Katmandu - Kathmandu

Katmandu Kकठमठमठम
Poytaxt
Katmandu Metropolitan Siti
Fonda Himoloy bilan Katmandu
Bayroq Logotip
Shior (lar): Nepal: मérो पौरपौ, मérो ोrव, मéré kāhठमbणtडौ, yoqilgan  "Mening jasoratim, mening mag'rurligim, mening Katmanduim"
Katmandu Katmandu vodiysida joylashgan joy Katmandu vodiysi xaritasini ko'rsatish Katmandu Katmandu (Bagmati Pradesh) Bagmati Pradesh xaritasini ko'rsatish Katmandu Katmandu (Nepal) Nepal xaritasini ko'rsatish Katmandu Katmandu (Osiyo) Osiyo xaritasini ko'rsatish
Koordinatalari: 27 ° 43′02 ″ N 85 ° 19′26 ″ E / 27.7172 ° N 85.3240 ° E / 27.7172; 85.3240Koordinatalar: 27 ° 43′02 ″ N 85 ° 19′26 ″ E / 27.7172 ° N 85.3240 ° E / 27.7172; 85.3240
Mamlakat	Nepal
Viloyat	Bagmati Pradesh
Tuman	Katmandu
O'rnatilgan	Miloddan avvalgi 723 yil
Munitsipalitet sifatida tashkil etilgan	1931
Metro shahriga yangilandi	1995
Hukumat
• Shahar hokimi	Bidya Sundar Shakya (NCP )
• shahar hokimi o'rinbosari	Xari Prabha Xadgi (Bosimining ko'tarilishi )
Maydon
• Jami	49,45 km2 (19.09 kv mil)
Balandlik	1400 m (4600 fut)
Aholisi  (2020)
• Jami	1,442,300
• zichlik	29000 / km2 (76,000 / sqm mil)
Tillar
• Rasmiy	Nepal
• Qo'shimcha mahalliy	Newar tili
Vaqt zonasi	UTC + 5: 45 (NST )
Pochta Indeksi	44600 (GPO)
Hudud kodlari	01
HDI	0.710 Yuqori[1]
HPI	20.8 Juda past
Savodxonlik darajasi	89.6% Yuqori
Veb-sayt	www.kathmandu.gov.np

Katmandu (/ˌkætmænˈduː/;^[2] Nepal: Kकठमठमठम, Nepalcha talaffuz:[ˈKaʈʰmaɳɖu]) bo'ladi poytaxt va eng katta shahri Nepal, aholisi 1 million atrofida. Ma'badlar shahri deb ham ataladigan shahar taxminan 1400 metr balandlikda (4600) balandlikda joylashgan oyoqlari ) dengiz sathidan yuqori piyola shaklida Katmandu vodiysi markaziy Nepalda. Vodiy tarixan "Nepal Mandala" deb nomlangan va vatani bo'lgan Newar odamlar, kosmopolit shahar tsivilizatsiyasi Himoloy tog 'etaklarida. Shahar podshohlik poytaxti bo'lgan Nepal qirolligi va Nepal zodagonlarining saroylari, qasrlari va bog'lariga mezbonlik qiladi. Bu shaharning bosh qarorgohi joylashgan Janubiy Osiyo mintaqaviy hamkorlik assotsiatsiyasi (SAARC ) 1985 yildan beri. Bugungi kunda bu Nepal respublikasi hukumatining qarorgohi bo'lib, 2008 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, uning tarkibiga kiradi Bagmati Pradesh.

Katmandu ko'p yillar davomida Nepalning markazi bo'lib kelgan tarix, san'at, madaniyat va iqtisodiyot. A ichida ko'p millatli aholiga ega Hindu va Buddist ko'pchilik. Diniy va madaniy bayramlar Katmanduda yashovchi odamlar hayotining asosiy qismini tashkil etadi.

Turizm iqtisodiyotning muhim qismidir. 2013 yilda Katmandu dunyodagi eng yaqin sayohat yo'nalishlari o'ntaligi orasida uchinchi o'rinni egalladi TripAdvisor va Osiyoda birinchi o'rinni egalladi. Shahar darvozasi hisoblanadi Nepalning Himoloylari uyda esa bir nechtasi bor jahon merosi ob'ektlari: the Durbar maydoni, Svayambxunat, Boudhanat va Pashupatinat. Katmandu vodiysi yiliga 4 foizga o'smoqda Jahon banki 2010 yilda uni eng tez o'sadigan metropolitenlardan biriga aylantirdi Janubiy Osiyo va metropoliten miqyosida jadal urbanizatsiya va modernizatsiya qilish bo'yicha misli ko'rilmagan muammolarga duch kelgan Nepaldagi birinchi mintaqa.^[3]

Katmanduning tarixiy joylari a tomonidan jiddiy zarar ko'rgan 7.8 balli zilzila 2015 yil aprel oyida. Ba'zi binolar tiklandi, ba'zilari esa rekonstruksiya jarayonida.

Etimologiya

Mahalliy aholi Newari Katmandu vodiysi uchun atama Yen. The Nepal ism Katmandu dan keladi Kasthamandap ichida turgan Durbar maydoni. Yilda Sanskritcha, Kaxa (Sanskritcha: काष्ठ) "Yog'och" va degan ma'noni anglatadi Maṇḍapa (Sanskritcha: डप्डप) "Pavyon" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Shuningdek, ushbu jamoat paviloni Maru Satta 1596 yilda Biset qirol Laxmi Narsingh Malla davrida qayta qurilgan. Uch qavatli inshoot butunlay yog'ochdan yasalgan bo'lib, unda temir mixlar va tayanchlar ishlatilmagan. Afsonalarga ko'ra, qurilgan barcha yog'ochlar pagoda bitta daraxtdan olingan.^[4] Ushbu inshoot 2015 yil aprel oyida yuz bergan kuchli zilzila paytida qulab tushgan.

The kolofonlar 20-asrning oxirlarida yozilgan qadimiy qo'lyozmalar Katmanduga tegishli Kāhhamaṇḍap Mahānagar yilda Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar "buyuk shahar" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Shahar deyiladi Kāhhamaṇḍap buddist ruhoniylar hanuzgacha o'qiyotgan qasamyodida. Shunday qilib, Katmandu, shuningdek, sifatida tanilgan Kāhhamaṇḍap. O'rta asrlar davrida shahar ba'zan chaqirilgan Kantipur (Sanskritcha: Kannनnt .िपुर). Ushbu nom sanskritcha ikkita so'zdan olingan - Kanti va Pur. Kanti so'zi "go'zallik" degan ma'noni anglatadi va asosan yorug'lik va bilan bog'liq Pur joy degan ma'noni anglatadi, shu bilan unga "Nur shahri" ma'nosini beradi.

Kataloniyaning tub mahalliy aholisi orasida Katmandu nomi bilan tanilgan Yeṃ Deśa (Nepal Bhasa: ेँ देश) va Patan va Bhaktapur nomi ma'lum Yala Deśa (Nepal Bhasa: देश) va Xvopa Deśa (Nepal Bhasa: ्वप देश) mos ravishda.^[5] "Yen" - bu qisqaroq shakli Yambu (Nepal Bhasa: बु्बु), dastlab Katmanduning shimoliy yarmini nazarda tutgan. Qadimgi shimoliy aholi punktlari Yambi, janubiy aholi punkti Yangala deb nomlangan.^[6][7]

"Katmandu" imlosi ko'pincha ingliz tilidagi eski matnlarda ishlatilgan. Ammo yaqinda ingliz tilida "Katmandu" imlosi keng tarqalgan.^[8]

Tarix

Manjushri, Chandrahrasa bilan Buddist xudosi vodiyni yaratgan deb aytgan

Katmandu qismlarida olib borilgan arxeologik qazishmalar qadimgi tsivilizatsiyalarning dalillarini topdi. Ushbu topilmalarning eng qadimiyasi Maligaonda topilgan, bizning eramizning 185 yiliga tegishli bo'lgan haykaldir.^[9] Dhando Chaitya qazish paytida yozuvli g'isht topildi Braxmi yozuvi. Arxeologlar bu ikki ming yillik deb hisoblashadi.^[9] Tosh yozuvlari meros ob'ektlarida keng tarqalgan element bo'lib, tarixining asosiy manbalari hisoblanadi Nepal.

