Liviyadagi fuqarolar urushi (2014 yildan hozirgi kungacha) - Libyan Civil War (2014–present)

Ushbu maqola sarlavhasini o'zgartirish to'g'risida iltimos muhokama ostida. Iltimos Harakatlanmang muhokama yopiq bo'lguncha ushbu maqola.

Ikkinchi Liviya fuqarolar urushi
Qismi Arab qishi va Liviya inqirozi
Liviyadagi harbiy vaziyat 2020 yil 11-iyunda   Nazorati ostida Vakillar palatasi va Liviya milliy armiyasi   Nazorati ostida Milliy kelishuv hukumati (GNA) va boshqacha militsiyalar shakllantirish Liviya qalqon kuchlari   Mahalliy kuchlar tomonidan boshqariladi (Batafsil xarita uchun qarang Liviya fuqarolar urushidagi harbiy vaziyat)
Sana 2014 yil 16 may - 2020 yil 23 oktyabr[99] Manzil Liviya Natija Otashkesim 2020 yil iyundan boshlab Milliy kelishuv hukumati ning katta qismini boshqaradi Tripolitaniya mintaqa, shu jumladan poytaxt Tripoli va qismlari Fezzan mintaqa. HoR yoki LNA barcha boshqaradi Kirenaika va qismlari Fezzan va Tripolitaniya mintaqalar. 2020 yil avgust holatiga ko'ra Liviya aholisining 60-70% GNA tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan hududlarda yashaydi. Liviya aholisining 30-40% HoR yoki LNA tomonidan boshqariladigan joylarda yashaydi.[100]
Asosiy jangchilar
Vakillar palatasi (Tobruk asoslangan)[1][2] Liviya milliy armiyasi[3][4]  Liviya havo kuchlari (LNA-tekislangan)  Liviya dengiz kuchlari (LNA-tekislangan) Boshqalar: Zintan brigadalari[5] JEM[6] (2016 yildan) SLM / A-Minnavi[7][8] Qaddafiyga sodiq odamlar[9] Liviyani ozod qilish uchun Xalq jabhasi Warshefana militsiyalari [5][10][11] Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari[12][13][14][15] Misr (IShIDga qarshi cheklangan havo hujumlari, 2014-17)[12][16][17] Vagner guruhi (2018 yildan beri) [18][19][20][21][22]  Sudan (RSF )[23] (2019 yildan beri)  Suriya (2020 yildan beri)[24][25][26] Qo'llab-quvvatlash:  Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari[27][28]  Isroil (go'yo)[29][30][31][32]  Rossiya [33][34]  Frantsiya[35][36][37][38]  Saudiya Arabistoni[39]  Chad[40]  Iordaniya (2014–16, 2019 - hozirgacha) [41][42][11]  Belorussiya[43][44]  Eron (go'yo 2019 yildan beri)[45] Diplomatik yordam:  Gretsiya[46]  Kipr	Milliy kelishuv hukumati (Tripoli asoslangan) (2016 yildan beri)  Liviya Quruqlik kuchlari  Liviya havo kuchlari (GNA-hizalanmış)  Liviya dengiz kuchlari[47] (GNA-hizalanmış) Boshqalar: Prezident gvardiyasi[48] Misrata brigadalari[49] Sabrata inqilobiy brigadalari[50] Neft inshootlari qo'riqchisi[51] Tripoli brigadasi (2018 yilgacha) Tripolini himoya qilish kuchlari (2018 yildan beri) Misratan uchinchi kuch[52] Ghatning Tuareg militsiyalari[53] Liviyani qutqarish uchun Tubu fronti[53] Chad isyonchilari (FAKT,[54] CCMSR,[54] URF[55] va UFDD[55]) Suriya milliy armiyasi (2019 yildan beri)[56]  kurka (2020 yildan beri)[57][58][59] Qo'llab-quvvatlash:  Italiya[60][61]  Qatar[62]  Sudan[63] (2019 yilgacha) Diplomatik yordam:  Birlashgan Millatlar  Yevropa Ittifoqi[64] (Gretsiya, Kipr va Frantsiyadan tashqari)  Jazoir[65]  Tunis[66]  Maltada[67]  Italiya[61]  Eron[68]  Birlashgan Qirollik[69]  Qo'shma Shtatlar[70][71] IShIDga qarshi koalitsiya:  Italiya[72]  Frantsiya[73]  Birlashgan Qirollik[74]  Qo'shma Shtatlar[75]	Milliy najot hukumati (2014–17)[76][77] Liviya qalqon kuchlari[78] LROR[78] Liviya milliy gvardiyasi[79][80][81] Qo'llab-quvvatlash:  Sudan (2014–16)[82][63]  kurka (2014–16)[27][83]  Qatar (2014–16)[27][62]  Eron[84] (go'yo) Shura Kengashi Bingazi inqilobchilari (2014–17)[85][86] Islom Mag'ribidagi al-Qoida (2014–17)[87] SCBR militsiya: Ansor ash-sharia (2014–17)[88] Liviya qalqoni 1 (2014–16) 17-fevral shahidlar brigadasi Rafallah as-Saxati brigadasi Boshqalar: Dernada mujohidlarning Shura kengashi (2014–18) Ansor ash-Sharia (Derna) (2014–18) Abu Salim shahidlari (2014–15) Bingazi mudofaa brigadalari[89][90] Ajdabiya inqilobchilari Shura kengashi (2015–16)[91] Dernani himoya qilish kuchlari	IShID (2014–16)[92] Barqa viloyati[93][94] Viloyat Tarabulus[95] Viloyat Fezzan[95] Qo'llab-quvvatlash: AQIM (2014–2015;[96][97] 2016 yilda da'vo qilingan[98])
Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar
Aguila Solih Issa (Prezident Vakillar palatasi ) Abdulloh al-Tani (Bosh Vazir )[101] FM Xalifa Xaftar (Oliy qo'mondon LNA ) General Abdulrazek al-Nadoori (Bosh shtab boshlig'i LNA ) Polkovnik Vanis Abu Xamada (Komandiri Liviya maxsus kuchlari ) Brig. General Almabrook Suhban (Shtab boshlig'i Liviya Quruqlik kuchlari ) Brig. General Saqr Geroushi (Shtab boshlig'i Liviya havo kuchlari ) (LNA bilan tekislangan) Admin. Faraj al-Mahdavi (Shtab boshlig'i Liviya dengiz kuchlari ) (LNA bilan tekislangan) Saif al-Islom Qaddafiy (Liviya Prezidentligiga nomzod)	Fayez al-Sarraj (Prezident kengashi raisi va bosh vazir) Fathi Bashagha (Ichki ishlar vaziri) Saloh Eddin al-Namrush (Mudofaa vaziri) General Muhammad Ali al-Haddad (Bosh shtab boshlig'i Liviya armiyasi ) Abdul Hakim Abu Xoliyya (Boshlig'i Liviya dengiz kuchlari ) (GNA bilan moslashtirilgan) Polkovnik Rida Issa (Liviya dengiz kuchlari qo'mondoni) (GNA bilan birlashtirilgan) General-mayor Usama Juvaili (G'arbiy harbiy zonaning qo'mondoni) General-mayor Abubaker Marvan (Tripoli harbiy zonasi qo'mondoni) General-mayor Mohamed Elhadad (Markaziy harbiy zona qo'mondoni) General Ali Kanna (Janubiy harbiy zona qo'mondoni)	Nuri Abusahmain (2014–16) (Prezident GNC ) Xalifa al-G'ovil (2015–17) (Bosh Vazir )[102] Sodiq Al-Gariani (Bosh muftiy ) Abu Xolid al-Madaniy† (Ansor ash-Sharia rahbari)[103] Moxtar Belmoxtar (Komandiri Al-Murabitun, o'lik deb ishonilgan)[104] Muso Abu Dovud† (AQIM janubiy zonasi qo'mondoni)[87] Muhammad al-Zahaviy†[105] (Sobiq Ansor ash-Sharia rahbari) Ateyah ash-Shaari DMSC / DPF rahbar Vissam Ben Hamid†[106] (Liviya qalqoni 1 qo'mondoni) Salim Derbi† (Komandiri Abu Salim shahidlari brigadasi )[107]	Abu Nabil al-Anbariy  † (IShIDning Liviyadagi eng yaxshi rahbari)[108][109] Abu Huzayfa al-Muhajir[110] (IShID Viloyat Tripolitaniyasining gubernatori)
8. 788 kishi o'ldirilgan[111][112][113][114][yangilanishga muhtoj ] 20,000 jarohat olgan (2015 yil may holatiga ko'ra)[115][yangilanishga muhtoj ]

The Ikkinchi Liviya fuqarolar urushi^[116] boshqaruvni izlayotgan raqib guruhlar o'rtasida ziddiyat edi Liviya.

The Umumiy milliy kongress, G'arbiy Liviyada joylashgan va ba'zi bir qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan turli xil qurolli guruhlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Qatar va kurka,^{[117][118][119][120]} dastlab 2014 yilgi saylov natijalarini qabul qildi, ammo Oliy Konstitutsiyaviy sud Liviyaning o'tish davri va XR saylovlari bo'yicha yo'l xaritasi to'g'risidagi tuzatishni bekor qilgandan keyin rad etdi.^[13] Vakillar Palatasi (yoki Deputatlar Kengashi) Liviyaning sharqiy va markaziy qismlarini nazorat qiladi va Liviya Milliy armiyasining sadoqatiga ega va uni havo hujumlari qo'llab-quvvatlagan. Misr va BAA.^[117] Konstitutsiya tuzatishlaridagi ziddiyatlar tufayli HoR Tripolidagi GNC-dan o'z lavozimini egallashdan bosh tortdi,^[121] qurolli islomiy guruhlar tomonidan nazorat qilingan Misrata. Buning o'rniga HoR General Xaftar kuchlari tomonidan boshqariladigan Tobrukda o'z parlamentini tashkil etdi. 2015 yil dekabr oyida Liviya siyosiy shartnomasi^[122] muzokaralardan so'ng imzolandi Sxirat, Tripoli, Tobruk va boshqa joylarda joylashgan raqib siyosiy lagerlar o'rtasidagi uzoq muddatli muzokaralar natijasida Milliy kelishuv hukumati sifatida birlashishga kelishib oldilar. 2016 yil 30 martda GNA rahbari Fayez Sarraj Tripoliga etib keldi va GNCning qarshiliklariga qaramay u erdan ish boshladi.^[123]

Ushbu uchta guruhdan tashqari yana quyidagilar mavjud: islomchi Beng'azi inqilobchilarining Sho'ro kengashi, boshchiligida Ansor ash-sharia, GNC tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan va edi mag'lub yilda Bengazi 2017 yilda;^{[124][125][126]} The Iroq va Shom Islom Davlati (IShID) ning Liviya viloyatlari;^[127] The Dernada mujohidlarning Shura kengashi IShIDni chiqarib yuborgan Derna 2015 yil iyulda va keyinchalik Dernada Tobruk hukumati tomonidan 2018 yilda mag'lubiyatga uchragan;^[128] shuningdek, sadoqati tez-tez o'zgarib turadigan boshqa qurolli guruhlar va militsiyalar.^[117]

2016 yil may oyida GNA va GNC a qo'shma hujum va uning atrofidagi hududlarni egallash uchun Sirt IShIDdan. Ushbu hujum natijasida IShID ilgari Liviyada saqlanib qolgan barcha muhim hududlar ustidan nazoratni yo'qotdi.^[129][130] Keyinchalik 2016 yilda sodiq kuchlar Xalifa al-G'ovil a harakat qildi Davlat to'ntarishi Fayez al-Sarraj va Prezident kengashi GNA.^[131]

Umumiy milliy kongressdan norozilik fon

2014 yil boshida Liviya Umumiy milliy kongress (GNC), mashhur ovoz berishni qo'lga kiritdi 2012 yilgi saylovlar. GNC ikki yirik siyosiy guruhdan tashkil topgan, Milliy kuchlar alyansi (NFC) va Adolat va qurilish partiyasi (JCP). Parlamentdagi ikki yirik guruh GNC oldida turgan muhimroq muhim masalalarda siyosiy murosaga kela olmadi.

