Jek Layton - Jack Layton

Hurmatli

Jek Layton

Kompyuter MSC
Jek Layton - 2011.jpg
Layton 2011 yilda
Muxolifat lideri
Ofisda
2011 yil 2 may - 2011 yil 22 avgust
(2011 yil 28 iyuldagi ta'til)
OldingiMaykl Ignatieff
MuvaffaqiyatliNycole Turmel
Lideri Yangi Demokratik partiya
Ofisda
2003 yil 25 yanvar - 2011 yil 22 avgust
(2011 yil 28 iyuldagi ta'til)
OldingiAlexa McDonough
MuvaffaqiyatliNycole Turmel (Oraliq)
A'zosi Kanada parlamenti
uchun Toronto - Danfort
Ofisda
2004 yil 28 iyun - 2011 yil 22 avgust
(2011 yil 28 iyuldagi ta'til)
OldingiDennis Mills
MuvaffaqiyatliKreyg Skott
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Jon Gilbert Layton

(1950-07-18)1950 yil 18-iyul
Monreal, Kvebek, Kanada
O'ldi2011 yil 22-avgust(2011-08-22) (61 yosh)
Toronto, Ontario, Kanada
Dam olish joyiKul sochilgan Toronto orollari, dafn etilgan Toronto nekropoli va Uaymen Yunayted cherkovi qabristoniga ekilgan Xadson, Kvebek
Siyosiy partiyaYangi Demokratik partiya
Turmush o'rtoqlar
Salli Xelford
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(m. 1969; div 1983)​

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(m. 1988; uning o'limi2011)​
MunosabatlarGilbert Layton (Bobo)
Robert Layton (Ota)
Beatris Kempbell (nevarasi)
Solace Kempbell (nevarasi)
Fibi Layton (nevarasi)
Xlo Layton (nevarasi)
BolalarMayk Layton
Sara Layton
Olma materMcGill universiteti
York universiteti
KasbProfessor, siyosatchi
Imzo

Jon Gilbert "Jek" Layton Kompyuter MSC (1950 yil 18 iyul - 2011 yil 22 avgust) Kanadalik siyosatchi va Rasmiy oppozitsiya rahbari. U rahbar edi Yangi Demokratik partiya (NDP) 2003 yildan 2011 yilgacha va ilgari o'tirgan Toronto shahar kengashi, vaqti-vaqti bilan shahar hokimi vazifasini bajaruvchi yoki uning o'rinbosari unvoniga ega Toronto shahar kengashi a'zosi bo'lgan davrida.[1] U Parlament a'zosi (MP) edi Toronto - Danfort dan 2004 o'limigacha.

A o'g'li Progressiv konservativ vazirlar mahkamasi rahbari Layton ko'tarilgan Xadson, Kvebek. U Toronto munitsipal siyosatida taniqli bo'lgan, u erda u eng taniqli kishilardan biri bo'lgan chap qanot shahardagi ovozlar va Metropolitan Toronto ko'plab ilg'or sabablarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kengashlar. 1991 yilda, U meri uchun yugurib, yutqazdi Iyun Rowlands. Kengashga qaytib, u rahbar lavozimiga ko'tarildi Kanada munitsipalitetlar federatsiyasi. 2003 yilda u birinchi ovoz berishda NDP rahbari etib saylandi anjuman.

Uning rahbarligida har bir saylovda NDPni qo'llab-quvvatlash kuchaygan. Partiyaning xalq ovozi deyarli ikki baravarga oshdi 2004 yilgi saylov, bu NDPga kuchlar muvozanati yilda Pol Martin "s ozchilik hukumati. 2005 yil may oyida Milliy partiyani qo'llab-quvvatladi Liberal byudjet katta tuzatishlar evaziga, Kanadaning "Birinchi NDP byudjeti" sifatida targ'ib qilingan.[2] O'sha yilning noyabrida Layton boshqa muxolif partiyalar bilan birgalikda Liberal hukumatni mag'lub etish uchun ovoz berdi Gomery komissiyasi. NDP keyingi yutuqlarni ko'rdi 2006 va 2008 yilgi saylovlar, unda partiya mos ravishda 29 va 37 deputatlarni sayladi.

In 2011 yilgi saylov Layton NDPni partiyaning tarixidagi eng muvaffaqiyatli natijaga olib keldi va 103 o'ringa ega bo'ldi - bu shakllanish uchun etarli Kanadaning rasmiy muxolifati.[3] Saylovda Layton va NDPni federal qo'llab-quvvatlash misli ko'rilmagan edi, ayniqsa viloyatida Kvebek, bu erda partiya 75 o'rindan 59tasini qo'lga kiritdi.

Layton saraton kasalligiga chalinganidan so'ng, 2011 yil 22 avgustda vafot etdi. Undan 23 yillik turmush o'rtog'i, hamkasbi qoldi Toronto Deputat Olivia Chow. Saraton turi va tarqalishi va o'limining aniq sabablari haqida tafsilotlar jamoatchilikka ma'lum qilinmadi.

O'limidan sal oldin Layton nomzodini qo'ygan edi Nycole Turmel NDP va natijada Rasmiy oppozitsiyaning vaqtinchalik rahbari sifatida. Tom Mulkair g'olib bo'ldi NDP rahbariyati tanlovi Laytonni almashtirish uchun.

Dastlabki hayot va ta'lim

Layton tug'ilgan Monreal va yaqinda ko'tarilgan Xadson, Kvebek, asosan Anglofon jamiyat.[4] Uning ota-onasi Doris Yelizaveta (qarorgohi Stivz), nevarasining jiyani edi Uilyam Stivz, a Konfederatsiya otasi,[5] va progressiv konservativ deputat Robert Layton. U nabirasi edi Gilbert Layton, Kvebek hukumati portfelsiz vazir bo'lib ishlagan Union Nationale Premer Moris Duplessis. U o'zining o'rta maktab Hudson o'rta maktabining talabalar kengashi prezidenti etib saylandi va uning yillik kitobida u siyosatchi bo'lishini bashorat qildi;[6] keyinchalik u ham kredit beradi Billi Bryans, guruh bilan taniqli musiqachi bo'lishga davom etdi Parashyut klubi, uning talabalar kengashining g'alabasida rol o'ynaganligi uchun.[7] U bitirgan McGill universiteti 1970 yilda faxriy yorliq bilan San'at bakalavri yilda siyosatshunoslik va a'zosi bo'ldi Sigma Chi birodarlik.

1969-70 yillarda u bosh vazir bo'lgan Kvebek yoshlar parlamenti.[8]

Layton McGill professori, siyosiy faylasufga ishongan Charlz Teylor Ilmiy darajadan san'at darajasiga o'tishga qaror qilishida uning asosiy ta'siri bo'lgan. Bundan tashqari, Teylorning maslahati bilan u Toronto Universitetida doktorlik dissertatsiyasini siyosiy falsafa ostida o'qish uchun davom ettirdi C. B. Makferson.

Ehtimol, Layton o'zining siyosiy falsafasini eng to'liq ifodalashi mumkin, u uchun yozgan so'zboshisi Kanadalik idealizm va ozodlik falsafasi, u shunday tushuntiradi: "Idealist oqim, odamlar birgalikda tenglik salbiy erkinlikdan ko'proq narsani anglatadigan, g'oliblarni aniqlash uchun bir-biriga qarshi musobaqalarda qatnashish uchun mutlaq va himoyalangan huquqni anglatadigan jamiyatni shakllantirish uchun birgalikda ishlashganda insoniyat jamiyati erkinlikka erishish imkoniyatiga ega deb hisoblaydi. Idealistlar bizning shaxsiy maqsadlarimizni bajaradigan va hatto undan oshib o'tadigan umumiy maqsadlar yo'lida birgalikda rivojlanishimizga imkon beradigan ijobiy erkinlikni tasavvur qilishadi. "[9] O'qish bilan Kanadalik idealizm va ozodlik falsafasi, Layton o'zini intellektual an'analarining bir qismi sifatida tushundi Kanadalik idealistlar.

