive line from Qui Nhơn into the Mekong Delta to cover the retreat of the ARVN from the Central Highlands.[44] Subsequently, General Phu issued the following orders: Rear Admiral Hoang Co Minh was to oversee military operations in the Qui Nhơn region, Brigadier-General Trần Văn Cẩm to hold Phú Yên, Brigadier-General Nguyen Ngoc Oanh and Brigadier-General Nguyen Van Luong was tasked with holding Nha Trang. Meanwhile, General Phan Dinh Niem, the commander of the ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, was required to form a defensive line linking Qui Nhơn with Diêu Trí va Deo Ca, with the purpose of delaying the PAVN.[45]

The withdrawal plan formulated by General Phạm Văn Phú and his General Staff was made with the belief that the PAVN would stop and consolidate their territorial gains before they could go on the attack again. However, North Vietnamese commanders were more than willing to maneuver their units away from newly captured territories, in order to pursue retreating South Vietnamese units.

Furthermore, South Vietnamese commanders never realized that Hanoi had given its field commanders the full flexibility to respond to the changing circumstances on the battlefield and had supplied the PAVN with weaponry that was required to achieve their objectives.[46] Ultimately, the average South Vietnamese soldiers would have to pay for the miscalculation of their commanders.

At 5:15 am on March 31, the 47th Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division was ambushed by the 2nd Regiment, 3rd Division while it was withdrawing towards Phu An-Lai Nghi. Upon their arrival at Phu Cat, the remnants of the ARVN 47th Infantry Regiment was encircled and assaulted by the PAVN 198th Regiment, and ceased to exist as a fighting unit by 12:30 pm.[47]

The 41st Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division also came under attack from the PAVN 95th Regiment as it moved from Nui Mot to Phu Phong. Throughout the evening of March 31, the 41st Infantry Regiment fought with the PAVN 141st Regiment, as soon as they reached Phat Giao. In contrast to the other units, the 42nd Infantry Regiment, 22nd Infantry Division was able to escape the PAVN onslaught, but their strength was significantly reduced before they reached Dieu Tri.[48] On April 1, Quy Nhon fell to the PAVN, which was followed by Tuy Hòa on April 2. ARVN General Trần Văn Cẩm was captured in Tuy Hòa after his helicopter had landed on the ground, where he tried to survey the battlefield. The destruction of the ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, which had about 10,000 fully equipped men, caused chaos in Nha Trang; more than 3,000 South Vietnamese recruits from the Lam Son Army Training Centre retreated into the city, and another 1,000 soldiers went on a rampage and looted goods on the main streets. The chief of Khánh Hòa Province, Colonel Ly Ba Pham, boarded a military aircraft and flew out to Phan Rang Air Base after he had notified Saigon that "the situation is irreversible". On the afternoon of April 2, Nha Trang was overrun by the PAVN, and not a single battle was fought in its defence. By 2:00 pm on April 2, ARVN General Phạm Văn Phú had lost every military unit and territory under his control.[49]

Decisions of President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

According to many academics, both in Vietnam and in the West, the major factor which contributed to the rapid collapse of South Vietnamese defences in 1975 was the numerous and contradictory orders issued by President Thiệu.[50] During the various phases of the South Vietnamese retreat from the northern provinces, namely in I and II Corps Tactical Zones, Thiệu had at least three different plans and decisions laid out before him, and all lacked consistency or simply contradicted one another.[51] For example, on March 13, Thiệu ordered General Trưởng to abandon I Corps, and return the elite Airborne Division to the Mekong Delta region of III Corps. Soon afterwards, similar orders were issued to Major-General Phạm Văn Phú to evacuate from the Central Highlands. On March 17, with intervention from General Cao Văn Viên, Thiệu contradicted his previous orders when he approved Trưởng's defensive plan to hold the major cities of Huế and Da Nang.[52]

However, the very next day, Thiệu ordered Trưởng and General Thi to abandon Huế and to concentrate only sufficient numbers of South Vietnamese units to hold Da Nang. On March 29, as Trưởng was about to board the navy transport ship HQ-404, he received a phone call from Thiệu, who ordered him to turn back and retake Da Nang from the North Vietnamese forces. By then, however, South Vietnamese units in I Corps had virtually disappeared, and their commanding officers had fled from their posts.[53]

Trưởng refused to carry out Thiệu's orders. Between April 3 and 4, Thiệu reprimanded General Phú and General Thi for the debacles in II and I Corps respectively, and Generals Phạm Quốc Thuần va Dư Quốc Đống for the fall of Phước Long 1974 yilda.