Katmandu haqida G'arbning dastlabki ma'lumotlari portugaliyalik iezuitlar, fr. 1628 yil bahorida Katmandu vodiysidan o'tgan Joao Kabral ^[10]va o'sha paytdagi podshoh, ehtimol Katmandu qiroli Lakshminarasimha Malla yo'ldan ketayotganda uni iltifot bilan kutib oldi. Tibet ga Hindiston,^[11] va Nepal qirolligining poytaxti "Kadmendu" ga etib borganliklari haqida xabar berishdi.^[12]

Qadimgi tarix

Katmanduning qadimiy tarixi uning an'anaviy afsonalari va afsonalarida tasvirlangan. Ga binoan Swayambhu Purana, hozirgi Katmandu ilonlarga to'la bo'lganligi sababli bir vaqtlar "Nagdaha" deb nomlangan ulkan va chuqur ko'l bo'lgan. Bodhisatva tomonidan ko'l qurib tashlangan Manjushri qilichi bilan suv u erdan evakuatsiya qilindi. Keyin u Manjupattan deb nomlangan shaharni tashkil etdi va Dharmakarni vodiyning hukmdori qildi. Biroz vaqt o'tgach, Banasur ismli jin rozetkani yopdi va vodiy yana ko'lga aylandi. Keyin Lord Krishna Nepalga kelib, Banasurni o'ldirdi va yana suvni to'kdi. U o'zi bilan bir qator Gopallarni olib kelib, Bhuktamanni Nepal qiroli qildi.^[13][14][15]

Kotirudra Samhita Shiva Purana, 11-bob, Shloka 18 joy Pashupati Shivalinga bilan mashhur bo'lgan Nayapala shahri deb nomlanadi. Nepal nomi ehtimol Nayapala shahridan kelib chiqqan.

O'rta asrlardan oldingi davrda juda kam tarixiy ma'lumotlar mavjud Licchavi hukmdorlari. Ga binoan Gopalraj Vansavali, nepal monarxiyasining nasabnomasi, Licchavisgacha Katmandu vodiysining hukmdorlari bo'lgan. Gopalalar, Mahispalas, Aabhirlar, Kiratas va Somavanshi.^[15][16] Kirata sulolasi tomonidan tashkil etilgan Yalamber. Kirata davrida qadimgi Katmanduning shimoliy qismida Yambu nomli aholi punkti mavjud edi. Ba'zilarida Xitoy-Tibet tillari, Katmandu hali ham Yambu deb nomlanadi. Yengal deb nomlangan yana bir kichik aholi punkti Manjupattan yaqinidagi eski Katmanduning janubiy qismida joylashgan edi. Kirata ettinchi hukmdori Jitedasti davrida buddist rohiblar Katmandu vodiysiga kirib, o'rmon monastirini tashkil etishdi. Sanxu.

Katmandu xaritasi, 1802 yil

Lichchavi davri

Licchavis Hind-Gang tekisligi shimolga ko'chib, Kiratalarni mag'lubiyatga uchratdi, milodiy 400 yillarga kelib Licchavi sulolasini o'rnatdi. Ushbu davrda, genotsididan keyin Shakyas yilda Lumbini tomonidan Virudhaka, omon qolganlar shimolga ko'chib, Koliyas deb nomlangan lora o'rmon monastiriga kirishdi. Sanxudan ular Yambu va Yengalga (Lanjagval va Manjupattan) ko'chib o'tdilar va Katmanduning birinchi doimiy buddist monastirlarini tashkil etishdi. Bu asos yaratdi Newar buddizm tirik qolgan yagona sanskrit tilidir Buddist dunyodagi an'ana.^[17] Ularning ko'chishi bilan Yambu Koligram va Yengal Dakshin Koligram deb nomlangan^[18] Licchavi davrining aksariyat davrida.^[19]

Oxir-oqibat, Licchavi hukmdori Gunakamadeva Katligandaga asos solgan Koligram va Dakshin Koligramni birlashtirdi.^[19] Shahar shaklida loyihalashtirilgan edi Chandrahrasa, Manjushri qilichi. Shaharni qo'riqlanadigan sakkizta barak o'rab olgan Ajimalar. Ushbu baraklardan biri hozirgacha ishlatilmoqda Bhadrakali (ni oldida Singha Durbar ). Shahar Hindiston va Tibet o'rtasidagi savdo-sotiqda muhim tranzit nuqtasi bo'lib xizmat qildi va bu me'morchilikning ulkan o'sishiga olib keldi. Managriha, Kailaskut Bhavan va Bhadradiwas Bhavan kabi binolarning tavsiflari ushbu davrda yashagan sayohatchilar va rohiblarning saqlanib qolgan jurnallarida topilgan. Masalan, 7-asrning mashhur xitoylik sayohatchisi Xuanzang Licchavi shohining saroyi Kailaskut Bhavan tasvirlangan Amshuverma.^[20] Savdo yo'li madaniy almashinuvga ham olib keldi. Katmandu vodiysining tub aholisi - nevar xalqining badiiy ijodi bu davrda vodiy ichida ham, katta Himoloy bo'ylab ham juda talabchan bo'lib qoldi. Newar rassomlari butun Osiyo bo'ylab sayohat qilib, qo'shnilari uchun diniy san'atni yaratdilar. Masalan, Araniko orqali bir guruh vatandosh rassomlarini olib bordi Tibet va Xitoy. Bxrikuti, Tibet monarxiga uylangan Nepal malika Songtsän Gampo, buddizmni Tibetga joriy qilishda muhim rol o'ynadi.

Katmandu osmon chizig'i, taxminan 1793 yil

Malla davri

Katmandu Durbar maydoni, 1852 yil

Katmandu vodiysining ko'rinishi Svayambxunat, 1863

Licchavi davridan keyin Malla davri. Hukmdorlar Tirxut, hujumga uchraganida Musulmonlar, shimoldan Katmandu vodiysiga qochib ketdi. Ular nepal qirolligi bilan uylanishdi va bu Malla davriga olib keldi. Malla davrining dastlabki yillari bosqinlar va hujumlar uyushtirilgan Xas va Turk musulmonlari. Shuningdek, Katmandu aholisining uchdan bir qismi, shu jumladan qirol hayotini yuqotgan dahshatli zilzila yuz berdi Abxaya Malla. Ushbu ofatlar Likchavi davridagi me'morchilikning aksariyat qismini yo'q qilishga olib keldi (masalan, Mangriha va Kailashkut Bhavan ) va shahar ichidagi turli monastirlarda to'plangan adabiyotlarning yo'qolishi. Dastlabki qiyinchiliklarga qaramay, Katmandu yana taniqli bo'ldi va Malla davrining aksariyat davrida savdo o'rtasidagi hukmronlik qildi Hindiston va Tibet. Nepal valyutasi trans-Himoloy savdosida standart valyutaga aylandi.

Malla davrining keyingi qismida Katmandu vodiysi to'rtta mustahkam shaharlarni o'z ichiga olgan: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bxaktapur va Kirtipur. Bular Nepalning Malla konfederatsiyasining poytaxtlari bo'lib xizmat qilgan. Ushbu davlatlar san'at, me'morchilik, estetika va savdo sohasida o'zaro raqobatlashdilar, natijada ulkan taraqqiyotga erishildi. Ushbu davr podshohlari jamoat binolari, maydonlar va ibodatxonalarni qurishda, shuningdek suv havzalarini rivojlantirishda, trestlarni institutsionalizatsiya qilishda bevosita ta'sir ko'rsatgan yoki o'zlarini jalb qilganlar. gutis ), qonunlarni kodifikatsiya qilish, dramalar yozish va shahar maydonlarida o'yinlarni namoyish etish. Boshqa joylar qatorida Hindiston, Tibet, Xitoy, Fors va Evropadan g'oyalar kirib kelganligining dalillarini podshoh davridagi tosh yozuvlardan topish mumkin. Pratap Malla. Ushbu davrdan boshlab ularni tasvirlaydigan kitoblar topilgan tantrik urf-odatlar (masalan, Tantraxyan), tibbiyot (masalan, Xaramexala), din (masalan, Mooldevshashidev), huquq, axloq va tarix. Miloddan avvalgi 1381 yildagi Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa lug'ati Amarkosh ham topilgan. Ushbu davrdagi me'moriy jihatdan taniqli binolar orasida Katmandu Durbar maydoni, Patan Durbar maydoni, Bhaktapur Durbar maydoni, sobiq durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshvar, Krishna ibodatxonasi va boshqalar.