1970 yilda oila Torontoga ko'chib o'tdi, u erda Layton keyingi yili tugatdi York universiteti bilan San'at magistri yilda siyosatshunoslik;[8] va keyinchalik 1983 yilda u o'z ishini yakunladi Falsafa fanlari doktori Yorkdagi siyosiy fanlarda.[10] 1974 yilda Layton Ryerson Polytechincal institutining professori bo'ldi (hozir Ryerson universiteti ).[11] Keyingi o'n yil ichida u Ryerson, York va Toronto universitetlarida dars berdi. Shuningdek, u turli sabablarga ko'ra taniqli faolga aylandi. U bir nechta kitoblar, shu jumladan yozgan Uysizlar: inqirozni yaratish va tugatish va umumiy davlat siyosati bo'yicha kitob, Gapirish.[8]

Oilaviy va shaxsiy hayot

Jek Layton va Oliviya Chou ovoz berishga ketmoqdalar, 2011 yil 2 may

Laytonning buyuk nabirasi, Uilyam Stivz, edi a Konfederatsiya otasi. Uning bobosi Filipp E. Layton a ko'r Monreal ko'rlar assotsiatsiyasini asos solgan faol[12] 1908 yilda[13] uchun kampaniya olib bordi nogironlik bo'yicha pensiyalar 1930-yillarda. Filipp Layton Bros. Pianos oilaviy biznesining katta hamkori edi. Layton Pianos 1837 yildan buyon Angliyaning London shahrida ishlab chiqarilgan va Filipp 19 yoshida Monrealga ko'chib ketgan.[14] Filipp ko'r organist, bastakor ("Dominion marshi", Jekning yotgan joyida karillonda o'ynagan), pianino sozlagichi va pianino sotuvchisi edi. Oilaviy biznes Monrealdagi Layton Audio sifatida saqlanib qoladi.[15]

Jek Laytonning bobosi, Gilbert Layton, vazirlar mahkamasi vaziri bo'lgan Union Nationale hukumati Moris Duplessis Kvebekda va viloyat hukumati tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmagani sababli iste'foga chiqdi Kanadalik ishtirok Ikkinchi jahon urushida. Uning otasi, Robert Layton, edi a Liberal partiya 1960-70 yillarda faol va parlamentning progressiv konservativ a'zosi va Vazirlar Mahkamasi 1980 yillarda Bosh vazir davrida Brayan Myulroni.[16]

Layton a'zosi sifatida tarbiyalangan Kanadaning birlashgan cherkovi va a'zosi bo'lgan Bloor-strit birlashgan cherkovi Torontodagi cherkov.[17] Biroq, u ba'zan ba'zan xizmatlarda qatnashgan Toronto metropolitan jamoat cherkovi, kimning ruhoniysi, Brent Xoks, uzoq vaqtdan beri NDP faollaridan biri va Laytonning shaxsiy do'sti edi.[17]

Layton a da buyurtma qilingan formada Yulduzli trek 1991 yilgi anjuman

1969 yilda, 19 yoshida, Jek o'rta maktabdagi sevgilisi Sally Xelfordga uylandi, u bilan ikki farzandi bor: Mayk, hozirda Toronto shahar kengashi a'zosi, va Sara, hozirda katta xodim Stiven Lyuis jamg'armasi.[18] Layton va Xelfordning nikohi 1983 yilda 14 yildan so'ng ajrashish bilan tugadi.

Layton birinchi marta uchrashdi Olivia Chow 1985 yilda an kim oshdi savdosi Grange by Village-da, unda Jek kim oshdi savdosi o'tkazuvchisi va Olivia esa edi tarjimon uchun Kanton tili kuzatuvchilar. Ular ilgari tanish edilar, ammo ular ikkalasi ham bo'lajak saylovda nomzod ekanliklarini angladilar va bo'lishga qaror qilishdi tushlik kampaniya haqida suhbatlashish uchun birgalikda. Auktsiondan uch hafta o'tgach, ular birinchi uchrashuvga borishdi. Oliviyaning onasi avvaliga Jekni, chunki uning qizini ma'qullamadi poyga shuningdek, u emas a yurist yoki shifokor. Jekni taklif qilishdi kechki ovqat ular ham o'ynagan Oliviyaning onasining uyida mahjong. Ovqatdan so'ng, Jek Oliviyaning onasiga minnatdorchilik bildirishga urindi Kanton, ammo Jek noto'g'ri ohang unga beixtiyor "yaxshi jinsiy aloqa uchun rahmat" deb aytishga majbur qildi. Layton "Mening soxtam muzni butunlay sindirib tashladi. O'shandan beri biz yaxshi do'st edik" dedi.[19]

Layton partiya yig'ilishlarida musiqa chalishi va qo'shiqlar kuylashi bilan mashhur edi. Alberta NDP rahbar Brayan Meyson Layton prezidentlikka nomzodini qo'yganida uch kunlik hay'at yig'ilishlarida eslandi Kanada munitsipalitetlar federatsiyasi: "U odamlarni o'zlarining mehmonxonasida bir joyga to'plab, gitara chalib, hammani eskirib qo'shiq aytishiga olib kelardi xalq qo'shiqlari 1960-yillardan boshlab. U odamlarni shunchaki jalb qildi, faqat siyosati bilan emas, balki shaxsiyati bilan. "[20]

Layton qiziquvchan edi Trekki, odatiga ega Starfleet tikuvchi tomonidan tikilgan kiyim. Layton mashhur formada a formasini kiyib suratga tushgan Star Trek anjumani 1991 yilda.[21]

2005 yilda Parlament matbuot galereyasi Kechki ovqat (odatda satirik voqea), Layton gitara chalib, uchta qo'shiq kuylab, o'zini va partiyasini yubordi: "Sotish yoki ijaraga berish partiyasi" (ohangda "Yo'l shohi ")," ning qayta ishlangan versiyasiTushkun va tashqarida bo'lganingizda hech kim sizni bilmaydi "turli xil hazil so'zlari bilan" va "Agar yana 4,6 milliard dollar bo'lganimda".[22][23]

Toronto shahar kengashi

York va Ryersonda Layton Torontoning bir qator raqamlari bilan yaqin aloqalarni rivojlantirdi Jon Syuell va Devid Krombi. U birinchi bo'lib saylangan Toronto shahar kengashi 1982 yilda, amaldagi prezidentga qarshi ajablanib xafa bo'ldi Gordon Chong. U tezda kengashning ashaddiy a'zolaridan biri va chap qanot etakchisiga aylandi.[24] U massivning eng ashaddiy muxoliflaridan biri edi SkyDome loyiha,[25] va OITSga chalingan bemorlarning huquqlarini erta himoya qilish.[26] 1984 yilda u varaqalarni tarqatganida, uni buzganligi uchun jarimaga tortdilar Toronto Eaton markazi tomonidan ish tashlash paytida Eatonniki xodimlar, ammo ayblov keyinchalik so'z erkinligi uchun chiqarildi.[27] Layton, shuningdek, Torontoning taklifiga qarshi bo'lgan ozgina raqiblardan biri edi 1996 yil yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari.[28] 1985 yilda u ushbu organ a'zolari uchun birinchi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylovlarda Metropolitan Toronto Kengashiga ko'chib o'tdi.[29][30] 1988 yilgi munitsipal saylovlarda Layton shahar kengashining ittifoqchisi Deyl Martin bilan savdo qilgan, Martin Metroga ketayotgan va Layton Toronto shahar kengashiga qaytgan. Layton sobiq o'rta maktab o'qituvchisi Lois MacMillan-Walker bilan bo'lgan tanlovda osonlikcha saylandi. Saylov Layton uchun katta g'alaba bo'ldi, chunki u o'zi bo'lgan islohotchilar koalitsiyasi amalda Boshliq shahar kengashining nazoratini qo'lga kiritdi, bu shahar tarixida birinchi marta yangi demokratlar va mustaqillar tomonidan boshqariladigan kengash koalitsiyasi.[31]

1988 yil 9-iyulda u Gonkongda tug'ilganga uylandi Toronto tumani maktab kengashi ishonchli shaxs Olivia Chow marosimida Algonkin oroli.[32][33] Loyton to'ydan bir necha kun oldin velosipedda ketayotganda gazeta qutisi bilan to'qnashganda, ularning oq suvli rafting asal oyi rejalaridan voz kechish kerak edi.[34] Keyinchalik Chou Laytonga Toronto shahar kengashiga qo'shildi. U besh marotaba Federal Yangi Demokratlar partiyasiga nomzod bo'lgan va birinchi marta uchinchi marotaba yaqin raqobatda o'z o'rnini egallagan Toni Yanno 2006 yilgi Kanada saylovlarida va 2008 va 2011 yillarda qayta saylangan. Chou federal siyosatdan iste'foga chiqqan 2014 yilgacha Toronto meri lavozimiga nomzod; u uchinchi o'rinni egalladi.