Even though Thiệu used the defeat of the South Vietnamese forces as a justification for the arrest of those generals, his real intention behind the arrests was to avert an imaginary military coup against him. For that reason, he chose to pull the Airborne Division back to III korpus, which was commanded by loyalist officers, instead of the Marine Corps Division.[54]

General Trưởng and General Lê Nguyen Xang were spared, but both men responded strongly to Thiệu's reaction. Trưởng considered the aforementioned generals to be victims of an injustice, as they were far more competent than Thiệu's loyalists in Saigon.

In addition to the military disasters suffered on the battlefield, Thiệu also caused instability within his own government during the final days of South Vietnam's existence.[55] For example, on April 2, Thiệu requested the country's National Assembly to dissolve Prime Minister Trần Thiện Khiêm 's cabinet and to replace him with Nguyon Bá Cẩn. The National Assembly quickly approved Thiệu's request.

The same day, Thiệu ordered the arrest of seven individuals who had worked for Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ for fear they were plotting to overthrow him.

Uilyam Kolbi, the CIA Chief of Station in Saigon, wrote in a report that the balance of power had leaned in Hanoi's favour. Thus, if South Vietnam were to survive the North Vietnamese onslaught, Thiệu's replacement would have to accept a resolution to the conflict on North Vietnamese terms.[56]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Thượng tướng Phùng Thế Tài (September 5, 2008). "Chiến dịch Huế – Đà Nẵng toàn thắng". antg.cand.com.vn (vetnam tilida). Olingan 1 mart, 2011.
  2. ^ a b Hong & Thang (2006), p. 13
  3. ^ Tan (1989), p.139
  4. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p. 228
  5. ^ Hong & Thang (2006), pp. 26–27
  6. ^ Hong & Thang (2006), p. 25
  7. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p. 315
  8. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 316–319
  9. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p. 311
  10. ^ a b v Cu, Dao & Quang (2003), p. 535
  11. ^ a b v d e f Hao (1980), pp. 180–181
  12. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 291–292
  13. ^ Duc & Linh (2004), p. 77
  14. ^ Duc & Linh (2004), p. 78
  15. ^ Kiet (2003), p. 155
  16. ^ Kiet (2003), p. 156
  17. ^ a b Thach & Khang (2008), p. 298
  18. ^ Hong & Thang (2006), pp. 68–70
  19. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p. 300
  20. ^ Hao (1980), 187
  21. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p. 304
  22. ^ Hong & Thang (2006), pp. 52–53
  23. ^ Thach & Khang (2008) p. 309
  24. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p.310
  25. ^ a b Chon & Tan (1990), 154
  26. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 313–315
  27. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 316–317
  28. ^ a b Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 319–320
  29. ^ Chon & Tan (1990), p. 161
  30. ^ Alan Dawson (1990), p. 35
  31. ^ Hao (1980), pp. 191–192
  32. ^ Hao (1980), p. 193
  33. ^ a b v Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 324–325
  34. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 329–331
  35. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), p.339
  36. ^ a b Toan & Dinh (1990), p. 214
  37. ^ Hoa (1980), p. 195
  38. ^ Hong & Thang (2006), p. 151
  39. ^ Thach & Khang (2008), pp. 343–344
  40. ^ Kiet (2003), p.161
  41. ^ Snepp (2001), pp. 162–164
  42. ^ a b Thach & Khang (2008), p. 345
  43. ^ Hao (1980), p. 198
  44. ^ Hao (1980), p. 199
  45. ^ Hao (1980), p. 200
  46. ^ Dawson (1990), p. 54
  47. ^ Hao (1980), p. 201
  48. ^ Hao (1980), p. 202
  49. ^ Hao (1980), p.203
  50. ^ Dreyfrus (2004), p. 62
  51. ^ Snepp (2001), p. 147
  52. ^ Hao (1980), p.187
  53. ^ Kiet (2003), p. 163
  54. ^ Kolko (2003), p. 428
  55. ^ Kolko (2003), p. 429
  56. ^ Snepp (2001), p. 148

Manbalar

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