Ushbu partiyalar o'rtasida bo'linish, siyosiy izolyatsiya to'g'risidagi nizo va xavfsizlikning doimiy beqarorligi GNCning ushbu boshqaruv organining asosiy vazifasi bo'lgan Liviya uchun yangi konstitutsiya yo'lida real yutuqlarni amalga oshirishga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi.^[132]

GNC tarkibiga shuningdek, konservativ islomiy guruhlar bilan bir qatorda inqilobiy guruhlar (tuvarlar) bilan bog'liq bo'lgan a'zolar ham kiritilgan. GNCning ayrim a'zolari militsiya bilan birlashmalar tufayli manfaatlar to'qnashuviga duch kelishgan va hukumat mablag'larini qurolli guruhlarga yo'naltirishda va boshqalarga suiqasd va o'g'irlash huquqini berishda ayblanganlar. Ko'pchilik o'rinlarni egallagan partiyalar va ozchilik o'rinlarni egallagan partiyalar boykotlardan yoki boykot tahdidlaridan foydalanishni boshladilar, bu esa bo'linishni kuchaytirdi va Kongress kun tartibidan olib chiqib, tegishli bahslarni to'xtatdi;^[133] e'lon qilish uchun ovoz berish shariat qonunlari va "barcha qonunlarni Islom qonunlariga muvofiqligini kafolatlash uchun qayta ko'rib chiqish" uchun maxsus qo'mita tashkil etish;^[134] ta'sirchan jinsni ajratish va majburiy hijob Liviya universitetlarida; va 2014 yil yanvar oyida saylov vakolati tugaganidan keyin yangi saylovlarni o'tkazishni rad etish^[135] general Xalifa Xaftar 2014 yil may oyida islomchilarga qarshi keng ko'lamli harbiy hujumni boshlaganiga qadar, kod nomi bilan atalgan Qadr-qimmat operatsiyasi (Arabcha: عmlyة الlkrاmة; 'Amaliyat al-Karamah).^[136][137]

GNCning siyosiy parchalanishi

Liviyadagi saylov komissiyasi tomonidan BMTning Liviyadagi maxsus vakolatxonasi (UNSMIL) va Xalqaro saylov tizimlari fondi (IFES) kabi nodavlat tashkilotlar ko'magida 2012 yilgi saylovlar aksariyat liviyaliklar tomonidan "adolatli va erkin" deb topilgan. Biroq, saylovlar kuchli hukumatni yaratishi shart emas edi, chunki inqilobdan keyin Liviyada uyushgan siyosiy partiyalar yo'qligi sababli parlament tarqoq edi. GNC ikkita yirik partiyadan iborat edi Milliy kuchlar ittifoqi va Adolat va Qurilish partiyasi, shuningdek, ayrimlari mo''tadil, boshqalari esa konservativ islomchilar bo'lgan mustaqillar. GNC keng miqyosli kongressga aylandi.^[132]

GNA saylandi Nuri Abusahmain 2013 yil iyun oyida GNC prezidenti sifatida.^[138][139] U mustaqil islomchi va Kongressning liberal a'zolari uchun ma'qul bo'lgan murosaga keluvchi nomzod sifatida qaraldi, chunki u GNC tomonidan jami 184 ovozdan 96tasini olgan.^[140]

GNC Liviya inqilobchilarining operatsiyalar xonasini (LROR) tashkil etdi

Tripolida xavfsizlik muammolari kuchaygani sababli GNCga qarshi kurash olib borildi. GNCning o'ziga GNC majlislar zaliga bostirib kirgan qurolli namoyishchilar va qurolli namoyishchilar tomonidan ko'p marta hujum qilingan.^[141] Ushbu lavozimga tayinlanganidan so'ng, Abusahmainga xavfsizlikni ta'minlash vazifasi yuklandi. U o'rnatdi Liviya inqilobchilarining operatsiya xonasi Dastlab Tripolini 2013 yil avgustida himoya qilish va xavfsizligini ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan (LROR). Ammo ushbu qurolli guruh o'sha yilning oktabrida Bosh vazir Zeydandan o'g'irlash uchun javobgar edi, natijada GNC uni xavfsizlik funktsiyasidan ozod qildi va Abusahmain o'zi prezident sifatida.^[142] O'z davrida Abusahmain davlat mablag'larini taqsimlash bo'yicha surishtiruvlarni to'sib qo'ydi va Abusahmain hukumat mablag'larini LRORga yo'naltirgan deb taxmin qilindi.^[140] LROR islomiy qurolli guruh emas, aksincha Garyan shahridan bo'lgan isyonchilardan iborat edi. Uning qo'mondoni Adel Garyani edi.

2013 yil oktyabr oyida, Bosh vazir o'g'irlanganidan so'ng, Abusahmain o'z prezidentligidan foydalanib, LRORni tarqatib yuborish to'g'risidagi munozaralarni oldini olish uchun GNC kun tartibini o'zgartirdi. Shu bilan birga, u Abusahmainning o'zi tomonidan LROR va boshqa turli qurolli guruhlarga 900 million Liviya dinori (720 million AQSh dollari) miqdorida mablag 'ajratilishini tekshirish uchun qo'mita tuzish to'g'risidagi talabni bekor qildi.^[133] Buning o'rniga, LROR GNC tomonidan o'z majburiyatlarini kamaytirdi, ammo ishlashni davom ettirishga ruxsat berildi va bu hodisa uchun hech kim javobgarlikka tortilmadi.

Bosh vazir Zeydanni o'g'irlash

Aksariyat jurnalistlar Zaydanni o'g'irlash tomonidan sodir etilganligini xabar qilishdi Liviya inqilobchilarining operatsiya xonasi (LROR) (G'urfat Amaliyat al-Tuvar) 7-iyuldagi 143-sonli farmon bilan Abusahmayn tomonidan yaratilgan.^[143] Shunga qaramay, bunday emasligini va Duru3 kabi qurolli guruhlar odam o'g'irlashni amalga oshirganligini ko'rsatadigan dalillar mavjud.^[144]

GNC davrida qurolli guruhlarning kengayishi

Ko'plab liviyaliklar GNC va muvaqqat hukumatni mamlakatda xavfsizlik ta'minlanmaganligi uchun ayblashdi. Muvaqqat hukumat inqilob paytida tashkil etilgan yaxshi qurollangan militsiya va qurolli guruhlarni boshqarish uchun kurash olib bordi. Bingazi shahridagi liviyaliklar ayniqsa guvoh bo'la boshladilar suiqasdlar va GNCni o'g'irlash va sharqda yomonlashib borayotgan xavfsizlik holatiga ko'z yumish deb bilgan.

Ammo butun mamlakat bo'ylab xavfsizlik xavotirlari kuchayib, qurolli guruhlarning Tripolida ham, sharqda ham kengayishiga imkon berdi.

• 2012 yilda AQShning Liviyadagi elchisini o'ldirish Ansor ash-sharia bo'lib o'tdi.^[145]
• 2013 yil oktyabr oyida Bosh vazirni o'g'irlash Ali Zeydan LROR tomonidan bo'lib o'tdi.
• Misrlik diplomatlarni 2014 yil yanvarida LROR tomonidan o'g'irlanishi ham sodir bo'lgan.
• 2014 yil mart oyida LRORga aloqador qurolli namoyishchilar GNC parlament binosiga bostirib kirib, ikki deputatni o'qqa tutdilar va jarohatladilar va yana bir nechtasini yaraladilar.^[141]

2014 yil aprel oyida Tripoli va shahar o'rtasida joylashgan "Kamp 27" deb nomlangan antiterror o'quv bazasi Tunis chegarasi, Abd al-Muhsin Al-Libi nazorati ostida jang qilayotgan kuchlar tomonidan egallab olindi Ibrohim Tantush,^[146] uzoq vaqt xizmat qilgan Al-Qoida tashkilotchisi va sobiq a'zosi Liviya Islomiy kurash guruhi.^[147] Keyinchalik 27-lagerdagi islomiy kuchlar uning bir qismi sifatida ta'riflandi Liviya qalqon kuchlari.^[148] Liviya qalqon kuchlari allaqachon ba'zi kuzatuvchilar tomonidan aloqador deb topilgan al-Qoida 2012 yildayoq.^[149][150]

GNCning siyosiy izolyatsiya to'g'risidagi qonuni

Garchi islomchilar sonidan ko'proq bo'lsa ham Liberallar va Markazchilar GNCda 2013 yil may oyida ular "Qaddafiy hukumatida ishtirok etgan deyarli har bir kishiga davlat lavozimlarida ishlashni taqiqlovchi" qonunni qabul qilishdi. Bir necha islomiy siyosiy partiyalar va mustaqillar qonunni qo'llab-quvvatlagan bo'lsalar-da, odatda Qaddafiy rejimiga aloqador bo'lmaganligi sababli, qonun jamoatchilik tomonidan katta qo'llab-quvvatlandi. So'rovlar shuni ko'rsatdiki, Liviya aholisining katta qismi Qaddafiy rejimining yuqori martabali amaldorlari chetlashtirilishini qo'llab-quvvatlamoqda.^[132]

Qonun, ayniqsa, elita muhojirlari va liberal partiyalar rahbarlariga ta'sir qiladi. Bunday qonun o'sha paytda Liviyada zarur bo'lgan texnokratik tajribani yo'q qiladi degan zaxira mavjud edi.

Qurollangan militsionerlar hukumat vazirliklariga bostirib kirib, GNCning o'zini yopdilar va qonun qabul qilinishini talab qildilar. Bu GNCni qonunni qabul qilishdan qo'rqitdi, unda 164 a'zosi qonun loyihasini ma'qulladi, faqat to'rttasi betaraf qoldi va biron bir a'zo qarshi chiqmadi.^[132]

Ayollar huquqlarini buzish

GNC muxoliflari bu ayollarga qarshi islomiy harakatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan deb ta'kidlaydilar. Sodiq Ghariani, Bosh muftiy Liviya, Islomiy partiyalar bilan chambarchas bog'liq deb hisoblanadi. U musulmonlarga GNCga itoat qilishni buyurgan fatvolar berdi,^[151] va musulmonlarga qarshi kurashishni buyurgan fatvolar Xaftar kuchlari^[152]

2013 yil mart oyida Sodiq Ghariani qarshi fatvo chiqardi BMTning Ayollar va qizlarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik to'g'risidagi hisoboti. U BMTning hisobotini "dinga qarshi isyon va Qur'on va Sunnatdagi qonunlarga aniq e'tirozlardan tashqari axloqsizlik va beadablikni targ'ib qilgani" uchun qoraladi.^[153][154] Bosh muftiy oydinlik kiritganidan ko'p o'tmay, erkaklar va ayollar o'rtasida kamsitish bo'lmasligi kerak, ammo oilada ayollar ko'proq rol o'ynaydi.^[155]

Keyinchalik 2013 yilda advokat Hamida Al-Hadi Al-Asfar, ayollar huquqlari himoyachisi o'g'irlab ketilgan, qiynoqqa solingan va o'ldirilgan. Aytishlaricha, u Bosh muftiyning deklaratsiyasini tanqid qilgani uchun nishonga olingan.^[156] Hibsga olinmagan.