Layton va Chou 1990 yil 14 iyunda ba'zi munozaralarga sabab bo'lgan. Toronto Star Tom Kerrning maqolasi ularni adolatsiz yashashda ayblagan uy-joy kooperativi tomonidan subsidiyalangan federal hukumat, ularning yuqori daromadlariga qaramay.[35] Layton va Chou ikkalasi ham 1985 yildan beri Hazelburn kooperatsiyasida yashagan va 1988 yilda turmush qurganlaridan keyin oyiga 800 dollarlik uch xonali kvartirada birga yashashgan. 1990 yilga kelib ularning yillik daromadi 120 ming dollarni tashkil etdi va o'sha yilning mart oyida ular ixtiyoriy ravishda kooperatsiya ulushini qoplash uchun oyiga qo'shimcha $ 325 to'lay boshladi Kanada ipoteka va uy-joy korporatsiyasi subsidiya, kooperativning yagona a'zolari buni amalga oshiradilar. Maqolaga javoban, kooperatsiya kengashi aralash daromadli ijarachilarga ega bo'lish kooperativlarning muvaffaqiyati uchun juda muhim ekanligini va qonunlar Layton va Chou singari bozor stavkalarini to'lashni istaganlar uchun kvartiralarni atayin ajratib qo'yganini ta'kidladi.[36] 1980-yillarning oxiri va 1990-yillarning boshlarida ular o'zlarining birliklarining taxminan 30 foizini kam daromadli birliklar sifatida saqlab qolishdi va qolganlarini ular bozor ijarasi deb hisoblagan narsalar bilan ta'minladilar. 1990 yil iyun oyida shahar advokati er-xotinni har qanday huquqbuzarliklardan tozaladi,[37] va o'sha oyning oxirida Layton va Chou kooperatsiyadan chiqib, uy sotib oldilar Torontoning Chinatown Chouning onasi bilan birgalikda, bu harakat bir muncha vaqt rejalashtirilgan edi, deb aytdi.[38] Keyinchalik Torontoning meri Jon Syuell keyinchalik yozgan HOZIR o'sha raqib Toronto shahar kengashi a'zosi Tom Yakobek hikoyani Tom Kerrga bergan edi.[39]

Dastlab kengash yig'ilishlariga sochlari bejirim, moviy jinsida kiyinish bilan tanilgan Layton, imijini o'zgartirish uchun harakat qildi 1991 yilgi fuqarolik saylovlari. Shuningdek, u ko'zoynagini tashlab, linzalarni taqishni boshladi va ko'k jinsida kostyumlar bilan savdo qildi.[40] 1991 yil fevralda Layton merlik uchun birinchi rasmiy NDP nomzodiga aylandi va uni markazchi amaldorga qarshi qo'ydi Art Eggleton.[41] Eggleton ko'pchilikni hayron qoldirgan holda, boshqa nomzodini qo'ymaslikka qaror qildi.[42]

Laytonga markazning o'ng tomonidagi uchta nomzod qarshi chiqdi: Syuzan baliq, Iyun Rowlands va Betti Disero. Tez orada o'ng qanot tarafdorlari sobiq shahar kengashi a'zosi Rowlands atrofida birlashib, Laytonning o'z lavozimini egallashi uchun zarur bo'lgan ichki bo'linishlarning oldini oldi.[43] Laytonga viloyat NDP hukumatining tobora ommalashib ketmasligi ham zarar etkazdi Bob Rae,[44] va ilgari qarshi bo'lganligi bilan Torontoning Olimpiadaga da'vogarligi. Tender takliflarini tashkilotchisi Pol Xenderson Layton va uning ittifoqchilarini Torontoga tadbirga xarajat qilganlikda aybladi.[45] Shunga qaramay, oktyabr oyidagi so'rovlar Laytonni Roulandsdan atigi to'rt ochko ortda qoldirganligini ko'rsatdi va 36 foiz qo'llab-quvvatladi.[46] Biroq, 17-oktabrda 19 foiz qo'llab-quvvatlagan sobiq viloyat Progressiv Konservativ kabinet vaziri Fish poygadan chiqib ketdi va uning ko'plab tarafdorlari Rowlandsga ko'chib ketishdi. Layton 12-noyabrdagi saylovlarda katta farq bilan yutqazdi.[47] Biroq, o'sha saylovda Oliviya Chov shahar kengashida osonlikcha g'olib bo'ldi.

1991 yil noyabrda Layton "Oq lenta" aksiyasi erkakni tugatish uchun ishlaydigan erkaklar ayollarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik.[48] Layton akademiyaga qaytib, atrof-muhit bo'yicha konsalting biznesini tashkil qilgan Green Catalyst Group Inc.[49] 1993 yilda u Kanadaning jamoatlar palatasi minishda Rosedale NDP uchun, lekin umuman liberal minishda to'rtinchi o'rinni egalladi. 1994 yilda u Metropolitan Toronto Kengashiga qaytib, Don daryosi palatasida Rojer Ollander o'rnini egalladi va u mahalliy siyosatdagi yuqori darajadagi rolini davom ettirdi; Metropolitan Torontoning hozirgi Toronto shahriga qo'shilishidan so'ng u yana Toronto shahar kengashiga saylandi va shu bilan birga xizmat qildi. Pam Makkonnell ikki kishilik palatada. U federal yangi demokratlar etakchiligiga qadar Toronto shahar kengashida qoldi. Shuningdek, u etakchi sifatida milliy e'tiborga tushdi Kanada munitsipalitetlar federatsiyasi.[50] Federal ravishda, u yana yugurdi 1997 yilgi saylov, bu safar qo'shni minishda Toronto - Danfort, ammo amaldagi prezidentga yutqazdi Dennis Mills keng farq bilan. 1999 yil iyun oyida Torontoning atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish bo'yicha maxsus guruhi - Toronto Atmosfera Jamg'armasi raisi sifatida u dastlabki bosqichlarda muhim rol o'ynadi. WindShare shamol kuchi kooperativ Torontoda qayta tiklanadigan energiya kooperativi orqali.[51]

NDP rahbari

Layton NDPning etakchisi etib saylandi partiyaning etakchilik qurultoyi Torontoda, 2003 yil 25 yanvarda. Layton birinchi ovoz berishda 53,5% ovoz bilan g'alaba qozondi Bill Bleyki, Lorne Nystrom, Djo Komartin va Per Dyukuz.[52] Uning kampaniyasi partiyani kuchaytirish zarurligiga qaratilgan bo'lib, sobiq NDP rahbari tomonidan ma'qullandi Ed Broadbent.[53]

Layton, partiyaning yangi o'rindoshlari orasida odatlanganidek, qo'shimcha saylovlarda qatnashish orqali jamoalar palatasiga saylanishga intilmadi. Buning o'rniga u 2004 yilgi federal saylovlarni kutib, Toronto-Danfortda Liberal Dennis Millsga qarshi kurashda qatnashdi. Umumiy palatada o'rni bo'lmaganligi sababli, u ikkinchi darajali, uzoq vaqt davomida Vinnipeg shahrida yashovchi deputat Bill Bleykini parlament rahbari etib tayinladi.[54] Garchi uning deputatlik o'rni bo'lmasa-da, Layton Kanada ommaviy axborot vositalarining katta e'tiborini jalb qilgani bilan ajralib turardi.[55][56] Uning ritorikasining aksariyati o'sha paytdagi Kanadaliklarning siyosatiga hujum qilish bilan bog'liq edi Bosh Vazir Pol Martin konservativ sifatida va Kanadaning Liberal partiyasi mafkurasini ilgari surib, o'ng qanot yo'nalishini o'zgartirdi. Layton etakchiligining yana bir yo'nalishi partiyaning kuchlarini partiyaning kuchsiz viloyatlaridan biri bo'lgan Kvebekka yo'naltirish edi.[57] Uning etakchilik poygasidagi raqiblaridan biri, Per Dyukuz, birinchi edi Québécois NDP etakchisiga nomzodini ko'rsatish. Musobaqadan so'ng Layton Dukuzeni Kvebek leytenanti va partiyaning vakili etib tayinladi.[58]

