Narconon - Narconon

Narconon

Shakllanish	1966
Ta'sischi	Uilyam Benites, L. Ron Xabard
Turi	Scientology oldingi guruhi
Bosh ofis	Gollivud, Los Anjeles, Kaliforniya, BIZ.
Prezident	Klark Karr
Veb-sayt	narconon.org

Narconon International (odatda sifatida tanilgan Narconon) a Sayentologiya asoschi nazariyalarini targ'ib qiluvchi tashkilot L. Ron Xabard bilan bog'liq giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilish davolash va giyohvandlik. Uning bosh kompaniya bo'ladi Yaxshi yashash va ta'lim uchun uyushma Egalik qiladigan va boshqaradigan (ABLE) Sayentologiya cherkovi.^[1][2][3][4] Bosh qarorgohi Gollivud, Kaliforniya, Qo'shma Shtatlar,^[5] Narconon dunyo bo'ylab asosan o'nlab turar-joy markazlarini, asosan AQSh va g'arbiy Evropada ishlaydi. Tashkilot 1966 yilda Xentardning yordami bilan Scientologist Uilyam Benites tomonidan tashkil etilgan va 1970 yilda tashkil etilgan.^[6]

Sayentologiya cherkovi ham, Narconon ham Narconon sayentologiyaning diniy ta'limotidan mustaqil bo'lgan dunyoviy dastur ekanligini ta'kidlar ekan,^[7] va u qonuniy giyohvandlik ta'limi va reabilitatsiyasini ta'minlaydi,^[8][9] tashkilot ko'plab hukumat hisobotlari va sobiq bemorlar tomonidan a Scientology oldingi guruhi.^{[10][11][12][13][14]}

Dastur asosida yaratilgan Xabbardning yozuvlarida, giyohvand moddalar va ularning metabolitlari organizm tarkibida saqlanadi yog 'to'qimasi, keyinchalik qisman ozod qilinganida, giyohvandning ishtiyoqini keltirib chiqaradi va "rejim" orqali yuvilishi mumkin. Tozalashning buzilishi jismoniy mashqlar, sauna va vitaminlarning yuqori dozalarini iste'mol qilishni o'z ichiga oladi.^[15] Ushbu gipoteza eksperimental dalillarga zid keladi va tibbiy qabul qilinmaydi.^{[16][17][18][19][20][21]} Narconon dasturining samaradorligini tasdiqlovchi mustaqil ravishda tan olingan tadqiqotlar mavjud emas.^[20]

Dastur Scientology-dan kelib chiqishi natijasida juda ko'p tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi^[10][22][23] va uning usullari. Giyohvand moddalarni qayta tiklash bo'yicha davolash "tibbiy jihatdan xavfli" deb ta'riflangan,^[24] "quackery "^[25][26][27] va "tibbiy firibgarlik",^[28] akademik va tibbiyot mutaxassislari uning ta'lim dasturini "jismoniy va ruhiy ta'sirlar, giyohvandlik va hatto imlo kabi asosiy tushunchalardagi haqiqiy xatolar" deb rad etishgan.^[29] Narconon-ning muassasalarida bir nechta o'lim joylari bo'lgan, ularning ba'zilari joyida malakali tibbiy xodimlarning etishmasligi bilan bog'liq.

Tarix

Kelib chiqishi

Saytonologiya dasturi bilan Narconon, Dianetika va Sayentologiyaning ishchanligining yana bir namunasidir.

— Scientology va uning ilovalari, ^[30]

L. Ron Xabard, asoschisi Sayentologiya, Narconon dasturi kimning mafkurasiga asoslangan.

Narconon 1966 yil 19 fevralda tashkil etilgan giyohvand moddalarni reabilitatsiya qilish kitob asosida yaratilgan dastur Sayentologiya: Fikr asoslari tomonidan L. Ron Xabard, yaratuvchisi Sayentologiya va birinchi bo'lib giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiluvchilarga etkazib berildi Arizona qamoqxona tizimi. "Narconon" nomi dastlab tashkilotga emas, balki dasturga tegishli edi.

Narcononning yaratuvchisi Uilyam C. Benites, ilgari Arizona giyohvandlik jinoyati uchun vaqt o'tgan qamoqxona mahbusi.^[31] Uning ishi Xabbard tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi va 1970 yilda Xabard Narcononning tashkilot sifatida birlashishiga homiylik qildi.^[32] Tashkilot Benitez va ikkita Scientologist tomonidan asos solingan, Xenning Xeldt va Artur Maren.

Narconon tashkil etilishidan oldin ham, Scientology va Dianetika davosini ta'minlovchi sifatida targ'ib qilindi giyohvandlik. 1970 yilda ruhoniy Jon V. Elliot, katta vazir Sayentologiya cherkovi va uning giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilishning oldini olish bo'yicha guruhining raisi, "Dianetik maslahat" sayentologiyaga yordam so'rab kelgan "30 kishidan 30 tasini to'liq davolaganini" e'lon qildi. Ruhoniy Elliott shuningdek, Dianetics davolash mumkinligi haqida xabar berdi gul changiga allergiya, Astma va artrit.^[33]

Narcononning dastlabki kunlarida Scientology-ning "diniy" va "dunyoviy" filiallari o'rtasida farq yo'q edi; Saytonshunoslar tomonidan Narconon amaldagi sayentologiyaning namunasi sifatida qabul qilingan. "Narconon, Scientology dasturi bilan, Dianetics and Scientology-ning ishchanligining yana bir namunasidir", dedi 1970 yilda tarafdorlaridan biri. "Dastur kengaytirildi va barcha Scientology cherkovlari va missiyalarida qo'llaniladi".^[30]

Narconon veb-saytida "Narconon" ning asosiy mazmuni shundan iboratki: "... shaxs o'z ahvoli uchun javobgardir va agar kimdir unga ishlashga yaroqli yo'l berilsa, uning ahvolini yaxshilashi mumkin ... inson asosan yaxshi va og'riq, azob, va uni adashtiradigan yo'qotish ". Dastur alternativ dorilarga murojaat qilmasdan reabilitatsiya yondashuvi sifatida joylashtirilgan. Dastlabki dastur to'g'ridan-to'g'ri davolanmagan chekinish alomatlar. 1973 yilda Narconon dasturi giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishdan ozod qilishni o'z ichiga olgan protseduralarni qabul qildi.^[32]

21-asr

Bir qator sayentolog taniqli insonlar Narcononning o'z hayotlarida foydali bo'lganligini ochiq tasdiqladilar. Musiqachi Nikki Xopkins va aktrisa Kirsti xiyoboni giyohvandlik va spirtli ichimliklarga qaramlikdan qutulganligi uchun Narconon kompaniyasiga ishongan.^[34] O'sha vaqtdan beri Alley Narconon kompaniyasining ommaviy vakili bo'ldi. Boshqa joyda, Nyu-York qutqaruvchilarning zararsizlantirish loyihasi zaharli moddalarga duchor bo'lgan qutqaruvchilar sog'lig'ini yaxshilash uchun Hubbard saunasini zararsizlantirish rejimidan foydalangan. 9/11, natijalar bahsli bo'lsa-da.^[35][36][37] Toksikolog doktor Ronald E. Gots Narconon-ni ta'rifladi / Tozalashning buzilishi tomonidan foydalanish to'g'risidagi 1987 yilgi hisobotda dastur Kaliforniya o't o'chiruvchilar:

Kaliforniyadagi davolanish manfaatdor ishchilarning qo'rquviga tushdi, ammo hech qanday oqilona tibbiy funktsiyani bajarmadi. ... Bundan tashqari, shifokorlar yoki olimlar tomonidan emas, balki Sayentologiya cherkovining asoschisi tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan dasturning o'zi o'rnatilgan tibbiyot va ilmiy jamiyatda tan olingan qiymatga ega emas. Bu quackery.^[38]

2004 va 2005 yillarda, Aqlli ishda jurnal va Xalqaro Scientology yangiliklari Narconon va Scientology o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni aniqlaydigan har bir nashr etilgan maqolalar; har biri Narconon-ni Scientology-ning "6B Division" bo'limiga joylashtirdi va jamoatchilikni Scientology xizmatlari bilan tanishtirishga mas'uldir.^[39][40]

2005 yil oxiriga kelib Scientologist xalqaro assotsiatsiyasi (IAS), Narconon dunyo bo'ylab 183 reabilitatsiya markazlarini boshqargan. O'sha yili ochilgan yangi markazlar Xastings, Sharqiy Sasseks, Angliya (hozir yopiq) va Battle Creek, Michigan.^[41] Narconon prezidenti Klark Karrning ta'kidlashicha, giyohvandlikning oldini olish bo'yicha ma'ruzalar "bir necha o'n yillar davomida" 2 milliondan ortiq bolalar va kattalarga o'qilgan ... va hozirda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab o'tkazilmoqda ". Yangi Angliya Shtatlar, Vashington, Gruziya, Florida, Oklaxoma va atrofidagi shtatlar, Michigan va Illinoys, Texas, Nyu-Meksiko, Aydaho, Kaliforniya, Nevada, Gavayi va ehtimol boshqalar "degan savolga javoban Gumanist.^[42]

