Johor - Johor

Johor
Malayziya shtati
Negeri dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim (Johor Darul Ta'zimning davlati va bosib olingan hududlari)
Boshqa transkripsiya (lar)
• Javi	Jwhr‎
• Xitoy	柔佛
• Tamilcha	ஜொகூர்
Bayroq Gerb
Taxallus (lar): Darul Ta'zim[1] Dاrاltّّظym Qadrli joy[2]
Shior (lar): Kepada Alloh Bersera[1] کڤd لllh bsrاh Allohga taslim bo'lamiz[1]
Madhiya: Lagu Bangsa Johor Lڬڬw bڠsا jwhr Johor davlat madhiyasi
Johor yilda    Malayziya
Koordinatalari: 1 ° 59′27 ″ N 103 ° 28′58 ″ E / 1.99083 ° N 103.48278 ° E / 1.99083; 103.48278Koordinatalar: 1 ° 59′27 ″ N 103 ° 28′58 ″ E / 1.99083 ° N 103.48278 ° E / 1.99083; 103.48278
Poytaxt	Johor Bahru[a]
Qirollik poytaxti	Muar
Hukumat
• turi	Parlament konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya
• Sulton	Sulton Ibrohim Ismoil
• Menteri Besar	Hasni Muhammad (PN -UMNO )
Maydon [3]
• Jami	19,166 km2 (7,400 kvadrat milya)
Aholisi  (2017)[3]
• Jami	3,700,000 (3-chi )
• zichlik	174 / km2 (450 / sqm mil)
Demonim (lar)	Johorean / Johorian
Demografiya (2010)[4]
• etnik tarkibi	Malaycha: 52% Xitoy: 30% Hind: 6.0% Boshqalar Bumiputera: 1.0% Malayziya fuqarosi bo'lmagan fuqaro: 8.0%
• Lahjalar	Johor-Riau Malay • mandarin  • Tamilcha Boshqalar etnik ozchilik tillari
Davlat indeksi
• HDI (2018)	0.818 (juda baland) (6-chi )[5]
• TFR (2017)	2.1[3]
• YaIM (2016)	RM 116,682 mln[3]
Vaqt zonasi	UTC + 8 (MST[6])
Pochta Indeksi	79xxx[7] 86xxx gacha,[8] 73400
Qo'ng'iroq kodi	07[b] 06 (Muar va Tangkak)[9]
ISO 3166 kodi	MY-01, 21-24[10]
Avtotransport vositalarini ro'yxatdan o'tkazish	J[11]
Johor Sultonligi	1528
Angliya-Johor shartnomasi	1885
Johor shtati Konstitutsiyasi	14 aprel 1895 yil
Britaniya protektorati	1914
Yapon istilosi	1942 yil 31-yanvar
Ga kirish Malaya Federatsiyasi	1948
Malaya Federatsiyasining bir qismi sifatida mustaqillik	1957 yil 31-avgust
Qismi sifatida federatsiya qilingan Malayziya	16 sentyabr 1963 yil
Veb-sayt	Rasmiy veb-sayt
^ [a] Kota Iskandar davlat ma'muriy markazi hisoblanadi. ^ [b] Istisno Muar va Tangkak.

Johor (/dʒəˈh.r/) kabi yozilgan Johor, a davlat ning Malayziya janubida Malay yarim oroli. Johor Malayziya shtatlari bilan quruqlik chegaralariga ega Paxang shimolga va Malakka va Negeri Sembilan shimoli-g'arbda. Johor dengiz chegaralarini baham ko'radi Singapur janubga va Indoneziya g'arbga ham, sharqqa ham. Johor Bahru davlatning poytaxti va iqtisodiy markazi, Kota Iskandar shtat hukumatining qarorgohi va Muar davlatning qirol shahri sifatida xizmat qiladi. Eski davlat poytaxti Johor Lama. 2017 yilga kelib, shtat aholisi 3 700 000 kishini tashkil qiladi. Johor juda yuqori xilma-xil tropik yomg'ir o'rmonlari va ekvatorial iqlim. Shtatniki tog 'tizmalari ning bir qismi Titiwangsa tizmasi, bu kattaroq qismdir Tenasserim tizmasi ulangan Tailand va Myanma, bilan Ophir tog'i Johorning eng baland nuqtasi bo'lish.

Johorga asoslangan dastlabki qirollik bilan erta aloqada bo'lgan Funan sovg'alar almashish asosida. Qirollik barham topgandan so'ng, Malay qirg'oqlarining katta qismi Siam va keyinroq yurisdiksiyasiga o'tdi Majapaxit. Bir necha o'n yillar o'tgach, paydo bo'lishi bilan Malakka imperiyasi, Islom bo'ylab tarqaldi Malay arxipelagi. Imperiya qulaganidan keyin Portugal, Malakka qirol oilasining qoldiqlari mahalliy aholi Malay yarim orolining janubidagi daryoga ko'chib o'tgan Johor daryosi va yangi sultonlik tuzish, bu esa Johor imperiyasi. Ularning Malakkani qaytarib olishga urinishlari portugaliyalik Johor va. O'rtasida uch tomonlama urushga olib keldi Aceh, shimolda ko'tarilgan yana bir sultonlik Sumatra. Kelishi bilan Dutch East India kompaniyasi (VOC), Johor Portugaliyaning hukmronligini tugatdi va Sumatra-dagi ko'plab qaramliklarida o'z hukmronligini tikladi, garchi Malakka chet el kuchlari tomonidan saqlanib kelinayotgan bo'lsa ham. Johor sultonligi ichidagi nizo va East India kompaniyasi Malay yarim orolining shimolida (EIC) Gollandiya savdosi mahalliy nizolarga aralashishdan Sumatraning katta qismini tezda bosib olishga va 1824 yildagi Angliya-Gollandiya shartnomasi inglizlar bilan keyingi to'qnashuvlarning oldini olish uchun.

Shartnoma asosida Malay arxipelagi ikki ta'sir doirasiga bo'lingan; inglizlar butun Malay yarim orolini egallab oldilar, hollandlar esa taslim bo'lishdi Malakka egalik qilish evaziga Britaniyalik Benkoolen va boshqa Sumatra va boshqa hududlar Java uzoqroq janubda joylashgan. Angliya hukmronligi ostida ta'lim va taraqqiyotga ustuvor ahamiyat berildi va Joxor qirol ma'muriyatining o'zi ingliz uslubidagi monarxiya ostida isloh qilindi. Uch yillik kasb tomonidan Yapon yilda Ikkinchi jahon urushi modernizatsiya to'xtatildi. Urushdan keyin Johor vaqtinchalik qismga aylandi Malayziya ittifoqi ichiga singib ketishidan oldin Malaya Federatsiyasi ma'lum shartlar asosida va federatsiya orqali to'liq mustaqillikka erishish, keyinchalik 1963 yil 16 sentyabrda Malayziya.

Johor etnik, madaniy va til jihatidan juda xilma-xillikka ega. Shtat o'zining an'anaviy raqsi bilan tanilgan zapin va Kuda kepang. Davlat rahbari Johor sultoni, hukumat boshlig'i esa Menteri Besar. Hukumat tizimi yaqindan modellashtirilgan Vestminster parlament tizimi, ma'muriy tumanlarga bo'lingan davlat boshqaruvi bilan. Islom bu davlat dini 1895 yil Johor Konstitutsiyasiga binoan, lekin boshqa dinlarga erkin amal qilish mumkin. Ikkalasi ham Malaycha va Ingliz tili 1914 yildan beri davlat uchun rasmiy tillar sifatida qabul qilingan. Iqtisodiyot asosan asoslangan xizmatlar va ishlab chiqarish.

Etimologiya

Qirollik toji Istana Bukit Serene, Johor, "marvarid" deb nomlangan^[12][13]

Bu hudud birinchi bo'lib shimoliy aholiga ma'lum bo'lgan Siam kabi Gangganu yoki Ganggayu (Toshlar xazinasi)^[14][15][16] ko'pligi tufayli qimmatbaho toshlar yaqinida Johor daryosi.^[17][18] Arabcha savdogarlar bunga murojaat qilishdi Jahْar (jauhar ),^[14][15][19] dan olingan so'z Fors tili هwhr (gauhar), shuningdek, "qimmatbaho tosh" yoki "marvarid" degan ma'noni anglatadi.^[20] Mahalliy aholi mahalliy lahjada arabcha so'zni talaffuz qilishga qiynalganligi sababli, keyinchalik bu nom paydo bo'ldi Johor.^[21] Ayni paytda, Eski yava maqtov Nagarakretagama hudud deb nomlangan Ujong Medini (erning oxiri),^[13] chunki u eng janubiy nuqtadir materik Osiyo. Portugaliyalik yozuvchi orqali boshqa ism Manuel Godinyo de Erediya, ga havola qildi Marko Polo suzib ketmoqda Ujong Tanah (oxiri Malay yarim oroli er) 1292 yilda.^[14] Ikkalasi ham Ujong Medini va Ujong Tanah ning asos solinishidan oldin aytib o'tilgan edi Malakka sultonligi. Bu davrda bir nechta boshqa ismlar ham mavjud bo'lgan Galoh, Lenggiu va Vuravari.^[14][21] Johor arabchasi bilan ham tanilgan sharafli kabi Dاrاltّّظym (Darul Ta'zim) yoki "Qadr-qimmat maskani".^[21]

Tarix

Tarixiy aloqalar

Johor sultonligi 1528–1855

Zamonaviy Johore Sultonligi 1885–1942; 1945–1946
Federatsiyasiz Malayiya shtatlari 1914–1942
Yaponiya imperiyasi 1942–1945
Malayziya ittifoqi 1946–1948
Malaya Federatsiyasi 1948–1963

 Malayziya 1963 yil - hozirgi kunga qadar

Tarix

Kampong Sungay Penchudan taxminan milodiy 150 yilga to'g'ri kelgan bronza qo'ng'iroq topildi Muar daryosi.^[22][23] Qo'ng'iroq tijorat ob'ekti sifatida emas, balki xuddi shu bezaklarga o'xshash marosim qo'ng'irog'i sifatida topilgan Battambang viloyati, Kambodja, Malay qirg'oqlari bilan aloqa qilishni taklif qilmoqda Funan, qo'ng'iroq Malay yarim orolidagi mahalliy boshliqlarga Osiyodagi materikdagi dastlabki qirollikning sovg'asi edi.^[22][24] Yana bir muhim arxeologik topilma qadimiy yo'qolgan shahar edi Kota Gelanggi Bir vaqtlar unga tegishli bo'lgan Malay tilidagi eski qo'lyozmada tasvirlangan izlar orqali topilgan "Stemford" Raffles.^[25] Hududda to'plangan asarlar, odamlarning shtatda erta yashashi haqidagi da'volarni kuchaytirdi.^[26] Kota Gelanggining birinchi aholi punkti ekanligi haqidagi da'vosi Johor shtati hukumati tomonidan tortishuvlarga sabab bo'lib, 1996 yildan buyon davlat merosi fondi tomonidan olib borilgan arxeologik tadqiqotlar boshqa tarixiy shahar aslida joylashgan deb taxmin qilmoqda. Kota Tinggi tumani ikkalasida ham Kota Klang Kiu yoki Ganggayu. Qadimgi shaharning aniq joyi hali aniqlanmagan, ammo Lenggiu va Madek daryolari joylashgan 14000 gektar o'rmon qo'riqxonasi ichida joylashganligi aytilgan. Malay yilnomalari fathdan keyin Gangga Negara, Siamdan Raja Suran Nakhon Si Thammarat Qirolligi (Ligor qirolligi) suzib ketgan edi Ganggayu.^[27] Qadimgi davrlardan beri Malay yarim orolining aksariyat qirollari o'z hukmdorlariga ega edilar, ammo barchasi Siamning yurisdiksiyasiga kirdilar.^[28]