Laytonning sa'y-harakatlari natijasi partiya qo'llab-quvvatlashining kuchli o'sishi bo'ldi. 2003 yil oxiriga kelib, partiya ikkala partiyadan ham yuqori darajada so'rov o'tkazdi Kanada alyansi yoki progressiv konservatorlar[59] va hattoki, keyingi saylovlarda NDPni o'z o'rnida ko'rishi mumkin edi Rasmiy muxolifat.[60]

2004 yilgi saylov

Shuningdek qarang: Kanadadagi uysizlar

Davomida 2004 yil Kanada federal saylovi, Laytonning uysizlar o'limiga Liberal Bosh vazir Pol Martin aybdor deb ayblashi sababli tortishuvlar avj oldi, chunki u arzon uylarga mablag 'ajratolmadi.[61] Liberal hukumatning o'n bir yilida uysizlar va uysizlar o'limi darajasi oshgan bo'lsa-da, Martinning qarorlari bilan bog'liqlik bilvosita edi, chunki arzon uy-joylar asosan viloyat vakolatiga kiradi.[62] Layton zaryadini ba'zilar, shu jumladan, himoya qildilar Ottava fuqarosi,[63] ammo ko'pchilik unga noto'g'ri va salbiy saylov kampaniyasi. Bundan tashqari, qarama-qarshiliklar kampaniyani yutib yubordi va kelgusi hafta davomida siyosiy e'lonlarni soya qildi.[64]

Layton olib tashlashni taklif qilgandan so'ng, keyingi tortishuvlar kuzatildi Aniqlik to'g'risidagi qonun, kimdir Kvebekni Kanadada saqlab qolish uchun muhim, boshqalari esa nodemokratik deb bilgan va referendumdan keyin Kvebek tomonidan har qanday mustaqillik deklaratsiyasini tan olishga va'da bergan.[65] Bu lavozim NDPning rasmiy partiyaviy siyosatining bir qismi emas edi, chunki ba'zi bir obro'li partiyalar a'zolariga rahbarlik qilgan, masalan NDP Uy rahbari Bill Bleyki va sobiq NDP rahbari Alexa McDonough, Laytonning qarashlariga qo'shilmaganliklarini ommaviy ravishda ko'rsatish. Uning pozitsiyasi Aniqlik to'g'risidagi qonun 2006 yilgi saylovda qo'llab-quvvatlovchilarning biriga aylantirildi.[66]

Layton, shuningdek, Kvebekdagi partiyasining mavqeini yaxshilash uchun harakatlarini davom ettirdi. NDP provinsiyada frantsuz tilidagi reklamalarni olib bordi va ularda Québécois frantsuz tilida so'zlashadigan Layton paydo bo'ldi. U almashtirishni qo'llab-quvvatladi birinchi o'tgan bilan tizim mutanosib vakillik. U ozchilik hukumat tuzilgan taqdirda NDPning ta'siridan foydalanishni qo'rqitdi. Biroq, u Liberal tomonidan qo'ldan chiqarildi va Québécois bloki rahbarlar, chunki ular post-post-post tizimi tomonidan ma'qullashadi, odatda ular uchun berilgan ovozlar soniga qaraganda ko'proq joylar ajratiladi. Tarixga ko'ra, NDPning ommaviy ovozi tarqoq qo'llab-quvvatlanganligi sababli mutanosib o'rinlar soniga aylanmaydi. Bunga ko'pincha Québécois Blok qarshilik ko'rsatdi, u odatda eng past ovozga ega bo'lgan, ammo Kvebekda ularning qo'llab-quvvatlashi ko'p bo'lganligi sababli ko'p o'rinlarni qo'lga kiritgan. Ushbu muammolarga qaramay, Layton NDPni so'nggi 15 yil ichida eng yuqori ko'rsatkichga ega bo'lgan 15 foiz ovozga olib keldi. Biroq, u faqat Jamoatchilik palatasida 19 o'rinni egalladi, bu 1997 yilda Alexa McDonough davrida qo'lga kiritilgan 21 kishidan ikkitasiga kamroq va Layton saylovlar arafasida bashorat qilgan 40 ko'rsatkichdan ancha past. Biroq, ba'zi potentsial NDP saylovchilari mumkin bo'lgan konservatorlarning g'alabasini oldini olish uchun Liberalga ovoz bergan bo'lishi mumkin. Olivia Chou va boshqa bir qator taniqli Toronto NDP nomzodlari keskin kurashlarda yutqazishdi va Layton amaldagi liberal Dennis Millsga qarshi o'z o'rnini dastlabki so'rovlarga qaraganda ancha tor farq bilan qo'lga kiritdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Liberal ozchiliklar hukumati

Jek Layton 2005 yil 12 yanvarga o'tar kechasi Britaniyaning Kolumbiyadagi Korteney shahrida bo'lib o'tgan NDP mitingida nutq so'zladi

Hukmron Liberal partiyaning ozchilik hukumati tarkibiga tushishi bilan, oyatlar homiylik mojarosi uning mashhurligini shu darajaga etkazishki, konservativ partiya ham Québécois bloki a uchun o'zlarining ustunliklarini bosishgan navbatdan tashqari saylov, Bosh vazir qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun NDPga murojaat qildi. Layton taklif qilinganlarning bekor qilinishini talab qildi korporativ soliq qisqartirish va ijtimoiy xarajatlarni ko'paytirishga chaqirdi. Keyingi kelishuv NDP foydasiga boshqa muxolifat partiyalari tomonidan norozilik bildirilgan va uni majburlash uchun bahona sifatida foydalangan ishonchsiz ovoz berish. 19-may kuni bunday ikkita ovoz mag'lubiyatga uchradi va Laytonning tuzatishlari 23-iyun kuni yakuniy o'qishda qabul qilindi. Ushbu siyosiy to'ntarish va uning g'azablangan parlamentdagi fuqarolik harakati natijasida ko'plab siyosiy tahlilchilar Laytonning ta'kidlashicha muhim partiyaning samarali etakchisi sifatida ishonchni oshirdi va ko'plab siyosiy so'rovlarda ikkinchi o'rinni egallagan etakchiga aylandi - masalan, Kvebekda ikkinchi bo'lib ovoz berish. Gilles Duceppe, umuman viloyatida uning partiyasi uchun past ovoz berishlarga qaramay.[iqtibos kerak ]

2005 yil noyabr oyining o'rtalarida, Liberal qo'llab-quvvatlash keyin pasayib ketdi Gomery komissiyasi o'zining birinchi hisobotini taqdim etdi, Layton bosh vazirga NDPni doimiy qo'llab-quvvatlashi evaziga bir nechta shartlarni taklif qildi, xususan xususiylashtirish ning Kanadada sog'liqni saqlash, bu erda Layton xususiy sog'liqni saqlashni etkazib berishga davlat xarajatlarini nazorat qilish bo'yicha qat'iy qoidalarni talab qilib, bu masala bo'yicha "jiddiy harakatlarsiz" "janob Martin bizning qo'llab-quvvatlashimizga umid qila olmaydi" dedi. Martin o'z navbatida ushbu masalani muhokama qilish uchun o'tkazilgan yig'ilishga hech qanday izoh bermadi, faqat bu "yaxshi uchrashuv" ekanligini aytdi, Layton esa natijadan ko'ngli qolganini ochiqchasiga bildirdi.[67] Layton fevral oyida saylov o'tkazish to'g'risida iltimosnoma kiritishini e'lon qildi. Biroq Martin hukumati saylov kunini muxolifat tomonidan belgilashga ruxsat bermadi. Ishonchsizlik harakati, Stiven Xarper tomonidan va Layton tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanib, 2006 yilgi federal saylovni qo'zg'atdi. Layton Liberal hukumat bilan ishlagan, ammo hukumatga qarshi ovoz berish va saylov o'tkazish orqali saylovda muvaffaqiyat qozonish uchun ko'proq imkoniyatga ega bo'lishini aniqlagan.