2006 yil 17 iyulda Narconon markazi Trois-Rivier, Kvebek, Kanada Narcodex.ca veb-saytini ochdi.^[43][44] Narkodeks a wiki giyohvand moddalar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni o'z ichiga olgan. Narcodex.ca domen nomi egalik qilgan Qobiliyatli Kanada, Scientology filiali. Veb-saytni moliyalashtirish butunlay Narconon Trois-Rivières tomonidan amalga oshirildi va u saytdagi tarkibni ham nazorat qildi.^[45] Markaz 2012 yilda mahalliy sog'liqni saqlash idoralari tomonidan yopilgan.^[46]

2013 yil iyul oyida Narconon 150 gektar maydonni sotib olishni taklif qildi Xokli, Ontario mulk Donald Blenkarn, o'tgan yili vafot etgan. Narconon ko'chmas mulkni spirtli ichimliklar va boshqa giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish uchun reabilitatsiya markaziga aylantirishni rejalashtirgan edi, ammo reabilitatsiya markazining mavjudligiga qarshi bo'lgan va ayniqsa, Narconon va Scientology-ning mavjudligiga qarshi bo'lgan aholining keng qarshiligiga sabab bo'ldi.^[47] Blenkarnlar oilasi oxir-oqibat jamoadagi noma'lum shaxsga so'ralgan narxdan pastroq narxda sotishni tanladilar va Narconon-ning qarshi taklifini rad etishdi.^[48]

2014 yil yanvar oyida Narconon Xabardga asoslangan detoksifikatsiya dasturini yaratdi Annapolis, Merilend urush bilan bog'liq sharoitlardan aziyat chekayotgan faxriylarni davolash. Davolash usullari tomonidan moliyalashtirildi Mudofaa vazirligi 2010 yil sentyabr oyida $ 633,677 ga berilgan grant orqali Albani universiteti Devid O. Karpenter maktabning Sog'liqni saqlash va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish instituti direktori bo'lib ishlaydi va dasturning bosh tergovchisi hisoblanadi. 2014 yil dekabr holatiga ko'ra, etti Ko'rfaz urushi faxriylar dasturni yakunladilar. U haftada etti kunlik jadvalda qo'llanilib, rejim 33 kun ichida yakunlandi. Dasturning maqsadi Xabbardning terapiyasining ilmiy asoslari borligini va dastur tugagandan so'ng jismoniy og'riqlari va xavotirlari yaxshilangan faxriylarning simptomlarini kamaytirish va funktsional holatini yaxshilashda samaradorligini aniqlash edi. Carpenter dastur o'zining davolanishida samarali ekanligini tasdiqladi.^[49][50][51]

Narconon va Scientology

Kabi Sayentologiya oldingi guruh,^[52] Narconon e'tirozlarga sabab bo'ldi Scientology qarshi kurashchilar.

Narcononning Sayentologiya cherkoviga aloqadorligi dasturni tortishuvlarga aylantirdi.^[53] Tashkilot uning ma'murlari ko'pchiligining sayentologlarga sodiqligini yoki uning usullari L. Ron Xabardning ta'limotiga asoslanganligini hech qachon rad etmagan.

Narconon News-ning 6-jildining 3-sonli birinchi sahifasi, 1974 y. Maxsus nashr, Narcononni Scientology-ni boshlovchi odamlar sifatida tasvirlaydi To'liq erkinlik uchun ko'prik.^[54][55]

Dastlabki kunlarida Narconon o'z kurslarida o'zgarmagan Scientology materiallaridan foydalangan va Scientology rahbarlari tashkilotni boshqargan; asoschilari Heldt va Maren cherkov jamoatchilik bilan aloqalar bo'limining yuqori martabali a'zolari edilar Vasiylik idorasi (GO).^[56] 1970 yil aprel oyida Scientology vakili Maks Prudente Narcononni "faqat Scientology falsafasi va qoidalariga asoslangan" deb ta'riflagan,^[10] 85% muvaffaqiyat darajasini talab qilmoqda.

Biroq, Narconon o'zining giyohvand moddalarni davolash bo'yicha xizmatlarini AQShning turli davlat yurisdiktsiyalarida targ'ib qilar ekan, sayentologiya bilan aloqalari jurnalistlar yoki siyosatchilar tomonidan ko'tarilganida, tashkilot bir necha bor ziddiyatlar markazida o'zini topdi.^[57][58] Bunday aloqalar diniy mansub tashkilotga homiylik qiluvchi davlat organlarining konstitutsiyaviy muvofiqligi to'g'risida savollar tug'dirdi (qarang) Limon va Kurtsman ).^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Ushbu muammolar ushbu dasturning tibbiy jihatdan asosli emasligi va Scientology uchun mablag 'yig'ish va ishga qabul qilish dasturi sifatida xizmat qilganligi haqidagi da'volar bilan yanada kuchaygan.^[59][60]

1964 yildan 1995 yilgacha Scientology asos soluvchi cherkovi Vashington, Kolumbiya. Bino reyd qilingan Federal qidiruv byurosi 1977 yil iyulda.

1970-yillarning oxiriga kelib, Scientology Narconon bilan aloqasidan voz kechmoqchi edi. Qachon Federal qidiruv byurosi 1977 yil 8 iyulda Scientology ofislarida reyd o'tkazdi, hibsga olingan qog'ozlar sayentologlarga Narconon va boshqalarga murojaat qilishni buyurganligi aniqlandi "oldingi guruhlar "yordamida kod nomlari:

Biz bilan bog'lanishni istamagan oldingi guruhlarning nomlari uchun kodlardan foydalanish kerak C ning S va S ning S ning B6 guruhlari ustidan qonuniy nazorat borligi haqida aniq va aniq dalillar keltiradigan har qanday narsa uchun [Narconon bitta bo'lgan].^[52]

1994 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning Narconon rahbari Jon Vud, Narconon va Scientology o'rtasidagi har qanday aloqani rad etib, "Men Narcononning sayentologiya cherkoviga yollamasligini va uni targ'ib qilmasligini aniq bilaman" deb aytdi, garchi Narcononning bemorlar uchun jarayonining so'nggi bosqichi. o'sha paytda "Qo'shimcha xizmatlar uchun eng yaqin Org (Scientology tashkiloti) ga yo'nalish" bo'lib,^[61] ammo 2001 yilga kelib Scientology vakili Grem Uilson Narcononni Scientology "sheriklik xayriya tashkiloti" deb ta'riflagan.^[62]

1998 yil mart Boston Herald ketma-ketlik ikki sayentologiya bilan bog'liq bo'lgan guruhlar, Narconon va Jahon savodxonligi salib yurishi, giyohvandlikka qarshi va o'qishni o'rganadigan dasturlardan foydalanib, ularning Scientology aloqalarini oshkor qilmasdan davlat maktablariga kirish huquqini qo'lga kiritdi.^[63] Heber Jentzsch, Scientology International cherkovi prezidenti, u intervyusida poklanish buzilishi uning hayotini saqlab qolganligini aytdi,^[64] keyin tasdiqlangan Xabarchi Scientology kompaniyasining Los-Anjelesdagi yuridik firmasi shaxsiy tergovchilarni shaxsiy hayotini o'rganish uchun yollaganligi haqida xabar e'lon qilindi Xabarchi seriyani yozgan muxbir Jozef Malliya. The Xabarchi o'tgan yillar davomida muxbirlar ta'qib qilingan ko'plab boshqa holatlarni qayd etdi "shovqinli tergovlar "Scientology-ni ochib beradigan hikoyalarni yozgandan keyin.^[64]

Yilda Monreal, Narconon xodimlari o'zlarini "FSM" deb atashadi, bu Field Staff a'zosi uchun Scientology qisqartmasi,^[65] Gruziyada esa sud qarori bilan chiqarilgan eslatma Narconon ijrochi direktori Meri Rizerning Scientology-ga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hisobot berayotganini ko'rsatdi Maxsus ishlar boshqarmasi (OSA)^[66] shuningdek ABLE bosh tashkilotiga.

Giyohvand moddalarni qayta tiklash dasturi

Davolash ... hech qanday oqilona tibbiy funktsiyani bajarmadi. Bundan tashqari, dasturning o'zi ... o'rnatilgan tibbiyot va ilmiy jamoatchilikda tan olingan qiymatga ega emas. Bu quackery.

