"Flavius" operatsiyasi - Operation Flavius

"Flavius" operatsiyasi
Qismi muammolar
Qobiq (hozirgi Gib Oil) yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchasi yoqilgan Uinston Cherchill xiyoboni Gibraltarda, Makkenn va Farrel otilgan joyda, 2014 yilda tasvirlangan
Turi	Otish
Manzil	Gibraltar 36 ° 08′48 ″ N. 5 ° 21′01 ″ V / 36.1467 ° N 5.3503 ° Vt / 36.1467; -5.3503Koordinatalar: 36 ° 08′48 ″ N. 5 ° 21′01 ″ V / 36.1467 ° N 5.3503 ° Vt / 36.1467; -5.3503
Maqsad	Oldini olish Vaqtinchalik Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) bomba hujumi
Sana	6 mart 1988 yil (1988-03-06)
Zarar ko'rgan narsalar	Uch IRA harbiy xizmatchisi o'ldirildi

"Flavius" operatsiyasi a ning uchta a'zosi bo'lgan harbiy operatsiya edi Vaqtinchalik Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) xujayrasi inglizlarning yashirin a'zolari tomonidan otib o'ldirilgan Maxsus havo xizmati (SAS) in Gibraltar 1988 yil 6 martda.^[1][2] Uchtasi -Sean Savage, Daniel Makken va Mairad Farrel (a'zolari Vaqtinchalik IRA Belfast Brigada ) - o'rnatilganiga ishonishdi a avtomashinada bomba Gibraltarda ingliz harbiy xizmatchilariga hujum. Oddiy kiyingan SAS askarlari yonilg'i quyish shoxobchasi oldida ularga yaqinlashdilar, keyin o'q uzdilar va ularni o'ldirdilar. Uchalasi ham qurolsiz ekanligi aniqlandi va Savage avtomobilida bomba topilmadi, bu esa Britaniya hukumati ularni o'ldirish uchun til biriktirganlikda ayblashga sabab bo'ldi. Gibraltarda o'tkazilgan tergov natijalariga ko'ra, SAS qonuniy harakat qilgan Evropa inson huquqlari sudi fitna uyushtirilmagan bo'lsa-da, operatsiyani rejalashtirish va boshqarish shu qadar noto'g'ri bo'lganki, o'ldirish kuchini ishlatishni deyarli muqarrar qildi. O'lim o'n to'rt kunlik zo'ravonlik hodisalari zanjiridagi birinchi voqea bo'ldi. 16 mart kuni uch nafar IRA a'zosining dafn marosimiga hujum qilindi tomonidan a sodiq to'pponcha va granatalarni ishlatib, uchta motam egasini o'ldirgan. Keyin, motam qatnashchilaridan biri, IRA ning dafn marosimida ikki yashirin ingliz askarini otib tashladi kortejga haydab kirganlar.

1987 yil oxiridan boshlab Britaniya hukumati AIR bomba portlatishni rejalashtirayotganidan xabardor edi qorovulni almashtirish dagi hokim qarorgohi tashqarisidagi marosim Britaniya qaram hududi Gibraltar. Savage, McCann va Farrell hujumga tayyorgarlik ko'rish uchun Ispaniyaga borganlarida, ular Britaniya hukumatining iltimosiga binoan kuzatilgan. Otishma sodir bo'lgan kuni Savage parad uchun yig'ilish joyi sifatida foydalanilgan avtoturargohda oq rangli Renault-ni to'xtatib turganini ko'rdi; Ko'p o'tmay Makkenn va Farrell chegarani kesib o'tayotganlarida ko'rishgan.

Harbiy bombani yo'q qilish bo'yicha zobit Savage avtomobiliga shubha qilingan bomba sifatida qarash kerakligi haqida xabar berganidan so'ng, politsiya operatsiyani nazorat qilishni SASga topshirdi. Askarlar uchlikni ushlab qolish uchun pozitsiyaga o'tayotganlarida, Savaj Makkenn va Farreldan ajralib, janub tomon yugurishni boshladi. Ikki askar Savage-ni ta'qib qilishdi, ikkitasi Makkenn va Farrelga yaqinlashdi; ular buni qilar ekan, bu juftlik tahdidli harakatlar qilishgani aytilgan, natijada askarlar ularga ko'p marta o'q uzishgan. Askarlar Savajni ushlab qolishganda, u ko'ylagi ichiga kirib, ularga yuz o'girgan deb taxmin qilingan; u ham bir necha bor o'qqa tutilgan. Keyinchalik uchalasining ham qurolsiz ekanligi aniqlandi va Savajening mashinasida portlovchi moddalar yo'qligi aniqlandi; Farrelda topilgan kalitlardan kelib chiqqan surishtiruvlar hukumatni Ispaniyadagi avtoturargohda katta miqdordagi portlovchi moddalar bo'lgan ikkinchi mashinaga olib bordi. Otishmalardan deyarli ikki oy o'tgach, hujjatli film "Qoyadagi o'lim "Britaniya televideniesi orqali namoyish etildi. Qayta qurish va guvohlarning so'zlaridan foydalangan holda, uch nafar AIR a'zosi noqonuniy ravishda o'ldirilganligi haqida ma'lumot berdi. Hujjatli film juda munozarali bo'lib chiqdi; bir nechta ingliz gazetalari buni" televizion sud "deb ta'rifladilar.^[3]

O'lim bo'yicha surishtiruv 1988 yil sentyabrda boshlangan. Britaniya va Gibraltar ma'muriyatlaridan AIR guruhi kuzatilganligi haqida eshitgan Malaga aeroporti, ular Ispaniya politsiyasi tomonidan yo'qolgan va Savage Gibraltarda mashinasini to'xtatib turguncha uchtasi qayta paydo bo'lmagan. Askarlarning har biri gumon qilingan bombardimonchilar qurol-yarog 'yoki masofadan turib ishlaydigan detonatorga erishmoqchi ekanliklariga ishonib, o'q uzganliklarini tasdiqladilar. Dalillarni keltirgan tinch aholi orasida "Toshdagi o'lim" tomonidan topilgan guvohlar ham bor edi, ular uchta o'qni ogohlantirmasdan, qo'llarini ko'targan holda yoki ular yerda bo'lganlarini ko'rganliklari haqida ma'lumot berishdi. Hujjatli filmga, Savage-da bir necha marotaba askar yong'in chiqayotganini ko'rganini aytgan Kennet Askes, surishtiruv paytida bergan bayonotidan voz kechib, uni berish uchun bosim o'tkazganini aytdi. 30 sentyabrda surishtiruv hay'ati "qonuniy o'ldirish ". Norozi bo'lib, oilalar ishni Evropa Inson Huquqlari Sudiga topshirdilar. 1995 yilda o'z qarorini chiqargan sud, operatsiya ushbu moddaning 2-moddasini buzgan deb topdi. Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi chunki rasmiylarning gumondorlarni chegarada hibsga olmagani, askarlarga berilgan ma'lumotlar bilan birgalikda o'ldiruvchi kuch ishlatilishini deyarli muqarrar qildi. Qaror davlat tomonidan kuch ishlatilishida muhim voqea sifatida keltirilgan.