O'rta asrlar davri

1920 yilda buzilgan eski qirollik saroyi

Dastlabki Shoh hukmronligi

The Gorkha Qirolligi keyin Malla konfederatsiyasi tugadi Katmandu jangi 1768 yilda. Bu Katmanduda zamonaviy davrning boshlanishi edi. The Kirtipur jangi ning boshlanishi edi Gorxa istilosi Katmandu vodiysi. Katmandu poytaxti sifatida qabul qilingan Gorka imperiya va imperiyaning o'zi Nepal deb nomlangan. Ushbu davrning dastlabki davrida Katmandu o'ziga xos madaniyatini saqlab qoldi. Basantapurning to'qqiz qavatli minorasi singari o'ziga xos nepal me'morchiligiga ega binolar shu davrda qurilgan. Biroq, qo'shni davlatlar bilan doimiy urush tufayli savdo-sotiq pasayib ketdi. Bximsen Thapa qo'llab-quvvatlanadi Frantsiya qarshi Buyuk Britaniya; bu Katmandudagi zamonaviy kazarmalar kabi zamonaviy harbiy tuzilmalarning rivojlanishiga olib keldi. To'qqiz qavatli minora Dharaxara dastlab shu davrda qurilgan.

Rana hukmronligi

Rananing Nepal ustidan boshqaruvi Kot qirg'ini, Hanuman Dhoka Durbar yaqinida sodir bo'lgan. Ushbu qirg'in paytida Nepalning yuqori martabali amaldorlarining aksariyati qirg'in qilingan Jang Bahodir Rana va uning tarafdorlari. Boshqa bir qirg'in, Bxandarxal qirg'ini, shuningdek, Katvarda Kunvar va uning tarafdorlari tomonidan o'tkazilgan. Rana rejimi davrida Katmandu ittifoqi anti-inglizlardan Britaniyaparastlikka o'tdi; bu G'arbiy Evropa me'morchiligi uslubidagi birinchi binolarning qurilishiga olib keldi. Ushbu binolarning eng taniqli binolari orasida Singha Durbar, Orzular bog'i, Shital Nivas va qadimgi Narayanxiti saroyi. Katmandu vodiysidagi birinchi zamonaviy tijorat yo'li Yangi yo'l, shuningdek, ushbu davrda qurilgan. Trichandra kolleji (Nepalning birinchi kolleji), Durbar o'rta maktabi (Nepalning birinchi zamonaviy maktabi) va Bir kasalxonasi (Nepalning birinchi kasalxonasi) Katmanduda ushbu davrda qurilgan. Rana hukmronligi despotizm, iqtisodiy ekspluatatsiya va diniy ta'qiblar bilan ajralib turardi.^[21][22]

Geografiya

Katmandu shimoliy-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Katmandu vodiysi ning shimolida Bagmati daryosi va 50,7 km maydonni egallaydi² (19,6 kvadrat milya) O'rtacha balandligi 1400 metr (4600 fut) dengiz sathidan yuqori.^[23] Shahar Katmandu vodiysining boshqa bir qancha munitsipalitetlari bilan chegaradosh: Bagmati janubidan Lalitpur Metropolitan City (Patan), u bilan a atrofida joylashgan bitta shahar maydonini tashkil qiladi halqa yo'li tomonidan, janubi-g'arbiy qismida Kirtipur va sharqqa tomon Madyapur Timi. Shimolda shahar atrofi bir nechta munitsipalitetlarga tarqaladi; Nagarjun, Tarakeshwor, Toxa, Budhanilkantha, Gokarneshwor va Kageshwori Manohara. Biroq, shahar aglomeratsiyasi qo'shni munitsipalitetlardan tashqarida ham, masalan. ga Bhaktapur va deyarli butunlay qamrab oladi Katmandu vodiysi.

Katmandu vodiysining panoramali ko'rinishi Swayambhu

Katmandu sakkizta daryo bilan vodiyning asosiy daryosi bo'linadi Bagmati va uning irmoqlari, ulardan Bishnumati, Dhobi Xola, Manoxara Xola, Xanumante Xola va Tukucha Xola ustunlik qiladi. Ushbu daryolar kelib chiqadigan tog'lar 1500-3000 metr balandlikda (4.900-9800 fut) va Katmandu va uning vodiysiga kirish va qaytishni ta'minlaydigan dovonlarga ega.^[24][25][26] Bir paytlar Nagarjuna tepaligidan Balaju orqali Katmanduga qadimiy kanal o'tgan; bu kanal endi yo'q bo'lib ketgan.

Katmandu shahri va uning atrofidagi vodiy Bargli musson o'rmon zonasi (balandligi 1200-2100 metr (3900-6900 fut)), Nepal uchun belgilangan beshta o'simlik zonasidan biri. Ushbu zonadagi dominant daraxt turlari eman, qaymoq, olxa, chinor va boshqalar ignabargli balandroq balandlikdagi daraxtlar.^[27]

• 

  Katmanduda shahar kengayishi, 2015 yil.

• 

  Katmandu metrosini o'rab turgan (och kulrang, tasvir markazi) yashil, o'simlik qoplamali yon bag'irlari o'rmon qo'riqxonalarini ham, milliy bog'larni ham o'z ichiga oladi.

• 

  Araniko magistrali Katmanduni Bhaktapurga va undan keyin bilan bog'laydi Xitoy chegarasi.

• 

  Shimoliy-sharqiy Katmandu bilan Gaurishankar fonda.

Katmandu ma'muriyati

Katmandu va unga qo'shni shaharlar tashkil topgan mahallalar, ular juda keng tarqalgan va mahalliy aholi orasida ko'proq tanish. Biroq, ma'muriy jihatdan shahar 1 dan 32 gacha bo'lgan 32 ta palataga bo'lingan. Avvallari 35 ta palatalar bo'lib, ular eng ko'p sonli palatalarga ega bo'lgan metropoliten shaharga aylanishgan.^[28]

Katmandu aglomeratsiyasi

Rasmiy ravishda aniqlangan narsa yo'q aglomeratsiya Katmandu. Katmandu vodiysining shahar maydoni ikkiga bo'lingan uch xil tuman (a darajasidagi ma'muriy bo'linishlarning ikkinchi darajasi viloyat ), ular vodiy chekkasidan tashqarida juda kam tarqaladi, faqat aholisi nisbatan kam bo'lgan janubiy tizmalar tomon.^[29] Ular mamlakatdagi aholi zichligi bo'yicha eng yuqori uchlikka ega. Ushbu 3 tuman 21 ta mahalliy darajadagi organlar tomonidan boshqariladi; 2 metropoliten shaharlar (Katmandu va Lalitpur), 16 munitsipalitetlar va 3 qishloq hokimliklari. Quyidagi ma'lumotlar jadvali aglomeratsiya hisoblanadigan ushbu tumanlarni tavsiflaydi:

Iqlim

Nepalda beshta asosiy iqlim mintaqasi joylashgan. Ulardan Katmandu vodiysi Issiq Mo''tadil mintaqa (balandligi 1200 dan 2300 metrgacha (3900 dan 7500 fut) gacha), bu erda iqlim mintaqa uchun odatiy bo'lmagan, mo''tadil. Ushbu zonadan keyin Sovuq haroratli mintaqa balandligi 2100 dan 3300 metrgacha (6900 va 10.800 fut) o'zgarib turadi. Ostida Köppenning iqlim tasnifi, shaharning past balandlikdagi qismlari a nam subtropik iqlim (Cwa), shaharning balandliklari baland qismlarida esa odatda a subtropik baland tog'li iqlimi (Cwb). Vodiyning iqlimini ifodalovchi Katmandu vodiysida yozning o'rtacha harorati 28 dan 30 ° C gacha (82 dan 86 ° F gacha) o'zgarib turadi. Qishning o'rtacha harorati 10,1 ° C (50,2 ° F).

Shahar odatda iqlimga ega, iliq kunlar, so'ngra kechalar va ertalablar salqin. Oldindan aytib bo'lmaydi ob-havo Qish mavsumida havo harorati 1 ° C (34 ° F) ga tushishi mumkinligini hisobga olgan holda kutilmoqda. 2013 yil sovuq jabhada Katmanduning qishki harorati -4 ° C (25 ° F) gacha pasaygan va eng past harorat 2013 yil 10-yanvarda -9,2 ° C (15,4 ° F) da qayd etilgan. Yomg'ir asosan mussonga asoslangan (yog'ingarchilik paytida taxminan 65%) musson iyun oyidan sentyabrgacha) bo'lib, Sharqiy Nepaldan g'arbiy Nepalgacha (100 dan 200 sm gacha (39 dan 79 gacha)) kamayadi. Yomg'ir Katmandu vodiysi uchun taxminan 1400 millimetr (55,1 dyuym), Katmandu shahri uchun o'rtacha 1407 millimetr (55,4 dyuym) ga teng. O'rtacha namlik 75% ni tashkil qiladi.^[24][30][31] Quyidagi jadval Nepal standartlar va meteorologiya, ob-havo meteorologiyasi byurosining 2005 yildagi ma'lumotlariga asoslangan. Jadvalda har oy davomida minimal va maksimal harorat ko'rsatilgan. Yog'ingarchilikning yillik miqdori 2005 yil uchun yuqoridagi jadvalga kiritilgan oylik ma'lumotlarga ko'ra 1124 millimetrni (44,3 dyuym) tashkil etdi.^[31] 2000-2010 yillarning o'n yilligida Katmanduda juda o'zgaruvchan va misli ko'rilmagan yog'ingarchilik anomaliyalari kuzatildi. Bunga asosan janubi-g'arbiy mussonning yillik o'zgarishi sabab bo'lgan.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Masalan, 2001 yil favqulodda zaif musson mavsumi tufayli atigi 356 mm (14 dyuym) yog'ingarchilik qayd etilgan. Aksincha, 2003 yil Katmanduda eng sersuv yil bo'ldi, juda kuchli mussonli mavsum tufayli yog'ingarchilik miqdori 2900 mm dan oshdi (114 dyuym).