Blok Québécois va konservatorlar bilan koalitsiya tashabbusi

2011 yil 26 martda Harperning koalitsiya hukumatni shakllantirishning qonuniy yoki printsipial usuli emasligi haqidagi da'volariga javoban Duceppe Harper bir paytlar uni tuzishga harakat qilganini aytdi koalitsion hukumat Blok Québécois va NDP bilan.[68] 2004 yilda Stiven Xarper xususiy ravishda uchrashdi Québécois bloki rahbar Gilles Duceppe va Yangi Demokratik partiya Monreal mehmonxonasida etakchi Jek Layton. Uch partiya rahbarlari o'rtasida bo'lib o'tgan uchrashuv federal saylovdan 2 oy oldin bo'lib o'tdi.[69] 2004 yil 9 sentyabrda, uch kishi o'sha paytdagi nomiga xat imzoladilar.General-gubernator Adrienne Klarkson, bildirgan,

Biz birgalikda palatada ko'pchilikni tashkil etadigan muxolifat partiyalari yaqin maslahatlashuvda bo'lganligini hurmat bilan ta'kidlaymiz. Bizning fikrimizcha, tarqatib yuborish to'g'risida ariza kelib chiqsa, bu sizga konstitutsiyaviy amaliyot belgilab qo'yganidek, konstitutsiyaviy vakolatingizni amalga oshirishdan oldin muxolifat liderlari bilan maslahatlashishga va barcha imkoniyatlaringizni ko'rib chiqishga sabab bo'lishi kerak.[69]

O'sha kuni xat yozildi, uchta partiya rahbarlari qo'shma matbuot anjumani o'tkazdilar, unda parlament qoidalarini o'zgartirish bo'yicha hamkorlik qilish niyatlarini bildirdilar va saylovni tayinlash to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishdan oldin general-gubernatordan ular bilan maslahatlashishni so'rashdi.[70] Matbuot anjumanida Harper "Mamlakatni faqat parlament boshqarishi kerak, nafaqat eng katta partiya va o'sha partiyaning yagona rahbari. Bu men tanqid qilgan, biz ham, ko'pchilik kanadaliklar ham shunday. uzoq va uzoq vaqt bor edi, shuning uchun bu o'zgarishni boshlash uchun imkoniyatdir. " Biroq, o'sha paytda, Harper va boshqa ikki oppozitsiya rahbarlari "a" ni tuzishga urinishlarini rad etishdi koalitsion hukumat.[69] Harper: "Bu koalitsiya emas, lekin bu kooperativ harakatdir" dedi.[70]

Bir oy o'tgach, 4 oktyabr kuni Mayk Daffi, endi konservativ senator (Harper tomonidan tayinlangan), "Bosh vazirni saylov o'tkazmasdan o'zgartirishingiz mumkin", deb aytdi va ba'zi konservatorlar Harperni bosh vazir bo'lishini xohlashdi. Ertasi kuni Layton Xarper va Duceppe bilan muzokaralarga chiqib, ularni almashtirishga urinishda aybladi Pol Martin Harper bilan bosh vazir sifatida. Blok va Konservativ amaldorlar ham Laytonning ayblovlarini rad etishdi.[69]

2006 yilgi kampaniya

A media scrum 2006 yilgi qishki saylov kampaniyasi paytida

Ovoz berish rejalashtirilgan 2006 yil 23 yanvar Ko'plab yangi demokratlar Laytonni 2004 yildagiga qaraganda ancha ko'p o'rinlarni taqdim etishini kutishdi. Ular NDP yangi ozchilik parlamentida kuchlar muvozanatini ushlab turishiga umid qilishdi, shunda ular boshqaruv partiyasi bilan muzokaralar olib borishda qo'shimcha ta'sir o'tkazishlari mumkin edi. Federal liberallarning Ontario qanoti ijrochi vitse-prezidenti Mayk Klander o'z blogida Chou bilan taqqoslaganda postlar qo'ygandan so'ng iste'foga chiqdi. Chow Chow it va erini "Tentak ".[71]

Kampaniya davomida Layton o'zini yagona chempion sifatida tanlamoqchi bo'ldi universal sog'liqni saqlash. Ba'zi so'rovnomalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, kanadaliklar Laytonni etakchilar orasida eng jozibali va xarizmatik deb topdilar. Layton bir necha marotaba "kanadaliklarning uchinchi tanlovi bor" deb turib oldi va liberallarni "bizga o'z ovozingizni qarz berishga" undadi. Ba'zi sharhlovchilar va ekspertlar Laytonni NDP platformasini tushuntirish o'rniga ushbu iboralarni ortiqcha ishlatish uchun masxara qilishdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

NDP strategiyasi o'zgardi, chunki ular 2004 yilda emas, balki liberallarga qarshi hujumlarni boshladilar, u erda ham liberallarni, ham konservatorlarni teng darajada tanqid qildilar va Pol Martinning ba'zi tanqidlariga sabab bo'ldilar.[72] Endryu Koyn NDP nafaqat janjal ostida bo'lgan liberallardan ajralib chiqishni xohlamoqda, balki liberallar Liberal-NDP sherikligi asosida erishilgan qonunchilik uchun kredit olishlari mumkinligi sababli ham taklif qildi. Liberallarning strategik ovoz berishlari tufayli NDP 2004 yilgi saylovlarda ham yaqin poygalarda yutqazgan edi. Kampaniyaning boshida NDP deputati Judi Vasilisiya-Leys deb so'ragan edi Kanada qirollik politsiyasi (RCMP) daromadlar to'g'risidagi ishonch e'lonining oshkor etilishi yuzasidan jinoiy ish qo'zg'atish uchun.[73] Jinoyat ishi Liberal kampaniyaga jiddiy zarar etkazdi va ularning asosiy siyosiy bayonotlarini berishiga to'sqinlik qildi, shuningdek Liberal da'vo qilingan korruptsiyani yana diqqat markaziga olib keldi.

Laytonning saylovoldi kampaniyasi yo'nalishi ham u bilan orani buzdi Kanadalik avtoulov ishchilari kasaba uyushma rahbari Buzz Hargrove masalasi bo'yicha strategik ovoz berish. Hargrove NDP tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Liberal ozchiliklar hukumatini afzal ko'rdi va u ilgari Laytonni Liberal hukumatni yiqitgan ishonchsizlik harakatida qatnashgani uchun tanqid qilgan edi. Hargrove liberallar bilan ittifoq qildi va "Jek Layton olib borayotgan kampaniyani yoqtirmasligini" ochiq aytdi va Laytonni "liberallarga qarshi hujumga ko'p vaqt sarflaganini" tanqid qildi. Kampaniyaning so'nggi haftasida, so'nggi daqiqalarda o'tkazilgan strategik ovoz berish 2004 yilgi saylovlar davomida bir necha yaqin saylovlarda NDP o'rinlariga qimmatga tushganligini bilib,[74] Hargrove va Martin barcha ilg'or saylovchilarni Liberallar bayrog'i ortida birlashib, konservativ hukumatni to'xtatishlariga chaqirishdi.[75]

Layton Liberal mojarolarga qarshi hujumlarini kuchaytirib, ozchilikning ta'siridan konservatorlarni jilovlashda foydalanishga va'da berdi. Saylovdan ko'p o'tmay, NDPning Ontario viloyat bo'limi Hargrove partiyasining a'zoligini bekor qildi, chunki u saylov kampaniyasi paytida boshqa partiyalar uchun tashviqot olib borganligi sababli partiya konstitutsiyasini buzgan edi, ammo Layton bunga rozi emas edi. Hargrove har yili CAW konvensiyasida NDP bilan aloqalarini uzish bilan qasos oldi. Saylov NDPning umumiy o'rindiqlarini 29 o'ringa, tarqatib yuborilgunga qadar 18 o'ringa ko'paytirdi.[76] Yangi saylangan NDP nomzodlari orasida Oliviya Chou ham bor edi, bu ikkitasini Kanada parlamenti tarixidagi ikkinchi yagona er va xotin jamoasiga aylantirdi (Gurmant Grewal va Nina Grival 2004 yilgi federal saylovlardan keyin Kanada parlamentidagi birinchi er va xotin jamoasi edi). Oxir oqibat, NDP o'zlarining parlamentdagi vakolatlarini 29 nafar deputatlarga etkazishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi, ammo ular Québécois Blokidan (51) yoki oppozitsiya liberallaridan (103) ancha kam joylarga ega edilar.[76]