2013 yil iyun oyida ikki siyosatchi Ali Tekbali va Fathi Sager ayollar huquqlarini targ'ib qiluvchi karikaturani nashr etgani uchun "Islomni haqorat qilgani" uchun sudga kelishdi.^[157] Shariat qonunlariga ko'ra ularga o'lim jazosi berilishi mumkin edi. Ushbu ish keng tashvishga sabab bo'ldi, ammo ular oxir-oqibat 2014 yil mart oyida oqlandi. GNC yangi saylovlarni qabul qilishga majbur bo'lgandan so'ng, Ali Tekbali yangi Vakillar Palatasiga saylandi.

Namoyishchilar Shahat shahrida GNC vakolatlarini kengaytirish rejasiga qarshi katta namoyish uyushtirmoqdalar.^[136]

Davomida Nuri Abusahmain GNC-ga raislik qilish va GNC-ning 2013 yil dekabr oyida shariat qonunlarini joriy etish to'g'risidagi qaroridan so'ng, Liviya universitetlarida 2014 yil boshidan gender segregatsiyasi va majburiy hijob joriy qilinmoqda va bu Xotin-qizlar huquqlari guruhlarining qattiq tanqidiga sabab bo'ldi.

GNC o'z vakolatlarini saylovlarsiz uzaytiradi

GNC 2014 yil yanvar oyida saylov vakolati tugaganidan keyin to'xtamadi, 2013 yil 23 dekabrda o'z vakolatlarini kamida bir yilga uzaytirish uchun bir tomonlama ovoz berdi. Bu keng tarqalgan bezovtalik va ba'zi noroziliklarni keltirib chiqardi. Sharqdagi Shahat shahri aholisi Bayda va Sousdan chiqqan namoyishchilar bilan birgalikda GNC-ning kengayish rejasini rad etib, kongressning iste'fosini talab qilib, qonuniy organga hokimiyatni tinch yo'l bilan o'tishini talab qilib, katta namoyish o'tkazdilar. Shuningdek, ular xavfsizlik yo'qligiga norozilik bildirishdi, GNCni armiya va politsiyani qurishda muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganlikda ayblashdi.^[136] Taklif etilgan mandatni rad etgan boshqa liviyaliklar Tripolining shahidlar maydoni va Bingazi shahridagi Tibesti mehmonxonasi tashqarisida miting o'tkazib, siyosiy partiyalarni muzlatib qo'yishga va mamlakat xavfsizlik tizimini qayta faollashtirishga chaqirdilar.^[158]

2014 yil 14 fevralda general Xalifa Xaftar GNCni tarqatib yuborishni buyurdi va a tashkil etishga chaqirdi muvaqqat hukumat yangi saylovlarni nazorat qilish qo'mitasi. Biroq, uning harakatlari GNCga unchalik ta'sir ko'rsatmadi, ular uning harakatlarini "to'ntarishga urinish" deb atashdi va Xaftarning o'zini "kulgili" deb atashdi va unga intilayotgan diktator deb nom berishdi. GNC avvalgidek ishlashda davom etdi. Hibsga olinmagan. Uch oy o'tgach, Xaftar 16-may kuni "Qadr" operatsiyasini boshladi.^[159]

Vakillar palatasi GNCga qarshi

2014 yil 25 mayda, Xalifa Xaftar ish boshlaganidan taxminan bir hafta o'tgach Qadr-qimmat operatsiyasi Umumiy Milliy Kongressga qarshi hujum, ushbu organ 2014 yil 25-iyunga qadar belgilangan yangi saylovlar.^[160] Islomchilar mag'lubiyatga uchradi, ammo saylovlarning 18 foizini ko'rgan saylov natijalarini rad etdi.^[161][162] Ular yangisini ayblashdi Vakillar palatasi parlament Qaddafiy tarafdorlari hukmronligi ostida bo'lib, ular 2014 yil 4 avgustda Kengash rasmiy ravishda almashtirilgandan so'ng eski GNCni qo'llab-quvvatlashni davom ettirdilar.^[117][163]

Mojaro 2014 yil 13-iyulda, Tripoli islomchilari va Misratan militsiyalar ishga tushirildi "Liviya tongi" operatsiyasi tortib olmoq Tripoli xalqaro aeroporti, uni Zintan militsiya 23 avgustda. Ko'p o'tmay, iyun saylovlarini rad etgan GNC a'zolari qayta yig'ilishdi yangi umumiy milliy kongress va o'zlarini yangi saylangan Vakillar Palatasi o'rnini egallab, Tripolini ularning siyosiy poytaxti sifatida ovoz berishdi, Nuri Abusahmain prezident sifatida va Umar al-Xasi bosh vazir sifatida. Natijada, Vakillar Palatasining aksariyati boshqa joyga ko'chishga majbur bo'ldi Tobruk, o'zlarini Xaftarning kuchlari bilan uyg'unlashtirdi va oxir-oqibat uni armiya boshlig'iga nomzod qilib ko'rsatdi.^[164] 6-noyabr kuni Tripolidagi yangi GNC hukmronlik qilayotgan oliy sud Vakillar palatasini tarqatib yubordi.^[165][166] Vakillar Palatasi ushbu qarorni "tahdid ostida" rad etdi.^[167]

2015 yil 16 yanvarda "Qadr operatsiyasi" va "Liviya tongi" operatsiyasi fraktsiyalari sulhni to'xtatish to'g'risida kelishib oldilar.^[168] Keyinchalik mamlakatni Tripoli va Misrata Liviya Dawn va Tripolidagi yangi GNCga sodiq kuchlar tomonidan nazorat qilinmoqda, xalqaro hamjamiyat buni tan oldi Abdulloh al-Tani Tobrukdagi hukumat va uning parlamenti.^[169] Bingazi Xaftar tarafdorlari va radikal islomchilar o'rtasida ziddiyatli bo'lib qoldi.^[170]

Qarama-qarshi kuchlar

Pro-GNC

GNCni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi kuchlar turli xil mafkuralarga ega bo'lgan turli xil militsiyalar koalitsiyasi edi, ammo ularning aksariyati, ayniqsa, Liviyaning sharqiy qismida islomiy ta'sirga ega. Bengazi va Derna. Sxiratda LPA muzokaralari boshlanganidan beri, militsiya tarkibida BMT homiyligida o'tkazilgan muzokaralar va raqib hukumatlarni birlashtirishga qaratilgan Milliy kelishuv hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatlash borasida kelishmovchiliklar yuzaga keldi.^[171]

GNA 2015 yil mart oyida Tripolidan ish boshlagandan beri, Liviya Dawn koalitsiyasi eng yirik Pro-GNC qurolli kuchlari tarqatib yuborildi va uning aksariyat kuchlari GNAga sodiqligini o'zgartirdi.^[172]

Liviya tongi

Islomchi "Liviya tongi "tanlangan parlament tomonidan" terrorchilar "deb topilgan" noqulay koalitsiya "deb ta'riflangan Tobruk^[173] shu jumladan "sobiq al-Qoida jihodchilar "to'qsoninchi yillarda Qaddafiyga qarshi kurashgan, Liviya bo'limi a'zolari Musulmon birodarlar, va "konservativ savdogarlar tarmog'i" dan Misrata jangchilari "Liviya Dawn kuchlarining eng katta bloki" ni tashkil qiladi.^[174] Koalitsiya 2014 yilda Generalga qarshi reaktsiya sifatida tuzilgan Xalifa Xaftar muvaffaqiyatsiz to'ntarish va nazorat qilayotgan Zintan brigadalarini mag'lub etish Tripoli xalqaro aeroporti unga mos keladigan.

The Zaviya qabilasi Liviya Dawn bilan 2014 yil avgustidan ittifoqdosh bo'lib kelgan,^[175] garchi 2014 yil iyun oyida kamida bitta Zaviya armiyasi bo'limi general Xaftar tomonida bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, dekabr oyida Zaviya kuchlari Liviya tongidan ajralib chiqishni o'ylayotgani haqida da'vo qilgan.^[176] Zaviya militsiyasi Varshefana qabilasiga qarshi qattiq kurash olib borgan. Hozirgi mojaroda Varshefana Liviya Dawn va Al-Qoida-ga qarshi kurashayotgan kuchlar bilan birlashtirilgan. Zaviya 2011 yildan beri qo'shni Varshefana qabilasi bilan uzoq vaqtdan beri davom etib kelayotgan qabilaviy mojaroda qatnashib keladi.^[177] Zaviya brigadalarining urushda qatnashish motivlari din bilan aloqasi yo'q deb ta'riflangan va buning o'rniga Warshafana bilan qabilaviy to'qnashuvdan kelib chiqqan va ikkinchidan Zintani brigadalari va general Xaftarga qarshi chiqish natijasida.^[178]

GNA boshlig'i qachon Fayez Sarraj Tripoliga etib keldi, Liviya Dawn tarqatildi, chunki ularning ba'zilari GNA-ni qo'llab-quvvatlashni tanlaganlar, boshqalari GNC-ga sodiq qolishni tanladilar.

Liviya qalqoni

The Liviya qalqon kuchlari islomchilarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi. Uning kuchlari geografik jihatdan G'arbiy qalqon, markaziy qalqon va sharqiy qalqonga bo'lingan. Liviya qalqon kuchlarining elementlari ba'zi kuzatuvchilar tomonidan aloqador deb topilgan Al-Qoida 2012 yildayoq.^[149][150] "Liviya qalqoni 1" atamasi .ning Islomiy qismini nazarda tutish uchun ishlatiladi Liviya qalqon kuchlari Liviyaning sharqida.^[179]

G'arbiy Liviyada taniqli islomiy kuchlar Markaziy Qalqondir Liviya qalqon kuchlari ), ayniqsa, iborat Misrata birliklari va Liviya inqilobchilarining operatsiya xonasi. G'arbiy Liviyada faoliyat yuritadigan ikkita kichik tashkilot Igneva Al-Kikli va "Tavhid sherlari".

Al-Qoida rahbar Abd al-Muhsin al-Libi Ibrohim Ali Abu Bakr yoki Ibrohim Tantush deb ham tanilgan^[147] Liviyaning g'arbiy qismida faol bo'lgan va 2014 yil aprel oyida "Lager 27" deb nomlangan maxsus kuchlar bazasini egallab olgan va 2014 yil avgustida uni Islomga qarshi kuchlarga yo'qotgan.^[146] 27-lager atrofidagi islomiy kuchlar ikkalasi deb ta'riflangan Al-Qoida^[146] va qismi sifatida Liviya qalqon kuchlari.^[148] O'rtasidagi munosabatlar Al-Qoida va Islomiy Mag'ribdagi Al-Qoida noaniq va ularning boshqa Liviya islomiy guruhlari bilan aloqalari aniq emas. Islomiy Mag'ribdagi Al-Qoida ham faol Fezzan, ayniqsa chegara hududlarida.