Havoning sifati

Havoning ifloslanishi Katmandu vodiysidagi asosiy muammo.^[36][37][38] 2016 yilgi Jahon sog'liqni saqlash tashkilotining atrof-muhit havosining ifloslanishi to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar bazasiga ko'ra,^[39] yillik o'rtacha PM2.5 (zarrachalar) konsentratsiyasi 2013 yilda 49 mg / m ni tashkil etdi³, bu tomonidan tavsiya etilganidan 4,9 baravar yuqori Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti.^[40][41] 2017 yil boshidan boshlab Nepal hukumati va AQShning Katmandudagi elchixonasi real vaqtda havo sifati ma'lumotlarini kuzatib bordi va jamoatchilik bilan bo'lishdi. Nepal va Katmanduda, 2019 yil 23 noyabrda e'lon qilingan Republica yangiliklar hisobotiga ko'ra, havo ifloslanishi sababli yillik bevaqt o'limlar mos ravishda 37.399 va 9.943 ga etdi. Bu shuni ko'rsatadiki, Nepaldagi havo ifloslanishi sababli o'limlarning to'rtdan bir qismi Katmanduda.^[42][43]

Davlat va jamoat xizmatlari

Fuqarolik ma'muriyati

Ofisi Nepal bosh vaziri yilda Singha Durbar, Katmandu

Katmandu munitsipal korporatsiyasi (KMC) Katmandu ma'muriyati uchun bosh tugun agentligi. Katmandu munitsipaliteti 1995 yilda metropolitenga ko'tarildi.

Metropolitan Katmandu beshta sektorga bo'linadi: Markaziy sektor, Sharqiy sektor, Shimoliy sektor, Shahar yadrosi va G'arbiy sektor. Fuqarolik ma'muriyati uchun shahar yana 35 ta ma'muriy bo'limga bo'lingan. Kengash Katmandu shahrining Metropolitan hududini 177 saylangan vakillar va 20 nomzod a'zolari orqali boshqaradi. Yillik byudjetni ko'rib chiqish, qayta ishlash va tasdiqlash hamda yirik siyosiy qarorlarni qabul qilish uchun har yili ikki marotaba yig'ilishlar o'tkazadi.^[24][44] Katmandu Metropolitan Kengashi tomonidan tayyorlangan 35 ta bo'lim uchun bo'limning profil hujjatlari batafsil bayon etilgan va har bir bo'lim uchun aholi, uylarning tuzilishi va holati, yo'llarning turi, ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash va moliya muassasalari, ko'ngilochar muassasalar, to'xtash joyi, xavfsizlik qoidalari va boshqalar. Shuningdek, madaniy meros, festivallar, tarixiy joylar va mahalliy aholi haqida ma'lumot beruvchi ma'lumotlar bilan bir qatorda yakunlangan, davom etayotgan va rejalashtirilgan rivojlanish loyihalarining ro'yxatlari ham mavjud. 16-bo'lim eng kattasi, maydoni 437,4 ga; 26-palata eng kichigi, maydoni 4 ga.^[45]

Katmandu atrofning bosh qarorgohi Katmandu tumani. Katmandu shahri ushbu tumanni 10 ta boshqa munitsipalitet bilan birga tashkil qiladi, ya'ni Budanilkantha, Chandragiri, Dakshinkali, Gokarneshvar, Kageshvari Manoxara, Kirtipur, Nagarjun, Shanxarapur, Tarakeshvar va Toxa.

Qonuniylik va tartib

Metropolitan politsiyasi shahardagi asosiy huquqni muhofaza qilish idorasi. Unga a politsiya komissari. Metropolitan Politsiya - bu bo'linma Nepal politsiyasi va ma'muriy nazorat Ichki ishlar vazirligi.

Konsulligi Nederlandiya. Katmandu mezbonlari 28 diplomatik vakolatxona

Yong'in xizmati

Deb nomlanuvchi o't o'chirish xizmati Barun Yantra Karyalaya (Nepal: Mening to‘plamlarim) Katmanduda birinchi stantsiyani 1937 yilda bitta transport vositasi bilan ochgan.^[46] Shaharni kuzatib borish va olovni kuzatish uchun temir minora barpo etildi. Ehtiyot chorasi sifatida avtohalokat xavfi bo'lgan joylar deb belgilangan joylarga o't o'chiruvchilar yuborildi.^[46] 1944 yilda o't o'chirish xizmati qo'shni Lalitpur va Baxtapur shaharlarigacha kengaytirildi. 1966 yilda yong'in xizmati tashkil etildi Katmandu aeroporti.^[46] 1975 yilda G'arbiy Germaniya hukumatining xayriya yordami bilan Katmanduning yong'in xizmati tarkibiga ettita o't o'chirish mashinasi qo'shildi.^[46] Shaharda o't o'chirish xizmati 2000 yilda jamoatchilikning yong'in to'g'risida xabardorligini oshirish va xavfsizlikni yaxshilash maqsadida tashkil etilgan "Nepalning o't o'chiruvchilarning ko'ngillilar uyushmasi" (FAN) xalqaro nodavlat tashkiloti tomonidan ham e'tibordan chetda qolmoqda.^[46]

Elektr va suv ta'minoti

Katmandudagi elektr energiyasi tomonidan tartibga solinadi va tarqatiladi Nepal elektr energiyasi idorasi (NEA). Suv ta'minoti va kanalizatsiya inshootlari Katmandu Upatyaka Xanepani Limited (KUKL) tomonidan ta'minlanadi. Ichish, cho'milish, ovqat pishirish va yuvish va sug'orish kabi uy-ro'zg'or maqsadlari uchun suvning etishmasligi keskin. Odamlar qadoqlangan mineral suvdan, tankerlardan va qadimgi suvlardan foydalanganlar dhunge dharalar (Nepal: ्गे धारा) suv bilan bog'liq barcha maqsadlar uchun. Shahar suvi tanqisligi ko'p qiynalganlarni tugatish bilan hal qilinishi kerak Melamchi suv ta'minoti loyihasi 2019 yil oxiriga qadar.^[47][48]

Chiqindilarni boshqarish

Chiqindilarni boshqarish shahar chiqindilarini boshqarish bo'limlarida va uy sharoitida kompostlash bo'linmalari bo'lgan uylarda kompostlash yo'li bilan bo'lishi mumkin. Ikkala tizim ham Hindistonda va qo'shni mamlakatlarda keng tarqalgan.^[49]

Demografiya

Katmandu shahar kosmopolit xarakteriga ega bo'lib, 2001 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, metropolitendagi 235,387 ta xonadonda yashovchi 671,846 nafar aholini ro'yxatga olib, uni Nepalning eng aholi shahariga aylantirdi.^[50] 2011 yilgi Milliy Aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Katmandu shahrining umumiy aholisi 975,543 kishini tashkil etdi va 2001 yildagi aholi soniga nisbatan yillik o'sish sur'ati 6,12% ni tashkil etdi. Katmanduda yashovchi umumiy aholining 70% 15 yoshdan 59 yoshgacha.