Konservativ ozchiliklar hukumati

Jek Layton NDP rahbarligining 5 yilligi munosabati bilan nutq so'zlamoqda

NDPning 2006 yil 10 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tgan 22-konvensiyasida, yilda Kvebek shahri, Layton birinchisini bog'lab, rahbariyat ovozi bilan 92% ma'qullash reytingini oldi Islohot partiyasi Rahbar Preston Manning Ushbu turdagi ovoz berish bo'yicha rekord.[77] Ushbu rekord 2016 yilda Kanadaning Yashillar partiyasidan Elisabet Mey tomonidan yangilangan.[78] Xuddi shu anjumanda NDP qaytib kelishni talab qilgan harakatni qabul qildi Kanada kuchlari dan Afg'oniston. 2006 yil 24 sentyabrda u bilan uchrashdi Afg'oniston prezidenti Hamid Karzay NDP pozitsiyasini muhokama qilish. Uchrashuvdan so'ng Layton Kanadaning roli an'anaviy bo'lib qolishi kerakligini aytdi tinchlikni saqlash hozirda amalga oshirilayotgan oldingi jangovar rolida emas, balki qayta qurish.[79]

Layton va uning guruhi qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun ovoz berdi daromadga ishonish bo'yicha yangi taklif qilingan qoidalar tomonidan kiritilgan Konservatorlar 2006 yil 31 oktyabr.[80] Soliq siyosati to'g'risidagi e'lonning qisqa muddatli natijasi Kanada sarmoyadorlari uchun 20 milliard dollar miqdoridagi zarar bo'ldi, bu hukumat siyosatining o'zgarishi bilan bog'liq bo'lgan eng katta zarar.[81]

Layton hukumatga nisbatan ishonchsizlik harakatini "tahdid qildi"Toza havo to'g'risidagi qonun "agar qonun loyihasini va uning atrof-muhit siyosatiga bo'lgan munosabatini takomillashtirish bo'yicha choralar ko'rilmasa.[82] Bosh vazir Xarper qonun loyihasini ikkinchi o'qishdan oldin maxsus qonunchilik qo'mitasiga yuborish orqali parlament logjamiga chek qo'yishga rozi bo'ldi. U 2006 yil 19 noyabrda "Toza havo to'g'risidagi qonun" ga kiritilgan o'zgartirishlarni e'lon qildi.[83]

2008 yil 3-iyunda Layton "ruxsat beradigan" dasturni amalga oshirishga ovoz berdi vijdonan voz kechganlar ... Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tomonidan sanktsiya qilinmagan urushga ... ... Kanadada qolish ... "[84][85][86] Layton NDP tinchlik masalasida choralar ko'rishda muhim rol o'ynaydi Kanada va Iroq urushiga qarshilik ko'rsatuvchilar.

2008 yil 11 iyunda Bosh vazir Stiven Xarper ushbu masalada Laytondan xususiy maslahat olganligini ma'lum qildi Hind turar joy maktablari va maktablarning sobiq o'quvchilaridan uzr so'rash. Kechirim so'rashdan oldin, Harper Laytonga minnatdorchilik bildirdi.[87]

2008 yilgi aksiya

Broadbent va Jek Layton 2008 yilda Torontodagi saylov mitingida

Layton uyadan boshladi 2008 yilgi federal saylov kampaniyasi AQSh prezidentligiga nomzodga o'xshash nutq bilan Barak Obama. Layton Obama bilan taqqoslashni istayotganini rad etib, "Men aytmoqchimanki, men undan ancha pastroqman. U ajoyib notiq. Men hech qachon bunday bo'laman deb da'vo qilmayman. Ammo men sezgan narsa shuki, duch keladigan asosiy muammolar Amerikalik o'rta sinf, ishlaydigan odamlar AQSh va ularning oilalarining kelajagi haqidagi xavotirlari men Kanadada eshitadigan masalalarga juda o'xshash. "Layton Obamaga va Hillari Klinton deb aytish Shimoliy Amerika erkin savdo shartnomasi Ikkala mamlakatda ishlaydigan odamlarga zarar etkazgan "va bu voqealarni aytib berish kerak."

Layton Bosh vazir Harper va Blok Quécois rahbari Gilles Duceppe bilan birgalikda dastlab tarkibiga kirishga qarshi edi. Yashil partiya rahbar Elizabeth May rahbarlarning teledebatlarida.[88][89] Dastlab Layton translyatsiya konsortsiumi qoidalariga amal qilayotganini aytgan bo'lsa, NDP vakili Bred Lavigne Layton May ishtirok etgan taqdirda qatnashishdan bosh tortganligini tasdiqladi va May Liberallar etakchisini ma'qullaganini ta'kidladi Stefan Dion Bosh vazir uchun va uning tarkibiga kiritilishi liberallarga munozarada ikki vakilni berishini ta'kidladi. Rod Love, xodimlarning sobiq boshlig'i Ralf Klayn, "Yashillar" NDPni qo'llab-quvvatlashni to'xtatishi mumkin deb taxmin qilishdi.[90] Laytonning pozitsiyasi tanqidlarga sabab bo'ldi YWCA,[91] Judi Rebik va uning partiyasi a'zolari.[92] Layton 2008 yil 10 sentyabrda Mayning qo'shilishiga qarshi chiqishini to'xtatdi. "Ushbu munozaralar haqidagi barcha munozaralar haqiqiy munozarani chalg'itishga aylandi", dedi Layton. "Menda ushbu bahs uchun faqat bitta shart bor, ya'ni bosh vazirning u erda bo'lishi."[93]

2008 yil oktyabr oyida Layton onlayn video xabar yuborib, uning foydasiga gapirdi aniq betaraflik, torrent saytlar, video almashish saytlar va ijtimoiy tarmoq saytlar.[94] Alohida intervyusida u korporativ nazoratni kuchaytirish "juda xavfli va biz betaraflik masalasini butun saylovoldi platformamizning markaziga qo'ydik" deb aytdi va Internet "fikr almashish uchun ommaviy vosita va men Ayniqsa, agar uni saqlab qolish uchun kurashmasak, uni yo'qotishimiz mumkinligini aytmoqchiman. " Oxir oqibat, NDP 8 ta yangi o'ringa ega bo'lib, ularning soni 37taga etdi. Bu natija hali ham NDPni Kanadaning to'rtinchi partiyasi sifatida Blok Québéois partiyasini 50 bilan ortda qoldirdi. NDP o'z o'rnini saqlab qolishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Oldindan tomonidan o'tkazilgan Tom Mulkair, uning viloyatdagi yagona o'rni.[95]

Konservativ ozchiliklar hukumatining davom etishi

Asosiy maqola: 2008–2009 yillarda Kanada parlamentidagi nizo
Layton 2008 yilgi saylov kampaniyasi paytida

The Parlamentning 40-sessiyasi 2008 yil 27-noyabrda konservatorlar tomonidan kelgusi muddat uchun kun tartibini belgilab bergan moliyaviy yangilash bilan boshlandi. Bunga federal xodimlarning ish tashlash huquqini vaqtincha to'xtatib turish va siyosiy partiyalar uchun pul subsidiyalarini olib tashlash kiradi.[96] Uchta oppozitsiya partiyasi ham, shu jumladan NDP bu pozitsiyani qo'llab-quvvatlay olmasliklarini ta'kidladilar. Layton Liberallar partiyasi rahbari Stefan Dion va Blok Kvecois rahbari Gilles Duceppe bilan birgalikda konservatorlar o'rnini hukumat sifatida egallaydigan koalitsiya tuzish bo'yicha muzokaralarni boshladi. Uchta oppozitsiya partiyasi jamoatlar palatasiga ishonchsizlik bildirish taklifini kiritishni rejalashtirgan va bu ehtimolni hisobga olgan general-gubernator, Mixail Jan, parlamentni tarqatib yuborish va o'tgan saylovlardan ko'p o'tmay saylov tayinlash o'rniga, koalitsiyani boshqarishga taklif qiladi.[iqtibos kerak ]

2008 yil 1 dekabrda uchta oppozitsiya rahbarlari koalitsion hukumat to'g'risida kelishuv uchun asos yaratgan bitimni imzoladilar. Taklif etilayotgan tuzilma Liberallar va NDP o'rtasidagi koalitsiya bo'lib, yangi demokratlar oltita vazir lavozimiga ega bo'lishadi. Ikkala tomon ham koalitsiyani 2011 yil 30 iyungacha davom ettirishga kelishib oldilar. Québécois bloki rasmiy ravishda hukumat tarkibiga kirmaydi, ammo 18 oy davomida ishonch bildirish bo'yicha yordam beradi.[97]

Taklif qilinayotgan koalitsiyaga qarshi chiqish Kvebekdan tashqari barcha viloyatlarda rivojlandi.[98] 2008 yil 4 dekabrda general-gubernator Bosh vazir Harperning so'rovini qondirdi ustunlik parlament 2009 yil 26 yanvargacha, o'sha paytda Xarper byudjetni kiritishni rejalashtirgan edi. O'shandan beri Dion liberallar va uning o'rnini egallagan rahbariyatdan chetlashtirildi, Maykl Ignatieff, koalitsiyadan uzoqlashgan edi.