— Toksikolog doktor Ronald E. Gots, ^[26]

Yaratilgandan beri Narconon reabilitatsiya usullarining xavfsizligi va samaradorligi va tashkilotning Scientology bilan aloqalari to'g'risida juda ko'p tortishuvlarga duch keldi. Tibbiy mutaxassislar dori-darmon nazariyalariga tayanadigan Narconon usullarini keskin tanqid qilishdi metabolizm mainstream tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanmaydigan toksikologiya.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Narconon giyohvand moddalar yashaydi deb o'rgatadi tana yog'i va u erda abadiy qoling;^[67] Giyohvand moddalarni suiiste'mol qilishdan qutulish uchun giyohvandlar o'zlarining yog'laridan dorilarni saunalar va vitaminlar yordamida olib tashlashlari mumkin. Mutaxassislar fiziologiyaning ushbu asosiy tushunchasi bilan rozi emaslar, chunki yog'larning tarkibida sezilarli miqdordagi dorilar saqlanmaydi va Narconon ta'kidlaganidek, dorilarni "terlash" mumkin emas.^[67] 2005 yilgi bir hisobotda ekspertlar Narcononni davolash usullari "aniq, keng tarqalgan tibbiy va ilmiy dalillarni aks ettirmaydi" deb ta'kidladilar.^[67] Terapiyaning vitaminlardan (shu jumladan, uning katta dozalarini) ishlatilishiga alohida tanqid qaratilgan natsin ) va saunaning kengaytirilgan seanslari.

Professional tibbiyot amaliyotchisi va Narconon Ilmiy maslahat kengashi a'zosi Devid Root dasturning amal qilish muddatini himoya qildi. U aytdi San-Fransisko xronikasi 1991 yilda giyohvand moddalar va boshqa zaharlar "teri orqali yog 'yoki yog'li ter shaklida chiqadi. Material tez-tez ko'rinib turadi va tomchilab ketadi yoki sochiq bilan silinib ketadi". Bu "vitaminlar, minerallar va yog'larning kunlik dozalari, shu jumladan niatsin" ga bo'lgan ehtiyojni tushuntiradi.^[68]

Narcononning "Yangi hayot dasturi" ikkita asosiy bosqichdan iborat: zararsizlantirish va reabilitatsiya. Hubbardnikidan moslashtirilgan dastur Tozalashning buzilishi, oltita elementdan iborat: jismoniy mashqlar, sauna, qo'shimchalar, etarli miqdordagi suyuqlik, yangi sabzavot bilan muntazam ovqatlanish va etarli uyqu.

Narconon vakili Jon Bitinasning so'zlariga ko'ra, dasturning eng yirik markazi bo'lgan Narconon Arrowheadda 200 dan ortiq yotoq mavjud. Pitsburg okrugi (Oklaxoma). Dori-darmonlarni olib tashlash paytida bemorlarga yordam berish uchun foydalaniladimi yoki yo'qmi degan savolga u "Narconon giyohvand moddalarsiz, ya'ni biz reabilitatsiya jarayonining o'rnini bosadigan dorilarni ishlatmaymiz" dedi. Barcha bemorlarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish paytida ular "biz bu erda ko'rsatiladigan yordam darajasiga psixik yoki tibbiy jihatdan mos keladimi-yo'qligini aniqlash uchun baholanadi. Agar ular yuqori darajadagi parvarishlarga muhtoj ekanligi aniqlansa, u holda Narconon o'sha paytda xizmat ko'rsatishga loyiqdir, ular ko'proq mos keladigan ob'ekt. " Agar bemorlar jismoniy holatlarni davolash uchun dori-darmonlarni talab qilsalar diabet yoki yuqumli kasalliklar, bu dorilarni Narconon shifokori belgilaydi, u Bitinasga ko'ra, yarim kunlik, ammo 24 soat davomida qo'ng'iroq qilish mumkin.^[69] Har bir amerikalik bemor Narcononda o'rtacha 10 oydan 30 000 dollargacha bo'lgan haq evaziga o'rtacha 3-4 oyni o'tkazadi.^[70]

Umumiy nuqtai

Insonning yog 'hujayralari. Narconon davolash asoslanadi L. Ron Xabard giyohvand moddalar qoldiqlari ko'p yillar davomida yog 'hujayralarida saqlanib turadi va bu qoldiqlar saunalar va yuqori dozalarda yuvilishi mumkin natsin. Tibbiyot ilmi ushbu nazariyani noto'g'ri ekanligini ko'rsatdi.

Narcononni zararsizlantirish dasturi Xabardning "oz miqdordagi dorilar [va ular.) Degan nazariyasiga asoslanadi metabolitlar ] yog'da saqlanadigan moddalar keyinchalik ajralib chiqadi, bu odamda giyohvandlik ta'sirini qayta boshdan kechiradi va uni qayta ishlatishni istaydi. "^[35] Narcononning so'zlariga ko'ra, mashqlar tana yog'idan toksinlarni chiqarishga yordam beradi, chunki yog 'birikmalari energiya uchun yoqiladi, shu bilan birga terlash orqali kimyoviy moddalar ajralib chiqadi, sebum (terining yog 'bezlari tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan) va muntazam ravishda ichak harakatlari.

Narconon tibbiy model emas. Dastur rad etadi giyohvandlikning kasallik modeli va uning adabiyoti ushbu model tomonidan qo'llanilgan terminologiyani bemorlar uchun kuchsiz deb ta'riflagan.^[71]

Narconon dasturi giyohvand moddalarni reabilitatsiya qilishning "ijtimoiy ta'lim" modeliga amal qiladi. Dastur to'rt oydan olti oygacha davom etadi va "aerobik mashqlar, saunada quruq terlash, hidratsiya va ovqatlanish uchun qo'shimchalar; hayotiy ko'nikmalar bo'yicha treninglar va bitiruvdan keyin yashash uchun shaxsiy rejalar" ni o'z ichiga olgan detoksifikatsiya rejimini o'z ichiga oladi. Detoksifikatsiya rejimining asosiy sharti shundaki, "tanada saqlanadigan giyohvand moddalar qoldig'ining faollashishi, giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilayotgan sobiq odamda giyohvandlik istaklarini keltirib chiqarishi mumkin, shuning uchun relaps qaytalanishi mumkin. Narconon detoksifikatsiyasi rejimi giyohvand moddalar tanasida qoldiqlarni yo'q qilish va shu bilan kamaytirishga mo'ljallangan bu qoldiqlar sabab bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan ishtiyoq. "^[17]

Asosiy tibbiyot va toksikologiya mutaxassislari bir necha bor Xabbardning uslubi hech qanday kuchga ega emasligini ta'kidladilar: "farmakologik nuqtai nazardan, dori vositalarini tanadan chiqarib yuborish uchun majburiy terlashni qo'llash g'oyasini qat'iyan shubha ostiga qo'yish mumkin", dedi professor Folke Sjoqvist 1996 yil uchun ma'ruzasida. The Shved hukumat,^[72] 1990 yilda Oklaxoma Ruhiy Sog'liqni saqlash kengashining hisobotida aytilishicha: "Terda ba'zi dori-darmonlarning bir necha daqiqali miqdori bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ularning miqdori giyohvand moddalarni yo'q qilishning kichik qismini tashkil qiladi".^[73] A yotqizish haqida Patrik Desmondning Jorjiya shtatidagi Narcononda o'limi, ekspert guvoh Lui A. Kasal da'vogarning advokati Jeff Xarris tomonidan so'roq qilingan:^[74]

Xarris: Va sauna dasturi, Narcononning ta'kidlashicha, aslida bu sizning tanangizni zararsizlantiradi. To'g'ri?
Casal: To'g'ri.
Xarris: Ammo bu bahsni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun menga ishora qiladigan ilmiy asos yo'q, shunday emasmi, janob?
Casal: To'g'ri aytasiz.
Xarris: Demak, Narconon sauna dasturi o'z o'quvchilarini zararsizlantirishini aytganida, siz tibbiyot doktori sifatida ushbu bahs uchun qandaydir ilmiy asoslar borligini bilmayapsizmi?
Casal: Men roziman.
Xarris: Vitaminlar rejimi. Siz vitaminlar rejimini yaxshi bilasizmi?
Casal: Ha, janob.
Xarris: Nima - vitamin sxemasi giyohvandlikni davolashda samarali yoki yo'qligi to'g'risida sizning fikringiz bormi?
Casal: Menimcha, bu giyohvandlikni davolashga hech qanday ta'sir qilmaydi.