Liviyaning g'arbiy va markaziy Liviya qalqoni kuchlari Liviya tongi bilan kurash olib bordi va 2015 yilda u bilan tarqatib yuborildi. Sharqiy Liviya qalqoni kuchlari keyinchalik boshqa islomiy jangarilar bilan birlashib, Xafter LNAga qarshi kurashish uchun Inqilobiy Shura Kengashini tuzdilar.

Inqilobiy Shura kengashlari

Yilda Bengazi, Islomiy qurolli guruhlar o'zlarini uyushgan Beng'azi inqilobchilarining Sho'ro kengashi. Bular:

• Ansor ash-sharia
• Liviya qalqoni 1
• 17-fevral shahidlar brigadasi
• Rafallah al-Saxati brigadasi

Bengazi shahridagi Shura Kengashi bilan chambarchas bog'langan IShID ular birgalikda Xafterga qarshi kurashganlarida Bengazi jangi. Shura kengashi hech qachon IShIDga sodiq bo'lishga va'da bermagan.^[171]

Ayni paytda, ichida Derna asosiy islomiy koalitsiya Mujohidlarning Shura Kengashi 2014 yilda tashkil etilgan al-Qoida - biriktirilgan guruh. Koalitsiya 2015 yilda IShID bilan kurashgan va ularni shahardan haydab chiqargan.^[171]

Ajdabiya o'ziga xos edi Beng'azi inqilobchilarining Sho'ro kengashi uchta Shura kengashi orasida eng ko'p bog'langan IShID. Uning etakchisi Muhammad az-Zaviy va bir qator IShIDga sodiqlik haqida va'da bergan kengash islomiy guruhlar ta'sirini kuchaytirishda katta rol o'ynadi. Sirt.^[171]

Bingazi mudofaa brigadalari

Bingazi mudofaa brigadalari 2016 yil iyun oyida Bingazi va Shura Kengashini himoya qilish uchun tashkil etilgan Liviya milliy armiyasi, Bingazi mudofaa brigadalari (BDB) turli xillarni o'z ichiga olgan Liviya tongi militsiyalar va birinchisi bayrog'i ostida uyushtirilgan Bosh mufti Saddiq Al-Gariyani.^[180][181] Hatto GNA-ni qo'llab-quvvatlashga va'da bergan deb o'ylardi^[181] va aftidan ostida ishlaydi Mahdi Al-Bargati, GNA mudofaa vaziri.^[182] GNA hech qachon BDBni "terroristik tashkilot" deb belgilashga chaqirgan ba'zi a'zolari bilan tanimagan.^[183]

Amazigh militsiyalari

Garchi Ajoyib militsiyalar asosan joylashgan Zuvara va Nafusa tog'lari Liviya tongi bilan kurashgan, ular o'zlarini bunga intilgan deb hisoblashadi, chunki Zintan brigadalari va boshqa dushmanlari HoR tomoniga o'tdilar.^[184] Shunday bo'lsa-da, Xaftarga qarshi kurashish uchun Amazighning asosiy motivlari unga tegishli Pan-arabcha ularni tan olish talablariga zid bo'lgan g'oyalar til sifatida konstitutsiyada rasmiy til.

Xaftarga nisbatan adovatini saqlab, Amazig militsiyalari asosan urushning keyingi qismida, xususan GNA tashkil topgandan buyon betaraf bo'lishdi.

Qadr-qimmat operatsiyasi

Islomga qarshi operatsiya "Qadr-qimmat" operatsiyasi Liviya milliy armiyasining Haftar guruhi atrofida, shu jumladan mahalliy qurolli kuchlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash bilan birga quruqlik, dengiz va havo kuchlari tomonidan qurilgan.

LNA

Umumiy Xalifa Xaftar

The Liviya milliy armiyasi, rasmiy ravishda "Liviya arab qurolli kuchlari" nomi bilan tanilgan, asta-sekin general tomonidan tuzilgan Xalifa Xaftar u o'zi nomlagan narsada jang qilgani kabi Qadr-qimmat operatsiyasi. 2014 yil 19 mayda bir qator Liviya harbiy zobitlari general Xaftarni, shu jumladan havo kuchlari bazasidagi zobitlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashlarini e'lon qilishdi. Tobruk va mamlakat neft infratuzilmasining muhim qismini egallagan boshqalar, shuningdek Bingazi shahridagi muhim militsiya guruhi a'zolari. Keyin Xaftar ittifoqchilarni yig'ishga muvaffaq bo'ldi Bayda, Bingazi shahridan 125 milya sharqda joylashgan.^[185] Ning ozchilik qismi Liviya qalqon kuchlari islomiy kuchlarga qo'shilmaganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi va bu ularning LNA kuchlariga qo'shilganligini anglatadimi, aniq emas.^[186]

O'shandan beri Xaftar LNKni kuchaytirishni davom ettirdi va u erda erishgan yutuqlari bilan bir qatorda yangi askarlarni jalb qildi. 2017 yilda Xaftar uning kuchlari endi "yuz marta" kattalashganini va hozir ular 60 mingga yaqin askar ekanligini aytdi.^[187]

Salafiy militsiyalar

Salafiylar, deb nomlangan Madxaliylar dushmanlari tomonidan, boshidan beri islomiy jangarilarga qarshi, ayniqsa Haftar LNA bilan kurashgan Beng'azi inqilobchilarining Sho'ro kengashi va IShID kimni ko'rib chiqdilar Xavarij a keyin fatvo dan Saudiya Arabistoni Rabiy al-Madxali.^[188]

Zintan brigadalari

Beri Tripoli aeroportidagi jang bilan bog'liq qurolli guruhlar Zintan va atrof Nafusa mintaqa taniqli bo'ldi. Aeroportning xavfsizlik bataloni asosan jalb qilingan Zintan. "Zintan brigadalari" Zintan inqilobchilar harbiy kengashi rahbarligi ostiga kiradi.

Wershefana militsiyalari

Ushbu bo'lim balki chalkash yoki tushunarsiz o'quvchilarga. Iltimos, bizga yordam bering bo'limni aniqlang. Bu haqda munozara bo'lishi mumkin munozara sahifasi. (2018 yil sentyabr) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Wershefana qabila va asosan Qaddafiyga sodiq odamlar Tripolining janubi va g'arbiy qismidan qurolli guruhlar katta rol o'ynadi^{[tovusli atama ]} Liviyaning g'arbidagi Xaftar kuchlaridagi rol^{[tushuntirish kerak ][qo'shimcha tushuntirish kerak ]} 2014 yil 5 avgustda Warshefana kuchlari Tripolining g'arbidagi o'quv bazasi bo'lgan 27-lagerni egallab olishdi.^[148] Wershefana qurolli guruhlari ham azaldan jalb qilingan^{[tovusli atama ]} qo'shni bilan qabilaviy ziddiyat Zaviya 2011 yildan beri shahar.^[177] Zawia 2014 yil avgustidan beri Liviya Dawn bilan ittifoq qilmoqda,^[175] Xabarlarga ko'ra Liviya Dawnga bo'lgan sadoqati sust.^[176]

Ayblanganidan keyin o'g'irlash, to'lov va boshqa jinoyatlar, asosan Zintan brigadalaridan tashkil topgan GNA qo'shma kuchi ularni mag'lub etdi^{[JSSV? ]} va Vershefana tumanini egallab oldi.^[189] Zintan brigadalari Vershefananing sobiq ittifoqchilari bo'lgan.

Etnik ziddiyatlar

2014 yilda, avvalgi Qaddafiy zobit xabar bergan Nyu-York Tayms fuqarolar urushi endi arab qabilalari (zintoniyaliklar singari) qabilalariga qarshi "etnik kurash" bo'ldi Turkiy ajdodlar (shunga o'xshash Misuratis ), shuningdek qarshi Berberlar va Cherkeslar.^[190]

Effektlar

Liviya neft konlari, quvurlari, neftni qayta ishlash zavodlari va saqlash

2015 yil fevral oyidan boshlab urushdan kelib chiqadigan zarar va tartibsizlik sezilarli darajada bo'ldi.^[191] Elektrda tez-tez uzilishlar, kam ishbilarmonlik va neftdan tushadigan daromadlarning 90% ga kamayishi kuzatiladi.^[191] Jang paytida 4000 dan ortiq odam halok bo'ldi,^[111] va ba'zi manbalar mamlakat aholisining deyarli uchdan bir qismi qochib ketganini da'vo qilmoqda Tunis kabi qochqinlar.^[191]

Feldmarshal beri Xalifa Xaftar Liviyaning davlatga qarashli neft kompaniyasi portlarini qo'lga kiritgan, Milliy neft korporatsiyasi, Es Sider va Ra's Lanufda neft qazib olish kuniga 220,000 barreldan kuniga 600,000 barrelga ko'tarildi.^[192]

Urush mamlakatning katta miqdordagi chet ellik ishchi kuchini mamlakatni tark etishga undadi, chunki IShID kabi ekstremistik guruhlar ularni nishonga oldi; Misr Mehnat vazirligi 2011 yilgacha Misrda ishchilarga qarshi hujumlar kuchayganidan beri mamlakatda ikki million misrlik ishlaydi, deb taxmin qilgan edi. Misr Tashqi ishlar vazirligi hisob-kitoblariga ko'ra 800 mingdan ortiq misrliklar Misrga qaytish uchun mamlakatni tark etishgan.^[193]Minalar mamlakatda doimiy tahdid bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki ko'plab qurolli kuchlar, ayniqsa IShID, minalardan va boshqa yashirin portlovchi moddalardan juda ko'p foydalangan; shiddat bilan o'zgarib borayotgan oldingi chiziqlar ushbu qurilmalarning aksariyati faol jangovar zonalardan tashqarida qolishini anglatadi; Minglar bilan minalar tomonidan etkazilgan asosiy qurbonlar tinch aholi bo'lib qolmoqda, faqatgina 145 kishi halok bo'ldi va yana 1465 kishi jarohat oldi. Xalqaro Qizil Xoch qo'mitasi (XQXQ).^[194][195]

BMTning Qochqinlar bo'yicha Oliy Komissari (UNHCR) o'z hisobotida 2019 yil davomida Liviyada 45,600 dan ortiq qochoq va boshpana izlovchilarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazganligini ma'lum qildi.^[196] Jahon oziq-ovqat dasturining xabar berishicha, mojaro paytida 435 ming kishi majburan o'z uylaridan ko'chirilgan.^[197]

Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bolalar jamg'armasi (YuNISEF) 2019 yil 22 oktyabrda urushdan aziyat chekayotgan davlatlarda, shu jumladan Liviyada turli xil to'yib ovqatlanmaslikdan aziyat chekayotgani haqida xabar berdi.^[198]

YuNISEFning ijrochi direktori 2020 yil 18 yanvarda Liviyada davom etayotgan mojarolar tufayli minglab liviyalik bolalar o'lish xavfi borligini aytdi. Liviya hukumati va Xaftarning LNA kuchlari (BAA va Misr tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan) o'rtasida dushmanlik to'qnashuvi Tripoli va G'arbiy Liviyada boshlanganidan beri bolalar va tinch aholining ahvoli yomonlashdi.^[199]