Johor sultonligi

Johor hukmronligi xaritasi, 1727 y

Keyin Malakka qulashi 1511 yilda to Portugal, Malakkan Sultonligi avlodlariga asoslangan Johor Sultonligi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Mahmud o'g'li, Alaudin Ri'ayat Shoh II, 1528 yilda u qirol saroyini Johor daryosiga ko'chirganda va qirollik qarorgohini o'rnatganida Johor Lama.^[29][30] Johor janubiy Malay yarim orolini qamrab olgan imperiyaga aylandi, Riau arxipelagi (shu jumladan Singapur), Anambas orollari, Tambelan arxipelagi, Natuna orollari, atrofidagi mintaqa Sambas daryosi janubi-g'arbiy qismida Borneo va Siak Sumatra ning ittifoqchilari bilan birgalikda Paxang, Aru va Champa,^[31][32] va Malakkani portugallardan qaytarib olishga intildi.^[33] The Aceh Sultonligi shimoliy Sumatrada xuddi shu ambitsiya bor edi, bu esa raqiblar o'rtasida uch tomonlama urushga olib keldi.^[34] Urushlar paytida Johor ma'muriy poytaxti harbiy strategiyalar va mintaqadagi savdo bo'yicha vakolatni saqlab qolish asosida bir necha bor ko'chib o'tdi.^[29] Johor va portugallar umumiy dushman sifatida ko'rgan Achehga qarshi hamkorlik qilishni boshladilar.^[35] 1582 yilda portugallar Johorga Acehning hujumini to'xtatishga yordam berishdi, ammo 1587 yilda Johor portugallarga hujum qilganida tartib tugadi. Acheh portugallarga qarshi hujumlarini davom ettirdi va keyinchalik katta armada buzilib ketdi. Portugaliya porti yilda Goa Malakkani himoya qilish va sultonlikni yo'q qilish uchun kelgan.^[36]

Aceh zaiflashgandan so'ng, Dutch East India kompaniyasi (VOC) keldi va Johor portugallarni yo'q qilish uchun ular bilan ittifoq tuzdi Malakaning ikkinchi qo'lga olinishi 1641 yilda.^[37][38] Johor Sumatra-dagi Siak (1662) va Indragiri (1669) singari ko'plab qaramliklarda hokimiyatni qayta tikladi, ular Malakka Gollandiyaliklar tomonidan tortib olinayotganda Achehga tushib qoldi.^[36][39] Malakka to'g'ridan-to'g'ri boshqaruvi ostiga olindi Bataviya Java-da.^[40] Malakka Gollandiyaning hokimiyatiga o'tgan bo'lsa-da, Gollandiyaliklar Malay yarim orolida va Sumatrada boshqa savdo punktlarini tashkil qilmadilar, chunki ular o'zlariga nisbatan kamroq qiziqish uyg'otdilar. Java va Maluku orollari.^[38] Faqat qachon Bugis Gollandiyalik dengiz savdosiga tahdid solishni boshladilar, agar ular mahalliy tortishuvlarga aralashishgan bo'lsa.^[36]

Malakka avlodlarining sulolasi vafotigacha davom etdi Mahmud II, uni Bendaxara sulolasi egallaganida, ilgari Malakka sultonligida xizmat qilgan vazirlar sulolasi.^[29] Gollandlar 18-asrda, ayniqsa inglizlar, o'zlarini tobora ko'proq tahdid qilishayotganini his qilishdi East India kompaniyasi Malay yarim orolining shimoliy qismida o'z o'rnini boshladi,^[41] Bugis hududlarini egallashga Gollandiyani etakchi Riau va Bugilarni ikkala Riau va Selangor shuning uchun bu hududlar Angliya tasarrufiga o'tmaydi.^[42] Bu Johor-Paxang-Riau imperiyasida bugislarning siyosiy hukmronligini tugatdi, natijada bugilar 1784 yilda Riauda taqiqlandi.^[43][44] Bugis va gollandlar o'rtasidagi raqobat paytida, Mahmud Shoh III HNLMS bortida VOC bilan himoya shartnomasini tuzdi Utrext va sultonga Riauda Gollandiyaliklarning himoyasi bilan yashashga ruxsat berildi.^[43] O'shandan beri Bugis va Malay o'rtasida ishonchsizlik kuchaygan.^[44] 1796 yildan 1801 yilgacha va 1807 yildan 1818 yilgacha Malakka inglizlar tasarrufiga berildi Yashash Niderlandiya kabi Frantsiya tomonidan bosib olingan ichida Napoleon urushlari, ammo 1818 yilda Gollandiyaga qaytarilgan. Malakka inglizlar uchun sahna vazifasini bajargan 1811 yildagi g'alaba.^[45]

Britaniya protektorati

Jon Edmund Teylorning qayiqda qayiqda bo'lgan odamlarni aks ettiruvchi rasm Johor daryosi dan ko'rilgan kechqurun Changi Singapurda, 1879 yil iyul

Mahmud Shoh III vafotidan so'ng sulton oddiy onalar orqali ikki o'g'il qoldirdi. Katta o'g'il bo'lsa-da Husayn Shoh kichik o'g'li Malay hamjamiyati tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Abdul Rahmon Muazzam Shoh Bugis jamoasi tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi.^[44] 1818 yilda gollandlar Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shohni Riauda savdo postini tashkil etish niyatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlashlari evaziga Johor imperiyasining qonuniy merosxo'ri deb tan olishdi.^[46] Keyingi yili inglizlar Xuseyn Shohni Johor imperiyasining qonuniy merosxo'ri deb tan olishdi, buning evaziga Singapurda savdo punkti tashkil etish niyatini qo'llab-quvvatladilar.^[29][44][47] O'limidan oldin Mahmud Shoh III Abdulrahmonni tayinlagan edi Temenggong Johor uchun inglizlar tomonidan Johor-Singapurning qonuniy Temenggongi sifatida tan olinishi bilan,^[29][48][49] Temenggong sulolasining boshlanishini belgilaydi. Abdul Rahmonning o'rnini o'g'li Daeng Ibrohim egalladi, garchi uning inglizlar tomonidan tan olinishi faqat 14 yil o'tgach sodir bo'ldi.^[29]

Britaniya davrida Johor Bahru shahri, v. 1920

Bilan bo'lim Bugor va Malay o'rtasidagi ziddiyat tufayli va Angliya va Gollandiyaliklarning ta'sir doiralariga rioya qilganligi sababli Johor imperiyasining. 1824 yildagi Angliya-Gollandiya shartnomasi, Daeng Ibrohim yangi sulola davrida Johor Sultonligi uchun yangi ma'muriy markaz yaratmoqchi edi.^[50] U inglizlar bilan yaqin munosabatlarni o'rnatgan va ikkinchisi Singapurda savdo-sotiq ustidan to'liq nazorat qilishni xohlaganligi sababli Daeng Ibrohim va Husayn Shohning vorisi o'rtasida shartnoma imzolandi, Ali Iskandar, Alini keyingi sulton deb tan olgan.^[51] Shartnoma orqali Ali sulton sifatida toj kiydi va 5000 dollar oldi Ispaniya dollari ) va oyiga 500 dollar miqdorida nafaqa, lekin Johor hududining suverenitetini berish uchun talab qilingan (bundan mustasno Kesang ning Muar, bu uning nazorati ostidagi yagona hudud bo'lar edi) Daeng Ibrohimga.^[51][52][53]

Johor imperiyasining bo'linishi oldin va keyin 1824 yildagi Angliya-Gollandiya shartnomasi^[54]

---

Ostida Britaniya ta'siri:

  Johor Sultonligi

  Paxang qirolligi

  Singapur

---

Ostida Gollandiyalik ta'sir:

  Indragiri Sultonligi

  Riau-Lingga Sultonligi

Johor materikida yangi poytaxt tashkil etilishi bilan ma'muriy markaz ko'chirildi Telok Blangah Singapurda. Hudud hali ham rivojlanmagan o'rmon bo'lganligi sababli, Temenggong ko'chib o'tishni rag'batlantirdi Xitoy va Yava Johorda erni tozalash va qishloq xo'jaligi iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirish. Uning hukmronligi davrida Johor zamonaviylashtirila boshlandi va uni o'g'li davom ettirdi, Abu Bakar.^[29][55] 1885 yilda Angliya-Johor shartnomasi imzolandi, bu ikkala o'rtasidagi yaqin munosabatlarni rasmiylashtirdi, inglizlarga sultonlik hududi orqali savdo qilish uchun tranzit huquqlari va tashqi aloqalari uchun javobgarlik hamda ikkinchisini himoya qilishni ta'minladi.^[46][53] Shartnomada, shuningdek, ingliz agentini tayinlash ko'zda tutilgan maslahat roli, 1910 yilgacha hech qanday maslahatchi tayinlanmagan bo'lsa-da.^[56] Abu Bakar, shuningdek, deb nomlanuvchi konstitutsiyani amalga oshirdi Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor shtati konstitutsiyasi) va uning ma'muriyatini ingliz uslubida tashkil qilgan.^[57] Inglizcha uslubdagi modernizatsiya siyosatini qabul qilib, Johor boshqa Malay shtatlarida bo'lgani kabi inglizlar tomonidan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri nazorat qilinishining vaqtincha oldini oldi.^[58][59]

Hukmronligi ostida Ibrohim, inglizlar Duglas Graham Kempbellni 1910 yilda sultonlikning maslahatchisi etib tayinladilar, garchi sulton doimiy maslahatchilari bo'lgan boshqa Malayya shtatlaridan farqli o'laroq Kempbellni faqat bosh maslahatchisi etib tayinlagan bo'lsa-da, Britaniya maslahatchisini qabul qilgan so'nggi Malay davlatiga aylandi.^[29] Biroq, Ibrohimning ortiqcha sarf-xarajatlari tufayli sultonlik o'zining asosiy manbasi narxining pasayishi oqibatida muammolarga duch keldi daromad va u bilan uning davlat kengashi a'zolari o'rtasidagi muammolar, bu inglizlarga Johorning ichki ishlariga aralashish imkoniyatini berdi.^[58] Ibrohim ingliz maslahatchisini tayinlashni istamaganiga qaramay, Johor inglizlar nazorati ostiga biri sifatida qabul qilindi Federatsiyasiz Malayiya shtatlari (UMS) 1914 yilga kelib, uning bosh maslahatchisi lavozimi rezident lavozimiga ko'tarilgan Federatsiya Malay Shtatlari (FMS).^{[39][46][53][60]}

Ikkinchi jahon urushi

Hindiston qo'shinlari 1941 yil 13 noyabrda janubiy Johorda bosqinchilik mashqlari paytida qayiqlarga tushishdi.