O'tgan yillar davomida shaharda turli millat vakillari istiqomat qilishdi, natijada turli urf-odatlar va madaniy amaliyotlar vujudga keldi. Bir o'n yil ichida aholi 1991 yilda 427.045 kishidan 2001 yilda 671.805 kishiga o'sdi. Aholining soni 2011 yilda 915.071 ga, 2021 yilda 1.319.597 kishiga yetishi kutilmoqda. Ushbu o'sishni davom ettirish uchun KMC nazorati ostidagi 5076,6 gektar maydon (12545 gektar) 2001 yilda 8,214 gektargacha (20,300 gektar) kengaytirildi. Ushbu yangi maydon bilan 1991 yilda 85 bo'lgan aholi zichligi 2001 yilda 85 bo'lib qoldi; ehtimol 2011 yilda 111 ga, 2021 yilda 161 ga sakrashi mumkin.^[51]

Etnik guruhlar

Katmandu Metropolitan shahrida yashovchi eng yirik etnik guruhlar asosan turli xil kast guruhlaridan iborat Newar Jamiyat 30%, Hill Janajati / Adivisis kabi Tamang, Kirat, Gurung, Magar, Sherpa va boshqalar 25% tashkil etadi, Xas Braxmin 20% da, Xas Chhetri 18,5% da, qolgan 8% ni Xas kasb-hunar kastalari egallaydi Kami, Damai va boshqalar, shuningdek Teray guruhlari Madhesi kastlar va Terai Janajatis / Adivasis kabi Tarus.^[52] Yaqinda boshqa tog'li etnik guruhlar va kast guruhlari Teray shahar aholisining katta qismini tashkil etish uchun kelgan. Asosiy tillar Nepal va Nepal Bhasa, ingliz tilini ko'pchilik tushunadi, ayniqsa xizmat ko'rsatish sohasida. 2011 yildagi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra Katmandu shahridagi asosiy dinlar Hinduizm 81.3%, Buddizm 9%, Islom 4,4% va boshqa 5,2%.^[53]

Katmanduning lingvistik profili hind madaniyatiga qarshi kuchli tarafkashligi tufayli Shoh sulolasi hukmronligi davrida keskin o'zgarishlarga duch keldi. Sanskrit tili shuning uchun afzal ko'rilgan va odamlarni hatto Teraydagi sanskrit tilidagi o'quv markazlariga tashrif buyurib, uni o'rganishga da'vat etilgan. Sanskritcha maktablar Katmanduda va Teray mintaqasida Nepaldan kelib chiqqan an'anaviy hind madaniyati va urf-odatlarini singdirish uchun maxsus tashkil etilgan.^[54]

Arxitektura va shahar peyzaji

O'rtasida qadimiy savdo yo'li Hindiston va Tibet Katmandu orqali o'tgan boshqa madaniyatlarning badiiy va me'morchilik an'analarining birlashishi mahalliy san'at va me'morchilik bilan birlashishiga imkon berdi.^[55] Katmandu shahridagi yodgorliklar asrlar davomida hindu va buddistlarning diniy amaliyotlari ta'sirida bo'lgan. Katmandu vodiysining me'moriy xazinasi taniqli etti meros yodgorliklari va binolari guruhlari qatoriga kirdi. 2006 yilda YuNESKO ushbu etti yodgorlik guruhini a deb e'lon qildi Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati (WHS). Etti yodgorlik zonasi 189 gektar maydonni (470 akr) egallaydi, bufer zonasi esa 2394 gektargacha (5920 akr) cho'zilgan. Dastlab 1979 yilda yozilgan va 2006 yilda kichik o'zgartirishlar kiritilgan etti yodgorlik zonalari Durbar kvadratlari ning Xanuman Dhoka, Patan va Bhaktapur, hind ibodatxonalari Pashupatinat va Changunarayan, ning buddaviy stupalari Svayambxunat va Boudhanat.^[56][57]

Durbar kvadratlari

Ning tom ma'noda ma'nosi Durbar maydoni bu "saroylar makoni" dir. Katmandu vodiysida uchta saqlanib qolgan Durbar maydonlari va bittasi saqlanmagan Kirtipur. Katmanduning Durbar maydoni eski shaharda joylashgan bo'lib, to'rtta shohlikni (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur) ifodalaydigan meros binolariga ega; eng qadimgi Licchavi sulolasi bo'lgan. Majmua 50 ta ibodatxonaga ega va Durbar maydonining ikkita to'rtburchagida taqsimlangan. Tashqi to'rtburchakda Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar va Shiva-Parvati ibodatxonasi; ichki to'rtburchakda Xanuman Dhoka saroy. Kvadratchalar ichida jiddiy zarar ko'rgan 2015 yil aprel zilzilasi.

Xanuman Dhoka - Malla podshohlari va Shoh sulolasining shoh saroyiga ega bo'lgan inshootlar majmuasi. U besh gektarga tarqaldi. O'nta hovli bo'lgan sharqiy qanot eng qadimgi qism bo'lib, XVI asr o'rtalariga to'g'ri keladi. XVII asrda ko'plab ibodatxonalar bilan qirol Pratap Malla tomonidan kengaytirildi. Qirol oilasi bu saroyda 1886 yilgacha Narayanhiti saroyiga ko'chib o'tguncha yashagan. Tashqaridagi tosh yozuv o'n besh tilda.

Kumari Ghar - Katmandu shahrining markazida, shoh bo'lgan Durbar maydonining yonida joylashgan saroy Kumari bir nechta Kumarisdan tanlangan. Kumari, yoki Kumari Devi, ilohiy ayol energiyasining namoyon bo'lishi sifatida yoshgacha bo'lgan yosh qizlarga sig'inish an'anasi yoki devi Janubiy Osiyo mamlakatlarida. Nepalda tanlov jarayoni juda qat'iy. Ilgari, monarxiya davrida malika va ruhoniylar taklif qilingan Kumarini astrolojik tekshiruv va 32 'guna' ni fizik tekshiruvdan o'tkazish bilan tayinlashardi. The chin (Nepal: .िना) Kumari va hukmronlik qilayotgan podshoh haqida qadimgi hind astrolojik hisoboti shunga o'xshash bo'lishi kerak edi. Kumari hayz ko'rguncha xudo Talejuning (nepalcha Durga nomi) hayajonlangunga qadar tanada mujassamlangan deb hisoblanadi, shundan keyin ma'buda uning tanasini bo'shatadi deb ishoniladi. Jiddiy kasallik yoki shikastlanish natijasida qonning katta yo'qotilishi ham uning umumiy holatiga qaytishiga sabab bo'ladi. Uchrashuvda uch yoshga to'lgan hozirgi Kumari, Trishna Shakya, 2017 yil sentyabr oyida monarxiya tugaganidan keyin Katmanduning birinchi Kumari bo'lgan Matina Shakyadan keyin o'rnatildi.^[58]

Kasthamandap tasvirini o'z ichiga olgan uch qavatli ma'bad Goraxnat. XVI asrda qurilgan pagoda uslubi. Katmandu nomi bu so'zning hosilasi Kasthamandap. U qirol Laxmi Narsingha Malla davrida qurilgan. Kasthamandap Hindiston va Tibetni bog'laydigan ikkita qadimiy savdo yo'llari chorrahasida turibdi Maru kvadrat. Dastlab u sayohatchilar uchun dam olish uyi sifatida qurilgan.

Pashupatinat ibodatxonasi

Bagmati daryosining narigi sohilidan Pashupatinat ibodatxonasining panoramasi

Bagmati daryosi bo'yidan ko'rinib turibdiki, pashupatinat

Pashupatinat ibodatxonasi (Nepal: िनाथ मन्दिर) mashhur 5-asrdir Hind ibodatxonasi bag'ishlangan Lord Shiva. Qirg'og'ida joylashgan Bagmati daryosi, Pashupatinath ibodatxonasi Katmandudagi eng qadimgi hind ibodatxonasidir.^[59] Bu milliy xudoning o'rni bo'lib xizmat qildi, Lord Pashupatinat, Nepal dunyoviylashtirilgunga qadar. Biroq, ma'badning muhim qismi tomonidan vayron qilingan Mughal 14-asrdagi bosqinchilar va 5-asrning asl ibodatxonasi tashqi ko'rinishidan juda kam yoki hech narsa qolmagan. Bugungi ma'bad XIX asrda qurilgan, ammo buqaning tasviri va Pashupatining to'rt boshli qora tasviri kamida 300 yoshda.^[60] Ma'bad a YuNESKOning Jahon merosi ro'yxati.^[60][61] Shivaratri, yoki Lord Shiva kechasi, bu erda bo'lib o'tadigan eng muhim festival bo'lib, minglab ixlosmandlarni jalb qiladi sadhus.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Pashupatinatga ishonuvchilar (asosan Hindular ) ma'bad binosiga kirishga ruxsat beriladi, ammo hindu bo'lmagan mehmonlarga ma'badni faqat Bagmati daryosining narigi tomonida ko'rish mumkin.^[60] Ushbu ma'badda xizmat ko'rsatadigan ruhoniylar bo'lgan Braxmanlar dan Karnataka yilda janubiy Hindiston Malla podshosi davridan beri Yaksha malla.^[62] Ushbu urf-odat iltimosiga binoan boshlangan deb ishoniladi Adi Shankaracharya shtatlarini birlashtirishga intilganlar Bxaratam, janubiy Osiyodagi madaniy almashinuvni rag'batlantirish orqali mifologik podshoh Bharat tomonidan boshqariladi, deb ishoniladi. Ushbu protsedura Hindiston atrofidagi Adi Shankaracharya tomonidan muqaddas qilingan boshqa ibodatxonalarda amalga oshiriladi.