Fon

Qismi bir qator ustida
Tarixi Gibraltar
Tarix Tarixdan oldingi Iberiya Gibraltar neandertallari Gibraltar 1 Gibraltar 2
O'rta asrlar Umaviylar Ispaniyani bosib olishlari Al-Andalus Moorish Gibraltar Reconquista Gibraltarni birinchi qamal qilish Gibraltarni ikkinchi qamal qilish Gibraltarni uchinchi qamal qilish Gibraltarni to'rtinchi qamal qilish Gibraltarni beshinchi qurshovi Gibraltarni oltinchi qamal Gibraltarni ettinchi qamal qilish
Erta zamonaviy Gibraltarni sakkizinchi qamal qilish Gibraltarni to'qqizinchi qamal Gibraltarni o'ninchi qamal qilish Katolik monarxlari Gibraltarning Markizati Ispaniya merosxo'rligi urushi Gibraltarni qo'lga kiritish Gibraltarni o'n ikkinchi qamal qilish Utrext shartnomasi Gibraltarni o'n uchinchi qamal Gibraltarni katta qamal qilish
19-asr Royal Calpe Hunt
20-asr Ikkinchi Jahon urushi davrida Gibraltarning harbiy tarixi Gibraltariya tinch aholisini evakuatsiya qilish Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida Feliks operatsiyasi Birinchi suverenitet referendumi Birinchi konstitutsiya Chegaraning yopilishi "Flavius" operatsiyasi /Qoyadagi o'lim
Zamonaviy Gibraltar Ikkinchi suverenitet referendumi Kordoba shartnomasi, 2006 yil Ikkinchi konstitutsiya
Shuningdek qarang Gibraltarda millat tarixi In siyosiy rivojlanish zamonaviy Gibraltar Gibraltarning istehkomlari
Xronologiya
Gibraltar portali

The Vaqtinchalik Irlandiya respublika armiyasi (IRA) a tashkil etishga qaratilgan birlashgan Irlandiya va Britaniya ma'muriyatini tugatish Shimoliy Irlandiya kuch ishlatish orqali. Tashkilot 1969 yilda bo'linish natijasida yuzaga keldi Irlandiya respublika armiyasi;^[4] boshqa guruh, Marksist-Lenininistik Rasmiy IRA, 1970-yillarda harbiy faoliyatini to'xtatdi. IRA tinch aholini, qurolli kuchlar, politsiya, sud tizimi va qamoqxona xizmatini, shu jumladan ishdan tashqari va nafaqadagi a'zolarini o'ldirdi va Shimoliy Irlandiyani boshqarib bo'lmaydigan qilib qo'yish maqsadida Shimoliy Irlandiyada ham, Angliyada ham korxonalar va harbiy maqsadlarni bombardimon qildi.^[5][6] Jurnalistning so'zlariga ko'ra Daniel Makken, Shon Savage va Mairad Farrell bo'lgan Brendan O'Brayen, "uch nafar AIRning eng keksa faollari". Savage portlovchi moddalar bo'yicha mutaxassis va Makkenn "yuqori darajadagi razvedkaning tezkor xodimi" edi; Makkenn va Farrell ikkalasi ham ilgari portlovchi moddalar bilan bog'liq jinoyatlar uchun qamoq jazosini o'tashgan.^[7][8][9]

The Maxsus havo xizmati Britaniya armiyasining polkidir va Buyuk Britaniyaning bir qismidir maxsus kuchlar. SAS birinchi marta Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi operatsiyalarga Britaniya armiyasining bu erga joylashtirilishining dastlabki bosqichlarida tayinlangan, ammo ular cheklangan Janubiy Armagh. U erda SAS askarlarini birinchi marta keng miqyosda joylashtirish 1976 yilda, polkning D Squadroni tuzilganida bo'lgan.^[10] SAS Shimoliy Irlandiyada faoliyat yuritadigan muntazam armiya va politsiya bo'linmalariga qaraganda ko'proq tajovuzkor taktikalardan foydalangan holda, AIRga qarshi maxfiy, razvedkaga asoslangan operatsiyalarga ixtisoslashgan.^[11]

Qurmoq

Oldidagi maydon Manastir qaerda qorovulni almashtirish marosim bo'lib o'tadi

1987 yil oxiridan boshlab Britaniya ma'murlari IRA Gibraltarda hujum rejalashtirayotganidan xabardor bo'lib, "Flavius" operatsiyasini boshladilar. Ma'lumotlar 1987 yil noyabr oyida tasdiqlangan bo'lib ko'rindi, unda bir nechta taniqli AIR a'zolari Belfastdan Ispaniyaga soxta shaxslar bilan ketayotganligi aniqlandi. MI5 - Britaniya xavfsizlik xizmati va Ispaniya hukumati IRA ekanidan xabardor bo'lishdi faol xizmat ko'rsatish birligi dan faoliyat yuritgan Kosta-del-Sol va bo'linma a'zolari kuzatuv ostiga olingan. Iroqning taniqli a'zosi ko'rilganidan keyin qorovulni almashtirish marosim "monastir "(gubernator qarorgohi) Gibraltarda, Buyuk Britaniya va Gibraltariya ma'murlari IRA yaqin atrofdagi avtoturargohda marosim uchun yig'ilayotganda britaniyalik askarlarga bomba yuklangan avtomat bilan hujum qilishni rejalashtirganlikda gumon qila boshladilar. IRAni tasdiqlash uchun Gibraltar hukumati qorovulxonani qayta bo'yash zarurligini ta'kidlab, 1987 yil dekabrida marosimni to'xtatib qo'ydi va ular o'zlarining gumonlari Iroq a'zosi 1988 yil fevral oyida qayta boshlanganda marosimda yana paydo bo'lganida tasdiqlanishiga ishonishdi va Gibraltar hukumati Britaniya hukumatining maxsus yordami.^[12]

Qorovul marosimining o'zgarishi qayta boshlanganidan bir necha hafta o'tgach, hujumni amalga oshirishi kerak bo'lgan uchta AIR a'zosi - Sean Savage, Daniel McCann va Mairad Farrell - Malaga (Gibraltardan qirg'oq bo'ylab 140 kilometr), ularning har biri mashina ijaraga olgan.^[13] Ularning faoliyati kuzatilib borildi va mart oyining boshlarida Buyuk Britaniya rasmiylari IRA hujumi yaqinlashib kelayotganiga amin bo'lishdi; Bosh vazirning shaxsiy roziligi bilan hududga SASdan maxsus loyihalar guruhi yuborilgan Margaret Tetcher.^[14] Amaliyotdan oldin SAS hibsga olish texnikasini qo'llagan, Gibraltar ma'murlari hibsga olingandan keyin bombardimon qilinadigan samolyotlarni saqlash uchun mos joy qidirishgan.^[15] Reja SASga yordam berishi kerak edi Gibraltar politsiyasi bir necha hafta davomida Gibraltarda bo'lgan MI5 zobitlari tomonidan aniqlangan AIR a'zolarini hibsga olishda - agar ular Gibraltarda avtoulovni to'xtatib turishgan va keyin hududni tark etishga urinishgan bo'lsa.^[16]

6 mart voqealari

Tomonidan IRA avtomashinasining joylashtirilgan joyi Sautport Geyts

Amaliyotning rasmiy hisobotiga ko'ra, Savage Gibraltarga oq rangda aniqlanmagan holda kirgan Renault 5 soat 12:45 da (CET; UTC + 1) 1988 yil 6 martda. MI5 xodimi uni tanib oldi va uni ta'qib qilishdi, ammo u deyarli bir yarim soat davomida ijobiy tan olinmadi va shu vaqt ichida u transport vositasini yig'ilish joyi sifatida foydalanilgan avtoturargohga qo'ydi. qo'riqchining o'zgarishi. 14:30 da Makkenn va Farrell Ispaniyadan chegarani kesib o'tayotgani kuzatilgan va ularga ham ergashishgan.^[17] Ular soat 14:50 atrofida avtoturargohda Savage bilan uchrashishdi va bir necha daqiqadan so'ng uchalasi shahar bo'ylab yurishni boshlashdi. Uch kishi avtoturargohdan chiqib ketgach, "Soldier G",^{[eslatma 1]} bomba yo'q qilish bo'yicha ofitserga Savajening mashinasini tekshirishga buyruq berilgan; u bir necha daqiqadan so'ng qaytib keldi va transport vositasi gumon qilingan bomba sifatida ko'rib chiqilishi kerakligini xabar qildi. Ushbu askarning shubhasi "A", "B", "C" va "D" askarlariga aniqlik bilan etkazilgan, ular Ispaniya chegarasi tomon shimol tomon yurishganida Savaj, Makken va Farrelni ushlab turish uchun joylashtirilgan. "Soldier G" ning ma'lumotlari Gibraltar politsiya komissariga ishonch hosil qildi Jozef Kanepa, uch nafar gumon qilinuvchini hibsga olishga buyruq berib, operatsiyani nazorat qilgan. Shu maqsadda u operatsiyani nazorat qilishni soat 15:40 da SASning katta ofitseri "Soldier F" ga imzoladi.^[19] Nazoratni qo'lga kiritgandan ikki minut o'tgach, "Soldier F" "A", "B", "C" va "D" askarlariga IRA tezkor xodimlarini ushlashni buyurdi, shu vaqtgacha ular shimol tomon yurishgan. Uinston Cherchill xiyoboni aeroport va chegara tomon. Askarlar yaqinlashganda, gumonlanuvchilar ularni ta'qib qilishayotganini anglaganday bo'lishdi. Vahshiy guruhdan ajralib, janub tomon yo'l oldi va "Soldier A" ga qarshi kurash olib bordi; "A" va "B" Makkann va Farrellga yaqinlashishni davom ettirishga qaror qildilar va Savage-ni "C" va "D" askarlariga qoldirdilar.^[20]