Narconon buni ta'kidlaydi metadon, amfetaminlar, metamfetaminlar, morfin, mis, simob va boshqa toksinlar, ba'zilari bir necha yil oldin iste'mol qilingan, terlash orqali tanadan chiqib ketadi. Bu aksariyat rekreatsion dorilar tanadan bir necha kun ichida chiqib ketishini aniqlagan (asosan bundan mustasno) asosiy fan tomonidan qabul qilingan tanadagi giyohvand moddalarni ushlab turish nuqtai nazaridan farq qiladi. nasha, bu tez-tez ishlatilganda tanada bir oygacha qolishi mumkin).^[75]

Niasin

The tarkibiy formula ning natsin - Narconon dasturi markazidagi molekula

Narcononning so'zlariga ko'ra, vitamin va mineral qo'shimchalar oziqlanish etishmovchiligini bartaraf etish va terlash tufayli ozuqa moddalarining yo'qolishini qoplash uchun kerak. Dasturning boshqa asosiy elementlari quyidagilardan iborat natsin, bu Hubbardning ta'kidlashicha, erkin yog 'kislotasi safarbarligini kuchaytiradi va ko'p to'yinmagan yog'larni kiritadi, chunki u ba'zi toksin birikmalarining ajralish tezligini oshiradi. Uyg'un miqdordagi uyqu bilan birga, bu rejim Narconon tomonidan uzoq muddatli saqlanadigan toksinlarni safarbar qilish va yo'q qilish uchun o'ylaydi.^[35]

Narcononning "giyohvandlik bombasi" niatsinni o'z ichiga oladi doza kuniga 4000 mg.^[76] Natsinni yuqori dozada qabul qilish bemorlarga xavf tug'dirishi - bu Narconon dasturini baholash bo'yicha tibbiy mutaxassislarning bemorlar uchun xavfli ekanligini aniqlashining bir sababi; dastur Kvebek va boshqa qator yurisdiktsiyalarda taqiqlangan Frantsiya Natijada.^[77]

Narconon doktrinalari uning dasturidan o'tayotgan bemorlarda "terlangan" dorilarga tegishli jismoniy alomatlarni ko'rsatishini va Narconon xodimlarining tibbiy malakaga ega emasligi yoki odatda pravoslav dori-darmonlarni reabilitatsiya qilish malakasiga ega emasligi sababli, jiddiy tibbiyotga kirish xavfi mavjud. alomatlar - niatsindan dozani oshirib yuborish yoki boshqa sabablarga ko'ra - Narconon xodimlari tomonidan detoksifikatsiyaning kerakli oqibatlari sifatida noto'g'ri talqin qilinishi mumkin:^[73]

Narconon dasturi o'z bemorlarini kechikish kabi hodisalar xavfi ostida qoldiradi soqchilik, deliryum va / yoki gallyutsinatsiyalar. ... Narconon dasturi Narzodon dasturining bemorlari uchun potentsial xavfni keltirib chiqaradi, chunki benzodiazepinlar kabi giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish to'xtatilgandan keyin bir necha kun o'tgach kuzatiladigan tutilish, deliryum yoki gallyutsinatsiya kabi kechikish hodisalari kechikadi, bu Narcononning tibbiy bo'lmaganlari tomonidan noto'g'ri talqin qilinishi mumkin. sauna terlash jarayoni davomida preparatni yog'dan safarbar etish samarasi sifatida xodimlar. Saunada ter to'kish dasturi davomida suiiste'mol qilingan giyohvand moddalar ta'sirini qayta boshdan kechirishi, noto'g'ri talqin qilingan alomatlarning natijasi bo'lishi mumkinligi xavfi ham mavjud. gipertermiya yoki elektrolitlar muvozanati...

O'quv mashg'ulotlari

Narconon kursining qolgan qismida "O'quv mashg'ulotlari" yoki "TR" dan foydalaniladi.^[78] dastlab Hubbard tomonidan Scientologlarga kommunikatsiya ko'nikmalarini o'rgatish uchun ishlab chiqilgan.^[79] Narconon variantida ushbu kurslar giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qiluvchilarni reabilitatsiya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[78] Ushbu tartib-qoidalarga ba'zida TR 8,^[80] bu kuldonga "o'rnidan tur" va "o'tir" deb buyruq berishni va buning uchun imkon qadar baland ovozda minnatdorchilikni o'z ichiga oladi.^[81][82] Sobiq sayentologlarning ta'kidlashicha, mashg'ulotning maqsadi - bu odam o'z «niyatini» kuldonga siljitish uchun uni «nurlantirish».^[83]

Samaradorlik

Hozirgi vaqtda Narcononning giyohvandlikning asosiy yoki ikkinchi darajali oldini olish dasturi sifatida samaradorligi to'g'risida ishonchli dalillar mavjud emas.

— Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati bo'yicha Norvegiya bilim markazi^[20]

Narconon odatda muvaffaqiyat darajasi 75% bitiruvchilarining umrining oxirigacha giyohvand moddalardan xoli bo'lishini talab qiladi,^[84] va ilgari "100% muvaffaqiyat darajasiga juda yaqin" deb da'vo qilgan.^[85] Biroq, bu raqamlar juda ziddiyatli va bu da'volarni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi mustaqil tadqiqotlar mavjud emas.^[20][86]

Mustaqil tadqiqotchilar muvaffaqiyatning ancha past ko'rsatkichlarini topdilar. Narcononni tanqid qiluvchi kamida bitta veb-sayt Shvetsiyadagi tadqiqot natijalariga asoslanib, 6,6% ni tashkil etadi.^[87] Narconon, xuddi shu tadqiqot natijalarini ancha qulay bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi, garchi tadqiqotning vakili juda soddalashtirilgan bo'lsa ham.^[88][89]

Sayentologiya cherkovi "Narconon muvaffaqiyat darajasi nafaqat dunyodagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkich, balki xalqaro o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlardan to'rt baravar yuqori", deb da'vo qilmoqda.^[90] esa a muntazam ravishda ko'rib chiqish Norvegiyaning Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati nomidan Norvegiyaning Sog'liqni saqlash xizmati bilim markazi tomonidan o'tkazilgan Narconon samaradorligi to'g'risidagi dalillar quyidagicha xulosaga keldi:^[20]

Umuman olganda, bitta yarim eksperimental va beshta eksperimental tadqiqotlar ushbu dasturlarning profilaktik ta'siriga oid dalillarning etishmasligini hujjatlashtiradi. Shunday qilib, hozirgi vaqtda Narcononning asosiy yoki ikkinchi darajali giyohvandlikning oldini olish dasturi sifatida samaradorligi to'g'risida ishonchli dalillar mavjud emas. Bu qisman Narconon haqidagi tadqiqot dalillarining etarli emasligi va qisman mavjud bo'lgan ozgina tadqiqotlarning eksperimental xarakteri bilan bog'liq.

2014 yil aprel oyida shahar Kengashi Vyong, Yangi Janubiy Uels, Avstraliya yaqinda yangi markaz ochish uchun Narcononga ruxsatni rad etdi Yarramalong, dasturning davolash usuli qaror qabul qilishda omil bo'lganligini aytdi.^[91] Vayong shahar hokimi Dag Eaton shunday dedi:^[92]

Hududga kirishga ruxsat berish uchun uni shifoxona deb atash kerak edi va uni namoyish etish uchun etarli ma'lumot yo'q edi, chunki reabilitatsiya jarayoni haqidagi tushuncham bu diniy jarayonga qaraganda ko'proq diniy jarayon ekanligi tibbiy jarayon.

— Scientology cherkovi giyohvand moddalarni qayta tiklash markazi rad etildi, Avstraliyaning Broadcasting Corporation

Ta'lim dasturi

Florida

1999 yilda sayentologlar Clearwater, Florida giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish bo'yicha Narconon dasturini o'rnatishga harakat qildi Pinellas okrugi maktab tuman o'quv dasturi. Ushbu masala bo'yicha tinglovdan so'ng, maktab okrug qo'mitasi o'quvchilarga Xabardning ta'limoti asosida giyohvand moddalarga qarshi kurash dasturida qatnashishni rad etdi.ohang shkalasi "va Scientology-ning boshqa tuzoqlari o'zlarining maktablari uchun giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha dastur uchun mos bo'lmagan.^[93]

Kaliforniya

2004 yilda Narconon Kaliforniyadagi davlat maktablariga giyohvandlikka qarshi dasturni bepul taklif qildi. Biroq, bir qator maqolalar San-Fransisko xronikasi 2004 yil iyun oyida Kaliforniyaning maktab rasmiylari Narcononning da'volarini tekshirishga olib keldi. Tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, Narconon dasturi tibbiy va ilmiy asoslangan amaliyotni aks ettirmaydi va o'quvchilarga giyohvand moddalar iste'mol qilish va suiiste'mol qilish to'g'risida noto'g'ri ma'lumot beradi.^[94] Tekshiruv natijasida, 2005 yil 23 fevralda shtatning jamoat ta'limi boshlig'i Jek O'Konnel shtatdagi barcha maktablarga Narconon dasturidan voz kechishni rasman tavsiya qildi.^[95] O'Konnelning kotibi Los-Anjelesdagi maktab tizimlari va San-Fransisko dasturni tashlagan edi. Narconon prezidenti Klark Karr, tadqiqotda uning tashkiloti faoliyati to'g'risida faqat cheklangan ma'lumotlar berilganligi va bu harakatlar "bolalarning giyohvand moddalar bilan duch keladigan dolzarb muammolariga to'g'ri va tegishli" deb javob berdi.^[94]