Ma'bad qurilgan pagoda me'morchilik uslubi, kubik konstruktsiyalar va o'yilgan yog'och rafters (tundal), ular ustiga mis va oltindan yasalgan ikki darajali tomlar.

Boudhanat

Boudhanath Stupa atrofidagi binolar

Boudhanath Stupa, Nepaldagi eng kattalaridan biri, quyidagi ta'mirlash paytida namoyish etilgan 2015 yilgi zilzila.

Budhanat (Nepal: ्ध स्तुप; sifatida ham yozilgan Bouddhanat, Bodhnat, Bodhanat yoki Xasa Chaitya), Nepaldagi eng muqaddas buddistlik joylaridan biridir Svayambxunat. Bu juda mashhur sayyohlik sayti. Boudhanath Khasti tomonidan tanilgan Yangilar ma'ruzachilar tomonidan Bauddha yoki Bodhnat kabi Nepal.^[63] Katmanduning markazidan va shimoliy-sharqiy chekkasidan taxminan 11 km (7 milya), bu katta stupa. mandala uni eng katta sferiklardan biriga aylantiradi stupalar Nepalda.^[64] Budhanat YuNESKOga aylandi Butunjahon merosi ro'yxati 1979 yilda.

Stupa tagida Dhiani Buddaning 108 ta kichik tasviri bor Amitabha. Uning har biri to'rtta yoki beshtadan iborat 147 ta teshikli g'isht devor bilan o'ralgan namoz g'ildiraklari mantrani o'yib, om mani padme hum.^[65] Shimoliy kirish qismida mehmonlar o'tishlari kerak bo'lgan ma'bad mavjud Ajima, ma'buda chechak.^[65] Har yili stupa Tibetning ko'plab buddist ziyoratchilarini jalb qiladi, ular ichki pastki qavatdagi tanaga to'liq sajda qiladilar, stupa atrofida namoz g'ildiraklari bilan yuradilar, marhamat qiladilar va ibodat qiladilar.^[65] Minglab ibodat bayroqlari stupaning tepasidan pastga qarab ko'tarilib, majmuaning atrofini belgilab beradi. Tibetlik ko'plab qochqinlarning oqimi Xitoy 50 dan ortiq tibetlik qurilgan gompalar (monastirlar ) Boudhanath atrofida.

Swayambhu

Svayambxunat (Nepal: Isbotlash) shaharning shimoli-g'arbiy qismida tepalik tepasida joylashgan buddaviy stupa. Bu eng qadimiy diniy saytlardan biridir Nepal. Garchi sayt Buddist deb hisoblansa-da, uni Buddistlar ham, Hindular ham hurmat qilishadi. Stupa poydevoridagi gumbazdan iborat; gumbaz ustida, ko'zlari bilan kubik tuzilish mavjud Budda to'rt tomonga qarab.^{[tushuntirish kerak ]} Beshburchak bor toran to'rt tomonning har biridan yuqorisida, ularga haykallar o'yib yozilgan. Torananing orqasida va tepasida o'n uch qavat bor. Barcha qavatlar ustida yuqorida kichik bir bo'shliq joylashgan bo'lib, uning balandligi a gajur.

Rani Poxari

Ranipoxari (Nepal: Rीnीn, yoqilgan  'Qirolicha suv havzasi') - Katmandu qalbida joylashgan tarixiy sun'iy suv havzasi. U shoh Pratap Malla tomonidan milodiy 1670 yilda o'g'lidan judo bo'lganidan va uning yo'qotishidan qutula olmaganidan keyin sevimli malikasi uchun qurilgan.^[66] Janubdagi filning katta tosh haykali Pratap Malla va uning ikki o'g'li tasvirini anglatadi. Balgopaleshwor ibodatxonasi suv havzasi ustidagi ma'bad ichida turibdi. Rani Poxari yiliga bir marta Tixarning so'nggi kuni, ya'ni Bxay Tika va Chxat festivalida ochiladi. Dunyodagi eng katta Chxat har yili Ranipoxarida bo'lib o'tadi. Hovuz Katmanduning eng taniqli joylaridan biri bo'lib, o'zining diniy va estetik ahamiyati bilan mashhur.

Madaniyat

San'at

Tosh o'ymakorliklari Chaityas, ko'cha burchaklarida va hovlilarda ko'rilgan

Katmandu vodiysi "san'at va haykaltaroshlikning ulkan xazinasi" sifatida tasvirlangan bo'lib, u yog'och, tosh, metall va terakota Ma'badlarda, ziyoratgohlarda, stupalarda, gompalarda, xayitazlarda va saroylarda juda ko'p. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.^[54]

The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi (wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BCE, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Lichchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantrik influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonologiya.^[67]

A broad typology has been ascribed to the decorative designs and carvings created by the people of Nepal. These artists have maintained a blend of Hinduism and Buddhism. The typology, based on the type of material used are: stone art, metal art, wood art, terracotta art, and painting.^[68]

Muzeylar

Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the Nepal milliy muzeyi va Nepal tabiiy tarix muzeyi. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artefacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation.^[69]

Museums and art galleries in Kathmandu include:^[69]

• Milliy muzey
• Tabiiy tarix muzeyi
• Hanuman Dhoka Palace Complex
• The Kaiser Library
• Milliy badiiy galereya
• The NEF-ART (Nepal Fine Art) Gallery
• The Nepal Art Council Gallery
• Narayanhiti Palace Museum
• The Taragaon Museum

Nepal milliy muzeyi

The National Museum is in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in a historical building constructed in the early 19th century by General Bximsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silxana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, teri zambaraklar from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in yog'och, bronza, tosh va rasmlar.^[70]

The Natural History Museum is in the southern foothills of Swayambhunath hill and has a sizeable collection of different species of animals, kapalaklar, and plants. The museum is noted for its display of species, from prehistoric shells to stuffed animals.^[70]

The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to Qirol Tribxuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters, and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to the Qirol Mahendra (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Qirol Birendra.^[70]

The enclosed compound of the Narayanhiti Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhiti" (Nepal: नारायणहिटी) comes from Narayana (Nepal: Notariya), a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu va Xiti (Nepal: हिटी), meaning "water spout" (the temple of lord Vishnu is opposite to the palace, and the water spout is east of the main entrance to the precinct). The current palace building was built in 1970 in front of the old palace, built in 1915, in the form of a contemporary pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of the then crown prince and heir apparent to the throne, Birendra. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Durbar Marg yo'llar. The palace area covers 30 hectares (74 acres) and is fully secured with gates on all sides.^[71][72][73] This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it has been converted into a museum.

The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu valley.^[74] It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists, photographers, architects, and anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandu Valley)^[75] in 1970 and constructed in 1971.^[76] Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares.^[75] The museum is within a short walk from the Boudhanath stupa, which itself can be seen from the museum tower.

San'at galereyalari

A Buddhist statue display in Kathmandu

Kathmandu is a centre for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for.^[70] Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.^[77]

Kathmandu houses many notable art galleries. The NAFA Gallery, operated by the Arts and crafts Department of the Nepal akademiyasi is housed in Sita Bhavan, a neo-classical old Rana palace.^[70]

The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, in a three-storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery near the former royal palace in Durbarmarg displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, in the Babar Mahal, yo'lda Tribhuvan xalqaro aeroporti contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.^[70]

Adabiyot

The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books in Ingliz tili, Nepal, Sanskritcha, Hind va Nepal Bhasa. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, in the Kayzer Mahal on the ground floor of the Ta'lim vazirligi bino. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahodir Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old.^[70] The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.

Asa Archives

The Asa Archives are also noteworthy. They specialize in medieval history and religious traditions of the Kathmandu valley. The archives, in Kulambhulu, have a collection of some 6,000 loose-leaf handwritten books and 1,000 palm-leaf manuscripts (mostly in Sanskrit or Nepal Bhasa) and a manuscript dated to 1464.^[70]

Kino va teatr

Kathmandu is home to Nepal kinosi va teatrlar. The city contains several theatres, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world.^[78] A mini theatre has been opened at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.