Corral Road va Landport Savage o'qqa tutilgan Gibraltarda

Politsiya nazoratni SASga topshirishi bilan bir vaqtda, ular hibsga olinganidan keyin AIR terrorchilari uchun choralar ko'rishni boshladilar, shu jumladan mahbuslarni olib o'tadigan politsiya vositasini topdilar. Nazoratchi Luis Revagliatte va boshqa uchta forma kiygan zobitlar bo'lgan, odatdagidek patrul xizmatida bo'lgan va "Flavius" operatsiyasidan bexabar bo'lgan shoshilinch ravishda politsiya shtab-kvartirasiga qaytishga buyruq berildi. Politsiya avtomobili Uinston Cherchill avenyu bilan to'qnashuvga yaqin bo'lgan Smit Dorrien prospektidan shimol tomon ketayotgan katta tirbandlikda tiqilib qoldi.^[21] Rasmiy hisobotda aytilishicha, shu payt Revagliatte haydovchisi politsiya mashinasida sirenani ishga tushirib, shtab-kvartiraga qaytishni tezlashtirish uchun yo'lning noto'g'ri tomonidan aylanaga yaqinlashish va transport vositasini burish niyatida. Sirena Makkenni va Farrelni hayratda qoldirdi, xuddi "A" va "B" askarlari Uinston Cherchill prospektidagi Shell yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchasi oldida ularga qarshi chiqmoqchi bo'lgan paytda. "A askar" surishtiruvda Farrell orqasiga o'girilib, "A" kimligini anglaganga o'xshaydi; "A" u to'pponchasini tortib olgani va unga qarshi qichqiriqni aytmoqchi bo'lganligi haqida guvohlik berdi, ammo "voqealar ogohlantirishni bosib o'tdi": Makkannning o'ng qo'li "tanasining old tomoni bo'ylab agressiv harakat qilgani" va "A" ni Makkenga ishonishiga olib keldi masofadan turib ishlaydigan detonatorga murojaat qilayotgan edi. "A" Makkenni orqasidan bir marta otib tashladi; "A" surishtiruvda Farrellga ishonib, keyin uning sumkasini ushlaganiga va Farrell uzoqdan turib detonatorga qo'l urgan bo'lishi mumkinligiga ishonishini aytdi. "A" ham Farrellni Makkenga qaytib kelishdan oldin orqasidan bir marta o'q uzdi - u Makkenni yana uch marta o'q uzdi (bir marta tanada va ikki marta boshda). "Soldier B" "A" ga o'xshash xulosalarga kelganini va Farrellni ikki marta otib tashlaganini, keyin Makkannni bir-ikki marta otib tashlaganini, keyin yana uch marotaba otib Farrelga qaytib kelganini ko'rsatdi. "C" va "D" askarlari tergovda guvohlik berishlaricha, yonilg'i quyish shoxobchasidan 300 metr (91 metr) janubda bo'lgan Savajni ushlash uchun harakat qilmoqdalar, chunki ularning ortidan o'q otish boshlandi. "Soldier C" guvohlik berdi: "S" bir vaqtning o'zida "To'xta!" Deb baqirgani bilan bir vaqtning o'zida ko'ylagi cho'ntagiga cho'zilgan paytda Savage orqaga burilgan; "C" Savage uzoq masofali detonatorga etib borganiga ishonganini va shu vaqtda u o'q uzganini aytdi. "Soldier C" Savage-ni olti marta o'qqa tutgan, "Soldier D" to'qqiz marta o'q uzgan.^[22] Uchala IRA a'zosi ham vafot etdi. Farrelldan o'tgan deb taxmin qilingan askarlarning o'qlaridan biri o'tib ketayotgan odamni o'tlatdi.^[23][24][25]

Otishmalardan so'ng darhol askarlar o'zlarini tanishtirish uchun beret kiydilar. Gibraltar politsiyasi xodimlari, shu jumladan inspektor Revagliatte va uning odamlari deyarli darhol voqea joyiga kelishni boshladilar.^[26] Soat 16:05 da, nazoratni o'z zimmasiga olganidan atigi 25 daqiqadan so'ng, SAS qo'mondoni Gibraltar politsiyasiga quyidagi hujjatda operatsiyani boshqarishni topshirdi:

Harbiy hujum kuchlari Gibraltardagi terroristik ASUga nisbatan harbiy variantni yakunladilar va nazoratni fuqarolik hokimiyatiga topshirdilar.^[26]

Otishmalardan ko'p o'tmay, askarlar va politsiyachilar monastir yaqinidagi binolarni evakuatsiya qilishdi, bomba yo'q qilish bo'yicha mutaxassislar ish boshlashdi; to'rt soat o'tgach, hukumat avtoulovdagi bomba zararsizlantirilishini e'lon qildi, shundan so'ng Savage-ning oq rangli Renault avtoulov parkidan armiya yuk mashinasi tomonidan tortib olindi. Ayni paytda SAS xodimlari Gibraltarni Qirollik havo kuchlari samolyotida tark etishdi.^[27]

Jasadlar tintuv qilinganda, Farrelda avtomobil kalitlari to'plami topildi. Ispaniya va Buyuk Britaniya hukumati transport vositasini izlash bo'yicha surishtiruv o'tkazdi, otishmalardan ikki kun o'tgach - ularni avtoturargohda qizil Ford Fiesta-ga olib bordi. Marbella (Gibraltardan 80 kilometr). Mashinada juda ko'p miqdorda bo'lgan Semtex to'rtta detonator va ikkita taymer bilan birga 200 ta o'q-dorilar bilan o'ralgan.^[28][29]

Reaksiya

Harbiy operatsiya tugaganidan bir necha daqiqa o'tgach, inglizlar Mudofaa vazirligi (MoD) "Gibraltarda gumon qilingan avtomashina topildi va uch gumonlanuvchi fuqarolik politsiyasi tomonidan otib o'ldirildi" deb e'lon qildi. O'sha oqshom, ikkalasi ham BBC va ITN IRA jamoasi rasmiylar bilan "otishmada" ishtirok etgani haqida xabar berdi. Ertasi kuni ertalab, BBC radiosi 4 da'vo qilingan bomba "metall va shrapnel parchalari bilan to'ldirilgani" haqida xabar bergan va keyinchalik bayonot bergan Yan Styuart, Qurolli kuchlar bo'yicha davlat vaziri, "harbiy xizmatchilar jalb qilingan. Bomba joylashtirilgan mashina topildi, zararsizlantirildi". Britaniyaning o'n bitta kundalik gazetalarining har biri taxmin qilingan bomba topilganligi haqida xabar bergan, shulardan sakkiztasi uning hajmini 500 funt (230 kilogramm) deb keltirgan. 7-mart kuni Iroq Makkenn, Savaj va Farrell Gibraltarda "faol xizmatda" ekanliklari va Semtex-ning "64 kilogramm vazniga kirish va ularni boshqarish" huquqiga ega ekanliklari to'g'risida bayonot chiqardi.^[30][31]