Liviyaning Milliy neft korporatsiyasi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, Xaftar kuchlari tomonidan Liviyaning yirik neft konlari va ishlab chiqarish bloklarini blokadasi 235 yanvarda yakunlangan 255 million dollardan ziyod zararni keltirib chiqardi.^[200] Liviyadagi Mellitah Oil & Gas kompaniyasini boshqaradigan NOC va ENI, Xaftarning LNA tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan binolarni blokirovka qilish sababli kuniga 155,000 neft barrelini ishlab chiqarish yo'qotishlariga duch keldi. Korxonalar kuniga 9,4 million dollar daromad yo'qotishini da'vo qilmoqda.^[201]

Liviya mojarosi boshlanganidan beri, hibsxonalarda yashashga majbur bo'lgan minglab qochqinlar ruhiy salomatlikdan aziyat chekmoqda, ayniqsa urushda oila a'zolarining o'limiga qarshi kurashayotgan ayollar va bolalar.^[202]

2020 yil 7 fevralda BMT Qochqinlar ishlari bo'yicha komissiyasi Liviya qirg'oq qo'riqchilari tomonidan yanvar oyida ushlangan muhojirlarning umumiy soni 2019 yilning shu davriga nisbatan 121 foizga oshganligini xabar qildi. Davom etayotgan urush mamlakatni zo'ravonlik va qashshoqlikdan qochgan muhojirlar uchun katta makonga aylantirdi. Afrika va Yaqin Sharq.^[203]

6 aprel kuni qurolli guruh Shverif shahridagi nazorat stantsiyasiga bostirib kirdi Katta texnogen daryo loyihasi, suv quyilishni to'xtatdi Tripoli va ishchilarga tahdid qildi. Qurolli guruhning bu harakati hibsga olingan oila a'zolarini bosim o'tkazishga va ozod qilishga majbur qilish usuli edi. 2020 yil 10-aprel kuni Birlashgan Millatlar Liviya bo'yicha insonparvarlik koordinatori Yakoub El Xillo suv ta'minotining to'xtatilishini "ayniqsa aybdor" deb qoraladi.^[204]

2020 yil 21 aprelda BMT aholining zich joylashgan joylariga o'q otishning "keskin ko'payishi" ni hisobga oldi Tripoli va urushning davom etishi insonparvarlik ahvolini yomonlashtirmoqda deb da'vo qildi Liviya. Tashkilot, shuningdek, bunday harakatlar harbiy jinoyatlarga olib kelishi mumkinligi haqida ogohlantirdi.^[205]

The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Liviyadagi qo'llab-quvvatlash missiyasi (UNSMIL) Liviyadagi fuqarolar qurbonlari to'g'risida 2020 yil birinchi choragidagi hisobotida 2020 yil 1 yanvardan 31 martgacha bo'lgan davrda taxminan 131 kishining qurbon bo'lganini ta'kidladi. Ma'lumotlarga 64 o'lim va 67 jarohatlar kiritilgan bo'lib, ularning barchasi erning natijasi edi. boshchiligidagi janglar, bombardimon va aniq o'ldirish Xalifa Xaftar Armiyasi, LNA tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari.^{[206] [207]}

2020 yil 5-may kuni Xalqaro jinoiy sud Bosh prokurori Fatou Bensouda, Xaftar tomonidan uyushtirilgan doimiy hujumlardan xavotirga tushdi Tripoli. Prokurorning ta'kidlashicha, harakatlar inson hayotiga xavf tug'diradi va shuningdek, mumkin bo'lgan holatlardan ogohlantiradi harbiy jinoyatlar, ishlarning hozirgi holati tufayli. "Mening idoramni xavotirga solayotgan narsa shundaki, ko'p sonli fuqarolarning qurbon bo'lishi, asosan havo hujumlari va o'q otish operatsiyalari natijasida yuzaga kelgan", - dedi u o'z bayonotida.^[208]

2020 yil 10-noyabrda taniqli liviyalik faol Xanan al-Barassi o'ldirildi Bengazi. 46 yoshli Barassi nazorati ostida bo'lgan sharqiy hududlarda sodir etilgan gumanitar buzilishlarni keskin tanqid qilgan BAA - orqaga qaytarilgan Xalifa Xaftar Ning Liviya milliy armiyasi (LNA). U joylashtirgan videofilmlari orqali zo'ravonlik qurbonlari bo'lgan ayollarga ovoz berish bilan tanilgan ijtimoiy tarmoqlar.^[209]

Xronologiya

Tinchlik jarayoni

2015 yilning birinchi yarmida Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti Liviyaning raqib hukumatlari va jangovar militsiyalarini birlashtirishga qaratilgan qator muzokaralarni o'tkazdi.^[210] Raqib hukumatlar o'rtasida uchrashuv bo'lib o'tdi Buberge de Kastilya yilda Valletta, Maltada 2015 yil 16 dekabrda. 17 dekabrda ikki hukumat delegatlari BMT tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan tinchlik bitimini imzoladilar Sxirat, Marokash, garchi ikkala fraksiya ichida ham bunga qarshi bo'lgan.^[1][2] The Milliy kelishuv hukumati ushbu kelishuv natijasida tashkil topgan va uning birinchi uchrashuvi bo'lib o'tgan Tunis 2016 yil 2-yanvarda.^[211] 2017 yil 17-dekabr kuni general Xalifa Xaftar Sxirat shartnomasini bekor qildi.^[212]

Uchrashuv Liviya milliy konferentsiyasi yilda rejalashtirilgan edi Gadames tashkil qilish uchun saylovlar va tinchlik jarayoni Liviya.^[213] Konferentsiya 2018 va 2019 yillar davomida 18 oy davomida tayyorlangan va 2019 yil 14–16 aprel kunlari bo'lib o'tishi rejalashtirilgan edi.^[214] Bu harbiy harakatlar natijasida 2019 yil aprel oyining boshida qoldirildi 2019 yil G'arbiy Liviya hujumi.^[215]

2020 yil 19 yanvarda Germaniya, Berlin shahrida Liviya sammiti

2019 yil iyul oyida, Gassan Salame, boshlig'i Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Liviyadagi qo'llab-quvvatlash missiyasi (UNSMIL), uch punktlik tinchlik rejasini taklif qildi (sulh davomida Qurbon hayiti, mojaroda ishtirok etgan mamlakatlarning xalqaro yig'ilishi va Liviya milliy konferentsiyasiga o'xshash ichki Liviya konferentsiyasi).^[216]

2019 yil sentyabr oyida Tinchlik va xavfsizlik kengashi Afrika Ittifoqining (PSC) Liviya inqirozini yakunlashda PSC ko'proq rol o'ynashi zarurligini muhokama qildi va Liviyada AU-BMTning qo'shma vakili tayinlash taklifini ilgari surdi.^[217]

Turkiya Prezidenti R.T.Erdog'an va uning rossiyalik hamkasbi Vladimir Putin 2020 yil 12-yanvardan boshlab Liviyadagi ishonchli vakillarga qarshi urushni to'xtatish uchun o't ochishni to'xtatish to'g'risida qo'shma da'vat qildilar.^[218] The sulh boshlanganidan bir necha soat o'tgach buzilganligi aytilmoqda. Ikkala urushayotgan tomon - GNA tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi kurka va LNA tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi Saudiya Arabistoni, BAA, Misr va Iordaniya - boshlangan zo'ravonlik uchun bir-birlarini ayblashdi Tripoli.^[219] Turkiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Mevlud Chavushog'luning so'zlariga ko'ra, BAA, shu jumladan xorijiy kuchlar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Xalifa Xaftar tinchlikni istamaydi va mamlakatda olib borilayotgan urushga harbiy yo'l bilan yechim izlamoqda.^[220]

Liviyaning BMT tomonidan tan olingan hukumati, Xaftar kuchlari Misurata port shahri yaqinidagi Abu Gurayn viloyatiga hujum uyushtirdi. Hujumlar Berlin konferentsiyasida imzolangan sulh bitimining buzilishi sifatida baholandi.^[221] 12 fevral kuni Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi Liviyada "doimiy sulh" ni talab qiladigan rezolyutsiya qabul qildi. Muallif Britaniya, 14 ovoz oldi, ammo Rossiya betaraf qoldi^[222] Taxminan 19 fevralda Tripoliga raketa hujumlaridan so'ng hukumat tinchlik muzokaralaridan chiqib ketdi.^[223]

BMTning da'vati bilan har ikki tomon ham mart oyi oxirida yangi sulhga kelishib oldilar Yangi koronavirus; ammo, otashkesim tezda qulab tushdi. 24 mart kuni snaryadlar GNA hibsxonasidagi qamoqxonaga tushdi va bu BMTni qoraladi. GNA 25-mart boshida GNA "Tripoli ko'rgan eng og'ir bombardimon" ga javoban bir qator "qarshi hujumlarni" boshladi.^[224] 2020 yil iyun oyida, Abdel Fattoh as-Sisi Liviya milliy armiyasiga qo'shilgan partiyalar bilan shartnoma tuzib, uni Qohira deklaratsiyasi - Biroq, bu tezda rad etildi.^[225]

2020 yil 21 avgustda Liviyaning raqib hukumati e'lon qildi zudlik bilan otashkesim. Tripolida joylashgan va xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan Milliy kelishuv hukumati (GNA) o'z bayonotini e'lon qildi 2021 yil martdagi saylovlar.^[226][227]

The Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi 2020 yil sentyabr oyida xalqaro qurol embargosining keng miqyosda buzilishi tafsilotlarini taqdim etgan maxfiy hisobotni oldi Liviya, 2020 yil boshidan beri. BMT embargo buzgan sakkiz mamlakatni aniqladi. Bundan tashqari, Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari va Rossiya Liviyaga qurol bilan to'ldirilgan beshta samolyotni 2020 yil 19 yanvarda, dunyo rahbarlari Liviyaga qurol embargosini hurmat qilish va'dasini imzolash paytida, Liviyaga yuborganligi aniqlandi. Berlin konferentsiyasi. Beshta samolyotdan to'rttasi BAAga tegishli edi.^[228]

2020 yil 16 sentyabrda Turkiya tashqi ishlar vaziri Mevlud Chavushog'lu CNN Turk telekanaliga bergan intervyusida Turkiya va Rossiya Anqaradagi so'nggi uchrashuvlarida Liviyada o't ochishni to'xtatish va siyosiy jarayon bo'yicha kelishuvga yaqinlashganini aytdi. Ga binoan Reuters, Turkiya va Rossiya qarama-qarshi tomonlarni qo'llab-quvvatlab, Liviya urushida asosiy kuch vositachilari bo'lgan. Rossiya sharqda joylashgan Xalifa Xaftar kuchlarini qo'llab-quvvatladi, Turkiya esa Liviyaning xalqaro miqyosda tan olingan Milliy kelishuv hukumatini qo'llab-quvvatladi.^[229]