Kathmandu has a number of cinemas (old single screen establishments and some new multiplexes) showing Nepali, Bollivud va Gollivud filmlar. Some old establishments include Vishwajyoti Cinema Hall, Jai Nepal Hall, Kumari Cinema Hall, Gopi Krishna Cinema Hall and Guna Cinema Hall. Kathmandu also houses some international standard cinema theatres and multiplexes, such as QFX kinoteatrlar, Cine De Chef, Fcube Cinemas, Q's Cinemas, Big Movies, BSR Movies and many more.

Musiqa

Traditional Buddhist musical performance during Gunla

Kathmandu is the center of music and dance in Nepal, and these art forms are integral to understanding the city. Musical performances are organized in cultural venues. Music is a part of the traditional aspect of Kathmandu. Gunla is the traditional music festival according to Nepal Sambat. Newar music originated in Kathmandu. Furthermore, music from all over Nepal can be found in Kathmandu.

Bir qator hippilar visited Kathmandu during the 1970s and introduced rok-roll, tosh va jazz shaharga. Kathmandu is noted internationally for its jazz festival, popularly known as Jazzmandu. It is the only jazz festival in the Himalayan region and was established in March 2002. The festival attracts musicians from countries worldwide, such as Avstraliya, Daniya, Qo'shma Shtatlar, Benin va Hindiston.^[79]

The city has been referenced in numerous songs, including works by Mushuk Stivens ('Katmandu', Mona Bone Jakon (1970)), Bob Seger ('Katmandu', Chiroyli yutqazuvchi (1975)), Shoshiling ('Bangkokga o'tish ', Pulling into Kathmandu; 2112, 1976), Krematorij ('Kathmandu', Uch buloq (2000)), Fito Paes (Tráfico por Katmandú – "Traffic through Kathmandu") and Cavalcade ('Kathmandu Kid') 2019.

Oshxona

One of the typical Nepali meals Dal bhat in Kathmandu

The staple food of most people in Kathmandu is dal bhat. This consists of rice and lentil soup, generally served with vegetable curries, achar and sometimes Chutney. Momo, a type of Nepali version of Tibetan dumpling, has become prominent in Nepal with many street vendors and restaurants selling it. It is one of the most popular fast foods in Kathmandu. Various Nepali variants of momo including buff (i.e. buffalo) momo, chicken momo, and vegetarian momo are famous in Kathmandu.

Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Yangilar, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Qur'on while Hindus eat all varieties except beef as they consider sigir to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief lunch/snack for locals and visitors is mostly Momo yoki Chowmein.

Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955.^[80] A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibet oshxonasi, Xitoy oshxonasi va Hind oshxonasi jumladan. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American sueyni maydalash, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a qovurilgan tuxum commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine.^[80] Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza kulbasi va KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins.^[81]

Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar, and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero-tolerance policy.^[82] Ailaa va thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermentlangan tariq yoki arpa ) va raksi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.

President of Nepal Dr. Ram Baran Yadav observing the street festival of Yenya, which literally means "festival of Kathmandu"

Bayramlar

Samyak, a Buddhist festival during which statues of Buddhas from the ancient monasteries are displayed together. Note the statue of Xanuman next to the Buddhas in the picture, a common example of religious harmony in Kathmandu.

Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivallar, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporates Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of the Buddhist religion.

Nepali Lakhe dancer

Cultural continuity has been maintained for centuries in the exclusive worship of goddesses and deities in Kathmandu and the rest of the country. These deities include the Ajima,^[83] Taleju (or Tulja Bhavani or Taleju Bhawani)^[84][85] and her other forms : Digu Taleju (or Degu Taleju)^[86] va Kumari (the living goddess).^[87] The artistic edifices have now become places of worship in the everyday life of the people, therefore a roster is maintained to observe annual festivals. There are 133 festivals held in the year.^[88]

Some of the traditional festivals observed in Kathmandu, apart from those previously mentioned, are Bada Dashain, Tixar, Chxat, Maghe Sankranti, Nag Panchami, Janai Purnima, Pancha Dan, Teej /Rishi Panchami, Pahan Charxe, Jana Baha Dyax Jatra (White Machchhendranath Jatra), and Matatirta Aunsi.^[55]

Dinlar

Hinduizm

Kathmandu valley as seen from Halchowk during Deepavali, 2013

Assumedly, together with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the endogam ijtimoiy tabaqalanish ning kast was established in Kathmandu Valley. The Pashupatinat ibodatxonasi, Changu Narayan ibodatxonasi, va Kasthamandap are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include Bajrayogini ibodatxonasi, Dakshinkali ibodatxonasi, Ghyeshvari ibodatxonasi, va Shobha Bhagawati shrine.

The Bagmati daryosi which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.

Buddizm

Buddhism was brought into Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 – 483 BCE^[89]). They established a forest monastery in Sanxu. This monastery was renovated by Shakyas after they fled genocide from Virudhaka (r. 491–461 BCE).

During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively led to the formation of Newar buddizm, which is still practiced in the primary liturgik til of Hinduism, Sanskritcha.

Legendary Princess Bxrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245–1306 CE) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Baháʼís) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.

Islom

Jama Masjid, Ghantaghar

Muslims in Kathmandu pray to Alloh on Friday (the day of Namaj) often going to the Jame Masjid in Ghantaghar, near Ratnapark.

Kirat Mundxum

Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistik practices of Nepal. It is practiced by the Kirat xalqi. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundxum shaharda.^[90]

Boshqa dinlar

Sihizm is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct.

Jaynizm is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith.

Yozuvlariga ko'ra Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Nepal, there are approximately 300 followers of the Bahosi Iymon in Kathmandu valley. They have a national office in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baháʼís also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu.

Islam is practiced in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.^[91][92]

Ta'lim

The oldest modern school in Nepal, the Durbar o'rta maktabi, and the oldest college, the Tri-Chandra kolleji, are both in Kathmandu. The largest (according to number of students and colleges), the oldest and most distinguished university in Nepal the Tribhuvan universiteti, joylashgan Kirtipur. The second largest university, Katmandu universiteti (KU), is in Dulixel, Kavre on the outskirts of Kathmandu. It is the second oldest university in Nepal, established in November 1991.^[93] Not surprisingly the best schools and colleges of Nepal are located in Kathmandu and its adjoining cities. Every year thousands of students from all over Nepal arrive at Kathmandu to get admission in the various schools and colleges. One of the key concerns of educationists and concerned citizens is the massive outflux of students from Nepal to outside Nepal for studies. Every year thousands of students apply for No Objection Certificates for studying abroad. Consultancy firms specializing in preparing students to go abroad can be found in all prominent locations. The reason for such an outflux range from perceived low quality of education, political instability, fewer opportunities in the job market, opportunities for earning while learning abroad and better job prospects with an international degree.

Sog'liqni saqlash

Healthcare in Kathmandu is the most developed in Nepal, and the city and surrounding valley is home to some of the best hospitals and clinics in the country. Bir kasalxonasi is the oldest, established in July 1889 by Bir Shamsher Jang Bahodir Rana. Notable hospitals include Bir Hospital, Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital (Jorpati), Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine (Teaching Hospital), Patan Hospital, Kathmandu Model Hospital, Scheer Memorial Hospital, Om Hospital, Norvic Hospital, Grande International Hospital, Nobel Hospital and many more.

The city is supported by specialist hospitals/clinics such as Shahid Shukraraj Tropical Hospital, Shahid Gangalal Foundation, Kathmandu Veterinary Hospital, Nepal Eye Hospital, Kanti Children's Hospital, Nepal International Clinic (Travel and Mountain Medicine Center), Neuro Center, Spinal Rehabilitation center and Bhaktapur saraton kasalxonasi. Most of the general hospitals are in the city center, although several clinics are elsewhere in Kathmandu district.

Tilganga oftalmologiya instituti is an Ophthalmological hospital in Kathmandu. It pioneered the production of low cost intraocular lenses (IOLs), which are used in cataract surgery.^[94] The team of Dr. Sanduk Ruit in Tilganga pioneered sutureless small-incision cataract surgery (SICS),^[95][96] a technique which has been used to treat 4 million of the world's 20 million people with cataract blindness.