Biror qotillikni o'rganish bo'yicha o'tkazilgan voqealarga ko'ra, voqealar "[muammolar] ichidagi yangiliklar ommaviy axborot vositalarining mafkuraviy faoliyatini tekshirish imkoniyatini beradi".^[32] Britaniyaning keng jadvalli gazetalarida mualliflar "mafkuraviy yopilish" deb nomlangan IRAni marginallashtirish va SASni maqtash orqali namoyish etildi. Har bir elektron jadvalda, masalan, taxmin qilingan bomba va voqealar hukumatining versiyasini shubha ostiga olmasdan olib kelishi mumkin bo'lgan vayronagarchiliklarga e'tibor qaratilgan.^[32]

7 mart kuni soat 15:30 da (GMT) tashqi kotib, Ser Jefri Xou, jamoatlar palatasiga bayonot berdi:^[33]

Tungi soat 13:00 dan sal oldin. Kecha, tushdan keyin [Savage] Gibraltarga oq rangli Renault rusumli mashinani olib kelib, uni qorovulni o'rnatish marosimi yig'iladigan joyga qo'ygani ko'rinib qoldi. Mashinadan ketishdan oldin u transport vositasida sozlashlarni amalga oshirishga bir oz vaqt sarflagani ko'rindi

Bir yarim soat o'tgach, [Makkenn va Farrel] Gibraltarga piyoda kirib kelgani va soat 15:00 dan sal oldin shaharchadagi [Savage] ga qo'shilgani ko'rindi. To'xtab turgan Renault avtomashinasi yonida ularning borligi va harakatlari uning ichida bomba borligi haqida katta shubhalarni keltirib chiqardi, bu avtomobilning tezkor texnik ekspertizasi bilan tasdiqlanganga o'xshaydi.

Taxminan 15:30 da, uchalasi ham voqea joyidan chiqib, chegara tomon orqaga qarab yurishni boshlashdi. Chegaraga borishda ularga xavfsizlik kuchlari qarshilik ko'rsatdi. E'tiroz bildirilganda, ular Gibraltar politsiyasini qo'llab-quvvatlovchi harbiy xizmatchilarni o'zlarining va boshqalarning hayoti tahdid ostida degan xulosaga keltirishga harakat qildilar. Ushbu javobni inobatga olgan holda ular [IRA a'zolari] otib tashlandi. Keyinchalik o'ldirilganlarning qo'llarida qurol bo'lmaganligi aniqlandi.

To'xtab turgan Renault mashinasiga keyinchalik harbiy bomba yo'q qilish guruhi murojaat qildi. Hozir uning tarkibida portlovchi moslama bo'lmaganligi aniqlandi.

Keyingi kunlarda, Xauning hech qanday bomba topilmagani haqidagi bayonotidan keyin matbuotda yoritilish, Eron rejalashtirgan harakatga e'tiborni qaratishda davom etdi; bir nechta gazetalar jamoaning to'rtinchi a'zosini qidirish haqida xabar berishdi. Marbella shahrida bomba topilganligi haqidagi xabarlar hukumatning voqealar versiyasini tasdiqladi va qotillikni oqladi. Bir necha deputatlar operatsiyani tanqidiy bayonotlar bilan chiqishdi, bir guruh esa Mehnat Deputatlar jamoatchilik palatasida mahkumlik taklifini kiritdilar.^[34]

Natijada

AIR 6 mart kuni kechqurun Makkenn, Savage va Farrell oilalarini o'lim to'g'risida xabardor qildi.^[35] Belfastda, Jou Ostin, mahalliy a'zolar Sinn Feyn, dafn qilish uchun jasadlarni tiklash vazifasi topshirildi. 9 mart kuni u va Terens Farrell (Mairad Farrellning ukalaridan biri) jasadlarni aniqlash uchun Gibraltarga yo'l olishdi. Ostin Gibraltardan jasadlarni yig'ish va ularni Dublinga uchirish uchun charter samolyoti bilan muzokara olib bordi. 2017 yilda bu paydo bo'ldi Charlz Xaghey deb yashirincha so'ragan edi Qirollik havo kuchlari jasadlarni o'zi bo'lgan Respublikani chetlab o'tib, Belfastga yo'naltiring Taoiseach.^[36] Ikki ming kishi Dublindagi tobutlarni kutib olishdi, keyin shimolga Belfastga haydab chiqarildi.^[37] Da Shimoliy Irlandiya chegarasi, Shimoliy Irlandiya hukumati kortejni ko'p sonli politsiya va harbiy mashinalar bilan kutib oldi va eshitishlar orasidagi intervallarni talab qilib, politsiya va kortej a'zolari o'rtasida ziddiyatlarni keltirib chiqardi va politsiya Savajning eshitish vositasini aybladi.^[38] Qatnashchilar va politsiya o'rtasidagi adovat, eshituvchilarga tegishli oilaviy uylarga borishga ruxsat berish uchun kortej bo'linmaguncha davom etdi.

Britaniyalik askarlar va politsiya Makkenn, Farrel va Savaj yashagan mahallalarni suv bosdi, vafot etganlarga nisbatan hamdardlik namoyishini oldini olishga harakat qilishdi. O'sha kuni kechqurun mahalliy AIR a'zosi Kevin Makkracken o'qqa tutildi va go'yoki u o'q otmoqchi bo'lgan bir guruh askarlar tomonidan o'ldirildi.^[39] Respublika yangiliklari askarlar "jasadi bir necha ko'cha naridagi oilaviy uyda bo'lgan ko'ngilli Shon Savajning oilasini qo'rqitish maqsadida bu hududni to'ydirgan" deb yozgan.^[40]

Makkenn, Farrel va Savajning dafn marosimi 16 mart kuni bo'lib o'tdi Milltown qabristoni Belfastda. Politsiya -Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) - dafn marosimida minimal darajada qatnashishga kelishib, oilalar tomonidan maskalangan qurollangan odamlar tomonidan salom berilmasligini kafolatlashdi.^[41] Ushbu shartnoma oshkor qilindi Maykl Stoun, o'zini "frilanser" deb ta'riflagan Sadoqatli harbiylashtirilgan ".^[42] Dafn paytida Tosh yig'ilgan aza qatnashchilariga qo'l granatalarini uloqtirdi va avtomat avtomat bilan o'q uzishni boshladi, 60 kishi jarohat oldi. Dastlabki chalkashliklardan so'ng, bir necha motam egalari tosh otib, haqoratli qichqiriq bilan Toshni ta'qib qilishni boshladilar. Tosh otishni davom ettirdi va ta'qib qiluvchilarga granata uloqtirib, ularning uchtasini o'ldirdi. Oxir-oqibat uni olomon a'zolari qo'lga olishdi, ular uni yo'lga haydashdi va RUC uni qazib olish va hibsga olish uchun kelguniga qadar urishni boshladilar.^[43][44][45]