Layton Harper hukumatini siqib chiqarishga sodiq qoldi,[99][100] NDP konservativ byudjyet tarkibiga qaramay, unga qarshi ovoz berishiga va'da berdi.[101] Layton Ignatieffning Liberal partiyasini koalitsiyaning yaroqlilik muddati tugamay turib konservatorlarni ag'darishga undadi; konstitutsiyaviy ekspertlarning aytishicha, o'tgan saylovlardan to'rt oy o'tgach, agar hukumat qulasa, general-gubernator bosh vazirning koalitsiyani taklif qilish o'rniga parlamentni tarqatib yuborish haqidagi iltimosini qondirishi mumkin.[102]

Jek Layton Torontoning
Layton 2009 yilda Torontoning "Pride Parade" da ishtirok etdi

2009 yil 28 yanvarda liberallar konservativ byudjetni tuzatish bilan tugatib, konservatsiya byudjetini qo'llab-quvvatlashga kelishib oldilar, shuning uchun Layton shunday dedi: "Bugun biz janob Ignatiffga janob Xarperga qarshi chiqishiga ishonishingiz mumkin emas. Agar siz janob Xarperga qarshi turing va siz yangi hukumatni xohlaysiz, men sizni NDPni qo'llab-quvvatlashga chaqiraman. "[103]

2009 yil mart oyida NDP, under Layton's leadership, re-introduced a motion (first passed June 3, 2008) which, if implemented, would allow conscientious objectors to the Iraq War to remain in Canada. The motion again passed March 30, 2009, by 129–125, but it was non-binding.[104][105] A leadership review vote held at the NDP's August 2009 federal policy convention, 89.25% of delegates voted against holding a etakchilik anjumani to replace Layton.[106] In October 2009, Layton paired up with the Stiven Lyuis Pul yig'ish uchun asos OIV / OITS Afrikadagi ta'sirlangan oilalar. As part of the foundation's Yodlashga jur'at campaign, Layton busked on a busy street corner.[107]

Layton va Rathika Sitsabaiesan with other NDP members observing Hindu religious rituals at Town Hall before attending a meeting organised by the Canadian Tamil Community 2010 yilda

Layton's son, Mayk was elected to Toronto City Council in the 2010 city council election.[108]

The Conservative government was defeated in a no-confidence vote on March 25, 2011, with the motion gaining full support of all opposition parties including the New Democrats, after the government was found in contempt of parliament.[109] This was the first occurrence in Commonwealth history of a government in the Vestminster parliamentary tradition losing the confidence of the Jamiyat palatasi on the grounds of contempt of parliament. The no-confidence motion was carried with a vote of 156 in favour of the motion, and 145 against,[110] thus resulting in the prime minister advising a dissolution of parliament and a federal saylov.

2011 yilgi aksiya

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Kanadadagi federal saylovlar, 2011 yil

The day after the successful passing of the motion, Layton started the NDP election campaign, first with a speech in Ottava followed later in the day by an event in Edmonton, Alberta.[111] Questions about Layton's health due to a recent hip surgery were often directed to him during the campaign, with Layton insisting that he was healthy enough to lead.[112][113] On March 29, 2011, the New Democrats presented their first real campaign promise, a proposal to cap credit card rates in order to reduce credit card debt.[114]

Layton with his chief of staff, Anne McGrath, campaigning in Quebec City

Unlike the previous election, Layton stated he was in favour of Yashil partiya rahbar Elizabeth May speaking at the leaders debates, despite the fact that she was once again being discouraged by the Canadian media networks.[115] The NDP also embarked upon the largest advertising campaign in its history, focusing on the Harper government 's health care record.[116] He also dedicated the federal election campaign to former Saskaçevan Premer Allan Blakeney, who died about halfway through the campaign.[117]

Despite entering the campaign with relatively low poll numbers,[118][119] the NDP recovered and increased their support significantly after Layton's performance in the leaders debates.[120][121] In the English-language debate, Layton criticized Maykl Ignatieff 's poor attendance record in the House of Commons, saying "You know, most Canadians, if they don't show up for work, they don't get a promotion!", to which Ignatieff was unable to respond effectively.[122][123][124] Globe and Mail described Layton's attack as a "knock-out punch" while the Toronto Star stated it was the "pivot in the debate [that] was a turning point in the federal campaign". Layton's New Democrats successfully capitalized on Ignatieff's attendance record in the Toronto area.[125][126][127]

On February 4, 2011, Layton attended a rally against Usage Based Billing in Toronto with MPs Dan McTeague, Olivia Chow, Peggi Nesh va boshqalar.[128][129][130] His attendance at this rally was accompanied by several press releases by the NDP denouncing metered internet usage in Canada.[131][132]

The NDP surge began in Quebec, with the NDP surprising many observers by surpassing the previously front-running Bloc in Quebec.[133] In Canada overall, the NDP surged past the Liberals to take the second place behind the Conservatives; in Quebec, the NDP took first place.[134][135] The NDP surge became the dominant narrative of the last week of the campaign, as other parties turned their attacks on the party and Layton.[136]

Layton in Quebec during the federal electoral campaign

On April 29, 2011, a retired police officer told the Sun News Network va Toronto Sun newspaper that in 1996, Layton had been found in a massage parlour when police, looking for underage Asian jinsiy aloqa xodimlari, raided the establishment. The police informed Layton of the potentially questionable use of the business and recommended that he avoid it in the future. Hech qanday ayblov e'lon qilinmadi.[137][138][139] The Quyosh later ran a follow-up piece, in which Toronto city councillor Giorgio Mammoliti criticized Layton.[140] Layton has said there was no wrongdoing in the matter, saying that he simply "went for a massage at a community clinic" and did not return after the police advised him not to.[141] He also referred to the release of the police report as a qoralash kampaniyasi unga qarshi.[142][143][144][145] Québécois bloki rahbar Gilles Duceppe also dismissed the claim.[146] A columnist for the Milliy pochta suggested that it was a Liberal insider that leaked the story, although a Liberal Party spokesman denied that they had anything to do with it.[147]

Keyingi Toronto Star column stated that most contributors to online discussions agreed there was a smear campaign against Layton.[148] As for political damage from this story, that same day's update of the Nanoslar Leadership Index, which assesses public opinion on the Canadian federal leaders' trustworthiness, competence and vision for Canada, Layton rose from 80% to 97%, surpassing Harper at 88% and Ignatieff at 39%. The polling company speculated this improvement is due to strong sympathy by the public for a political candidate they judged as being unfairly maligned.[149] The Toronto police launched an investigation into how official police notes were leaked to Sun Media. Police notebooks are closely guarded and may contain unfounded and unproven allegations.[145] On May 5, 2011, it was announced that no charges would be laid with regards to the leaked information.[150]

Layton appeared on the Radio-Kanada tok-shou Tout le monde en parle on April 3, an appearance that was credited for improving his party's standing among Francophone voters due to his informal Québécois French.[151] The show is the most popular program in Quebec.[152] He was also perceived to have performed well in the televised French-language party leaders' debate on April 13.