Ikki avstraliyalik 8-divizion a'zolari yaponlarga o'q uzmoqda 95 Ha-Gō ni kiriting paytida Muar-Parit Sulong yo'lidagi tanklar Muar jangi, 1942 yil 18-yanvar

1910-yillardan boshlab yapon plantatorlari natijasida ko'plab hududlarda va Johorda mineral resurslarni qazib olishda ishtirok etishgan. Angliya-Yaponiya Ittifoqi.^[61][62][63] Keyin Birinchi jahon urushi, kauchuk Malayada etishtirish asosan Yaponiya kompaniyalari tomonidan nazorat qilingan. Bekor qilinganidan keyin Kauchuk erlarni cheklashlar (kuchga kiritish) 1919 yilda Gomu Nanyo kompaniyasi (South Seas Rubber Co. Ltd.) Johorning ichki qismida kauchuk etishtirishni boshladi.^[64] 20-asrning 20-yillariga kelib, Ibrohim Tokugawa Yoshichikaning shaxsiy do'sti bo'ldi Tokugawa klani ota-bobolari harbiy rahbarlar bo'lgan (shōgun yilda Yapon ) 16-19 asrlarda Yaponiyani boshqargan.^[62] In Ikkinchi jahon urushi, hayoti katta xarajat bilan Muar jangi ning bir qismi sifatida Johorda Malayya kampaniyasi,^[65] Yapon imperatori armiyasi (IJA) kuchlari velosiped piyodalari va tanklar Muar okrugiga kirib borishdi (hozirgi Tangkak tumani ) 1942 yil 14-yanvarda.^[66] Yaponiya kuchlari kelishi paytida Tokugava generalga hamroh bo'ldi Tomoyuki Yamashita qo'shinlari va ular etib kelganlarida, Ibrohim tomonidan iliq kutib olindi Johor Bahru 1942 yil yanvar oxirida.^[66] Yamashita va uning zobitlari Sultonning qarorgohiga joylashdilar, Istana Bukit Serene va davlat kotibiyati binosi, Sulton Ibrohim binosi uchun rejalashtirish Singapurni bosib olish.^[67] Ba'zi yapon zobitlari xavotirda edilar, chunki saroy joylashgan joyda ularni inglizlar fosh qilishlari mumkin edi, ammo Yamashita inglizlar hujum qilmasligiga amin edi, chunki Ibrohim ham inglizlar bilan do'st edi, bu ham to'g'ri edi.^[62][67]

Portlatilgan ko'rinish Johor - Singapur yo'lagi o'rtada ko'rinadigan bo'shliq bilan, bu esa kechiktirildi Yapon istilosi ning Singapur bir haftadan ko'proq vaqt davomida 1942 yil 8 fevralgacha

8 fevralda yaponlar Singapurning shimoli-g'arbiy qirg'og'ini bombardimon qilishni boshladilar, undan keyin IJA kesib o'tdi 5-chi va 18-bo'lim orqali 13,000 qo'shinlari bilan Johor bo‘g‘ozlari.^[68] Ertasi kuni Imperator gvardiyasi diviziyasi kesib o'tdi Kranji qolgan Yaponiya gvardiyasi qo'shinlari ta'mirdan o'tgan Johor - Singapur yo'lagi.^[68] Yaponiyaliklar butun Malaya va Singapurni ishg'ol qilganlaridan so'ng, Tokugava islohotlar rejasini taklif qildi, unga ko'ra Johor, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah-Penang va Perlis beshta qirolligi tiklanadi va federatsiya qilinadi.^[63] Ushbu sxema bo'yicha Johor nazorat qiladi Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan va Malakka, Johorning janubiy qismidagi 800 kvadrat mil maydonga qo'shilishi kerak edi Singapur mudofaa maqsadida.^[63] Qirolliklarning beshta monarxi Yaponiyaga sodiqlik va'dasini berishlari kerak edi, har ikki yilda bir marta Yaponiya qirollik oilasiga tashrif buyurishi kerak edi va din erkinligi, ibodat qilish, ish bilan ta'minlash va mulkka xususiy mulkchilik barcha odamlarga va qirolliklarda yashovchi har bir yaponga mahalliy aholi bilan teng munosabatda bo'lishga imkon beradi.^[63]

Qo'shimcha yapon qo'shinlari temir ko'prikdan o'tib ketishdi Labis Malay yarim orolida chekinayotgan ingliz kuchlari tomonidan vayron qilingan, 1942 yil 22-yanvar

Ayni paytda, Tani Kōzui ning Nishi Hongan-ji sub-sekta Jōdo Shinshū Buddizm sulton tuzumini bekor qilish va Yaponiya konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya hukumati ostida Malay qirolliklarini boshqarish kerakligini taklif qildi.^[63] Yaponiya urush vaziri Hideki Tōjō ammo, Malayadagi o'zlarining hukumat xodimlariga sultondan ustun turishdan saqlanishlarini va sulton bilan hamkorlik qilishi uchun hurmat ko'rsatishni eslatib qo'ygan edilar. gunsei (Yaponiya harbiy tashkiloti).^[63] May oyida Yaponiyaning ko'plab yuqori martabali amaldorlari qaytib kelishdi Tokio Sulton bilan qanday munosabatda bo'lish to'g'risida Harbiy vazirlik va Bosh shtab rasmiylari bilan maslahatlashish.^[63] Iyul oyida Singapurga qaytib kelgach, ular "Sultonni davolash siyosati" deb nomlangan hujjatni e'lon qildilar, bu Sultonga o'z xalqi va erlari ustidan hokimiyatini o'z qo'liga topshirishini talab qildi. Yaponiya imperatori IJA qo'mondoni orqali. Harbiy tashkilot Sultondan o'z yo'lini eslatuvchi tarzda o'z kuchini topshirishini talab qildi Tokugawa shogunate o'z kuchlarini 1868 yilda Yaponiya imperatoriga topshirdi.^[63] Yaponiya ma'muriyati orqali tinch aholiga qarshi ko'plab qirg'inlar yuz berdi, hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, Johorda 25000 etnik xitoylik tinch aholi ishg'ol paytida nobud bo'lgan.^[69] Shunga qaramay, yaponlar Endau aholi punktini (Yangi Syonan Model Farm nomi bilan ham tanilgan) tashkil etishdi. Endau xitoylik ko'chmanchilar uchun Singapurda oziq-ovqat ta'minoti muammosini engillashtirish uchun.^[70]

Urushdan keyingi va mustaqillik

Britaniyalik brigadir J J Makkulli 4-polk odamlarini tekshirmoqda Malayan Xalqining Yaponiyaga qarshi armiyasi (MPAJA) yaponlarga qarshi urush tugaganidan keyin Johor Bahrudagi partizanlar, 1945 yil

Urush boshlanganda inglizlar bu taklifni qabul qilishdi Malaya Kommunistik partiyasi (CPM) yaponlarga qarshi kurashish uchun hamkorlik qilish; Buning uchun CPM shakllangan Malayan Xalqining Yaponiyaga qarshi armiyasi (MPAJA).^[71] CPM tarafdorlari asosan Xitoyda o'qigan, ingliz tilida o'qigan elita va ular tomonidan kamsitilgan a'zolar edi Babalar (Boğazda tug'ilgan xitoylar ) asosiy maqsadi tashkil etish bo'lgan Britaniya hukmronligi davrida Kommunistik davlat ga o'xshash Kommunistik g'alabalar ichida Xitoy Xalq Respublikasi.^[72] Partiyada Malay va Hindiston vakillari ham bor edi. Ular zo'ravonlikni o'z natijalariga erishish usuli sifatida targ'ib qildilar.^[72] Yaponlarga qarshi urush davomida ular qattiq urush taktikalarini qo'lladilar, xitoylar, malaylar va hind fuqarolari o'ldirilgan yaponlar bilan hamkorlik qilishda gumon qilinib,^[73] o'g'irlab ketilgan malay ayollari sifatida ishlatilgan ayollarga tasalli berish, shuningdek, yaponlar tomonidan qilingan.^[74] Bu hujumlardan ta'sirlangan ba'zi yaponlarning yaponiyaliklar bilan hamkorlik qilishga qaror qilgan qasoskor reydlariga olib keldi. Bu bilvosita olib keldi etnik ziddiyat, ayniqsa, etnik targ'ibot ikkala tomon tomonidan avj olayotganida, bu ko'proq begunoh odamlarning halok bo'lishiga olib keldi, ayniqsa ikkala tomon ham aloqasi bo'lmaganlar.^[74][75] Ittifoq kuchlari boshladilar Tiderace operatsiyasi va Fermuar operatsiyasi Malaya va Singapurni ozod qilish. 1945 yil 16-avgustda yaponlar taslim bo'lganidan keyin inglizlar Malaya ustidan nazoratni tiklashdan besh hafta oldin, MPAJA paydo bo'ldi amalda Malayya hududidagi hokimiyat.^[71]

MPAJA partizanlari 1945 yil dekabrda tarqatib yuborish marosimi paytida Johor Bahru ko'chasi bo'ylab yurishmoqda.