Milltownda qurbon bo'lganlarning uchinchisi va oxirgisi dafn qilingan Kevin Brady nomi bilan ham tanilgan Caoimhin Mac Bradaighni dafn etish marosimi 19 martga belgilangan edi.^[46] Uning korteji Andersontaun yo'li bo'ylab yurib borar ekan, Buyuk Britaniya armiyasining ikki maxfiy xodimi Devid Xouus va Derek Vud boshqargan mashina styuardlardan o'tib, kortej yo'liga kirib ketdi. Efektlar orqaga qaytishga harakat qilishdi, lekin kortejdan transport vositalari to'sib qo'ydi va dushman olomon ularning mashinasini o'rab olishdi.^[47] Olomon a'zolari transport vositasini buzib kirishni boshlaganlarida, ikkala odam ham mashinadan tortib olinib, kaltaklanib, qurolsizlantirib qo'yilguncha, kaprallardan biri qurolni tortib, olomonni bir oz bosdi. Mahalliy ruhoniy urishni to'xtatish uchun aralashgan, ammo harbiy guvohnoma topilganida uni tortib olishgan va bu korporatsiyalar SAS a'zolari ekanligi haqidagi taxminlarni kuchaytirgan. Ikkovi taksiga o'tirgan, IRA a'zolari tomonidan erni haydashga haydab yuborilgan va yana kaltaklangan. Olti kishi transport vositasidan chiqib ketayotganini ko'rishdi.^[48] Boshqa bir IRA fuqarosi askarlardan biridan tortib olingan avtomat bilan keldi, u qurolni boshqa odamga topshirishdan oldin u bir necha bor koptallarni otib tashladi, u korpus tanalarini bir necha bor otib tashladi. Margaret Tetcher bosh vazirlik paytida korporatsiyalarning qotilligini "Shimoliy Irlandiyadagi eng dahshatli voqea" deb ta'rifladi.^[49]

Korporatsiyalarning otishmalari Shimoliy Irlandiya tarixidagi eng yirik jinoiy tergovni qo'zg'atdi, bu Belfastda yangi ziddiyatni keltirib chiqardi, chunki respublikachilar respublikachilar o'zlarining o'ldirishlarini tekshirishda RUKning respublika tinch aholisiga nisbatan sarflagan harakatlaridagi nomutanosiblik deb hisobladilar. To'rt yil ichida qotilliklarga aloqadorlikda 200 dan ortiq odam hibsga olingan, ulardan 41 nafari turli xil jinoyatlarda ayblangan. "Casement sudlari" deb nomlangan birinchi bitim tezda yakunlandi; ikki kishi qotillikda aybdor deb topilib, ulkan dalillar oldida umrbod qamoq jazosiga hukm qilindi. Keyingi sud jarayonlarining aksariyati ancha tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi, garchi barcha hukmlar Shimoliy Irlandiya sudlarida talab qilinadigan dalil yukini qondiradigan dalillarga asoslangan bo'lsa-da.^[50]

"Toshdagi o'lim"

1988 yil 28 aprelda, Gibraltar otishmalaridan deyarli ikki oy o'tgach, ITV dolzarb mavzular seriyasining bir qismini efirga uzatdi Ushbu hafta tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Temza televideniesi, "Toshdagi o'lim" deb nomlangan. Ushbu hafta Ispaniyadan va Gibraltardan bo'lgan otishmalar bilan bog'liq vaziyatlarni o'rganish uchun uchta jurnalistni yubordi. Guvohlarning bayonotlaridan foydalangan holda va Ispaniya hukumati hamkorligida hujjatli film otishmalargacha bo'lgan voqealarni qayta tikladi; Ispaniya politsiyasi 6 martdan bir necha hafta oldin Ispaniya bo'ylab sayohat qilganida, AIR a'zolariga qarshi o'rnatilgan kuzatuv operatsiyasini tiklashda yordam berdi va jurnalistlar marshrutni suratga olish uchun vertolyot yolladilar.^[51] Gibraltarda ular otishmalarning bir nechta yangi guvohlarini topdilar, ularning har biri Makkenn, Savaj va Farrelllarni ogohlantirmasdan o'q uzganlarini yoki erga yiqilganlaridan keyin o'q uzganlarini ko'rganliklarini aytishdi; aksariyati filmga tushirishga rozi bo'lgan va imzolangan bayonotlarni taqdim etgan. Guvohlardan biri Kennet Askes vositachilar orqali bir-biriga o'xshash ikkita bayonot bergan, ammo jurnalistlar bilan uchrashishdan yoki ikkala bayonotga imzo chekishdan bosh tortgan. Asquezni o'z bayonotiga imzo chekishga ko'ndira olmaganidan so'ng, jurnalistlar uning Savage-ning yerda o'tirganini ko'rganligi haqidagi bayonotini dasturga kiritdilar.^[52]

Texnik maslahat uchun jurnalistlar podpolkovnikni jalb qilishdi Jorj uslublari Britaniya armiyasining iste'fodagi zobiti GC, portlovchi moddalar va ballistika bo'yicha mutaxassis sifatida qabul qilingan. Stayllar ma'muriyat uchun Savajning mashinasida bomba bo'lishi ehtimoldan yiroq emasligi aniq edi, chunki uning og'irligi transport vositasining buloqlarida aniq bo'lishi mumkin edi; Shuningdek, u binolar soni va joylar orasidagi boshqa to'siqlarni hisobga olgan holda, otishma sahnalaridan masofadan turib ishlaydigan detonator avtoturargohga etib borishi mumkin emasligi to'g'risida fikr bildirdi.^[53] Hukumat surishtiruvgacha otishmalar to'g'risida izoh berishdan bosh tortganligi sababli, hujjatli film o'z dalillarini inson huquqlari bo'yicha etakchi advokatiga topshirish bilan yakunlandi, u otishmalar atrofidagi faktlarni aniqlash uchun sud tekshiruvi zarurligiga ishonishini bildirdi.^[54]

Hujjatli film juda ko'p tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi. 26 aprel kuni, dastur efirga uzatilishidan ikki kun oldin, ser Jefri Xou raisga telefon qildi Mustaqil eshittirish idorasi (IBA) protsessga zarar etkazish xavfi tug'dirganligi sababli, vakolatli organdan eshituvni surishtiruv tugaguniga qadar kechiktirishini so'rash. Dasturni tomosha qilgandan va yuridik maslahatlardan so'ng, ABB 28-aprel kuni ertalab "Qoyadagi o'lim" dasturini rejaga muvofiq efirga uzatishni qaror qildi va Xouga qaror to'g'risida xabar berildi. Xou hujjatli film namoyish etilishi to'g'risida IBAga yana bir bor murojaat qildi nafrat tergov to'g'risida; qo'shimcha yuridik maslahat olgandan so'ng, ABB translyatsiyaga ruxsat berish to'g'risidagi qarorini tasdiqladi.^[55] Dastur 28-aprel soat 21:00 da (GMT) efirga uzatildi. Ertasi kuni ertalab inglizlar tabloid gazetalar dasturni "SAS" da "gap" va "televidenie orqali sud qilish" deb ta'riflagan holda,^[3] bir nechtasi ABBni hujjatli filmni efirga uzatishga ruxsat bergani uchun tanqid qildi.^[56] Keyingi haftalarda gazetalar hujjatli film guvohlari, xususan Gibraltar politsiya mashinasida kelgan askarlar Makkenn va Farrellni ogohlantirmasdan otib tashlaganlarini ko'rgan Karmen Proetta haqida hikoyalarni bir necha bor chop etishdi. Keyinchalik Proetta tuhmat uchun bir nechta gazetalarni sudga berdi va katta zarar etkazdi.^[57] Sunday Times o'z tekshiruvini olib borgan va "Toshdagi o'lim" o'z guvohlarining fikrlarini noto'g'ri ko'rsatganligi haqida xabar bergan; aloqador bo'lganlar keyinchalik boshqa gazetalarga shikoyat qilishdi Sunday Times ularning sharhlarini buzgan edi.^[58]