In the May 2, 2011, election, Layton led the NDP to 103 seats, more than double its previous high. This was also enough to make the NDP the Rasmiy muxolifat in the House of Commons for the first time ever. The NDP gains were partly due to a major surge in Kvebek as the party won 59 of the province's 75 seats, dominating Montreal and sweeping Kvebek shahri va Outaouais, although the NDP also won more seats than any other opposition party in the rest of Canada. The NDP had gone into the election with only one seat in Quebec, that of Tomas Mulkair, and had won but a single seat in the province historically (Phil Edmonston in a 1990 by-election). Many of these gains came at the expense of the Bloc, which was reduced to a four-seat rump without official party status in Parliament.

Kasallik va o'lim

Asosiy maqola: Death and state funeral of Jack Layton
An impromptu memorial set up at Natan Fillips maydoni shortly after his death

2010 yil 5 fevralda Layton unga tashxis qo'yilganligini e'lon qildi prostata saratoni. Uning ta'kidlashicha, uning otasi Robert Layton had the same type of cancer 17 years before and recovered from it. Uning xotini, Olivia Chow, bor edi qalqonsimon bez saratoni bir necha yil oldin. He vowed to beat the cancer, and said it would not interrupt his duties as member of Parliament or as leader of the NDP.[153][154]

Following the 2011 federal election, Layton led the party into the first month of the new session of Parliament, as well as attending the NDP Federal Convention in Vankuver. After Parliament rose for the summer, Layton announced on July 25, 2011 that he would be taking a temporary leave from his post to fight an unspecified, newly diagnosed cancer. U 2011 yil 19 sentyabrda jamoalar palatasi tiklangandan keyin NDP etakchisi sifatida qaytishga umid qilar edi. Layton NDPning kokus raisini tavsiya qildi Nycole Turmel ta'til vaqtida vaqtinchalik rahbar bo'lib xizmat qiladi.[155]

Layton tonggi 4:45 da vafot etdi Et 2011 yil 22 avgustda, o'z uyida Toronto.[156][157][158] He was 61 years old.

Layton's coffin is taken from Parlament tepaligi after lying in state in Ottawa.

Upon hearing the news, there was a nationwide outpouring of grief,[159] va General-gubernator Devid Jonston,[160] Bosh Vazir Stiven Xarper, NDP deputy leader Libbi Devies,[161] va Qo'shma Shtatlarning Kanadadagi elchisi Devid Jeykobson issued statements praising Layton and mourning his loss.[162] Layton's family released an open letter, written by Layton two days before his death. In it, he expressed his wishes regarding the NDP's leadership in the event of his death, and addressed various segments of the Canadian population, concluding, "My friends, love is better than anger. Hope is better than fear. Optimism is better than despair. So let us be loving, hopeful and optimistic. And we'll change the world."[163]

Layton was accorded a davlat dafn marosimi, which took place between August 25 and 27, 2011, with the final memorial service at Roy Tomson Xoll Torontoda.[164] Layton was the second leader of the Official Opposition to die while in office; the first, Sir Uilfrid Laurier, had been a former prime minister, and so a state funeral was consistent with protocol. Layton was the first opposition leader to die for whom a state funeral would not otherwise have been afforded, but Prime Minister Harper made the offer to Layton's widow who accepted. Layton was cremated following the funeral.[165][166][167] A portion of his ashes was scattered under a qarag'ay qarag'ay planted on Toronto oroli uning sharafiga,[168] with a second portion scattered at the Layton family's plot at Cote St. Charles United Church in Xadson, Kvebek.[169] A third portion was scattered under a memorial sculpted by Chow, placed at the Toronto Necropolis Cemetery on the first anniversary of his death.[170]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Layton's life is portrayed in a 2013 television movie entitled Jek, bilan Rik Roberts portraying Layton and Sook-Yin Li as Olivia Chow. Aktyorlar tarkibiga shuningdek kiradi Vendi Kryuson va Erin Karpluk. It was released on March 10, 2013, and aired on CBC Television.[171]

Meros va sharaflar

A memorial for Layton at the Jek Layton feribot terminali, which was renamed in his honour in 2013
  • The Jek Layton feribot terminali in Toronto was renamed in Layton's honour in 2013, on the second anniversary of his death.[172] A bronze statue of Layton riding on a tandem velosiped saytga o'rnatildi.[172]
  • Jack Layton Way in Toronto was named in 2013 (formerly Don Jail Roadway and parking area in front of the old jail). The street was once part of the driveway to the Don Jail and now being transformed as part of the Bridgepoint Health redevelopment in the Toronto neighbourhood of Riverdeyl; the community is in Layton's former electoral district of Toronto—Danforth.[173][174] South side of the roadway is Toronto Public Library Riverdale Branch and Hubbard Park (named after William Peyton Hubbard.)
  • Ryerson University, where Layton was a professor for many years, has honoured him by creating the Jack Layton Chair in the Department of Politics and Public Administration. The endowment sponsors several events including the annual Jack Layton Lecture series, the Jack Layton Book Club held in conjunction with Ryerson Archives and which holds discussions about various books that are part of the archive's Jack Layton Collection. As well, the chair sponsors the annual Jack Layton School for Leadership, an annual program aimed at building the leadership capacity of leaders and activists working towards social change.[175]
  • The Broadbent Institute awards an annual Jack Layton Progress Prize to "recognize the person or organization that has created and fielded an exceptional and successful campaign for progressive change."[176]
  • Parc Jack-Layton in Layton's hometown of Xadson, Kvebek was named in 2012. Previously known as Hudson Marina, the park is located by the shore of Ikki tog'li ko'l. Layton's widow Olivia Chow, along with family members and Deputat Thomas Mulcair, attended the renaming ceremony.[177]
  • A plaque commemorating Layton was unveiled in 2013 in Toronto's Withrow Park in front on an oak tree that was planted in his memory.[178]
  • The educational organization Learning for a Sustainable Future has established the LSF Jack Layton Award for Youth Action in Sustainability to honour schools that have "responded to community challenges with creativity, responsible citizenship and innovative action".[179]
  • Toronto's Woodgreen Community Services renamed their seniors' housing building at 1070 Qirolicha ko'chasi Sharq, Jack Layton Seniors' Housing in honour of Layton.

Tanlangan asarlar

  • Layton, Jack (2000). Uysizlar: inqirozni yaratish va tugatish. Toronto: Pingvin. ISBN  978-0-14-028888-9. OCLC  45045233.
  • — (2004). Speaking Out: Ideas that Work For Canadians. Toronto: Key Porter kitoblari. ISBN  978-1-55263-577-3. OCLC  53963558.
  • — (2006). Speaking Out Louder: Ideas that Work For Canadians. Toronto: Key Porter Kitoblar. ISBN  978-1-55263-688-6. OCLC  62346602. (revised and expanded edition of Speaking Out: Ideas that Work For Canadians)

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Tashqi havolalar

Kanada parlamenti
Oldingi
Dennis Mills		 Parlament a'zosi uchun Toronto - Danfort
2004–2011		Muvaffaqiyatli
Kreyg Skott
Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Maykl Ignatieff		 Muxolifat lideri
2011		Muvaffaqiyatli
Nycole Turmel
Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari
Oldingi
Alexa McDonough		 Yangi Demokratik partiyaning etakchisi
2003–2011		Muvaffaqiyatli
Nycole Turmel
oraliq
Fuqarolik idoralari
Oldingi
Dan uyum		 Shahar Kengashi a'zosi 6-bo'lim uchun Toronto shahri
1982–1985		Muvaffaqiyatli
Deyl Martin
Oldingi
Jon Syuell		 Shahar Kengashi a'zosi 6-bo'lim uchun Toronto shahri va Kengash a'zosi ning Metropolitan Toronto
1985–1988		to'g'ridan-to'g'ri saylovlarga o'tdi
Oldingi
Deyl Martin		 Shahar Kengashi a'zosi 6-bo'lim uchun Toronto shahri
1988–1991		Muvaffaqiyatli
Kayl Rey
Oldingi
Rojer Hollander		 Kengash a'zosi Don River Ward uchun Metropolitan Toronto
1994–1997		bekor qilindi
Yangi ijod Shahar Kengashi a'zosi 25-bo'lim (Don daryosi) uchun Toronto shahri
1997–2000		bekor qilindi
Yangi ijod Shahar Kengashi a'zosi 30-bo'lim uchun (Broadview-Greenwood) Toronto shahri
2000–2003		Muvaffaqiyatli
Pola Fletcher