2020 yil sentyabr oyida Yevropa Ittifoqi berilgan sana sanktsiyalar bilvosita yoki bevosita jiddiy ish bilan shug'ullangan ikki kishiga qarshi inson huquqlarining buzilishi. Esa Bengazi asoslangan Mahmud al-Verfalli was engaged in violations like killings and executions, Moussa Diab was involved in odam savdosi va o'g'irlash, zo'rlash va o'ldirish migrantlar va qochqinlar. Three companies, Turkcha maritime firm Avrasya Shipping, Iordaniya -based Med Wave Shipping and a Qozog'iston -based air freight company, Sigma Airlines, were also sanctioned for breaching the BMTning qurol embargosi by transferring military material to Liviya.^[230] Among these, Sigma Airlines was also found involved in the air-borne hard cash shipments for the Xalifa Xaftar ’s government from the Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari, Rossiya va Birlashgan Qirollik, Boshqalar orasida. Sigma Airlines was also involved in a bank-note delivery made on 29 January 2019 for the LNA, using a commercial network operating through the UAE, Ukraina, Iordaniya va Belorussiya. In approximately $227 million bank note transfers, $91 million came from the UK, $27 million from Russia and $5 million from the UAE, which recorded highest number of transfers among 14 countries that were involved.^{[231] [232]}

On 23 October 2020, the 5+5 Joint Libyan Military Commission representing the LNA and the GNA reached a "permanent ceasefire agreement in all areas of Libya ". The agreement, effective immediately, required that all foreign fighters leave Libya within three months while a joint police force would patrol disputed areas. The first commercial flight between Tripoli and Benghazi took place that same day.^[233][234] The war concluded on 24 October 2020.^[235]

UN-sponsored peace talks failed to establish an interim government by 16 November 2020, although both sides pledged to try again in a week.^[236]

Reaksiyalar

Ichki reaktsiyalar

Xalifa Xaftar and his supporters describe Operation Dignity as a "correction to the path of inqilob "va"terrorizmga qarshi urush ".^{[237][238][239]} The elected parliament has declared that Haftar's enemies are "terrorists".^[173] Opponents of Haftar and the House of Representatives' government in Tripoli claim he is attempting a to'ntarish. Omar al-Hasi, the internationally unrecognized Prime Minister of the Libya Dawn-backed Tripoli government, speaking of his allies' actions, has stated that: "This is a correction of the revolution." He has also contended: "Our revolution had fallen into a trap."^[240] Dawn commanders claim to be fighting for a "revolutionary" cause rather than for religious or partisan objectives.^[241] Islamist militia group Ansor ash-sharia (linked to the 2012 yil Bingazi hujumi ) has denounced Haftar's campaign as a Western-backed "war on Islam "^[242] and has declared the establishment of the "Islamic Emirate of Benghazi".

The National Oil Corporation (NOC) denounced calls to blockade oil fields prior to the Berlin Conference on 19 January 2020, calling it a criminal act. The entity warned to prosecute offenders to the highest degree under Libyan and international law.^[243]

Dignitaries from Tripoli, Sahel and Mountain regions in Libya expressed discomposure at the briefing by the UN envoy to Libya, Ghassan Salame at the Security Council, for equalizing the aggressors (Haftar's forces backed by UAE and Egypt) and the defender (GNA forces). They said Salame's statements made both the parties equal amid Haftar's offensive in Tripoli and the war crimes committed against civilians, including children.^[244]

Foreign reactions, involvement, and evacuations

Qo'shni davlatlar

•  Jazoir – Early in May 2014, the Jazoir harbiy said it was engaged in an operation aimed at tracking down militants who infiltrated the country's territory in Tamanrasset near the Libyan chegara, during which it announced that it managed to kill 10 "terrorists" and seized a large cache of weapons near the town of Janet consisting of automatic rifles, rocket-propelled grenades and ammunition boxes.^[245] The Times reported on 30 May that Algerian forces were strongly present in Libya and it was claimed shortly after by an Algerian journalist from El Vatan that a full regiment of 3,500 paratroopers logistically supported by 1,500 other men crossed into Libya and occupied a zone in the west of the country. They were later shown to be operating alongside French special forces in the region. However, all of these claims were later denied by the Jazoir hukumati orqali Bosh Vazir Abdelmalek Sellal who told the senate that "Algeria has always shown its willingness to assist [our] sister countries, but things are clear: the Algerian army will not undertake any operation outside Algerian territory".^[246] On 16 May 2014, the Algerian government responded to a threat on its embassy in Libya by sending a team of special forces to Tripoli to escort its diplomatic staff in a military plane out of the country. "Due to a real and imminent threat targeting our diplomats the decision was taken in coordination with Libyan authorities to urgently close our embassy and consulate general temporarily in Tripoli," the Algerian Foreign Ministry said in a statement.^[247] Three days later, the Algerian government shut down all of its border crossings with Libya and the army command raised its security alert status by tightening its presence along the border, especially on the Tinalkoum and Debdab border crossings. This also came as the state-owned energy firm, Sonatrach, evacuated all of its workers from Libya and halted production in the country.^[248] In mid-August, Algeria opened its border for Egyptian refugees stranded in Libya and said it would grant them exceptional visas to facilitate their return to Egypt.^[249]
•  Chad – In June 2020, Chadian President Idriss Debi announced his support to Khalifa Haftar's force in Libya, and had sent 1,500 to 2,000 troops to help Haftar, in wake of call from the United Arab Emirates to support Haftar's force against the strengthening Tripoli government and to end incursions by anti-Déby rebels.^[250] Chadian oppositions have accused Khalifa Haftar of his attempt to assassinate Chadian opposition leaders.^[251]
•  Misr – Egyptian authorities have long expressed concern over the instability in eastern Libya spilling over into Egypt due to the rise of jihadist movements in the region, which the government believes to have developed into a safe transit for wanted Islamists following the 2013 yilgi davlat to'ntarishi in Egypt that ousted Musulmon birodarlar - qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan prezident Muhammad Mursiy. There have been numerous attacks on Egypt's trade interests in Libya which were rampant prior to Haftar's offensive, especially with the kidnapping of truck drivers and sometimes workers were murdered.^[252] Due to this, the military-backed government in Egypt had many reasons to support Haftar's rebellion and the Islamist 17-fevral shahidlar brigadasi operating in Libya has accused the Egyptian government of supplying Haftar with weapons and ammunition, a claim denied by both Cairo and the rebel leader.^[253] Furthermore, Egyptian President Abdel Fattoh as-Sisi, who has become increasingly popular among many Libyans wishing for stability,^[254] has called on the United States to intervene militarily in Libya during his presidential candidacy, warning that Libya was becoming a major security challenge and vowed not to allow the turmoil there to threaten Egypt's national security.^[255] On 21 July 2014, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry urged its nationals residing in Libya to adopt measures of extreme caution as it was preparing to send consular staff in order to facilitate their return their country following hujum in Egypt's western desert region near the chegara with Libya that left 22 Egyptian border guards killed.^[256] A week later, the ministry announced that it would double its diplomatic officials on the Libyan-Tunisian border and reiterated its call on Egyptian nationals to find shelter in safer places in Libya.^[257] On 3 August, Egypt, Libya and Tunisia agreed to cooperate by establishing an havo ko'prigi between Cairo and Tunis that would facilitate the transfer of 2,000 to 2,500 Egyptians from Libya daily.^[258] On 31 July 2014, two Egyptians were shot dead during a clash at the Libyan-Tunisian border where hundreds of Egyptians were staging a protest at the Ras Jdeir border crossing. As they tried to cross into Tunisia, Libyan authorities opened fire to disperse them.^[259] A similar incident occurred once again on 15 August, when Libyan security forces shot dead an Egyptian who attempted to force his way through the border along with hundreds of stranded Egyptians and almost 1,200 Egyptians made it into Tunisia that day.^[249] This came a few days after Egypt's Minister of Civil Aviation, Hossam Kamal, announced that the emergency airlift consisting of 46 flights aimed at evacuating the country's nationals from Libya came to a conclusion, adding that 11,500 Egyptians in total had returned from the war-torn country as of 9 August.^[260] A week later, all Egyptians on the Libyan-Tunisian border were evacuated and the consulate's staff, who were reassigned to work at the border area, withdrew from Libya following the operation's success.^[261] Meanwhile, an estimated 50,000 Egyptians (4,000 per day) arrived at the Salloum border crossing on the Libyan-Egyptian border as of early August.^[262] In 2020, Egypt helped devise the 2020 Cairo Declaration, however, this was quickly rejected. On 21 June 2020, the President of Egypt, Abdulfattoh as-Sisi ordered his army to be prepared for any mission outside the nation, stating that his country has a legitimate right to intervene in neighboring Libya. Besides, he also warned the GNA forces to not cross the current frontline with Haftar's LNA.^{[263] [264]} An official statement issued by Saudiya Arabistoni va Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari on 21 June 2020, stated that the two Gulf nations extended full support to the Egypt's government regarding its intentions of military intervention in Libya. The BMT -recognized GNA condemned Misr, BAA, Rossiya va Frantsiya for providing military support to Haftar ’s militias.^[265]
•  Maltada – Along with most of the international community, Maltada continues to recognize the Government of National Accord as the legitimate government of Libya.^[266] I Eastern Libyan government chargé d'affaires Hussin Musrati insisted that by doing so, Malta was "interfering in Libyan affairs".^[267] Due to the conflict, there are currently two Libyan embassies in Malta. The General National Congress now controls the official Libyan Embassy in Balzan, while the Tobruk-based Eastern Libyan House of Representatives has opened a consulate in Ta 'Xbiex. Each of the two embassies say that visas issued by the other entity are not valid.^[268] Following the expansion of ISIL in Libya, particularly the fall of Nawfaliya, the Maltese Bosh Vazir Jozef Muskat va Muxolifat lideri Simon Busuttil ga chaqirdi Birlashgan Millatlar va Yevropa Ittifoqi to intervene in Libya to prevent the country from becoming a failed state.^[269][270] In 2020 Malta stated that its policy on Libya was in line with that of Turkey.^[67]
•  Sudan – At the early stage of the conflict, Sudanese dictator Umar al-Bashir, an Islamist himself, had sought to reach support to the Tripoli government, having supplied weaponry and aids to the rebels overthrowing Muammar Gaddafi.^[271] However, after al-Bashir's realignment with Saudi Arabia in wake of Yemeni conflict, Sudan provided support to Haftar's force to gain support from Saudi Arabia. Sudan had sent 1,000 militia personnel to aid Haftar.^[272] Nonetheless, in July 2017, General Xalifa Xaftar ning Liviya milliy armiyasi ordered the closing of the Sudanese consulate in the town of Kufra, and expelled 12 diplomats. The consul and 11 other consular staff were given 72 hours to leave the country. The reason given that the way it conducted its work was "damaging to Libyan national security." The Sudanese government protested and summoned Libyan chargé d'affaires in Xartum, Ali Muftah Mahroug, in response, lingering the distrust between Haftar to the Sudanese. Sudan recognises the Milliy kelishuv hukumati in Tripoli as the government of Libya, not the Vakillar palatasi that is backed by General Haftar. As of 2017 Sudan has not opened an embassy in Tripoli but maintains a consulate in the Libyan capital to provide service to Sudanese citizens.^[273] In 2020, following the overthrown of Omar al-Bashir, Sudan has sought to investigate the role of the United Arab Emirates on bringing Sudanese mercenaries fighting in Libya and have arrested a number of them.^[274][275]
•  Tunis – Post-revolutionary Tunisia also had its share of instability due to the violence in Libya as it witnessed an unprecedented rise in radical Islamism with increased militant activity and weapons' smuggling through the border.^[276] In response to the initial clashes in May, the Tunisian National Council for Security held an emergency meeting and decided to deploy 5,000 soldiers to the Libyan–Tunisian border in anticipation of potential consequences from the fighting.^[277] On 30 July 2014, Tunisian Foreign Minister Mongi Xamdi said that the country cannot cope with the high number of refugees coming from Libya due to the renewed fighting. "Our country's economic situation is precarious, and we cannot cope with hundreds of thousands of refugees," Hamdi said in a statement. He also added that Tunisia will close its borders if necessary.^[278] Tunisian Foreign Minister, Khemaies Jhinaoui, revived Tunisia's stance to stop the fighting in Libya and follow the UN-led political suit. He stressed on rejection of military solutions to the war.^[279] In January 2020, Tunisia said that it is preparing to accommodate a new inflow of migrants escaping the war in Libya. The country has chosen the site of Fatnassia to receive Libyan refugees.^[280]