So'rov

Gibraltar uchun odatiy bo'lmagan holda, otishmalar va surishtiruv sanasini belgilash o'rtasida uzoq kechikish bo'lgan (Buyuk Britaniya va uning hududlarida to'satdan yoki ziddiyatli o'limlarni tekshirishning odatiy usuli); otishmalardan sakkiz hafta o'tgach, sud xodimi Feliks Pizzarello tergov 27 iyun kuni boshlanishini e'lon qildi. Ikki hafta o'tgach (Pizzarello noma'lum), Margaret Tetcherning matbuot kotibi tergov noma'lum muddatga qoldirilganligini e'lon qildi.^[59][60] Tergov 6 sentyabrda boshlangan.^[61] Pizzarello sud majlisiga raislik qildi, o'n bitta sudyalar dalillarni baholadilar; Gibraltar hukumati vakili Gibraltar bosh prokurori Erik Tselvayt edi. Manfaatdor tomonlar tomonidan namoyish etildi Jon qonunlari, QC (Britaniya hukumati uchun), Maykl Xaker (SAS xodimlari uchun) va Patrik Makgori (Makkenn, Farrel va Savaj oilalari uchun). So'rovlar - bu o'lim holatlarini tekshirishga qaratilgan tortishuvsiz ish; tergov sud tomonidan o'tkaziladi, manfaatdor tomonlarning vakillari esa guvohlarni so'roq qilishlari mumkin. Agar o'lim boshqa birovning qasddan qilgan ishi bilan sodir bo'lgan bo'lsa, hakamlar hay'ati "qonuniy o'ldirish", "unqonuniy o'ldirish "yoki"ochiq hukm "; surishtiruvlar aybni taqsimlay olmasa ham, qonunga xilof ravishda o'ldirish to'g'risidagi qaror chiqarilganda, hukumat har qanday jinoiy ish qo'zg'atilishi kerakmi yoki yo'qligini ko'rib chiqadi. Dastlab otishmalarda qatnashgan SAS xodimlarining tergovga kelish-kelmasligi to'g'risida shubha bor edi. So'rovlar agar guvoh sud vakolat doirasidan tashqarida bo'lsa, guvohlarni keltirishga majbur qilish uchun hech qanday vakolat yo'q, ammo Pizzarello tergov ularning dalilisiz "ma'nosiz" bo'ladi deb e'lon qilganidan keyin askarlar aftidan ko'ngillilar, ammo askarlar va MI5 zobitlari o'zlarining dalillarini noma'lum holda va ekran ortidan berishdi. Surishtiruv boshlanganda kuzatuvchilar, shu jumladan Xalqaro Amnistiya McGrory ahvolga tushib qolganidan xavotir bildirdi, chunki boshqa barcha advokatlar SAS va MI5 xodimlarining dalillari berilishidan oldin ular bilan tanishdilar. Har bir sud ishi uchun stenogramma narxi tergov boshlanishidan bir kun oldin o'n baravar oshirildi.^[62][63]

Hammasi bo'lib, tergov davomida 79 guvoh, jumladan Gibraltar politsiyasi zobitlari, MI5 xodimlari va operatsiyaga jalb qilingan SAS askarlari, shuningdek, texnik ekspertlar va fuqarolik guvohlari dalillarini tinglashdi.^[64]

Politsiya, harbiylar va MI5 guvohlari

Birinchi guvohlar operatsiya va uning oqibatlarida ishtirok etgan Gibraltar politsiyasi zobitlari edi. Ularning ortidan, 7 sentyabr kuni "Flavius" operatsiyasiga mas'ul MI5 ning katta zobiti "janob O" bor edi. "O" surishtiruvga ko'ra, 1988 yil yanvar oyida Belgiya hukumati Bryusselda AIR tezkor xodimlari foydalanayotgan mashinani topdi. Mashinada bir qator Semtex, detonatorlar va radio-detonatsiya moslamasi uchun uskunalar topilgan, ular "O" tergovchiga aytganidek, MI5ni IRA Gibraltarda rejalashtirilgan hujum uchun xuddi shunday moslamadan foydalanishi mumkin degan xulosaga kelgan. MI5 bundan tashqari, IRA "to'siq mashinasi" dan foydalanishi ehtimoldan yiroq edi (bomba portlovchi moddalar bo'lgan transport vositasini olib kelguniga qadar to'xtash joyini ushlab turish uchun foydalanilgan bo'sh transport vositasi), chunki bu chegara orqali bir necha marta o'tish xavfini keltirib chiqardi.^[65] Nihoyat, "O" tergovchiga Makkenni, Savajni va Farrelni Malaga aeroportiga etib kelgan Ispaniya hukumati kuzatganini aytdi, shundan so'ng u uchlik yo'qolganini da'vo qildi va Britaniya va Gibraltariya hukumati ularning chegaradan o'tib ketganligini aniqlamadi. .^[64][66]

Gibraltar politsiyasining komissari Jozef Kanepa guvohlik bergan navbatdagi yuqori lavozimli shaxs edi. U tergovga (McGrory-ning da'volariga zid ravishda) Makkenn, Savaj va Farrellni o'ldirish uchun fitna bo'lmaganligini aytdi. Kanepa sudga murojaat qilib, MI5dan IRA fitnasini bilib, MI5 amaldorlari, yuqori martabali harbiy ofitserlar va komissarning o'zidan iborat maslahat qo'mitasini tuzganini aytdi. Voqealar rivojlanib borar ekan, qo'mita Gibraltar politsiyasi IRA tahdidiga qarshi kurashish uchun etarli darajada jihozlanmagan degan qarorga keldi va Kanepa Londondan yordam so'radi. Komissar har doim IRAga qarshi operatsiyani qo'mondonlik qilganiga kafolat berdi, faqat 25 daqiqa davomida harbiylar ustidan nazoratni imzoladi.^[2-eslatma] O'zaro so'roq qilishda McGrory komissar operatsiya ustidan nazorat darajasini so'radi; u Kanepadan komissar SASdan maxsus yordam so'ramaganligini chiqarib oldi. Kanepa "O" bilan rozi bo'ldi, Ispaniya politsiyasi IRA jamoasini izidan adashganligi va Savajning Gibraltarga kelishi rasmiylarni hayratda qoldirdi. Garchi politsiya zobiti chegaradagi kuzatuv punktida boshqa zobitlarni AIR guruhining kelishi to'g'risida ogohlantirish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar bilan joylashtirilgan bo'lsa ham, Kanepa tergovda zobit birdaniga etib kelgan uchta Iroq a'zosini qidirib topganini aytdi. Bosilganida, u McGrory-ga zobitda uchlik yurgan soxta pasportlar tafsilotlari bor-yo'qligiga "ishonchsiz" ekanligini aytdi.^[68]

Kanepaning ko'rsatmalari tugaganidan ikki kun o'tgach, 6 mart kuni chegaradagi kuzatuv punktida Gibraltar politsiyasi xodimi detektiv Konstable Charlz Xuart paydo bo'ldi. So'roq qilinganida, Xuart IRA guruhi sayohat qilgan taxalluslarni bilishini rad etdi. So'rovda Huart otishmalardan bir kun oldin o'tkazilgan brifingda taxalluslar bilan ta'minlanganligini tan oldi. Gibraltar politsiyasining maxsus bo'limi boshlig'i Dedektiv bosh inspektori (DCI) Jozef Ullger ertasi kuni dalillarni keltirganda boshqa hisobni taklif qildi. U tergovchiga Ispaniya chegarachilari beparvolik tufayli Savajni o'tkazib yuborganini aytdi, Gibraltar tomonidagi oddiy chegara amaldorlariga AIR guruhini qidirish buyurilmagan.^[69][70]

"Flavius" operatsiyasida qatnashgan SAS otryadiga qo'mondonlik qilgan Buyuk Britaniya armiyasining polkovnigi "Soldier F" 12 sentyabr kuni stendga chiqdi.^[71] Ertasi kuni "F" ni otishma olib borgan askarlarga bevosita mas'ul bo'lgan kichik SAS ofitseri "Soldier E" kuzatib bordi.^[72] Zobitlardan keyin surishtiruv Makkann, Savaj va Farrellni otib tashlagan SAS askarlari "A", "B", "C" va "D" askarlaridan eshitildi. The SAS personnel all told the coroner that they had been briefed to expect the would-be bombers to be in possession of a remote detonator, and that they had been told that Savage's car definitely contained a bomb. Each soldier testified that the IRA team made movements which the soldiers believed to be threatening, and this prompted the soldiers to open fire. McGrory asked about the SAS's policy on lethal force during cross-examination; he asked "D" about allegations that Savage was shot while on the ground, something "D" strenuously denied. McGrory asked "D" if he had intended to continue shooting Savage until he was dead, to which "D" replied in the affirmative.^[73]

Several Gibraltar Police officers, including Special Branch officers, gave evidence about the aftermath of the shootings and the subsequent police investigation. Immediately after the shootings, the soldiers' shell casings were removed from the scene (making it difficult to assess where the soldiers were standing when they fired); two Gibraltar Police officers testified to collecting the casings, one for fear that they might be stolen and the other on the orders of a superior.^[74] Statements from other police and military witnesses revealed that the Gibraltar Police had lost evidence and that the soldiers did not give statements to the police until over a week after the shootings.^[75]

Civilian witnesses

Oq Renault 5, similar to that driven into Gibraltar by Sean Savage and later suspected to contain a bomb.