Tomonidan 2014 yil may oyida o'tkazilgan tergov Xronika Kaliforniyadagi ba'zi maktablar 2004 yilgi qarorga qaramay, hali ham Narconon dasturidan foydalanayotganligini aniqladilar. Narconon ta'lim dasturini maktab okrugi nomidan baholagan va uni ilmiy jihatdan asossiz deb topgan mutaxassislardan biri Stiv Xeylig,^[96] maktablarni o'quvchilarga kirishiga ruxsat berishdan oldin giyohvand moddalarni o'rgatish dasturlarining akkreditatsiyasini tekshirishga chaqirdi va shunday dedi: "Giyohvand moddalarni o'qitishning bir muhim sharti shundaki, biz o'quvchilarni aldamasligimiz kerak, chunki ular siz ularga aniq ma'lumotlarni aytmasligingizni bilib, ular ishonmasliklari mumkin. siz aytayotgan hamma narsa ".^[97]

Birlashgan Qirollik

Buyuk Britaniya qamoqxonalari ombudsman qamoqxona hokimlariga Narconon reabilitatsiya dasturlari qamoqxonalarda qo'llanilmasligi tavsiya etilgan bo'lsa-da, Buyuk Britaniyaning ba'zi maktablari ushbu dasturlardan foydalanmoqda; Sunday Times Buning sababi shundaki, maktablar Narcononning Scientology bilan aloqalarini kamroq bilishadi.^[98] 2012 yil sentyabr oyida 149 Angliya cherkovi London yeparxiyasidagi maktablar, ota-onalarning shikoyatlaridan so'ng, o'quvchilariga ma'ruzalar o'qish uchun Narconon tomonidan berilgan takliflarni qabul qilmaslik haqida ogohlantirildi.^[99]

2016 yil noyabr oyida Narconon ikkita maktabda giyohvandlikning zarari to'g'risida suhbatlar o'tkazgani haqida xabar berilgan edi Kamden, London. Camden qizlar uchun maktab o'qituvchisi Elizabet Kitsattning bayonotida o'quvchilar nutqni "juda foydali" deb topishgan bo'lsa, DrugWise direktori Garri Shapiro maktablarni sayentologiya bilan aloqalarini bilmasliklariga chaqirdi. Breknok Boshlang'ich tashkilotining vakili shunday dedi: "Maktab rahbarining o'rinbosari xonada giyohvand moddalar to'g'risida xabardor qilish bo'yicha butun ma'ruza uchun qatnashgan va hech qachon Scientology yoki diniy mazmundagi so'zlar aytilmagan. Bu giyohvandlikka qarshi nutq sifatida sotilgan va aynan shu narsa. edi ". Buyuk Britaniyaning Narconon prezidenti Noel Nil guruh "hayotni saqlab qolish bilan shug'ullangan" va ularning giyohvand moddalar bo'yicha tashabbuslari talabalar va o'qituvchilar tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilinganligini ta'kidladi.^[100]

Cecchini / Lennox tadqiqotlari

2008 yilda Narconon ijrochi direktori Mari Cekchini Richard Lennoks bilan birgalikda "Narconon" ta'lim dasturi yoshlar orasida giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilishni kamaytirganligini ko'rsatadigan hujjatni nashr etdi.^[101] Biroq, tadqiqot Narcononning ABLE bosh tashkiloti tomonidan moliyalashtirildi.^[102][103] va o'sha jurnaldagi keyingi yozishmalar, tadqiqot xulosalari o'z ma'lumotlariga zid ekanligini ta'kidladi: nazorat guruhi Narconon guruhiga qaraganda "giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish bosimiga ko'proq qarshilik ko'rsatgan".^[104]

O'limlar

Jocelyne Dorfmann, Grancey-sur-Ource, Frantsiya (1984)

1984 yilda 34 yoshli Frantsuzcha Jocelyne Dorfmann ismli ayol davolanmasdan vafot etdi epilepsiya soqchilik da Narconon markazida davolanayotganda Grancey-sur-Ource (yaqin Dijon ). Ushbu markaz direktorining yordamchisi sudlangan^[105] xavf ostida bo'lgan odamga yordam etishmasligi. Narconon markazi yopildi. Tibbiy mutaxassislar uning o'limiga "epileptik tutilish boshlanganda etarlicha davolanmaganligi va tutish paytida shoshilinch davolanish sabab bo'lganligi" sabab bo'lganligini xabar qilishdi. Narconon xodimlari tibbiy yordamni chaqira olmadilar, natijada Dorfmann vafot etdi.^[106]

Paride Ella va Juzeppe Tomba, Valsassina, Italiya (1995)

1995 yilda Paride Ella (22) va Juzeppe Tomba (26) ikki yigit Narconon markazida to'satdan vafot etdi. Taceno, Lekko viloyati, Italiya. Ella vafot etdi o'tkir buyrak etishmovchiligi (alomatlar niatsinning haddan tashqari dozasiga mos keladi), Juzeppe Tomba uchun o'limning qayd etilgan sababi yurak xuruji. Ikkala bemor ham xuddi shunday alomatlarga duch keldi qusish va diareya, o'limidan bir necha kun oldin. Yigitlar bir-birlaridan bir necha kun o'tib, Narconon dasturining "zararsizlantirish" bosqichida vafot etdilar.

Narconon markazida tibbiy xodim yo'q edi va har ikkala holatda ham ularning ahvoli og'irligini aniqlay olmadi. O'limdan oldin Taceno meri Narconon markazining yopilishini so'ragan edi.^[107]

Federika X, Torre dell'Orso, Italiya (2002)

2002 yilda "Federika X" deb nomlangan 33 yoshli italiyalik bemor, dan Torre dell'Orso, xuddi shunday sharoitda 2002 yilda vafot etdi. Federika vafot etdi peritonit, uning otopsiyasiga ko'ra. U birinchi bo'lib 7-oktabr, dushanba kuni oshqozon og'rig'idan azob chekishni boshladi va uni birinchi tibbiy yordam stantsiyasiga olib borishdi Meledugno, u erda unga og'riq qoldiruvchi vositalar berilgan. Ertasi kuni kechqurun Federika kasalxonaga olib ketildi va u erda yotganidan ko'p o'tmay vafot etdi koma.

Keyinchalik Narconon kasalligi Giovanni Kosta pichoqlagan Kosta Federika alomatlarini e'tiborsiz qoldirgan va unga yetarlicha tibbiy yordam ko'rsatmagan deb da'vo qilgan xodim Rodolfo Savino. Kosta hibsga olingan va unga nisbatan ayblov e'lon qilingan qotillikka urinish.^[108]

Patrik Desmond, Norkross, Jorjiya, AQSh (2008)

Patrik V. "Ricko" Desmond, sobiq a'zosi Qo'shma Shtatlar dengiz piyoda korpusi, Jorjiyaning Narconon shahrida 2008 yil 11 iyunda 28 yoshida vafot etgan geroin dozani oshirib yuborish.^[109] Desmondning oilasi da'vo qilgan noqonuniy o'lim va ularning harakatlari uning o'limiga sabab bo'lganligi va Narcononning litsenziyali statsionar dastur ekanligi haqida yolg'on da'vo qilganligi to'g'risida da'vo qo'zg'atdi.^{[109][110][111]}

WSB-TV Atlantada shunday xabar berilgan:

Dalillarga Patronning o'limi to'g'risida davlat tergovchilariga xabar berish paytida "ambulatoriya" so'zi bilan Narcononning firma blankasi tushirilgan hujjatlar kiradi, ammo Florida sudlariga yuborilgan xatlardagi firma "ambulatoriya" so'zini chiqarib tashlagan.

Desmondning oilasi uning davolanishi uchun Narcononga 30 ming dollar to'lagan. Narconon Georgia kompaniyasining direktori Meri Rizer jurnalistga quyidagicha izoh berdi:

Odamlar o'zlariga qiladigan narsalar bor. Albatta bu achinarli.^[109][112]

Narconon Georgia va Desmond oilasi o'rtasida sud jarayoni bo'lib o'tdi suddan tashqari qaror topdi 2013 yil fevral oyida, hakamlar hay'ati tanlovi boshlanishidan uch kun oldin.^[113][114] Qarorgoh qattiq ergashdi sanktsiyalar sudning sud qarori bilan Jorjia shtatidagi Narcononga:

Da'vogarning ushbu ishning hal etilishi bilan bog'liq masalalar bo'yicha kashfiyot so'rovlariga qasddan, qasddan va bir necha marotaba yolg'on va noto'g'ri javoblar berilgan

va unda:

Bir necha bor ishlab chiqilmadi va bir necha bor aniq tegishli, javob beradigan hujjatlar va ma'lumotlarning mavjudligini yolg'on rad etdi.