Boshqalar

•  Birlashgan Millatlar – On 27 August 2014, the BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi unanimously approved resolution 2174 (2014), which called for an immediate ceasefire and an inclusive political dialogue.^[281] The resolution also threatened to impose sanctions, such as asset freezes and travel bans, against the leaders and supporters of the various militias involved in the fighting, if the individuals threaten either the security of Libya or the political process.^[282] The United Nations Secretary-General, António Guterres, expressed his fears of a "full civil war" in Libya, unless the international community finds a political solution for the country's conflict.^[283] In 2019, the United Nations reported that Iordaniya, kurka va Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari had systematically violated the Libyan arms embargo.^[284] In February 2020, Libya's Ambassador to the UN, Taher Al-Sunni, emphasized on documenting attacks against civilians, medical personnel and field hospitals in Libya, during his meeting with the Director-General of the International Committee of the Red Cross.^[285] Around 2 March 2020, Ghassan Salamé (the UN special envoy to Libya) resigned, citing the failure of powerful nations to meet their recent commitments.^[286] In June 2020, UN secretary general, António Guterres condemned and expressed shock at discovering mass graves in a Libyan territory that was formerly captured by the forces of general Xalifa Xaftar, backed by the governments of Misr, Rossiya va Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari. Guterres commanded the UN-backed government to ensure identifying the victims, investigate into the cause of death and return the bodies to the respective family.^[287] On 25 September 2020, UN diplomats revealed that Russia and Xitoy blocked the official release of a report by UN experts on Libya. The report accused the warring parties and their international backers, including Russia, the United Arab Emirates and Misr, of violating the 2011 UN qurol embargosi on the war-torn country.^[288] The UN identified the Sigma Airlines also known as Sigma Aviation and Air Sigma, a commercial cargo air company from Qozog'iston, as one of the commercial air cargo providers that have violated the arms embargo in Libya.^[289]