One of the first witnesses with no involvement in Operation Flavius to give evidence to the inquest was Allen Feraday, Principal Scientific Officer at the Royal Armaments Research and Development Establishment. He posited that a remote detonator could reach from the scenes of the shootings to the car park in which Savage had left the white Renault and beyond. On cross-examination, he stated that the aerial on the Renault was not the type he would expect to be used for receiving a detonation signal, adding that the IRA had not been known to use a remote-detonated bomb without a direct line of sight to their target. The following day, "Soldier G" (who had made the determination that the white Renault contained a bomb) told the coroner that he was not an explosives expert,^[76] and that his assessment was based on his belief that the vehicle's aerial looked "too new". Dissatisfied, McGrory called his own expert witness—Dr Michael Scott, an expert in radio-controlled detonation—who disagreed with government witnesses that a bomb at the assembly area could have been detonated from the petrol station where McCann and Farrell were shot, having conducted tests prior to testifying. The government responded by commissioning its own tests, conducted by British Army signallers, which showed that radio communication between the petrol station and the car park was possible, but not guaranteed.^[77]

Professor Alan Watson, a British forensic pathologist, carried out a o'limdan keyingi tekshiruv jasadlarning Watson arrived in Gibraltar the day after the shootings, by which time the bodies had been taken to the Royal Navy Hospital; he found that the bodies had been stripped of their clothing (causing difficulties in distinguishing entry and exit wounds), that the mortuary had no X-ray machine (which would have allowed Watson to track the paths of the bullets through the bodies), and that he was refused access to any other X-ray machine. After the professor returned to his home in Scotland, he was refused access to the results of blood tests and other evidence which had been sent for analysis and was dissatisfied with the photographs taken by the Gibraltar Police photographer who had assisted him.^[78][79] At the inquest, McGrory noted and questioned the lack of assistance given to the pathologist, which Watson told him was "a puzzle".^[80] Watson concluded that McCann had been shot four times—once in the jaw (possibly a ricochet), once in the head, and twice in the back; Farrell was shot five times (twice in the face and three times in the back). Watson was unable to determine exactly how many times Savage was shot—he estimated that it was possibly as many as eighteen times. McGrory asked Watson whether the pathologist would agree that Savage's body was "riddled with bullets"; Watson's answer made headlines the following morning: "I concur with your word. Like a frenzied attack".^[81][82] Watson agreed that the evidence suggested the deceased were shot while on the ground;^[83] a second pathologist called by McGrory offered similar findings. Two weeks later, the court heard from David Pryor—a forensic scientist working for London's Metropolitan politsiyasi —who had analysed the clothes of the dead; he told the inquest his analysis had been hampered by the condition of the clothing when it arrived. Pryor offered evidence contradictory to that given by Soldiers "A" and "B" about their proximity to McCann and Farrell when they opened fire—the soldiers claimed they were at least six feet (1.8 metres) away, but Pryor's analysis was that McCann and Farrell were shot from a distance of no more than two or three feet (0.6 or 0.9 metres).^[84]

Aside from experts and security personnel, several eyewitnesses gave evidence to the inquest. Three witnessed parts of the shootings, and gave accounts which supported the official version of events—in particular, they did not witness the SAS shooting any of the suspects while they were on the floor.^[85] Witnesses uncovered by the journalists making "Death on the Rock" also appeared: Stephen Bullock repeated his account of seeing McCann and Savage raise their hands before the SAS shot them; Josie Celecia repeated her account of seeing a soldier shooting at McCann and Farrell while the pair were on the ground. Hucker pointed out that parts of Celecia's testimony had changed since she spoke to "Death on the Rock", and suggested that the gunfire she heard was from the shooting of Savage rather than sustained shooting of McCann and Farrell while they were on the ground, a suggestion Celecia rejected; the SAS's lawyer further observed that she was unable to identify the military personnel in photographs her husband had taken.^[86] Maxie Proetta told the coroner that he had witnessed four men (three in plain clothes and one uniformed Gibraltar Police officer) arriving opposite the petrol station on Winston Churchill Avenue; the men jumped over the central reservation barrier and Farrell put her hands up, after which he heard a series of shots. In contrast to his wife's testimony, he believed that Farrell's gesture was one of self-defence rather than surrender, and he believed that the shots he heard did not come from the men from the police car. The government lawyers suggested that the police car the Proettas saw was the one being driven by Inspector Revagliatte, carrying four uniformed police officers rather than plain-clothed soldiers, but Proetta was adamant that the lawyers' version did not make sense. His wife gave evidence the following day.^[3-eslatma] Contrary to her statement to "Death on the Rock", Carmen Proetta was no longer certain that she had seen McCann and Farrell shot while on the ground. The government lawyers questioned the reliability of Proetta's evidence based on her changes, and implied that she behaved suspiciously by giving evidence to "Death on the Rock" before the police. She responded that the police had not spoken to her about the shootings until after "Death on the Rock" had been shown.^[89]

Asquez, who provided an unsworn statement to the "Death on the Rock" team through an intermediary, which the journalists included in the programme, reluctantly appeared. He retracted the statements he made to "Death on the Rock", which he claimed he had made up after "pestering" from Major Bob Randall (another "Death on the Rock" witness, who had sold the programme a video recording of the aftermath of the shootings).^[4-eslatma] The British media covered Asquez's retraction extensively, while several members of parliament accused Asquez of lying for the television (and "Death on the Rock" of encouraging him) in an attempt to discredit the SAS and the British government. Nonetheless, Pizzarello asked Asquez if he could explain why his original statement mentioned the Soldiers "C" and "D" donning berets, showing identity cards, and telling members of the public "it's okay, it's the police" after shooting Savage (details which were not public before the inquest); Asquez replied that he could not, because he was "a bit confused".^[91]

Hukm

The inquest concluded on 30 September, and Laws and McGrory made their submissions to the coroner regarding the instructions he should give to the jury (Hucker allowed Laws to speak on his behalf). Laws asked the coroner to instruct the jury not to return a verdict of "unlawful killing" on the grounds that there had been a conspiracy to murder the IRA operatives within the British government, as he believed that no evidence had been presented at the inquest to support such a conclusion. He did also allow for the possibility that the SAS personnel had individually acted unlawfully.^[92] McGrory, on the other hand, asked the coroner to allow for the possibility that the British government had conspired to murder McCann, Savage, and Farrell, which he believed was evidenced by the decision to use the SAS for Operation Flavius. The decision, according to McGrory was

wholly unreasonable and led to a lot of what happened afterwards...it started a whole chain of unreasonable decisions which led to the three killings, which I submit were unlawful and criminal killings.