Sudya Gidrik Desmond oilasining da'volariga Narcononning javobini qaytarib oldi, ya'ni agar ish hal etilmasa, oilaning da'volari asosan Narconon tomonidan qarshiliksiz qolishi mumkin edi.^{[115][116][117]}

Narconon International Narconon Georgia bilan aloqasi yo'qligini rad etdi,^[118] Patrik ishida oshkor qilingan hujjatlar Narconon Georgia-ning ijrochi direktori Meri Rizerning Narconon International, Scientology ning Maxsus ishlar bo'limi va ABLE-ga xabar berganligini ko'rsatgan bo'lsa-da,^{[119][120][121]} Patrik vafot etgan oqshomni o'z ma'ruzalarida quyidagicha tasvirlab berdi:

2008 yil 10 iyunda talaba kechqurun Bred bilan o'z xonadonida basketbol o'yinini tomosha qilayotgan edi. Ular iste'mol qildilar tekila va talaba ushbu kvartirada qulflanishi kerak bo'lgan naqd puliga ega bo'ldi. Kechqurun qayg'uli voqea yuz berdi. Ikki kundan keyin biz Bredni sinab ko'rdik va u iflos edi metadon, PCP, kokain va metamfetamin.

— Meri Rizer, "Bo'lishi mumkin bo'lmagan narsalar", 2008 yil 14 avgust, Patrik Desmondning mol-mulki va Jorjiya shtatidagi Narconon va boshqalar)^[122]

Jon Kanningem, Uotsonvill, Kaliforniya, AQSh (2015)

2015 yil iyul oyida Jon Kanningem, 58 yoshda Boeing qaram bo'lgan xodim benzodiazepinlar, singlisi tomonidan Narconon muassasasi bo'lgan Redwood Cliffs-ga yuborilgan Vatsonvill, Kaliforniya. Redwood Cliffs xodimlari Kanningemni detoksikatsiya qilish uchun Bright Futures Recovery-ga yuborishdi, u Kanningemni o'zi qabul qilayotgan dori-darmonlardan olib tashladi. depressiya. Kanningem "chekinish alomatlari uchun atigi besh kun ichida uch marta mahalliy ER" ga yuborildi. 2015 yil 22-avgustda u o'z xonasida "yotoqxona shkafidagi kamarga osib qo'yishi" uchun etarlicha uzoq yolg'iz qoldi. Kanningemning singlisi Narconon Scientology kiyimi ekanligini ukasi vafotidan keyin bilmas edi.^[123]

Represented by attorney H. Gavin Long, Cunningham's family sued Redwood Cliffs and Bright Futures Recovery for $1 million each. The rehabilitation centers countered with an offer of "$100,000 and $350,000, respectively". The family refused and took the case to a jury in Santa-Kruz. After a twelve-day trial where Narconon tried to argue that they had not referred Cunningham to Bright Futures Recovery, the jury awarded the family $11 million. Jurnalistning so'zlariga ko'ra Toni Ortega, it was very rare for the case to go to a jury, and since this court case, "Scientology cut ties with its Northern California Narconon network, and the Redwood Cliffs facility has closed. But Narconon is still on the hook for its share of the verdict".^[123]

Deaths at Narconon Arrowhead, Oklahoma, United States (2009–2012)

In August 2012, Pittsburg County sheriflar^[124] va Oklahoma Department of Mental Health (ODMHSAS), along with the Oklaxoma shtati Tergov byurosi (OSBI),^[125] began an investigation of deaths at Narconon Arrowhead following the deaths of three patients in a period of nine months.^[126]

The investigation included the recent deaths of four patients: Stacy Dawn Murphy, aged 20, who died at Narconon Arrowhead on 19 July 2012; Hillary Holten, 21, who was found dead at the facility on 11 April 2012; and 32-year-old Gabriel Graves, who died at the facility on 26 October 2011. The investigation later expanded to cover the death 28-year-old Kaysie Dianne Werninck, who died at Narconon Arrowhead on 3 March 2009.^{[127][128][129]}

Following media attention surrounding the deaths, the National Association of Forensic Counselors (NAFC) permanently revoked the Certified Chemical Dependency Counseling certification of several Narconon Arrowhead employees, including director Gary Smith.^[130] In August 2013, the ODMHSAS permanently revoked the facility's permit for medical detoxification after Narconon had exhausted all avenues for protesting the decision.^[131]

In August 2013, Inspector General Kim Poff and investigator Michael DeLong, both of the ODMHSAS, who had been investigating the deaths at Narconon Arrowhead, had their employment terminated. No reason was given for the termination, but the investigators' attorney later claimed that the two were wrongfully fired, saying: "Their termination, in part, relates to the Narconon investigation".^[132]

Narconon in Oklahoma

Something's terribly wrong there. We sent her there to get better, not to die.

— Robert Murphy, father of deceased Stacy Dawn Murphy, ^[133]

Narconon's first presence in the state of Oklaxoma was at the Chilocco Indian Agricultural School, near Nyukirk. Narconon made the argument that operating on an Hindistonning rezervatsiyasi obviated the need for a state license.

Narconon began operations in Oklahoma in 1990,^[134] as an unlicensed facility on the site of the Chilokko hind qishloq xo'jaligi maktabi shahri yaqinida Nyukirk,^[135] claiming that it did not require a state license as it was operating on an Hindistonning buyurtmasi.^[136] In 1992 Narconon applied for a state licence, and was twice refused by the ODMHSAS, which found "no evidence that drug and alcohol abuse education was part of the program"^[137] and declared the program "not medically safe",^[73] a decision to which Narconon spokesperson Kirsti xiyoboni^[138] responded, "The arrogance and irresponsibility of the mental health board will not survive the outrage of the many thousands of parents, graduates and supporters from the scientific community".^[139]

Between 1989 and 1992, Narconon, through Scientology attorney Tim Boulz, filed lawsuits against the ODMHSAS;^[140] its members;^[141][142] and local newspaper editor Robert Lobsinger, who had written about Narconon's Scientology connection.^[143][144] Narconon contacted the Mayor of Newkirk's 12-year-old son at a library,^[145] and hired private detectives to research Narconon's opponents, leading residents to fear retribution if they spoke out against the organization.^[146][147] A Narconon spokesman quoted by The New York Times described Narconon's critics in Newkirk as "in favor of drug abuse… They're either connected to selling drugs or they're using drugs."^[148]

Narconon Arrowhead, Oklaxoma, where various law enforcement agencies are investigating recent deaths.

Narconon achieved exemption from the requirement for state licensing in 1992,^[149] as a result of approval from the Qayta tiklash inshootlarini akkreditatsiya qilish bo'yicha komissiya. Scientology leader Devid Miskavige commented on the case in an interview with ABC News Tungi chiziq, saying, "There are a group of people on this planet who find us to be a threat to their existence, and they will do everything in their power to stop us. And that is the mental health field. I didn't pick a war with them."^[150]

In 2012, a paid advert in the Oklaxoma gazetasi contained allegations from a previously unknown group named "Oklahomans for the preservation of homeland security and american values, (ohsav)" [sic ]. The advert referred to recent TV news stories about Narconon and Scientology, named some of Narconon's critics in Oklahoma, and alleged those critics had "subjugated [their] individuality for [their] own thirst for hatred", had an "agenda of religious intolerance, racial discrimination or disdain for corporate America", and blamed them for "public disinformation hate campaigns against Blacks, Jews, Muslims and Scientologists".^[151] The advertisement showed the characteristics of a Scientology "DA flier".

Kaysie Dianne Werninck

The parents of Kaysie Dianne Werninck, who died at Narconon Arrowhead on 3 March 2009, filed a lawsuit against the center claiming her death was "a result of the defendant's [Narconon's] gross negligence". The case was settled.^[152]

Gabriel Graves

Gabriel Graves, who died at the facility in October 2011, was the subject of an open records request made to the ODMHSAS by the Tulsa dunyosi newspaper, which revealed reports of use and distribution of drugs at the facility. Graves' autopsy recorded his cause of death as "unknown".^[153]

Hillary Holten

Hillary Holten, whose parents filed a lawsuit against Narconon Arrowhead, is alleged by her parents to have died due to lack of medical care. Their lawsuit states that she "had a history of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, a condition that required the daily administration of Deksametazon and in extreme circumstances, an injection of liquid kortizon ", and that Narconon Arrowhead did not properly manage her condition. Gary Smith of Narconon refrained from comment, adding that "there are federal rights to privacy laws which prohibit us from discussing anything about former clients."^[154][155]

Stacy Murphy

Stacy Murphy's father said Narconon officials told him that when his daughter was found dead alone in the "detox" room, and that she had not been checked on for two and a half hours. "That's too long, if they thought she was overdosed, why didn't they have someone with her the whole time?" he said, adding, "We sent her there to get better, not to die".^[133] Gary Smith responded in an email statement that, "It is always deeply saddening when drug addiction takes a life or destroys a family. ... For the family the pain of losing a loved one to addiction is unimaginable."^[128]