Tibbiyot kollejlari

Tibbiyot instituti, the central college of Tribhuvan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. Other major institutions include Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Katmandu tibbiyot kolleji, Nepal tibbiyot kolleji, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also in or around Kathmandu.^[97]

Iqtisodiyot

Central Bank of Nepal

The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading centre over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Ipak yo'li which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lxasa nevar savdogarlari of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia.^[98] Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.^[99]

Kathmandu is the most important industrial and commercial centre in Nepal. The Nepal fond birjasi, the head office of the milliy bank, Tijorat Palatasi, as well as head offices of national and international banks, telecommunication companies, the electricity authority, and various other national and international organizations are in Kathmandu. The major economic hubs are the Yangi yo'l, Durbar Marg, Ason and Putalisadak.^[99]

The economic output of the metropolitan area of around Rs. 550 billion approximately per year alone is worth more than one third of national GDP (nominal), while the per capita income of $2200 is approximately three times the national average.^[100] Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its revenues.^[99][100] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products.^[100] Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%).^[100] Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper va pashmina shawls.

Turizm

Hotel Shanker is one of the city's popular heritage hotels

Turizm is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan avtomagistrali, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Fuqaro aviatsiyasi boshqarmasi. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.^[101]Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived. It is the country's most important industry.^[102] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath, Changunarayan va Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number increased to 491,504 in 1999/2000. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining. Oxiridan keyin the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise in the number of tourist arrivals, with 509,956 tourists recorded in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country transitioned into a republic. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.^[101]

Hyatt Regency, Katmandu

Ning mahallasi Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel that was coined to rhyme with Thamel.^[103] Jhochhen Tol, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Freak ko'chasi, is Kathmandu's original traveller's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Ason is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved.^[104] Now Kathmandu boasts several luxuries such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, Hotel Yak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group ) va Hotel Shanker. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna, and Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels with casinos as well.^[105]

Transport

Arch bridges over the Dhobi Khola river in Baneshwor, Katmandu

Yo'l

The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be 17,182 km (10,676 mi), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism.^[106] In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan avtomagistrali to the south connecting India, Prithvi shosse g'arbda va Araniko magistrali to the north connecting China. The BP shosse connects Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal through Sinduli.^[107] The fast-track is under construction which will be the shortest route to connect Terai with the valley.^[108]

Sajha Yatayat provides regular bus services throughout Kathmandu and the surrounding valley. Other bus companies including micro-bus companies operate several unscheduled routes. Trolleybusses used to operate on the route between Tripureshwor and Suryabinayak on a 13-kilometer route.

Havo

The main international airport serving Kathmandu valley is the Tribhuvan xalqaro aeroporti, about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the city centre and is operated by the Nepal fuqarolik aviatsiyasi boshqarmasi.^[109] It has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, it connects 30 cities around the globe in Evropa, Osiyo va Yaqin Sharq kabi Istanbul, Dehli, Mumbay, Bangalor, Kolkata, Singapur, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Dakka, Paro, Lxasa, Chengdu, Guanchjou va Gonkong.^[109] 2013 yildan beri, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu.^[110] Ummon Air also connects Maskat to Kathmandu since 2010.^[111] Nepal havo yo'llari tomon ucha boshladi Tokio-Narita from March 2, 2020.^[112] Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including Buddha Air, Nepal havo yo'llari, Shree Airlines va Yeti Airlines to other major towns across Nepal.

Ropeways

Ropeways are another important transportation means in hilly terrain.^[113] A ropeway operated between Kathmandu and Xetauda over a length of 43 km (27 mi) which carried 25 tonnes of goods per hour. It has since been discontinued due to poor carrying capacity and maintenance issues. During the Rana period, a ropeway was constructed between Mathatirtha in Kathmandu to Dhorsing in Makawanpur of over 22 km (14 mi) in length, which carried a cargo of 8 tonnes per hour. At present, a cable car service is operated in Kathmandu in Chandragiri Hills.^[114]

OAV

A Nepal Bhasa magazine cover in 1951

Kathmandu is the television hub of Nepal. Nepal televideniesi, established in 1985, is the oldest and most-watched television channel in Nepal, as is government-owned NTV Plus, Kantipur televideniesi, Rasm kanali, Sagarmatha Telivision, Himoloy televizori, AP1 TV va boshqa kanallar.

The headquarters of many of the country's news outlets are also in the city including Kathmandu Tribune, the government-owned Gorxapatra (the oldest national daily newspaper in Nepal), Katmandu posti, Nepali Times, Kantipur nashrlari and its paper Kantipur, Naya Patrika, Himoloy Times, Karobar Economic Daily, Aarthik Abhiyan National Daily and Jana Aastha National Weekly.

Nepal Republic Media, the publisher of myRepublica, joined a publishing alliance with the International Herald Tribune (IHT), to publish the Asia Pacific Edition of IHT from Kathmandu from 20 July 2011. There is a state-run National News Agency (RSS).

Nepal radiosi is a state-run organization that operates national and regional radio stations. Ushbu stantsiyalar: Xitlar FM, Kantipur radiosi, HBC 94 FM, Radio Sagarmatha and Image FM. The BBC also has an FM broadcasting station in Kathmandu. Kam jamoat radiokanallari such as Radio Pratibodh – 102.4 MHz, Radio Upatyaka – 87.6 MHz etc. also broadcast within the valley.

Sport

Dasharath Rangasala

Futbol va kriket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city.^[115] Sport boshqariladi Milliy sport kengashi from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasharath Rangasala, a ko'p maqsadli stadion asosan Tripureshwor mahallasida futbol uchrashuvlari va madaniy tadbirlar uchun ishlatiladi. Bu 1956 yilda qurilgan 25000 tomoshabinga mo'ljallangan Nepaldagi eng katta stadion. Shahidlar xotirasi ligasi har yili ushbu maydonda o'tkaziladi. Stadion avval Xitoy yordami bilan ta'mirlangan 8-Janubiy Osiyo o'yinlari Katmanduda bo'lib o'tdi va yorug'lik chiroqlari o'rnatildi. Katmanduda Nepalning eng qadimgi futbol klublari joylashgan Ranipokhari burchagi jamoasi (RCT), Sankata klubi va Yangi yo'l jamoasi (NRT). Boshqa taniqli klublar qatoriga kiradi Manang Marsyangdi klubi, Machhindra FK, Tribxuvan armiyasi klubi (TAC) va Nepal politsiya klubi.

Katmandu, shuningdek, Nepalning eng qadimgi kriket klublari, masalan, Yengal sport klubi. Katmandu Kings XI ichida Katmanduni ifodalaydi Everest Premer-ligasi.^[116]

Xalqaro aloqalar va tashkilotlar

Katmandu Metropolitan Siti (KMC) xalqaro aloqalarni rivojlantirish maqsadida Xalqaro aloqalar kotibiyatini (ARM) tashkil etdi. KMCning birinchi xalqaro aloqalari 1975 yilda shahar bilan o'rnatildi Evgeniya, Oregon, Qo'shma Shtatlar. Ushbu faoliyat yana 8 ta shahar bilan rasmiy aloqalarni o'rnatish orqali yanada yaxshilandi: Matsumoto shahri (Nagano prefekturasi, Yaponiya ), Rochester (Nyu York, BIZ.), Yangon (avval Rangun, Myanma ), Sian (Shensi, Xitoy), Minsk (Belorussiya ) va Pxenyan (Shimoliy Koreya ). KMCning doimiy sa'y-harakati uning o'zaro ta'sirini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan SAARC Katmandu uchun yaxshiroq shahar boshqaruvi va rivojlanish dasturlariga erishish uchun mamlakatlar, boshqa xalqaro agentliklar va dunyoning ko'plab boshqa yirik shaharlari.^[117]

SAARC Katmandudagi kotibiyat

Katmanduda bir qancha xalqaro va mintaqaviy tashkilotlar, shu jumladan Janubiy Osiyo mintaqaviy hamkorlik assotsiatsiyasi (SAARC ).

Qarindosh shaharlar - qardosh shaharlar

Katmandu egizak bilan:^[118]

Taklif etilgan qardosh shaharlar

• Bangkok, Tailand^[118]

Taniqli odamlar

Galereya

• 

  Katmandu vodiysi Shivapuri tepaliklari

• 

  Singha Durbar

• 

  Durbar o'rta maktabi

• 

  Basantapur Durbar maydoni

• 

  Durbar maydonidagi binoga kirish

• 

  Ma'buda Kumari arava kortejida

• 

  Ganta Ghar

• 

  Ganta Ghar va uning atrofidagi hududlar

• 

  Dharaxara 2014 yilda

• 

  Tundixel fonda Dharaxara bilan

• 

  Dasharath Rangasala stadioni

• 

  Tribhuvan xalqaro aeroporti

• 

  Xiyobonga kirish Boudhanat

Shuningdek qarang

• Katmandu tumani
• Katmandu vodiysi

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

Tashqi havolalar

• Rasmiy veb-sayt
• Ga tegishli geografik ma'lumotlar Katmandu da OpenStreetMap