When the coroner asked McGrory to clarify whether he believed there had been a conspiracy to murder the IRA operatives, he responded

that the choice of the SAS is of great significance...If the killing of the ASU was, in fact, contemplated by those who chose the SAS, as an act of counter-terror or vengeance, that steps outside the rule of law and it was murder...and that is a matter for the jury to consider.^[93]

After listening to both arguments, Pizzarello summarised the evidence for the jury and instructed them that they could return a verdict of "unlawful killing" under any of five circumstances, including if they were satisfied that there had been a conspiracy within the British government to murder the three suspected terrorists. He also urged the jury to return a conclusive verdict, rather than the "ambiguity" of an "open verdict", and instructed them not to make recommendations or add a chavandoz to their verdict.^[94][95][96]

The jury retired at 11:30 to start their deliberations. Pizzarello summoned them back after six hours with the warning that they were "at the edge" of the time in which they were allowed to come to a verdict. Just over two hours later, the jury returned. By a majority of nine to two, they returned a verdict of lawful killing.^[94][96]

Following the inquest, evidence came to light to contradict the version of events presented by the British government at the inquest. Six weeks after the conclusion of the inquest, a Gibraltar Police operations order leaked; the document listed Inspector Revagliatte, who had claimed to be on routine patrol, unaware of Operation Flavius, and whose siren apparently triggered the shootings, as the commander of two police firearms teams assigned to the operation.^[97] In February 1989, British journalists discovered that the IRA team operating in Spain must have contained more members than the three killed in Gibraltar. The staff at the agencies from which the team rented their vehicles gave the Spanish police descriptions which did not match McCann, Savage, or Farrell; Savage's white Renault, meanwhile, was rented several hours before Savage himself arrived in Spain.^[98]

It emerged that the Spanish authorities knew where McCann and Savage were staying; a senior Spanish police officer repeatedly told journalists that the IRA cell had been under surveillance throughout their time in Spain, and that the Spanish told the British authorities that they did not believe that the three were in possession of a bomb on 6 March. Although the Spanish government remained silent about the claims and counter-claims, it honoured 22 police officers at a secret awards ceremony for Spanish participants in Operation Flavius in December 1988, and a government minister told a press conference in March 1989 that "we followed the terrorists. They were completely under our control".^[99] The same month, a journalist discovered that the Spanish side of the operation was conducted by the Foreign Intelligence Brigade rather than the local police as the British government had suggested.^[100][101] Mustaqil va Maxsus ko'z conjectured as to the reason for the Spanish government's silence—in 1988, Spain was attempting to join the G'arbiy Evropa Ittifoqi, but was opposed by Britain (which was already a member); the papers' theory was that Margaret Thatcher's government placed political pressure on the Spanish, and that Britain later dropped its opposition in exchange for the Spanish government's silence on Operation Flavius.^[102][103]

Sud jarayoni

In March 1990, almost two years after the shootings, the McCann, Savage, and Farrell families began proceedings against the British government at the Oliy sud Londonda. The case was dismissed on the grounds that Gibraltar was not part of the United Kingdom, and was thus outside the court's jurisdiction.^[104] The families launched an appeal, but withdrew it in the belief that it had no prospect of success.^[64] The families proceeded to apply to the Evropa inson huquqlari komissiyasi for an opinion on whether the authorities' actions in Gibraltar violated Article 2 (the "right to life") of the Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi (EKIH).^[105] Issuing its report in April 1993, the commission criticised the conduct of the operation, but found that there had been no violation of Article 2. Nevertheless, the commission referred the case to the Evropa inson huquqlari sudi (ECtHR) for a final decision.^[105][106]

The British government submitted that the killings were "absolutely necessary", within the meaning of Article 2, paragraph 2, to protect the people of Gibraltar from unlawful violence, because the soldiers who carried out the shootings genuinely believed that McCann, Savage, and Farrell were capable of detonating a car bomb, and of doing so by remote control. The families contested the government's claim, alleging that the government had conspired to kill the three; that the planning and control of the operation was flawed; that the inquest was not adequately equipped to investigate the killings; and that the applicable laws of Gibraltar were not compliant with Article 2 of the ECHR. The court found that the soldiers' "reflex action" in resorting to lethal force was excessive, but that the soldiers' actions did not—in their own right—give rise to a violation of Article 2. The court held that the soldiers' use of force based on an honestly held belief (that the suspects were armed or in possession of a remote detonator) could be justified, even if that belief was later found to be mistaken. To hold otherwise would, in the court's opinion, place too great a burden on law-enforcement personnel. It also dismissed all other allegations, except that regarding the planning and control of the operation. In that respect, the court found that the authorities' failure to arrest the suspects as they crossed the border or earlier, combined with the information that was passed to the soldiers, rendered the use of lethal force almost inevitable. Thus, the court decided there had been a violation of Article 2 in the control of the operation.^[107][108]

As the three suspects had been killed while preparing an act of terrorism, the court rejected the families' claims for damages, as well as their claim for expenses incurred at the inquest. The court did order the British government to pay the applicants' costs incurred during the proceedings in Strasbourg. The government initially suggested it would not pay, and there was discussion in parliament of the UK withdrawing from the ECHR. It paid the costs on 24 December 1995, within days of the three-month deadline which had been set by the court.^[105]

Uzoq muddatli ta'sir

A history of the Gibraltar Police described Operation Flavius as "the most controversial and violent event" in the history of the force,^[109] while journalist Nicholas Eckert described the incident as "one of the great controversies of the Troubles" and academic Richard inglizcha posited that the "awful sequence of interwoven deaths" was one of the conflict's "most strikingly memorable and shocking periods".^[110][111] The explosives the IRA intended to use in Gibraltar were believed to have come from Libyan ruler Muammar Qaddafiy who was known to be supplying arms to the IRA in the 1980s; some sources speculated that Gibraltar was chosen for its relative proximity to Libya, and the targeting of the territory was intended as a gesture of gratitude to Gaddafi.^{[7][112][113][114][115]}

Maurice Punch, an academic specialising in policing issues, described the ECtHR verdict as "a landmark case with important implications" for the control of police operations involving firearms.^[15] According to Punch, the significance of the ECtHR judgement was that it placed accountability for the failures in the operation with its commanders, rather than with the soldiers who carried out the shooting itself. Punch believed that the ruling demonstrated that operations intended to arrest suspects should be conducted by civilian police officers, rather than soldiers.^[116] The case is considered a landmark in cases concerning Article 2, particularly in upholding the principle that Article 2, paragraph 2, defines circumstances in which it is permissible to use force which may result in a person's death as an unintended consequence, rather than circumstances in which it is permissible to intentionally deprive a person of their life. It has been cited in later ECtHR cases concerning the use of lethal force by police.^[117]

After the inquest verdict, the Gibraltar gubernatori, Havo bosh marshali ser Piter Terri declared "Even in this remote place, there is no place for terrorists." In apparent revenge for his role in Operation Flavius, Terry and his wife, Lady Betty Terry, were shot and seriously injured in front of their daughter when IRA paramilitaries opened fire on the Terry home in Staffordshire two years later, in September 1990.^{[118][119][120]}

Following Kenneth Asquez's retraction of the statement he gave to "Death on the Rock" and his allegation that he was pressured into giving a false account of the events he witnessed, the IBA contacted Thames Television to express its concern and to raise the possibility of an investigation into the making of the documentary. Thames eventually agreed to commission an independent inquiry into the programme (the first such inquiry into an individual programme), to be conducted by two people with no connection to either Thames or the IBA; Thames engaged Lord Windlesham va Richard Rampton, QC to conduct the investigation.^[121] In their report, published in January 1989, Windlesham and Rampton levelled several criticisms at "Death on the Rock", but found it to be a "trenchant" piece of work made in "good faith and without ulterior motives". In conclusion, the authors believed that "Death on the Rock" proved "freedom of expression can prevail in the most extensive, and the most immediate, of all the means of mass communication".^[29][122]

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