A patient who was resident at Narconon Arrowhead at the time of Stacy's death said,^[156] "There was no doctor there, no nurse on staff. There's nothing like that there ... The staff, they're all former patients. ... My understanding is that everyone there is pretty much a former patient. ... The drugs that would have saved Stacy's life were either not available or no one there knew how to administer it." Now told reporters that he feared retaliation by Narconon for talking to the police and media: "I'm afraid for my life." Stacy's roommate, Destanie Ramsey, called police on the night of her death in order to leave Narconon Arrowhead, where she claimed she was being held against her will.^[157]

Public and media response

Protests over the deaths took place outside Narconon Arrowhead; one protest in late June 2012, planned to include bereaved family members, was disrupted by road resurfacing works outside the facility, paid for by Narconon. Pittsburg County Commission Chairman Gene Rogers explained that, "[Gary Smith] called me and said they might be having a problem with the public that weekend and he wanted help policing the area and he asked about doing overlaying [of the road]".^[158]

Oklahoma State Senator Tom Ivester commented that, "Clearly something isn't right and we have a moral obligation to do everything in our power to end this predatory business being run by the Church of Scientology disguised as drug treatment", adding, "This is a disgusting business that preys on desperate family members and their sick loved ones, scamming them out of thousands of dollars with the promise of providing hope and new life. It's a disgrace to have these people operating in the state of Oklahoma."^[159] In direct response to the Arrowhead deaths, Ivestor introduced legislation to expand Oklahoma's ability to regulate rehab facilities.^[160][161]

In response to an NBC Rok markazi segment on the facility,^[162] Narconon President Clark Carr called its criticism of Narconon "bigoted" and described the program as addicts' "last chance for a decent, honest, drug-free life".^[163]

Qarama-qarshiliklar

State code violations

Narconon facilities in California have been keltirilgan repeatedly for violations by state inspectors. Violations included administering medication without authorization, having alcohol on the premises, and not having proper bedding for patients. Narconon has also attempted to silence opposition, including sending letters to neighbors of a proposed facility in Leona vodiysi threatening legal action for criticism. Residents had been concerned that Narconon would increase crime.^[164] The local town council recommended an eight-foot security fence and independent security, which was objected to by Narconon officials.^[165]

Investigation in Russia

In April 2007, it was revealed that the public procurator yilda Moskva 's South District had begun an investigation into Narconon's activities in Rossiya. The Moskovskiy Komsomolets newspaper reported that legal proceedings were begun against the head of the clinic "Narconon-Standard" for violating bans in Russian medical practices. Russian law enforcement became interested after receiving many complaints from citizens about the high fees charged by Narconon. The Narconon office in Bolshaya Tulskaya St. was searched, and documents and unidentified medications were seized.^[166] One year later, as part of an investigation in Ulyanovsk into the Church of Scientology, police searched a Narconon office in the town of Dimitrovgrad.^[167]

Narconon Trois-Rivières closed by Quebec health authorities

[Narconon] may represent a risk to health

— Health and Social Services Agency, Maurisya Mintaqa, Kvebek^[168]

On 17 April 2012, Kvebek health officials ordered the Narconon facility in Trois-Rivier to close, and to relocate its 32 residents. After an investigation into Narconon Trois-Rivières' activities by the Centre Québécois d’Agrément (CQA), an independent body that monitors the quality of healthcare, the Maurisya Region's Health and Social Services Agency decided not to re-certify Narconon due to concerns that its methods "may represent a risk to health" of patients.^[168][169]

The Agency's director, Marc Latour, said that Narconon Trois-Rivières was dangerous for patients, that it violated many of the criteria governing rehabilitation centres in Quebec, and that there was no medical supervision and no scientific basis to its treatment. He added that at least four clients had been hospitalized in recent months because of methods used at the centre.^[77] Narconon Trois-Rivières issued a response, saying, "People with drug problems and their families should have a right to choose the program that works for them as these days there are many good alternative programs".^[170]

The closure followed a two-year campaign by ex-Narconon patient and staff member David Love, whose negative experiences with the program prompted him to become one of its fiercest critics in Canada. While he was at Narconon Trois-Rivieres, Love reports that:^[171]

staff members withheld insulin from a diabetic patient undergoing the sauna treatment. That young man ended up in hospital for three days, Love said. In another [incident], it [Narconon] took away a patient's antidepressants. He jumped from a second-floor window in a o'z joniga qasd qilish.

Before the centre's closure, Narconon had alleged that Love's allegations were fictitious and that he had been pora bergan to make them; Andre Ahern, Director of Legal Affairs for Narconon Trois-Rivieres, said:^[172]

It strikes me most strange that Love is now attacking the very group [Narconon] that per his earlier statements saved his life. He changed his mind, apparently, after he began receiving payments from members of the Anonim tarmoq.

Love is one of five former Narconon patients who have filed a complaint with Quebec's Human Rights Commission, alleging that their drug addiction was exploited by Narconon, which recruited them into the program and made them perform manual labour while taking part in it. Love also alleges that Narconon Trois-Rivieres earned around $16 million for Scientology between its opening in 2005 and its forced closure in 2012.^[171]

Narconon President Clark Carr stated that the facility closed because the province changed its stance on "what kind of drug rehabilitation it would tolerate" to "strictly medical, drug substitution, and so forth". Narconon was informed that it had to reacquire a license, but would only be approved if its method of treatment was changed.^[173]

Pur Detox suicide attempt

In September 2012, Pur Detox, a Narconon offshoot, was sued in Orange okrugi, Kaliforniya for negligence, tibbiy noto'g'ri ishlash, and negligent supervision. William Sweeney, the plaintiff, "suffered severe personal injuries" after a suicide attempt, jumping from a third floor balcony at the clinic, in Dana nuqtasi. Sweeney's complaint alleges that he was taken off his belgilangan psixiatrik dorilar at the facility, and that it was this which led to his suicide attempt.^[174]

Arrest of Heber Jentzsch

In December 1988, the president of the Church of Scientology International, Heber Jentzsch, yilda hibsga olingan Ispaniya after an investigation into Narconon that resulted in (later dropped) allegations that he and Scientology were defrauding Spanish citizens and running its centers with unqualified staff.^[175] The judge in the case said at a news conference after the arrests that the only god of Scientology was money, and compared the church to a piramida sxemasi in which members pay increasing sums of money. The judge said that Narconon swindled its clients and lured them into Scientology.^[176] By the end of 1991, the Spanish court found there was no evidence to support prosecutors' allegations that drug rehabilitation and other programs sponsored by Scientology in Spain amounted to illicit gatherings aimed at activities such as fraud.^[177] In April 2002, the charge was formally dropped. The court also ordered that the garov puli deposited for Jentzsch's release in 1988 be returned to Scientology along with interest, which nearly doubled the original amount.^[178]

Slatkin fraud

On 8 November 2006, the Associated Press reported that Narconon was one of the Scientology groups that would pay back a total of 3.5 million of illegal funds from EarthLink hammuassisi Rid Slatkin:

Slatkin, who was once an ordained Scientology minister, paid $1.7 million from his scheme directly to Scientology groups, while millions of dollars more were funneled through other investors to groups affiliated with the church, bankruptcy trustee R. Todd Neilson said in court filings. Among the church groups to receive ill-gotten gains from Slatkin's scheme were Narconon International, the Church of Scientology Mashhurlar markazi International and the Church of Scientology Western United States, the filings said. The $3.5 million being returned by the church groups was the result of a negotiated compromise, Scientology attorney David Schindler and Alexander Pilmer, an attorney for Neilson, said.[1]

Head of Narconon deported from Kazakhstan

In July 2008, the head of Narconon in Qozog'iston edi deportatsiya qilingan: Kazakh Justice Minister Zagipa Baliyeva announced that "foreigners from the USA, Gruziya, Janubiy Koreya va Yaponiya have been deported from the country by law-enforcement agencies and in line with court rulings for violating the rules regarding the stay of foreigners and carrying out missionary activities without registration. In particular, with a further ban on entering Kazakhstan for five years, the head of the Narconon public foundation affiliated with the Church of Scientology has been deported," adding, "27 cases were uncovered where heads of non-traditional religious organizations violated the law on the vijdon erkinligi and religious organizations; in particular, materials propagating radical ideas and teachings of non-traditional religions were seized from them".^[179]

Accusation of website graphics design/layout plagiarism

In January 2001, Narconon came under fire when they appeared to plagiarize the entire layout and site design of the webzine Urban75.com for their websites heroinaddiction.com and cocaineaddiction.com, among others.^[180] The editor of Urban75 posted up comparisons of the copying, showing that Narconon had not even removed Urban75's hidden JavaScript code, unique to Urban75.^[181] Ro'yxatdan o'tish noted the irony of this scandal, quoting a critic who wrote, "Scientology has sued countless individuals and organizations putatively [sic] for 'copyright violation' and the organization claims loudly that they're at the 'forefront of protecting proprietary information on the Internet'."^[182]