Johor va Malayaning qolgan qismi rasmiy ravishda ostiga joylashtirildi Britaniya harbiy ma'muriyati (BMA) 1945 yil sentyabrda va MPAJA dekabr oyida bosh kotibidan keyin tarqatib yuborilgan, Lay Tek (u inglizlar uchun ham ikki tomonlama agent bo'lgan),^[63][76] Buyuk Britaniyaning mustamlakachilik hukmronligini qaytarishini qabul qildi va kelasi yili aksariyat a'zolar inglizlardan medal olgan holda o'zlarining mafkuraviy maqsadlari uchun mo''tadil "ochiq va qonuniy" kurash olib borishdi.^[71][73] Keyin inglizlar qaytib kelganidan va Lay Tek CPM mablag'lari bilan g'oyib bo'lganidan beri inglizlar va CPM o'rtasida nizo yuzaga keldi. Partiya ma'muriyati tomonidan qabul qilindi Chin Peng, "mo''tadil strategiya" dan voz kechib, "xalq inqilobiy urushi" foydasiga, yakuniga etgan Malayan favqulodda holati 1948 yil^[71] Favqulodda davrda CPM tomonidan keng ko'lamli hujumlar hozirgi kunda sodir bo'ldi Kulay tumani va Malayaning boshqa qismlari, ammo barpo etilmadi Mao Szedun - "ozod qilingan hududlar" uslubi.^[71]

Onn Jaafar (chapda), Menteri Besar Johor va asoschisi Birlashgan Malayziya milliy tashkiloti (UMNO) doktor V. Linehan bilan (o'ngda), C.M.G. Davomida Konstitutsiyaviy ishlar bo'yicha maslahatchi Malaya Federatsiyasi 1948 yildagi shartnomalar

Angliya bosqinchi kuchlari va ularning Malayadagi hamkorlari o'rtasida Xalq armiyasiga qarshi kurash Malayziya ittifoqi 1946 yil 1-aprelda va mustaqillikning e'lon qilinishi Malaya Federatsiyasi 1957 yil 31 avgustda.^[77] Mustaqillik davrida uchta siyosiy fraksiya bor edi: kommunistlar, inglizparastlar va irqqa asoslangan koalitsiya. Britaniyaparast tomon Malay Demokratik Ittifoqi (MDU) o'rtasida bo'linib ketdi, unda ingliz tilida so'zlashuvchi xitoylar va Evrosiyoliklar kim bilan hamkorlik qiladi chap qanot Malay millatchilari "mustaqil Malaya uchun, shuningdek, Singapurni o'z ichiga oladi" va Britaniyani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi yana bir tomon Babalar davomida inglizlarga sodiqligi uchun berilgan maqom va imtiyozlarni saqlab qolishga harakat qilgan Xitoy Bo'g'ozlar Britaniyaliklar Uyushmasi (SCBA) ostida. Bo'g'ozlar aholi punktlari Britaniya ma'muriyati ostida qolish bilan davr.^[72][78][79] Ayni paytda etakchilikni o'z ichiga olgan irqiy koalitsiya Birlashgan Malayziya milliy tashkiloti (UMNO) an ittifoq bilan Malayziya Hindiston Kongressi (MIC) va Malayziya xitoylar assotsiatsiyasi (MCA), irqiy va diniy imtiyozlar siyosati asosida mustaqil Malayani qidirdi va g'olib bo'ldi 1955 yil Malayadagi umumiy saylov, Johor Bahru poytaxti UMNO partiyasining markazi.^[44][72]

Malayziya

1961 yilda Malaya Federatsiyasining Bosh vaziri Tunku Abdul Rahmon Malayani Britaniya mustamlakalari bilan birlashtirishni xohladi Shimoliy Borneo, Saravak va Singapur.^[80] Ikkalasida ham hukumat tomonidan qarshilik kuchayib borayotganiga qaramay Indoneziya va Filippinlar Borneo shahridagi kommunistik xayrixohlar va millatchilar tomonidan federatsiya 1963 yil 16 sentyabrda amalga oshirilib, suveren davlat Malayziya deb nomlandi.^[81][82] Keyinchalik Indoneziya hukumati "siyosatini qarama-qarshilik "yangi federatsiya tomon,^[83] bu inglizlar va ularning ittifoqchilarini turtki berdi Avstraliya va Yangi Zelandiya qurolli kuchlarni joylashtirish uchun.^[84][85] Pontian tumani qarama-qarshilik paytida Indoneziya amfibiya qo'shinlari uchun qirg'oqqa qo'nish punktiga aylandi Labis va Tenang yilda Segamat tumani parashyut bilan parvoz qilgan indoneziyalik paromandoslar qo'poruvchilik va sabotaj hujumlari uchun qo'nish punktiga aylandi.^[86][87][88] Kota Tinggi tumanida bir nechta to'qnashuvlar bo'lib o'tdi, u erda to'qqizta Malayya / Singapur qo'shinlari va indoneziyalik infiltrlarning yarmi o'ldirilgan va boshqa indoneziyaliklar asirga olingan.^[89] Fuqarolarning hayotiga zomin bo'lgan bir nechta hujumlarga qaramay, Indoneziya tomoni asosiy maqsadiga erisha olmadi va qarama-qarshilik 1966 yilda Indoneziyadagi ichki siyosiy kurash natijasida tugadi. 30 sentyabr harakati.^[90][91]

Qarama-qarshiliklar tugaganidan beri davlatning rivojlanishi sanoat massivlari va yangi shahar atrofi bilan yanada kengaydi. 1980 yildan 1990 yilgacha Johorni rivojlantirish bo'yicha umumiy ma'qullangan loyihalarning 69% Johor Bahru va Pasir Gudang maydon.^[92] Shaharning shimoliy va sharqiy tomonlarida joylashgan aholi punktlarida, shu jumladan sanoat massivlari va yangi shahar atroflari qurildi Plentong va Tebrau.^[93] Johor Bahru shahri bo'lgan rasmiy ravishda shahar sifatida tan olingan 1994 yil 1-yanvarda.^[93] 2017 yil 22-noyabr kuni, Iskandar Puteri shahar deb e'lon qilindi va shtatning ma'muriy markazi sifatida tayinlandi Kota Iskandar.^[94]

Siyosat

Dato 'Jaafar Muhammad binosi Kota Iskandar Johor shahridagi Menteri Besar ofisi joylashgan uy

Hukumat

Tegishli		Koalitsiya / Partiya rahbari	Holat	O'rindiqlar
				2018 yilgi saylov	Joriy
	Perikatan Nasional	Hasni Muhammad	Hukumat	19	29
	Pakatan Harapan	Aminolxuda Xasan	Qarama-qarshilik	36	27
Jami				56	56
Hukumat ko'pligi				17	2

The Johor qirollik oilasi 2015 yilda

Johor a konstitutsiyaviy monarxiya va tizimni Malayziyada birinchi bo'lib qabul qilgan Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor shtati konstitutsiyasi) Sulton tomonidan yozilgan Abu Bakar 1895 yilda.^[95][96] Johorning konstitutsiyaviy rahbari Sulton. Ushbu irsiy lavozimni faqat a'zosi egallashi mumkin Johor qirollik oilasi Abu Bakardan naslga o'tgan kishi. Johorning hozirgi sultoni Ibrohim Ismoil, 2010 yil 23 yanvarda taxtni egallagan.^[97] Sulton uchun asosiy shoh saroyi Bukit tinch saroyi, Valiahd shahzoda uchun shoh saroyi esa Istana Pasir Pelangi; ikkala saroy ham shtat poytaxtida joylashgan. Boshqa saroylar Katta saroy (u shtat poytaxtida ham joylashgan), Tanjong saroyi Muar, Shri Lambak Kluang va otish qutisi Segamat.^[98]

The Sulton Ismoil binosi Johor shtati qonunchilik assambleyasida joylashgan Kota Iskandar, Iskandar Puteri.

Shtat hukumati a tomonidan boshqariladi Menteri Besar, unga 11 kishilik a'zo yordam beradi ijroiya kengashi (exco) shtat yig'ilishi a'zolaridan tanlangan.^[99] Johor hukumatining qonun chiqaruvchi tarmog'i Johor shtati qonunchilik assambleyasi, ga asoslangan Vestminster tizimi. Shuning uchun bosh vazir shtat majlisining ko'pchiligiga qo'mondonlik qilish qobiliyatidan kelib chiqib tayinlanadi. Shtat majlisi davlatga oid masalalarda qonunlar qabul qiladi. Majlis a'zolari har besh yilda bir marta fuqarolar tomonidan saylanadi umumiy saylov huquqi.^[100] Majlisda 56 o'rindiq mavjud. Hozirda ko'pchilik (29 o'rin) egalik qilmoqda Perikatan Nasional (PN) 28 fevralda Pakatan Harapan hukumati qulaganidan keyin.

Johor a suveren davlat 1948 yildan 1957 yilgacha Malaya Federatsiyasi kelishuvi amal qilar edi, ammo uning mudofaasi va tashqi ishlari asosan nazorat ostida edi Britaniya.^[101] Keyin Malayya Federatsiyasi Borneo, Shimoliy Borneo va Saravakdagi Britaniyaning ikkita koloniyasi bilan birlashtirilib, Malayziya Federatsiyasini tashkil etdi. O'shandan beri bir nechta nizolar kelib chiqdi, masalan, davlat qirol oilasi bilan bog'liq voqea 1993 yil Malayziya Konstitutsiyasiga tuzatishlar, federal rahbarlar bilan davlat va federatsiya ishlari bo'yicha nizolar va qo'shni Singapurdagi uzoq yillik farovonlikdan farqli o'laroq sekinroq rivojlanishdan norozilik, bu hatto bayonotlarga sabab bo'ldi. ajralib chiqish Johor qirollik oilasidan.^[102][103] Boshqa ijtimoiy masalalar federatsiya tarkibiga kirganidan beri shtat fuqarolari orasida irqiy va diniy intoleransning kuchayishini o'z ichiga oladi.^[104][105]

Ma'muriy bo'linmalar

Tuman va er idorasi Segamat tumani.

In tuman kengashi ofisi Mersing tumani.

In shahar kengashi ofisi Kluang tumani.

FELDA ofis Kota Tinggi tumani.

Johor o'nga bo'lingan tumanlar (daerah), 103 mukimlar va 16 mahalliy hukumat.^[106][107] Har bir tuman uchun tuman zobitlari va qishloq boshlig'i (a. Nomi bilan tanilgan) mavjud ketua kampung yoki penghulu ) tumandagi har bir qishloq uchun.^{[108][109][110]} Inglizlar kelishidan oldin Johorni Sultonning qarindoshlari va do'stlari guruhi boshqargan. 1885 yilda Buyuk Britaniya bilan do'stlik shartnomasida yanada uyushgan ma'muriyat ishlab chiqildi.^[111] Britaniyalik rezident 1914 yilda davlat UMS tarkibiga kirgandan keyin qabul qilinishni boshladi.^[112] Ingliz uslubidagi ma'muriyatga aylangach, ko'proq evropaliklar ma'muriyatga tayinlandi, ularning roli moliyaviy masalalar bo'yicha maslahat berishdan zamonaviy ma'muriyat rahbarligiga qadar kengaytirildi.^[113] Malay davlat komissarlari Johorda "maslahatchilar yordamchilari" nomi bilan tanilgan ingliz okrug zobitlari bilan birga ishladilar.^[114] UMS rezidenti lavozimi bekor qilingach, ma'muriyatdagi boshqa Evropaga qarashli postlar mahalliy aholi bilan almashtirildi. Boshqa Malayziyada bo'lgani kabi, mahalliy hukumat ham shtat hukumati vakolatiga kiradi.^[115]