•  Frantsiya – On 30 July 2014, the French government temporarily closed its embassy in Tripoli, while 40 French, including the ambassador, and 7 British nationals were evacuated on a French warship bound for the port of Toulon Frantsiyaning janubida. "We have taken all necessary measures to allow those French nationals who so wish to leave the country temporarily," the foreign ministry said.^[290][291] In 2016, a helicopter carrying three French special forces soldiers was shot down south of Bengazi during what President Fransua Olland called "dangerous intelligence operations."^[292][293] In December 2019, French government canceled the delivery of boats to Libya following a lawsuit filed by NGOs opposing the move. The NGOs cited the French donation as a violation of European embargo on Libya for providing military equipment and arms to countries involved in war crimes.^[294]
•  Hindiston – Tashqi ishlar vazirligi vakili, Seyid Akbaruddin, said that India's diplomatic mission in Libya has been in touch with the 4,500 Indian nationals, through several co-ordinators. "The mission is facilitating return of Indian nationals and working with the Libyan authorities to obtain necessary exit permissions for Indian nationals wanting to return," he said.^[295]
•  Eron – Iran has facilitated a very difficult role in this conflict. Unlike many countries in the Middle East that Iran has interests, Iran has very little to none of interest in Libya, but Iran has desired to expand its Islamic Revolution to Africa.^[296] However, Saudi Arabia's support for Haftar has complicated Iran's desire, as Iran has also been accused of supporting Haftar's force, even when Tehran has refrained from siding with Haftar.^[297] On the other hand, Iran also provides political support to Turkey's military intervention to Libya.^[298]
•  Isroil – Israel and Libya do not have any official relations. However, during the time in exile, Khalifa Haftar had developed a close and secret tie with the United States, thus extended to Israel, and the secret tie resulted in Israel quietly backs Khalifa Haftar on his quest to conquer entire of Libya.^[299] Israeli advisors have secretly trained Haftar's force to prepare for war against the Islamist-backed government in Tripoli.^[300] Israeli weapons are also seen in Haftar's forces, mostly throughout Emirati mediation.^[301] Mossad, the feared Israeli intelligence group, has also developed a strong relationship with Haftar and also assists Haftar's force in the conflict.^[302]
•  Italiya – The Italian embassy has remained open during the civil war^[303] and the government has always pushed for the success of UN-hosted talks among Libya's political parties in Geneva. Bosh Vazir Matteo Renzi said "If there's no success, Italy is ready to play a leading role, above all a diplomatic role, and then, always under the aegis of the UN, one of peacekeeping inside Libya", adding that "Libya can't be left in the condition it is now."^[304] In 2015, four Italian workers were kidnapped by Islamic State militants near Sabrata. Two of them were killed in a raid by security forces the following year while the other two were rescued.^[305] Between February 2015 and December 2016, however, Italy was forced to close its embassy and every Italian citizen in Libya was advised to leave. The embassy reopened on 9 January 2017.
•  Marokash – Morocco turned down an offer by the United Arab Emirates in 2020 to provide support for Khalifa Haftar.^[306] Instead, Morocco expressed its hope to mediate for the end of the conflict.^[307]
•  Rossiya – In February 2015, discussions on supporting the Libyan parliament by supplying them with weapons reportedly took place in Qohira qachon Rossiya prezidenti Vladimir Putin arrived for talks with the Misr hukumati, during which the Russian delegates also spoke with a Libyan delegation. Colonel Ahmed al-Mismari, the spokesperson for the Libyan Army's chief of staff, also stated that "Arming the Libyan army was a point of discussion between the Egyptian and Russian presidents in Cairo."^[308] The deputy foreign minister of Russia, Mikhail Bogdanov, has stated that Russia will supply the government of Libya with weapons if UN sanctions against Libya are lifted.^[309] In April 2015, Prime Minister Abdulloh al-Tani visited Moscow and announced that Russia and Libya will strengthen their relations, especially economic relations.^[310] Shuningdek, u bilan uchrashdi Sergey Lavrov, ruscha Tashqi ishlar vaziri, and said that he requested Russia's assistance in fixing the country's government institutions and military strength.^[311] The prime minister also met with Nikolay Patrushev, the Russian president's security adviser, and talked about the need to restore stability in Libya as well as the influence of terrorist groups in the country. Patrushev stated that a "priority for regional politics is the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Libya."^[312] A private army of 100 mercenaries from the Wagner group, backed by Russian President Vladimir Putin, has begun offensive on the forward base in Libya.^[313] On 2 October 2019, at least 35 Russian mercenaries were killed in Libya while fighting for Khalifa Haftar's forces.^[314] According to the reports, senior commander in Russian Wagner Group, Alexander Kuznetsov was injured while fighting alongside Haftar's militias in south of Tripoli.^[315] In a joint press conference with the German Chancellor Angela Merkel, the Russian President Vladimir Putin agreed the involvement of Russian mercenaries in Tripoli's ongoing conflict. He also said they are not affiliated to Moscow and are not funded by the government. These fighters were transferred to Libya from the de-escalation zone in Syria's Idlib.^[316] Frantsiya har kuni Le Monde reported that Saudi Arabia was funding the operations of Russian Wagner mercenaries deployed to support Khalifa Haftar in Libya. It also claimed that over 2000 Russian mercenaries were involved in carrying out attacks on Tripoli in late 2019.^[317]
•  Saudiya Arabistoni – Saudi Arabia since 2014 has thrown a significant support for Haftar's force fighting in Libya. According from Wall Street Journal and retrieved by Al Jazeera, Saudi Arabia had given millions of dollars to support Haftar's army in its failed attempt to takeover Tripoli after a meeting with General Haftar by Saudi King Salmon.^[318][319] Due to Haftar's defeat, Saudi Arabia was thought to have become increasingly involved in Libya.^[320]
•  Tailand – In late July 2014, the Thai government asked Libya's authorities to facilitate the evacuation of its nationals by exempting the need for exit visas.^[321] As of 14 August, over 800 Thai workers have been successfully evacuated from the country,^[322] while Thailand's Ministry of Labour announced that it would prepare jobs for more than 2,800 workers residing in Libya.^[323]
•  kurka – Turkey has been one of the most vocal critics of the civil war, mostly aimed against the Eastern Government led by Xalifa Xaftar. Turkey was found to have transported arms, ammunitions and aids to the Western Government led by Fayez al-Sarraj against Haftar's force.^[324][325] 2019 yilda Liviya milliy armiyasi accused the Turkish authorities of supporting terrorist groups in Libya for many years, adding that the Turkish support has evolved from just logistic support to a direct interference using military aircraft to transport mercenaries, as well as ships carrying weapons, armored vehicles and ammunition to support terrorism in Libya.^[326] 2016 yilda, Iordaniya 's king accused Turkey of helping Islamist militias in Libya and Somali.^[327] 2019 yil iyul oyida, Rajab Toyyib Erdo'g'an, the President of Turkey, threatened to declare war on Khalifa Haftar after receiving news of six Turkish citizens arrested by Haftar's force.^[328] 2019 yil 27 dekabrda Bloomberg Turkiya Tripolini himoya qilish uchun o'z harbiy dengiz kuchlarini joylashtirmoqchi va GNA kuchlarini tayyorlashga yordam berish uchun o'z qo'shinlarini yuborishni maqsad qilgan. Bundan tashqari, Suriyaning shimolida jang qilayotgan turkman isyonchi guruhlari Tripoliga ko'chib o'tishlari kutilgan edi.^[329] The Speaker of the Turkish Parliament subsequently announced Turkey's plans to send troops to help Libya's Presidential Council's government, especially after the efforts of Haftar's backers, including UAE, to pressurize Fayez Al-Sarraj to recede the request for Turkey's support.^[330] On 2 January 2020, the Turkiya Buyuk Millat Majlisi voted 325–184 to send troops to help the internationally recognized Government of National Accord in Libya.^[331]In February 2020, the captain of the Lebanese-flagged cargo ship Bana was arrested in Italy. The vessel was accused of transferring arms and Turkish military personnel from Turkey to Libya in violation of the United Nations arms embargo. A crew member offered information to the Italian authorities.^[332] The Frantsiyaning "Sharl de Goll" samolyot tashuvchisi also spotted the ship.^[333] Bundan tashqari, a BBC report confirmed that Turkey was sending secret arms shipments into Libya with the Bana, with the escort of Turkish navy frigates.^[334] On 21 September 2020, Council of the European Union imposed sanctions on the Turkish maritime company Avrasya Shipping which operates the Çirkin freighter, because the vessel found to have violated the UN arms embargo in Libya in May and June 2020.^[289]
•  Birlashgan Qirollik – Following France's evacuation of some British nationals, the UK's embassy in Tripoli was the only diplomatic mission still open in the war-torn city. However, British diplomats residing there have sought refuge in a fortified compound south-west of the city to avoid the repetitive rocket attacks by warring militias.^[335] Three days earlier, a convoy carrying British diplomats from Tripoli to Tunisia came under fire when their vehicles refused to stop at an unofficial checkpoint in the outskirts of the city.^[336] 2 avgust kuni Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi finally announced that it would temporarily close its embassy in the capital and evacuate its staff. Elchi Maykl Aron said that the embassy would continue to operate from Tunisia.^[337] Ertasi kuni Qirollik floti kema HMS Korxona managed to evacuate more than a hundred foreign nationals from the country to Maltada, most of whom were British, in an operation off the coast of Tripoli.^[338] In March 2016, Ambassador Peter Millett called for "a much more coordinated approach between the different groups, regions and forces and the armed groups in Libya" in order to defeat ISIL in Libya.^[339] Head of British Embassy in Libya, Nicholas Hopton said that Britain is drafting a resolution in the Security Council in order to genuinely end the Libyan crisis. The draft resolution urges the U.N. and the international community to effectively achieve a ceasefire with the help of a monitoring mission and other sources, the HCS Information Office said.^[340]
•  Birlashgan Arab Amirliklari – In June 2019 the GNA discovered a cache of US-made Javelin anti-tank missiles in a captured LNA base in the mountains south of Tripoli. Markings on the missiles’ shipping containers indicate that they were originally sold to Oman and the United Arab Emirates in 2008. Emirati forces, who previously conducted airstrikes on Islamist targets in Libya, were suspected of backing General Khalifa Haftar. The United States State Department and Defense Department stated they have opened investigations into how the weapons ended up on the Libyan battlefield.^[341][342] The Emirati Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement denying ownership of weapons found in Libya and stated that it supported United Nations-led efforts to broker a political solution to the conflict.^[343] France later released a statement that the missiles found in the base belonged to France, and that they were damaged and out of use.^[344] Nevertheless, the UAE has been identified as a strong supporter of Khalifa Haftar and the LNA, which saw the Libyan general and his forces as the best bulwark to contain and combat various Islamist groups in the war torn country; the UN reported that the UAE supplied Haftar's forces with aircraft, over 100 armoured vehicles and over US$200 million in aid.^[345] Ga binoan Liviya kuzatuvchisi, a covert deal between Khalifa Haftar and figures from the Muammar Gaddafi-era, Revolutionary Committees, was signed in Abu-Dabi, BAA. Both the parties agreed to share power in Libya, enabling Gaddafi's loyalists to retrieve power in return for supporting Haftar in the ongoing fighting.^[346] According to a French Intelligence website, UAE supplied around 3,000 tons of military equipment to Haftar forces in late January 2020. The transit operation was completed through "Antonov 124" aircraft owned by Abu Dhabi Valiahd shahzoda Muhammad bin Zoid and operated by Makassimos Air Cargo Company.^[347] In April 2020, it was reported that the United Arab Emirates secretly purchased an advanced raketa tizimi dan Isroil. The UAE, which had been supplying weapons to Khalifa Haftar in the Liviyada fuqarolar urushi, also deployed the Israeli-made missile system in the war through the LNA.^[348] On 20 April 2020, the Financial Times reported the suspected violation of an international qurol embargosi by the United Arab Emirates. It reported the claims after reviewing documents that cited 11,000 tonnes of jet fuel shipment worth nearly $5 million was sent by the UAE to Khalifa Haftar-controlled eastern Libya in March 2020. The shipment is currently under probe by a panel of experts from the United Nations.^[349] Ga binoan Human Rights Watch tashkiloti, on 18 November 2019, the UAE launched a drone attack on a biscuit factory in Al-Sunbulah that killed 8 civilians and injured 27. The factory was shut down after the attack. According to an investigation led by Human Rights Watch, the factory had no military presence. The remnants of four laser-guided missiles – Blue Arrow-7 (BA-7) – were found, which were launched via a Wing Long -II drone.^[350] In May 2020, a confidential report by the United Nations revealed that the UAE had been supporting the mission of Khalifa Haftar through two Dubay -based companies, Lancaster 6 DMCC and Opus Capital Asset Limited FZE. These firms deployed a team of 20 Western mercenaries led by Janubiy Afrika national Steve Lodge to Libya for a "well funded private military company operation" in June 2019.^[351] Tomonidan tergov BBC Africa Eye and BBC Arabic Documentaries revealed that in a strike on 4 January 2020, the UAE-operated Wing Loong II drone was used to fire a Chinese Blue Arrow 7 missile, which killed 26 unarmed cadets. During that time, the Wing Loong II drones were being operated only from the UAE-run Al-Khadim Libyan air base.^{[352] [353]}
•  Qo'shma Shtatlar – The United States has been active in post-2011 Libya with the military carrying out sporadic airstrikes and raids in the country, predominantly against Islamist groups. In 2014, U.S. commandos seized an oil tanker bound for anti-government militias and returned it to the Libyan national government.^[354] Two months later, the U.S. embassy in Tripoli was evacuated due to a heavy militia presence in the capital.^[355] In 2015, U.S. warplanes killed the head of the Islamic State in Libya in a strike.^[356] 2016 yilda, AQSh prezidenti Barak Obama Qaddafiydan keyingi Liviyaga tayyorgarlik ko'rmaslik uning prezidentligining "eng yomon xatosi" ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[357] 2017 yil 19 yanvarda, Prezident Obamani lavozimini tark etishidan bir kun oldin, Qo'shma Shtatlar IShIDning Liviyadagi ikkita lagerini bombardimon qildi va 80 jangarini o'ldirdi.^[358] Ushbu turdagi operatsiyalar ostida davom etdi Tramp ma'muriyati 2017 yil sentyabrida havo hujumi bilan taxminan 17 nafar IShID jangarisi o'ldirilgan.^[359] 2019 yil 25 sentyabrda AQSh tomonidan uyushtirilgan havo hujumida Liviyaning Murzuq shahrida IShIDning 11 nafar gumonlanuvchisi yo'q qilindi. AQShning Afrika qo'mondonligi ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, bu jangari guruhga qarshi bir hafta ichida qilingan ikkinchi havo hujumi bo'ldi.^[360] AQSh harbiy havo hujumi, 27 sentyabr kuni Liviyaning janubi-g'arbida IShIDning 17 nafar gumonlanuvchisini o'ldirdi va bu bir oy ichida militsiya guruhiga qarshi uchinchi zarba bo'ldi.^[361] 30-sentabr kuni AQShning Afrika qo'mondonligi Liviyaning janubida Milliy kelishuv hukumati bilan birga 7 nafar IShID jangarisini o'ldirgan havo hujumini uyushtirganini aytdi. Bu mintaqada ikki hafta ichida IShIDga qarshi to'rtinchi reydni nishonladi.^[362] 2020 yil 10 fevralda kamida oltita liviyalik oila Xaftar va Birlashgan Arab Amirliklarining hukumatini Kolumbiya okrugining AQSh okrug sudiga Liviyada harbiy jinoyatlar sodir etganligi uchun sudga berishdi. Yoki o'ldirilgan, yaralangan yoki qotillikka urinishga duch kelgan jabrdiydalarning oilalari 1 milliard dollarlik tovon puli talab qilishdi, dedi da'vogarlarning advokatlari Martin F. McMahon & Associates.^[363] Liviya harbiy qo'mondoniga qarshi da'vo Xalifa Xaftar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan Xaftar armiyasi tomonidan olib borilgan harbiy kampaniya paytida halok bo'lgan qurbonlarning oilalari tomonidan Rossiya, BAA va Misr. Ishning birinchi sud majlisi 2020 yil 29 sentyabrda bo'lib o'tdi, unda Xaftarning advokati sudni urushdagi vahshiylik ayblovini bekor qilishga chaqirdi, Iskandariya rad etdi AQSh okrug sudi sudya.^[364]
•  Ukraina - Liviyada Ukrainada ro'yxatdan o'tgan kompaniyalarga tegishli bo'lgan bir qator Il-76TD turbofanli strategik havo kemalari yo'q qilindi. Rossiyaning axborot vositalaridagi xabarlarga ko'ra, samolyot fuqarolik urushining ikkala tomoniga noqonuniy qurol olib o'tayotgan bo'lishi mumkin.^[365]
•  Qozog'iston - Evropa Ittifoqi 2020 yil 21 sentabrda Sigma Aviation va Qozog'istonning tijorat yuk aviakompaniyasi bo'lgan Sigma Aviation va Air Sigma deb ham tanilgan, chunki BMT Liviyadagi qurol-aslaha embargosini buzgan deb topdi.^[289] Bundan tashqari, Qozog'iston hukumati BMT Xavfsizlik Kengashi embargoni buzganligi to'g'risida xabar berganidan so'ng, Sigma Airlines aviakompaniyasining Azee Air va Jenis Air aviakompaniyalarining litsenziyalaridan mahrum qildi.^[366][367]
•  Yevropa Ittifoqi - 2020 yil mart oyida Evropa Ittifoqi "Irini" operatsiyasi BMTning qurol embargosini amalga oshirishning asosiy vazifasi bilan. 2020 yil 21 sentyabrda Evropa Ittifoqi Kengashi 2 nafar shaxsga va 3 kompaniyaga (Sigma Airlines - Qozog'iston, Avrasya Shipping - Turkiya, Med Wave Shipping - Iordaniya) nisbatan sanktsiyalarni joriy qildi. BMT qurol embargosi Liviya. Sanktsiyalarga jismoniy shaxslarning mol-mulkini muzlatish va shaxslarga sayohat qilishni taqiqlash kiradi.^[368][289]

Sport

• Liviyaga mezbonlik qilish huquqi berilgan edi 2017 yilgi Afrika millatlar kubogi yilda futbol assotsiatsiyasi; ammo, 2014 yil avgust oyida davom etayotgan mojaro tufayli xavotir tufayli musobaqa mamlakatdan olib tashlandi.^[369]

Shuningdek qarang

• Evropadagi migrantlar inqirozi
• Amerikaning Liviyadagi aralashuvi (2015 yildan hozirgacha)
• Ikkinchi Liviya fuqarolar urushiga Turkiyaning harbiy aralashuvi

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Deyvid Gartenshteyn-Ross, Bingazi shahridan keyingi Shimoliy Afrikadagi terrorizm: Jihodchilarning mintaqaviy ko'rinishi (Xalqaro aksilterror markazi - Gaaga, 2013)
• Pelxem, Nikolas. Liviya o'ziga qarshi (2015 yil fevral). "Liviyaliklar BMT Qaddafiyga qarshi sanktsiyalarni qo'llagan paytdan ko'ra o'zlarini yanada yakkalashgan his qilmoqdalar. Polkovnik qulaganidan keyin qisqa vaqt ichida paydo bo'lgan fuqarolik jamiyati yo'q bo'lib ketdi, ammo har bir faol, ko'pincha islomchilar tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan yoki o'g'irlab ketilgan hamkasblarining ismlarini o'chirib tashlashi mumkin." Nyu-York kitoblarining sharhi
• Kampmark, Binoy. Qanday qilib aralashuvlar bizni ta'qib qilmoqda: Liviyani buzish (2015 yil fevral). CounterPunch