Narconon Georgia closed amid investigation for insurance fraud

In April 2013, agents of the sug'urta komissari of the U.S. state of Georgia and the Gvinnett okrugi tuman prokurori 's office searched the group's offices in Norkross, Gruziya, questioning employees as they arrived at work and impounding more than a dozen computers and boxes full of documents.^[183] The insurance commissioner said during the investigation that, "We have credible information that indicates that sug'urta firibgarligi is taking place with Narconon". The family of one patient said that the group was billing insurance companies for treatments that had never been given, and the doctors for whom the costs were being billed claimed never to have met the patient.^[184]

State investigators discovered nearly $3 million of insurance fraud at Narconon Georgia; in September 2013, the facility surrendered its state license in order to avoid criminal charges.^[185][186]

Sud ishlari

Kaliforniya

In March 2014, attorney Ryan Hamilton filed two civil lawsuits against Narconon with the state of California.^[187]

The first civil suit was filed on behalf of Angelo Amato of Illinois, who purchased Narconon's Purification Rundown at Narconon Fresh Start (a.k.a. Sunshine Summit Lodge) in Warner Springs,^[188] after Amato searched the Internet for drug treatment facilities and believed allegedly fraudulent claims by Scientology that purported to be from an "independent consultant" web site. Amato claims to have been defrauded of $31,000 and began the Narconon program only to discover that it was actually Scientology being practiced, alleging that no actual drug treatment was offered at the facility.^[187]

The second civil suit was filed on behalf of plaintiffs Christie Estrada and Branden Chavez of New Mexico, who also researched "drug treatment facilities" on the Internet and were allegedly deceived by Narconon Fresh Start in to paying $33,000 before the Purification Rundown process could be applied, with Narconon Fresh Start allegedly asking for $23,000 of that fee up front in cash. The defendants in this case are also Narconon Fresh Start.^[187]

The core plaintiff complaints cover a spectrum of allegations of criminal misconduct by Scientology that include insurance fraud, denial that Narconon is tied to Scientology, fraudulent claims that Narconon staff were medically trained in drug treatment, and a number of other deceptive claims.^[189][190]

Nevada

In February 2014, Hamilton filed an additional civil suit against Narconon with the state of Nevada.^[191] His clients, Michael Tarr and his mother Cathy, sued Narconon Fresh Start (sifatida biznes qilish Rainbow Canyon Retreat) for fraud, shartnomani buzish and negligence.^{[191][192][193]} The Tarrs claimed that, while residing at Narconon to treat his former heroin addiction, Michael did not receive detoxification treatment but rather ta'limot into Scientology, and asked the court to award them jarima jazosi as well as a refund of Narconon's $33,000 fees and their legal expenses.^[194]

The Tarrs' civil suit followed closely behind a previous lawsuit filed by Hamilton on behalf of David, Stacy, and Jack Welch of Texas, who also allege that Narconon Fresh Start committed breach of contract, fraud, and negligence.^{[195][196][197]}

In April 2014, Hamilton filed another lawsuit against Narconon Nevada, this time on behalf of Harry and Lauren Geanacopulos and their son Peter. The Geanacopulos family's complaint argues that Narconon's programme content and success rate were misrepresented to them and that it has no genuine medical or scientific basis.^[198] Hamilton claimed to possess a Narconon internal document showing that the program was used as a "bridge" to introduce clients to Scientology.^[199]

National Association of Forensic Counselors

In May 2014, the NAFC filed a lawsuit in Oklahoma, naming Narconon, Scientology and eighty other defendants.^{[200][201][202]} The NAFC is a body that provides certification to drug abuse counsellors. The filing sought an injunction to prevent Narconon from using the NAFC's trademarks, certifications or logos; it also sought punitive damages.^[203][204]

The filing alleged that Narconon and the other defendants conspired to:

willfully misuse the NAFC logos and trademarks and falsified certifications supposedly obtained through the NAFC or the ACCFC to misrepresent the credentials of their employees and volunteers to promote the Narconon Network.

going on to claim that Narconon:

willfully misused (and continues to misuse) Plaintiff NAFC's logos, trademarks and false certifications to further the goals and purposes of the Church of Scientology International. Specifically, Plaintiffs claim that the misuse was calculated to increase the credibility of the Narconon Treatment Centers and the affiliated counselors, and to expand the reach and profitability of the Church of Scientology International to Plaintiffs' detriment

Oklaxoma

On 5 June 2014, one-time Narconon employee Eric Tenorio was issued a sudga chaqiruv^[205] to appear before a multi-county katta hakamlar hay'ati in Oklahoma that was investigating alleged insurance fraud and kredit karta bilan firibgarlik being committed at Narconon Arrowhead.^[206] The grand jury is empowered to hand down state and federal ayblov xulosalari and to subpoena current and previous employees, agents, and operators of the facility.^[207]

The grand jury investigation of Narconon Arrowhead came shortly after Tenorino filed documentation with the state of Oklahoma and with the NAFC,^[208] which resulted in NAFC filing their own civil lawsuits against 82 named defendants working for Narconon.^[209]

Kolorado

At the Scientology facility in Fort Kollinz, Kolorado, operating under the name "Yashashga arziydigan hayot ", there have been numerous law enforcement call-outs, medical emergencies, and other related requests for emergency services reported under a Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun request made available to the public on the Skribd document server,^[210] detailing numerous recorded incidents of Scientology operatives refusing to allow patents to leave, refusing to return their property, and patients making 9-1-1 calls that are interrupted by Scientology operatives.

Spin-offs and related groups

Stall for 'The Truth About Drugs', one of the names under which Narconon and Scientology market their programs.

Narconon also operates and markets drug rehabilitation facilities under other names, partly to hide that they are part of Scientology.^[211] There are also other Scientology-affiliated drug rehabilitation groups that are based on the Purification Rundown.

• Blue by the Sea in Emerald Coast, Florida, is the name of the former Narconon Gulf Coast.^[212]
• Drug Free Ambassadors is a Narconon program targeting schools and youth organizations.^[213]
• Yangi Boshlash is a pseudonym sometimes used by Narconon's facility in Nevada.^[198]
• Elevate Addiction Services was formally known as Narconon Redwood Cliffs, Narconon Pinecone Grove, and Narconon Emerald Pines. Despite the change of names faculty and owners remain the same and similar practices are used.
• Get Off Drugs Naturally is a business name for Narconon's Avstraliyalik filial.^[214]
• Israel Says No to Drugs is a Scientology-affiliated organization based in Yaffa, Isroil.^[215]
• Pur Detox (shuningdek Pür Detox bilan umlaut ) is a Scientology-affiliated clinic in Dana Point, California.^[216] The clinic has come under scrutiny due to a lawsuit by one of the former patients.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}
• Rainbow Canyon Rehabilitation Center, Rainbow Canyon Retreat yoki shunchaki Kamalak kanyoni is the name of a Narconon center in Kaliente, Nevada.^[198][211]
• Say No to Drugs Say Yes To Life yoki Yes to Life, No to Drugs is a front group for Narconon and Scientology, organizing races and street festivals to support Narconon.^[28][217]
• Sober Living in Orange County is the Purification Rundown operated at the Orange County Scientology Org itself.^[218]
• Suncoast Rehabilitation Center is a trade name or subsidiary of Narconon Spring Hill Inc., Florida.^[219] The center has come under scrutiny from the local authorities for their patient housing.^[220] Yaqin Novus Medical Detox Center, while not directly affiliated to Scientology, is operated by the landlord of the Suncoast center.^[221]
• Teen-anon yoki Streetcats is a Narconon program at the Narconon Vista Bay facility.^[222]
• The Truth About Drugs va Foundation for a Drug-Free World are slogans under which Scientology and Narconon advertise their programs while concealing their Scientology origins.^[223]

Though not directly linked to Narconon, the Nyu-York qutqaruvchilarning zararsizlantirish loyihasi va Ikkinchi imkoniyat dasturi are both Scientology-affiliated and also use the Purification Rundown.^[224][225]

Narconon and support from other religious groups

Non-Scientology religious figures that have voiced support for Narconon have included the Rev. Charles Kennedy of The Glorious Church of God in Christ, Imam Wilmore Sadiki, James Mclaughlin of the Wayman Chapel, Baptist pastor Alfreddie Johnson, the Rev. Catherine Bego of the Word Evangelism Ministry, and Tony Muhammad of the Islom millati.^{[226][227][228]}

Shuningdek qarang

• Old tashkilot
• Badanni tozalang, aqlni tozalang
• Kriminon
• Tozalashning buzilishi
• Narconon Day
• Nyu-York qutqaruvchilarning zararsizlantirish loyihasi
• Ikkinchi imkoniyat dasturi
• Chanologiya loyihasi
• Yaxshi yashash va ta'lim uchun uyushma

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

Narconon Netherlands

Official Narconon and Scientology sites

• Narconon International
• Tozalashning buzilishi

Boshqalar

• Narkonon giyohvandligini oldini olish dasturini baholash by the State of California.
• Stop-Narconon.org & Narconon Exposed Information deleted from Way Back Machine