Batu-Pahat tumani

Johor Bahru tumani

Kluang tumani

Kota Tinggi tumani

Kulay tumani

Mersing tumani

Muar tumani

Pontian tumani

Segamat tumani

Tangkak tumani

Indoneziya

SINGAPOR

Batu Pahat

Iskandar Puteri

Johor Bahru

Kluang

Kota Tinggi

Kulay

Labis

Mersing

Muar

Pasir Gudang

Pengerang

Pontian Kechil

Segamat

Simpang Renggam

Tangkak

Yong Peng

ᴍᴀʟᴀᴄᴄᴀ

ɴᴇɢᴇʀɪ
sᴇᴍʙɪʟᴀɴ

ᴘᴀʜᴀɴɢ

Janubiy
Xitoy
Dengiz

Johor bo‘g‘ozlari

Bo'g'ozlar
ning
Malakka

	Tumanlar	Poytaxt	Maydon (km.)2)	Aholisi (2010)[4]
1	Batu-Pahat tumani	Batu Pahat	1,878	401,902
2	Johor Bahru tumani	Johor Bahru	1,817.8	1,334,188
3	Kluang tumani	Kluang	2,851	288,364
4	Kota Tinggi tumani	Kota Tinggi	3,488	187,824
5	Kulay tumani	Kulay	753	245,294
6	Mersing tumani	Mersing	2,838	69,028
7	Muar tumani	Muar	1,376	239,027
8	Pontian tumani	Pontian Kechil	907	149,938
9	Segamat tumani	Segamat	2,851	182,985
10	Tangkak tumani	Tangkak	970	51,555

Xavfsizlik

Sulton Ibrohim Shohning tug'ilgan kuni paradida Johor harbiy kuchlarini (JMF) boshqargan Jorj V Singapurda, v. 1920

To'qqizinchi jadval Malayziya konstitutsiyasi deb ta'kidlaydi Malayziya federal hukumati mamlakatdagi tashqi siyosat va harbiy kuchlar uchun faqat javobgardir.^[116] Biroq, Johorda a xususiy armiya, buni amalga oshiradigan yagona davlat. Qo'shinni saqlab qolish 1946 yilda Johor ishtirok etganida qilgan shartlardan biri edi Malaya Federatsiyasi.^[117] Ushbu armiya, Qirollik Johor harbiy kuchlari (Asqar Timbalan Setia Negeri Johor), 1886 yildan beri Johor monarxlarining himoyachisi bo'lib xizmat qildi.^[118] Bu hozirgi Malayziyadagi eng qadimgi harbiy qismlardan biri bo'lib, uni bostirishda muhim tarixiy rol o'ynagan 1915 yilgi Singapurdagi isyon va ikkala Jahon urushlarida ham qatnashgan.^[119]

Hududiy nizolar

Bahsli orol va toshlar xaritasi

Johor avval Singapur bilan hududiy nizoga ega edi.^[120] 1979 yilda Malayziya hukumati tomonidan Malayziya hududiy suvlari va kontinental shelf chegaralari xaritasi nashr etilgandan so'ng Batu Puteh (hozirgi Pedra Branka) o'z suverenitetining bir qismi sifatida Singapur keyingi yil rasmiy norozilik namoyishini o'tkazdi.^[121] Dastlab nizo faqat bitta xususiyatga tegishli edi, ammo har ikkala tomon bu masalani ko'rib chiqishga rozi bo'lganda Xalqaro sud (ICJ) 2003 yilda nizo kattalashtirilgan bo'lib, yaqin atrofda yana ikkita xususiyat mavjud bo'lib, O'rta toshlar (MR) va South Ledge (SL).^[120] 2008 yilda ICJ "Batu Puteh Singapurga, O'rta toshlar Malayziyaga, Janubiy Ledj esa u joylashgan hududiy suvlarda joylashgan davlatga tegishli" degan qarorga keldi.^[122][123] ICJ tomonidan Pedra Brankani Singapurga mukofotlash to'g'risidagi yakuniy qaror 1953 yilda Johorning davlat kotibi vazifasini bajaruvchi tomonidan Pedra Branka haqidagi savolga javoban qilgan xatiga mos keladi. Singapur mustamlakachisi, bu erda Johor hukumati Pedro Branka egaligini talab qilmasligini ochiqchasiga ta'kidlagan bo'lsa-da, eski Johor imperiyasi bir vaqtlar ushbu hududdagi orollarning ko'pini boshqargan.^[124][125] 2017 yilda Malayziya Pedra Branka ishiga ICJ tomonidan talab qilingan shartlar asosida apellyatsiya shikoyati bilan sud ishi faktlar aniqlangandan keyin olti oy ichida va bir necha faktlar aniqlangandan keyin sud qaroridan keyin o'n yil ichida qayta ko'rib chiqilishi mumkinligi to'g'risida murojaat qildi.^[126] Keyingi yili Malayziyaning yangi ma'muriyatidagi ichki o'zgarishlardan so'ng talab bekor qilindi, keyinchalik ular Malayziya suvereniteti ostida bo'lgan O'rta tog 'jinslarini orolga aylantirish rejasini e'lon qilganda Singapur orol ustidan doimiy suverenitetini tan oldilar.^[127][128]

Atrof muhit

Geografiya

Johor Malay yarim orolining janubida joylashgan NASA sun'iy yo'ldosh tasviri.

Johorning umumiy er maydoni qariyb 19166 kvadrat kilometrni (7400 kv. Mil) tashkil etadi va u sharqda Janubiy Xitoy dengizi, janubda Johor bo'g'ozlari va g'arbda Malakka bo'g'ozlari bilan o'ralgan.^[3] Shtat jami 400 kilometr (250 milya) qirg'oq chizig'iga ega,^[129] shundan 237,7 kilometri (147,7 mil) bo'lgan yemirilish.^[130] Uning qirg'oq chizig'ining aksariyat qismi, ayniqsa g'arbiy qirg'og'ida mangrov va nipah o'rmonlar.^{[131][132][133]} Sharqiy sohilda qumli plyajlar va toshloqlar hukmronlik qiladi boshliqlar,^[134] janubiy sohil esa o'zgaruvchan bir qator bosh qismlardan iborat koylar.^[133] Uning eksklyuziv iqtisodiy zona (EEZ) Janubiy Xitoy dengizida Malakka bo'g'oziga qaraganda ancha kengayadi.^[135] Johorning g'arbiy qismida juda ko'p son bor edi torf erlari.^[136] 2005 yilda davlat 391,499,002 gektar (967,415,102 gektar) o'rmonzorni qayd etdi, u tabiiy ichki o'rmonga kiradi. torf botqoqli o'rmoni, mangrov o'rmoni va loy tekis.^[137] Tog 'etaklari Titiwangsa tizmasi eng yuqori nuqtasi bilan Johor tomon cho'zing Ophir tog'i, balandligi 1276 metr.^[138] Balandligi 273 metrdan 1010 metrgacha bo'lgan shtatda yana o'nta tog' bor.^[139] Johor erining taxminan 83% pasttekisliklar maydonlarning 17 foizigina baland va tik erlardan iborat.^[137]

Johor shahridagi o'rmon daraxtlari tropik tropik o'rmon iqlimi

Johorning markaziy qismining ko'p qismi zich o'rmon bilan qoplangan, bu erda tog'lardan kelib chiqqan keng daryo tarmoqlari va tepaliklar mintaqada g'arbga, sharqqa va janubga tarqaladi.^[140] G'arbiy sohilda Batu Pahat daryosi, Muar daryosi va Pontian daryosi Malakka bo'g'oziga oqib keladi, va Johor daryosi, Malay daryosi, Perepat daryosi, Pulay daryosi, Skuday daryosi va Tebrau daryosi janubdagi Johor bo'g'oziga oqib keladi. Endau daryosi, Mersing daryosi, Sedili Besar daryosi va sharqda Janubiy Xitoy dengiziga Sedili Kecil daryosi quyiladi.^[137] Johor daryosi havzasi boshlab, 2690 kilometr maydonni egallaydi Belumut tog'i (Kluangning sharqida) va Gemuruh tog'ida (shimolda) Tanjung Belungkorgacha quyi oqim.^[141] Daryoning o'zi Layang-Layang, Linggiu va Sayong daryolaridan kelib chiqib, asosiy daryoga qo'shilib, janubi-sharqdan Johor bo'g'oziga 122,7 kilometrga oqib o'tadi. Uning irmoqlariga Berangan daryosi, Lebak daryosi, Lebam daryosi, Panti daryosi, Pengeli daryosi, Permandi daryosi, Seluyut daryosi, Semangar daryosi, Telor daryosi, Tembioh daryosi va Tiram daryosi kiradi.^[141] Johordagi boshqa daryo havzalari, jumladan Ayer Baloy daryosi, Benut daryosi, Botak drenaji, Jemaluang daryosi, Pontian Besar daryosi, Sanglang daryosi, Santi daryosi va Sarang Buaya daryosi.^[142]

Johor a tropik mintaqa bilan ekvatorial iqlim. Harorat va namlik yil davomida doimiy ravishda yuqori yog'ingarchilik bilan. O'rtacha oylik harorat 26 ° C (79 ° F) dan 28 ° C (82 ° F) gacha, eng past ko'rsatkich esa yomg'irli mavsumda qayd etilgan.^[137] G'arbiy sohilga o'rtacha 2000 millimetrdan 2500 millimetrgacha yomg'ir yog'adi, sharqda o'rtacha yog'ingarchilik ko'proq, Endau va Pengerang yiliga 3400 millimetrdan ko'proq yomg'ir yog'adi. Shtat ikkitasini boshdan kechirmoqda musson fasllar, shimoli-sharq va janubi-g'arbiy fasllar; shimoli-sharq noyabrdan martgacha, janubi-sharq esa maydan sentyabrgacha, musson fasllari uchun o'tish oylari aprel va noyabr oylarini tashkil qiladi.^[137] Davlat tajribali haddan tashqari toshqin 2006 yil dekabridan 2007 yil yanvarigacha bo'lgan davrda 60,000-70,000 shtat aholisi favqulodda vaziyatda boshpana evakuatsiya qilingan.^[143][144] Chunki davlat ham yotadi Sunda plitasi, it experiences tremors from nearby earthquakes in Sumatra, Indonesia.^[145]

• Landscapes of Johor
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  Ophir tog'i

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  Rava oroli plyaj

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  Sunrise over a palm oil plantation

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  Waterfall in Belumut tog'i

Biologik xilma-xillik

A female tiger shrike (Lanius tigrinus) in Panti Forest

The jungles of Johor host a diverse array of plant and animal species, with an estimated 950 umurtqali hayvonlar species, comprising 200 mammals, 600 birds and 150 reptiles, along with 2,080 umurtqasizlar turlari.^[137] The Endau-Rompin milliy bog'i eng kattasi milliy bog in the state, covering an area of 48,905 hectares (120,847 acres) in northern Johor; its name comes from the Endau and Rompin rivers that flow through the park.^[146] There are two entry points for the park, one through Peta with an area of 19,562 hectares (48,339 acres) (about 40% of the total area) with entrance from Kahang in the Mersing District and the other at Kampung Selai with an area of 29,343 hectares (72,508 acres) (about 60% of the total area) with entrance from Bekok in Segamat District.^[147][148] Destinations in Peta including the Buaya Sangkut Waterfalls, Upeh Guling Waterfalls, Air Biru Lake, Janing Barat, Nature Education and Research Centre (NERC), Kuala Jasin and Peta indigenous village, while in Selai the area is mostly for hiking and jungle trekking.^[148][149] Some iconic mammal species inside the national park include the Osiyo fili, bulutli leopar, Malayan sun bear, Malayan tapir va Malayya yo'lbarsi.^[150]

Heron in a swamp of Johor

Gunung Ledang National Park, with an area of 8,611 hectares (21,278 acres) in western Johor, was established in 2005.^[151] It has various rivers and streams, waterfalls, diverse rainforest, qarag'aylar, and sub-tog 'o'rmoni, and Tangkak Dam can also be seen from the park area. Several trails for hiking are available, such as the Asahan Trail, Ayer Panas Trail, Jementah Trail and Lagenda Trail.^[151] The state's only marine park, the Sultan Iskandar Park, is located off the east coast and is made up of 13 islands in six clusters, Aur, Besar, Pemanggil, Rava, Sibu va Tinggi, with an area of more than 8,000 hectares (19,768 acres).^[152][153] In 2003, three botqoqli erlar in southern Johor comprising Kukup oroli, Pulai River and Tanjung Piai were designated as a Ramsar sayti.^[154] Tanjung Piai covers an area of 526 hectares (1,300 acres) of mangroves and another 400 hectares (988 acres) of inter-tidal loyqalar,^[155] Pulai River with 9,126.0 hectares (22,551 acres)^[156] and Kukup Island with 647 hectares (1,599 acres) surrounded by some 800 hectares (1,977 acres) of mudflats.^[157] The Pulai River became a dengiz oti sanctuary and hatchery as part of the state biodiversity masterplan, since Johor's waters are home to three of the eight seahorse species in Malaysia.^[158]

Crocodile sanctuary in Pasir Gudang.

Brakonerlik is a concern, with the number of wild animals in state parks decreasing with the rise of hunting and fishing in the 2000s.^[159] In 2004, local authorities uncovered large-scale sandal daraxti (gaharu) poaching by foreigners in the Endau-Rompin National Park with a large confiscation of protected plant species from the suspects.^[160] The conversion of mangrove areas along the southern and eastern coasts into akvakultura projects, sand mining and rapid urbanizatsiya in addition to the abnormal weather patterns caused by Iqlim o'zgarishi and rising sea levels have contributing to the eroziya of the state coastline.^[161] It has also been discovered that some 68,468 hectares (169,188 acres) of peatland soils in western Johor have been planted with palma yog'i plantatsiyalar.^[136] In 2017, around 28 rivers in the state were categorised as polluted,^[162] leading the authorities and government to push for legislative change and sterner action against river polluters, especially since severe pollution has disrupted the suv ta'minoti to an estimated 1.8 million people in the state.^[163][164] The worst river pollution involving dangerous chemicals happened in 2019 when nearly 6,000 residents in the industrial area of Pasir Gudang were affected with 2,775 hospitalised.^[165][166] O'rmon yong'inlari have also become a concern with more than 380 recorded throughout the state in 2016.^[167][168]

Iqtisodiyot

Yuk tashish idishi yilda Tanjung Pelepas Port

Johor's economy is mainly based on the uchinchi darajali sektor.^[170] Johor Corporation (JCorp) is a davlatga tegishli konglomerat involved in various business activities in the state and overseas.^[171][172] 2017 yilda yalpi ichki mahsulot (GDP) of Johor was RM104.4 billion, the third highest among Malaysian states after Selangor and Sarawak, while the o'rtacha daromad was RM5,652 and the ishsizlik rate was 3.6%.^[173] A year before, the iqtisodiy o'sish rate of the state was 5.7% and it accounted for 9.4% of Malaysia's GDP, with Aholi jon boshiga YaIM at RM31,952.^[174] The state has a total workforce of 1.639 million people.^[175]

Tematik park tourism such as the Legoland Malaysia Resort (pictured) has been a major part of the state economy since their opening in 2012.^[176][177]

Prior to economic diversification, the ikkilamchi sektor dominated the Johorean economy.^[173][178] Johor continues to have a high level of manufacturing investment.^[179] From 2013 to 2017, there was a total of RM114.9 billion worth of investment in manufacturing in the state.^[180] In 2017, RM16.8 billion came from domestic direct investment and RM5.1 billion came from foreign direct investment, with Australia, China and the United States being the top three foreign investors in manufacturing.^[181] The total industrial area in the state as of 2015 was 144 km² (56 sq mi) or 0.75% of the total land in Johor.^[107] In 2000, the largest industries in Johor were metal fabrication and machinery industries, accounting for 27.6% of all manufacturing industries in the state, followed by chemical products, neft va kauchuk industries (20.1%) and wooden products and mebel (14.1%).^[107]

Palm oil and pineapple plantation in Rengit, Batu-Pahat tumani.

The Iskandar Development Region and South Johor Economic Region (Malayziya Iskandari ), encompassing the city centre of Johor Bahru, Iskandar Puteri, Kulai District, Pasir Gudang and South Pontian, is a major development zone in the state with an area of 221,634 hectares (2,216.34 km²).^[182][183] Southern Johor focuses on savdo and services; western Johor focuses on manufacturing, business and modern dehqonchilik; eastern Johor focuses on ekoturizm; and central Johor focuses on both ecotourism and the primary sector economy.^[175]

A farmers' market in Pontian Kechil, Pontian tumani.

The main agricultural sectors in the state are palma yog'i plantation, rubber plantations and mahsulot.^[107] In 2015, land area used for agriculture in Johor covered 11,555 km² (4,461 sq mi), 60.15% of the state, with other plantations including giyohlar va ziravorlar.^[107][184] In 2016, palm oil plantations covered 7,456 km² (2,879 sq mi) (38.8% of the total land area), making it the third largest plantation area in Malaysia after Sabah and Sarawak.^[185] Farmers' markets (Malaycha: pasar peladang) are used to distribute the agricultural produces which are located around the state.^[186]

Johor is the biggest fruit-producing state in Malaysia, with a total fruit plantation area of 414 km² (160 sq mi) and total harvesting area of 305 km² (118 sq mi). Approximately 532,249 tons of fruit was produced in 2016, with Segamat District having the largest major fruit plantation and harvesting area in the state with a total area of 111 km² (43 sq mi) and 66 km² (25 sq mi), respectively, while Kluang District had the highest total fruit production of 163,714 tons. In the same year, Johor was the second biggest producer of vegetables among Malaysian states after Pahang, with a total vegetable plantation area of 154 km² (59 sq mi) and a total harvesting area of 143 km² (55 sq mi). Kluang District also had the largest vegetable plantation and harvesting areas, with a total area of 36 km² (14 sq mi), and the highest total vegetable production of 60,102 tons.^[184]

Due to its close proximity to Singapore, known for its financial hubs and international trade centres, the state benefits from Singaporean investors and tourists.^{[103][187][188]} From 1990 to 1992, approved Singapore investments in Johor amounted to about US$500 million in 272 projects.^[189] In 1994, the investment from Singapore was nearly 40% of the state's total foreign investment. The state also had a policy of "twinning with Singapore" to promote their industrial development, which increased the movement of people and tovarlar between the two sides.^{[190][191][192]} The close economic links between the two began with the establishment of the Indoneziya - Malayziya - Singapur o'sish uchburchagi (SIJORI Growth Triangle) in 1989.^[193]

In 2014, major foreign countries investing in Johor were Singapore (RM6.7 billion), the Qo'shma Shtatlar (RM5.4 billion), Yaponiya (RM4.6 billion), the Gollandiya (RM3.1 billion), Xitoy (RM1.37 billion) and smaller amounts from countries such as Indonesia, Janubiy Koreya, Germaniya va Hindiston, with the state received RM7.9 billion worth of to'g'ridan-to'g'ri xorijiy investitsiyalar (FDI), the second highest among all states in Malaysia after Saravak.^[194] Major foreign companies with FDI in the state come from the United Kingdom, South Korea and China.^[173] The medical tourism industry has grown with the arrival of 27,500 medical tourists in 2012 and 33,700 in 2014.^[195]

Infratuzilma

Puteri Harbour Family Park landscapes

The Johor Department of Economy Planning is responsible for all public infrastructure planning and development in the state,^[196] while the Landscape Department is responsible for the state landscape development.^[197] Beri Ninth Malaysia Plan (9MP), the Johor Southern Corridor has been a focus for development.^[198] In 2010, the total state land used for savdo binolar was 21.53 km² (8.31 sq mi), with Johor Bahru tumani accounting for 12.99 km² (5.02 sq mi) or 63.5%.^[199] Since 2012, around RM2.63 billion has been allocated by the federal and state governments for 33 infrastructure projects in Pengerang in southeastern Johor.^[200] The 2015 state budget included spending more than RM500 million for development in the following year, the highest amount ever allocated.^[201] The state government also ensured that infrastructure and development projects would be fairly distributed to all districts in the state,^[202] with six focus areas outlined in the state government's strategic development plan in 2018.^[203] In the same year, the federal government allocated RM250 million for three infrastructure projects to improve connectivity and accessibility within the state capital.^[204] Following the recent change in the state government administration, the new government also pledged to provide better infrastructure for investors by improving the road network, providing an adequate water supply for factories and building sub-stations for electricity generation while rejecting foreign companies who masquerade behind yashil texnologiya to use the state as a solid waste disposal site.^[205][206]

Energiya va suv resurslari

Johor Bahru city centre at dusk

Electricity distribution in the state is managed by Tenaga Nasional Bhd. (TNB). Most electricity is generated by ko'mir va gas-fired plants. The coal power plant had a capacity of 700 MW in 2007 and 3,100 MW in 2016, which originated from the Tanjung Bin Power Station in Pontian.^{[207][208][209]} Two gas-fired plants, Pasir Gudang Power Station with 210 MW and Sultan Iskandar Power Station with 269 MW, are located in Pasir Gudang.^[210][211] The Pasir Gudang Power Station, however, was retired from the system in 2016.^[210] In recent years, the state government has been planning to construct gidroenergetika va birlashtirilgan tsikl elektr stantsiyalari.^[212][213]

All water supply pipes in the state are managed by the Water Regulatory Bodies of Johor, with a total of 11 reservoirs: Congok, Gunung Ledang, Gunung Pulai 1, Gunung Pulai 2, Gunung Pulai 3, Juaseh, Layang Lower, Layang Upper, Lebam, Linggiu and Pontian Kechil.^[214][215] The state also supplies raw water to Singapore for RM0.03 for every 3.8 cubic metres (1,000 US gal) drawn from Johor rivers. In return, the Johor state government pays the Singaporean government 50 cents (RM0.50) for every 3.8 cubic metres of treated water from Singapore.^[216]

Telecommunication and broadcasting

A village in Johor with a telephone line

Telecommunications in Johor were originally administered by the Posts and Telecommunication Department and maintained by the British Cable & Wireless Communications, which was responsible for all telecommunication services in Malaya.^[217][218] Shu vaqt ichida, troposcatter was installed on Mount Pulai in Johor and Mount Serapi in Sarawak to connect radio signals between Britaniya Malaya va Britaniya Borneo, the only such system for both territories to allow simultaneous transmission of radio programs to North Borneo and Sarawak.^[219] Following the foundation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, the telecommunication departments in Malaya and Borneo merged to form the Telecommunications Department Malaysia in 1968, which later became Telekom Malaysia (TM).^[218] Early in 1964, a Nordic telecommunication company, Ericsson, began operating in the country. Following the first AX telefon stantsiyasi in Southeast Asia that went online in Pelangi in 1980, TM was provided with the first mobile telephone network, named ATUR, in 1984.^[220] Since then, the Malaysian cellular network has expanded rapidly.^[221] From 2013 until 2017, the state mobile-cellular penetration rate has reached 100%, with 11.3% to 11.5% of the population using the internet.^[222][223]

In 2018, the state internet speed was 10 Mbps with the government urging the Malayziya aloqa va multimedia komissiyasi (MCMC) to develop high-speed Internet infrastructure to reach 100 Mbit/s to match the state's current rapid development.^[224] The Malaysian federal government previously operated one state television channel named TV Johor (which was abruptly shut down) and one radio channel, Johor FM.^[225] There is one independent radio station, Eng yaxshi FM, which launched in 1988.^[226] Television broadcasting in the state is divided into quruqlik va sun'iy yo'ldosh televideniesi. Ikkita turi mavjud bepul television providers, MYTV Broadcasting (digital terrestrial) and Astro NJOI (satellite), while IPTV is accessed via Unifi TV through the UniFi fibre optic internet subscription.^[227]

Transport

Yo'llar

Tebrau Highway leading to the city centre, part of Federal Route 3

The state is linked to the other Malaysian states and federal territories on the western coast through the Shimoliy-Janubiy tezyurar avtomobil yo'li and on the eastern coast through Malayziya Federal yo'nalishi 3. Since British colonial times, there has been a road system linking Johor's capital in the southern Malay Peninsula to Kangar shimolda va Kota Bharu sharqiy sohilda.^[228] The roads in Johor are classified into two categories; 2,369 kilometres (1,472 mi) are federal roads while 19,329 kilometres (12,010 mi) are state roads, as of 2016.^[228][229] Johor uses a er-xotin qatnov qismi bilan left-hand traffic rule, and towns in the state provide public transportation services such as buses and taxis along with Qatnash xizmatlar. The state features Sungai Johor ko'prigi, the longest central span river-crossing bridge in the country, connecting Johor Bahru va Kota Tinggi tumani. In 2018, construction of the Iskandar Malaysia Bus Rapid Transit (IMBRT) was announced to be completed before 2021.^[230]

The previous federal government had allocated RM29.43 billion as part of the O'n birinchi Malayziya rejasi (11MP) for infrastructure projects including upgrading roads and bridges.^[231] The state government also spends more than RM600 million for road maintenance annually.^[232]

Temir yo'l

Johor Bahru Sentral temir yo'l stantsiyasi yilda Johor Bahru.

Rail transport in the state is operated by Keretapi Tanah Melayu tarkibiga kiradi Batu Anam, Bekok, Chamek, Genuang, Johor Bahru Sentral Kempas Baru, Kluang, Kulay, Labis, Layang-Layang, Mengkibol, Paloh, Rengam, Senai and Tenang temir yo'l stantsiyalari. The railway line is connected to all of the states in western Peninsular Malaysia. It is also connected to stations in Singapur va Tailand.^[233]

Havo

Senay xalqaro aeroporti yilda Senay.

The Senay xalqaro aeroporti is the largest and the only international airport in Johor, which acts as the main gateway to the state. Aeroport joylashgan Senai Town, Kulay tumani. In 2016, the Malaysian federal government approved a total of RM7 million in upgrades for the airport.^[234][235] Four airlines fly to Johor: AirAsia, Malaysia Airlines, Firefly va Malindo Air.^[236] Other minor airports including Kluang Airport, Mersing Airport, Segamat Airstrip and Batu Pahat Airstrip in Kluang District, Mersing District, Segamat District and Batu Pahat District, respectively.^[237]

Suv

Puteri Harbour International Ferry Terminal in Iskandar Puteri.

Johor has four ports in Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, which operate under three different companies. The Tanjung Pelepas porti is part of the Malaysian federal container port,^[238] while another two container ports, Integrated Container Terminal (also in Tanjung Pelepas) and Johor Port (ichida.) Pasir Gudang ).^[239][240] The Tanjung Langsat Terminal serves as the state regional oil and gas hub and supports offshore neft exploration and production.^[241][242] There are boat services to ports in Batam va Tanjung Pinang ning Bintan Islands in Indonesia and to port in Changi yilda Singapur.^[243][244]

Sog'liqni saqlash

Sultanah Amina shifoxonasi, Asosiy government hospital in the state

Health-related matters in Johor is administered by the Johor State Health Office (Malaycha: Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Johor). The state has two major government hospitals (Sultanah Amina shifoxonasi va Sulton Ismoil kasalxonasi ), nine government district hospitals (Permai Hospital, Sultanah Fatimah Hospital, Sultanah Nora Ismail Hospital, Enche' Besar Hajjah Khalsom Hospital, Segamat Hospital, Pontian Hospital, Kota Tinggi Hospital, Mersing Hospital, and Tangkak Hospital), and Temenggung Seri Maharaja Tun Ibrahim Hospital, a women's and children's hospital and mental hospital. Other public health clinics, 1Malaysia clinics and rural clinics are scattered throughout the state with a number of private hospitals such as Penawar Hospital, Johor Specialist Hospital, Regency Specialist Hospital, Pantai Hospital Batu Pahat, Putra Specialist Hospital Batu Pahat, Puteri Specialist Hospital, KPJ Specialist Hospital Muar, Abdul Samad Specialist Hospital, Columbia Asia, Gleneagles Medini Hospital and KPJ Specialist Hospital Pasir Gudang.^[245] In 2009, the state's doctor–patient ratio was 3 per 1,000 population.^[246]

Ta'lim

University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) chancellory building.

All primary and secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of the Johor State Education Department, under the guidance of the national Ta'lim vazirligi.^[247] The oldest school in Johor is the Johore Bahru ingliz kolleji (1914).^[248] As of 2013, Johor had a total of 240 government secondary schools,^[249] o'n besh xalqaro maktablar (Austin Heights Private and International Schools,^[250] Crescendo-HELP International School,^[251] Krescendo xalqaro kolleji,^[252] Excelsior International School,^[253] Paragon Private and International School,^[254] Seri Omega Private and International School,^[255] Sri Ara International Schools,^[256] StarClub Education,^[257] Sunway International School,^[258] Tenby Schools Setia Eco Gardens,^[259] UniWorld International School,^[260] and the American School of Iskandar Puteri^[261] and three international campuses of British Marlboro kolleji,^[262] R.E.A.L Schools^[263] and Utama Schools),^[264] va to'qqiz Chinese independent schools. Johor has a considerable number of Malay and indigenous students enrolled in Chinese schools.^[265] There is also an Indonesian school located in the state capital mainly for Indonesian migrants' children.^[266] Two Japanese learning centres located in the state capital city.^[267] The state government also emphasises pre-school education in the state with the establishment of several bolalar bog'chalari such as Nuri Kindergarten and Childcare,^[268] Stellar Preschool^[269] and Tadika Kastil.^[270]

Janubiy universitet kolleji main gate in Skudai, Iskandar Puteri.

Johor has three public universities, the University of Technology Malaysia (UTM) in Skudai, Malayziyaning Tun Xusseyn Onn universiteti (UTHM) in Parit Raja va Universiti Teknologi MARA Johor (UiTM) in Jementah and the state capital; several polytechnics including Ibrohim Sulton politexnika and Mersing Polytechnic; and two teaching colleges, IPG Kampus Temenggong Ibrahim in Johor Bahru and IPG Kampus Tun Hussien Onn in Batu Pahat.^[271][272] It has one non-profit community college, Janubiy universitet kolleji in Skudai.^[273] There is also a proposal to establish the University of Johor that has been welcomed by the state Sultan with the federal education ministry also willing to extend their co-operation.^[274][275] EduHub Pagoh, the largest public higher education hub area in Malaysia, is being constructed at Bandar Universiti Pagoh, a new well-planned education township in Muar.^[276]

To ensure the quality of education in the state, the state government introduced six long-term measures to upgrade the capability of local teachers.^[277] In 2018, it was reported that Johor was among several Malaysian states facing a teacher shortage, so the federal education ministry set up a special committee to study ways to tackle the problem.^[278]

Johor State Library is the main public library in the state.^[279]

Demografiya

Etnik kelib chiqishi va immigratsiya

Johor residents with families near the end of the year

The 2015 Malaysian Census reported the population of Johor at 3,553,600, the second most populous state in Malaysia, with a non-citizen population of 276,900.^[281] Of the Malaysian residents, 1,893,100 (53.3%) are Malaycha, 1,075,100 (31.3%) are Xitoy, 230,700 (6.5%) are Hind and another 16,900 (1.5%) identified as other bumiputera.^[281] In 2010, the population was estimated to be around 3,230,440, with 1,698,472 (52.0%) Malay, 997,590 (30.0%) Chinese, 209,260 (6.0%) Indian and another 49,773 (1.0%) from other bumiputera.^[4] Despite the racial diversity of the population, most people in Johor identify themselves as "Bangsa Johor" (Ingliz tili: Johor race), which is also echoed by the state royal family to unite the population regardless of ancestry.^[282]

Girls from the aboriginal people of Johor

As Malaysia is one of the least densely populated countries in Asia, the state is particularly sparsely populated, with most people concentrated in the coastal areas, since towns and urban centres have massively expanded through recent developments. From 1991 to 2000, the state experienced 2.39% average annual aholining o'sishi, with Johor Bahru District being the highest at 4.59% growth and Segamat District being the lowest at 0.07%.^[199] The total population increased by about 600,000 every decade following the increase of residential developments in the southern developmental region; if the pattern continues, Johor will have an estimated 5.6 million people in 2030, larger than the government projection of 4 million.^[283] Johor's geographical position in the southern Malay Peninsula has contributed to the state's rapid development as Malaysia's transportation and industrial hub, creating jobs and attracting migrants from other states and overseas, especially from Indonesia, the Filippinlar, Vetnam, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Hindiston, Pokiston va Xitoy. As of 2010, nearly two thirds of foreign workers in Malaysia were located in Johor, Sabah and Selangor.^[284]

Din

Ibodat joyi in Johor. Yuqoridan o'ngga soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha: Johor Bahru eski Xitoy ibodatxonasi, Beg'ubor kontseptsiya cherkovi, Sri Mariamman Temple and the Sulton Abu Bakar nomidagi davlat masjidi.

Islam became the davlat dini upon the adoption of 1895 Johor Constitution, although other religions can be freely practised.^[286] The religious affiliation of Johor's population according to the 2010 Malaysian Census was 58.2% Musulmon, 29.6% Buddist, 6.6% Hindu, 3.3% Nasroniy, 1.2% followers of other religions or unknown affiliations, 0.8% Daosist yoki Xitoy xalq dini adherents, and 0.3% non-religious.^[285] The census indicated that 89.8% of the Chinese population in Johor identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities identifying as Christians (6.8%), Chinese folk religion adherents (2.1%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of the Indian population identified as Hindus (87.9%), with significant minorities identifying as Christians (4.05%), Muslims (3.83%) and Buddhists (3.05%). The non-Malay bumiputera community was predominantly Christians (42.3%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (25.3%) and Buddhists (13.7%). Among the majority population, all Malay bumiputera identified as Muslims.^[285]

Tillar

Multilingual sign in Malay, English and Chinese at a workshop in Kota Tinggi.

The majority of Johoreans are at least bilingual with proficiency in Malaycha va Ingliz tili; both of the languages have been officially recognised in the state constitution since 1914.^[287] Other multilingual speakers may also be fluent in Xitoy va Tamilcha tillar.^[288]

Johorean Malay, also known as Johor-Riau Malay and originally spoken in Johor, Riau, Malacca, Selangor and Singapore, has been adopted as the basis for both the Malayziya va Indoneziyalik national languages.^[289] Due to Johor's location at the confluence of trade routes within Dengizchilik Janubi-Sharqiy Osiyo as well as its history as an influential empire, the dialect has spread as the region's lingua franca XV asrdan beri; hence the adoption of the dialect as the basis for the national languages of Bruney, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.^[290] Several related languages are also spoken in the state such as Orang Seletar (spoken along the Straits of Johor and in northern Singapore), Orang Kanaq (spoken in small parts of southeastern Johor), Jakun (spoken mostly in inland parts of Johor), Temuan (spoken near the border with Pahang and Negeri Sembilan) and Orang Kuala (spoken along the northwest coast of Johor). Terengganu Malay, a distinct variant of Malay, is spoken in the district of Mersing bilan chegaraga yaqin Rompin, Pahang.^[291]

Turli xil dialect groups of the Chinese language are spoken among the Chinese community in the state, including Kanton, Haynan, Xakka, Xokkien va Teochew.

The Indian community predominantly speaks Tamil. Besides, small number of other Indian language speakers such as the Malayalam, Telugu va Panjob language speakers too exist. Ko'pchilik Malayalees va Telugus are often categorised as Tamils by the Tamils themselves, and by other major races, as they use the Tamil language as a lingua franca among other Indian communities.

In 2017, the Johor queen, as the royal patron of the Malaysian English Language Teaching Association (MELTA), called for a more conducive environment for young Malaysians to master English since there has been a drastic decline in proficiency among the younger Malaysian generation.^[292][293]

Madaniyat

The Johor Heritage Foundation building in the state capital

Johor's culture has been influenced by different ethnicities throughout history, especially by the Arabs, Bugis and Javanese people, with the state also becoming a mixture of different cultures among the Chinese, Indian, Malay and aboriginal people.^[294][295]

Zapin performance in a school in Batu Pahat

Kuchli Arab madaniyati influence is apparent in art performances like zapin, masri va hamdolok and in musical instruments like the gambus.^[296][297] The zapin dance was introduced in the 14th century by Arab Muslim missionaries from Hadramaut, Yaman, and was originally performed only by male dancers, although female dancers are now common.^[298] The dance itself differs among five Johor regions, namely zapin tenglu va zapin pulau (Mersing), zapin lenga (Muar), zapin pekajang (Johor Bahru), zapin koris (Batu Pahat) and zapin parit mustar bilan zapin seri bunian (Pontian).^[298] Another Arab legacy is the use of Arabic names with wadi (valley) for areas populated by the Arab community in the state capital such as "wadi hana"va"wadi hassan".^[299]

Buginese and Javanese cultural influences are found in the bosara va kuda kepang dances introduced to Johor before the early 20th century by Buginese and Yava muhojirlar.^[300][301] Indian culture inspired the g'azal. These cultural activities are normally performed at Malay weddings and religious festivals.^[297] The aboriginal culture is also unique with a diversity of traditions still practised, such as the making of traditional weapons, medicines, hunarmandchilik va esdalik sovg'alari.^[302]

Chingay parade celebration in the capital city as part of Xitoy Yangi Yili festivities in 2018

The Chinese community holds the Chingay parade annually by the Johor Bahru eski Xitoy ibodatxonasi, which unites the five Chinese ethnic groups in Johor, namely Kanton, Haynan, Xakka, Xoklo va Teochew.^[303] This co-operation among different Chinese cultures under a voluntary organisation became a symbol of harmony among the different Chinese people that deepens their sense of heritage to preserve their culture traditions.^[304] The Johor Bahru xitoy merosi muzeyi describes the history of Chinese migration into Johor from the 14th to 19th centuries during the Ming va Qing sulolalar. The ruler of Johor encouraged the Chinese community to plant gambier va Qalapmir in the interior; many of these farmers switched to ananas cultivation in the 20th century, making Johor one of Malaysia's top fruit producers.^[305]

Oshxona

Mee bandung in Johor

Cuisine in Johor has been influenced by Arab, Buginese, Javanese, Malay, Chinese and Indian cultures. Taniqli taomlar orasida asam pedalar, cathay laksa, cheese murtabak, Johor laksa, kway teow kia, mee bandung, mee rebus, Muar satay, pineapple pajeri, Pontian wonton noodle, san lou fried bee hoon, otak-otak, telur pindang,^[306][307] and other mixed Malay dishes.^[308] Popular desserts include burasak,^[308] kacang pool, lontong and snacks like banana cake, Kluang toasted buns and pisang goreng.^[307][309] International restaurants for Western food, Filipino food, Indonesian food, Japanese food, Korean food, Taiwanese food, Thai food and Vietnamese food are found throughout the state, especially in Johor Bahru and Iskandar Puteri.^[310]

Bayramlar va festivallar

Johoreans observe a number of holidays and festivals throughout the year including Mustaqillik kuni, Malayziya kuni celebrations and the Sultan of Johor's Birthday.^[311] Additional local and international festivals held annually in the state capital include the Japanese bon odori, kuda kepang and kite and art festivals.^[312]

Sport

The Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium was the home stadium of Johor Darul Ta'zim 2019 yilgacha.

As Johor has been part of Malaya since 1957, its athletes represented Malaya and later Malaysia at the Yozgi Olimpiya o'yinlari, Hamdo'stlik o'yinlari, Osiyo o'yinlari va Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo o'yinlari. The Johor State Youth and Sports Department was established in 1957 to raise the standard of sports in the state.^[313] Johor hosted the Sukma o'yinlari 1992 yilda. Shtatda to'rtta sport majmuasi mavjud,^[314] va federal hukumat shuningdek sport inshootlarini yaxshilashga yordam beradi.^[315] 2018 yilda Muarni Johorning sport markaziga aylantirish bo'yicha federal hukumat rejasi doirasida shaharchada sport inshootlarini qurish va modernizatsiya qilish uchun 15 million RMM mablag 'ajratildi.^[316]

Joylashgan Iskandar Puteri, Sulton Ibrohim stadioni futbol jamoasining asosiy stadioni hisoblanadi Johor Darul Ta'zim. Jamoa 1972 yilda PKENJ FC sifatida tashkil topgan va 2013 yilda Johor Darul Ta'zim bo'ldi Malayziya Angliya kubogi 1998 va 2016 yillarda Malayziya kubogi 1985, 1991, 2017 va 2019 yillarda Malayziya Superligasi 2014 yildan 2020 yilgacha ketma-ket etti mavsum davomida,^[317] va OFK Kubogi 2015 yilda.^{[318][319][320]} Shtatlarning futbol bo'yicha ayollar jamoasi to'rtta unvonga sazovor bo'lishdi Tun Sharifah Rodziya kubogi 1984, 1986, 1987 va 1989 yillarda. Shtatdagi yana bir diqqatga sazovor stadion Pasir Gudang korporatsiyasi stadioni yilda Pasir Gudang.^[321] Johor ham o'zining asosini yaratdi e-sport Johor sport kengashi kelgusi sport turlariga kiritishga rozilik bergan Perakdan keyin Sukma o'yinlarida sportni joriy etgan ikkinchi Malayziya davlatiga aylanadi. 2020 yil sukma o'yinlari davlat tomonidan uyushtirilgan.^[322][323]

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Richard Olof Winstedt (1932). "A History of Johore (1673—ca. 1800 A.D.) / حكايت نكري جوهر". Qirollik Osiyo Jamiyatining Malayadagi bo'limi jurnali. 10 (1): 164–170. JSTOR  41587442.
• Keith Sinclair (1967). "The British Advance in Johore, 1885-1914". Qirollik Osiyo jamiyati Malayziya bo'limi jurnali. 40 (1): 93–110. JSTOR  41491908.
• Leonard Y. Andaya (1975). The Kingdom of Johor 1641–1728. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-19-580322-8.
• Richard Olof Winstedt; Khoo Kay Kim; Ismail Hussein (1993). "A history of Johore, 1365-1941". Qirollik Osiyo jamiyati Malayziya bo'limi jurnali. 66 (1): 87–89. JSTOR  41486192.
• Patricia Lim Pui Huen (1998). "Past and Present Juxtaposed: The Chinese of Nineteenth Century Johor". Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 13 (1): 114–138. doi:10.1355/SJ13-1E. JSTOR  41056979.
• Peter Borschberg (2002). "The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 – v. 1616)". Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo tadqiqotlari jurnali. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press. 33 (1): 31–62. doi:10.1017/S0022463402000024.
• Raimy Ché-Ross (2004). "The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and An Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'". Qirollik Osiyo jamiyati Malayziya bo'limi jurnali. 77 (2): 27–58. JSTOR  41493524.
• Carl A. Trocki (2007). Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885. NUS Press. ISBN  978-9971-69-376-3.
• Peter Borschberg (2010). The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century. National University of Singapore, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. ISBN  978-9-06-718364-2.
• Peter Borschberg (2011). Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies. National University of Singapore. ISBN  978-9-97-169467-8.
• Peter Borschberg (2015). Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia. National University of Singapore. ISBN  978-9-97-169798-3.
• Peter Borschberg (2015). Jacques de Coutre's Singapore and Johor, 1594-v. 1625. National University of Singapore. ISBN  978-9-97-169852-2.
• Peter Borschberg (2017). "The value of Admiral Matelieff's writings for studying the history of Southeast Asia, v. 1600–1620". Janubi-sharqiy Osiyo tadqiqotlari jurnali. National University of Singapore, Cambridge University Press. 48 (3): 414–435. doi:10.1017/S002246341700056X.
• Kwa Chong Guan; Peter Borschberg (2018). Studying Singapore before 1800. National University of Singapore. ISBN  978-981-4722-74-2.

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Johor at Johor Tourism
• Johor da Yolg'iz sayyora