Quruqlikdagi kampaniya - Overland Campaign
| Quruqlikdagi kampaniya | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Qismi Amerika fuqarolar urushi | |||||||
 Uliss S. Grant va Robert E. Li navbati bilan, Overland kampaniyasida qarama-qarshi qo'mondonlar | |||||||
| |||||||
| Urushayotganlar | |||||||
 Qo'shma Shtatlar (Ittifoq ) |  CSA (konfederatsiya) | ||||||
| Qo'mondonlar va rahbarlar | |||||||
| Uliss S. Grant Jorj G. Mead | Robert E. Li | ||||||
| Jalb qilingan birliklar | |||||||
| Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasi | |||||||
| Kuch | |||||||
| 103,875[5]–124,232 ("navbatchilik uchun hozir")[6][7] | 60,000–65,000[8] | ||||||
| Yo'qotishlar va yo'qotishlar | |||||||
| 54,926 jami (7,621 kishi o'ldirilgan; 38 339 jarohat olgan; 8.666 ushlangan / yo'qolgan)[9][10] | 30,000–35,000 (taxmin qilingan)[10] | ||||||
The Quruqlikdagi kampaniya, shuningdek, nomi bilan tanilgan Grantning quruqlikdagi kampaniyasi va Yovvoyi tabiat kampaniyasi, bir qator janglar bo'lgan Virjiniya 1864 yil may va iyun oylarida Amerika fuqarolar urushi. General-leytenant Uliss S. Grant, barchaning bosh boshlig'i Ittifoq qo'shinlari, harakatlarini boshqargan Potomak armiyasi, buyrug'i bilan General-mayor Jorj G. Mead va boshqa kuchlarga qarshi Konfederatsiya General Robert E. Li "s Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasi. Garchi kampaniya davomida Grant jiddiy yo'qotishlarga duch kelgan bo'lsa-da, bu ittifoqning strategik g'alabasi edi. U Li qo'shiniga mutanosib ravishda katta yo'qotishlarni keltirib chiqardi va uni qamalga oldi Richmond va Peterburg, Virjiniya, sakkiz haftadan ko'proq vaqt ichida.
Kesib o'tish Rapidan daryosi 1864 yil 4-mayda Grant tezda Li va Richmond o'rtasida o'z kuchlarini joylashtirib, ochiq jangga chaqirib, Li armiyasini mag'lub etishga intildi. Li Grantni katta ittifoq armiyasiga tajovuzkorona hujum qilib hayratda qoldirdi Cho'ldagi jang (5-7 may), natijada ikkala tomon ham katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Uning oldingilaridan farqli o'laroq Sharq teatri Ammo, Grant bu muvaffaqiyatsizlikdan so'ng o'z qo'shinini olib chiqmadi, aksincha Li va Richmond o'rtasida o'z kuchlarini aralashtirishga urinishlarini davom ettirib, janubi-sharqqa qarab harakat qildi. Li armiyasi ushbu harakatni to'sish uchun o'z o'rnini egallashga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Da Spotsilvaniya sud uyidagi jang (8-21 may), Grant yangi yutuqqa umid qilib, Konfederatsiyaning mudofaa chizig'ining segmentlariga bir necha bor hujum qildi, ammo yagona natijasi yana ikkala tomon uchun ham og'ir yo'qotishlarga olib keldi.
Grant yana manevr qildi, Li bilan Shimoliy Anna daryosida uchrashdi (Shimoliy Anna jangi, 23-26 may). Bu erda Li Grant armiyasining bir qismini mag'lub etish uchun imkoniyat yaratadigan aqlli mudofaa pozitsiyalarini egallagan, ammo kasallik Li Grantni tuzoqqa olish uchun o'z vaqtida hujum qilishga to'sqinlik qilgan. Kampaniyaning so'nggi yirik jangi bo'lib o'tdi Sovuq Makon (31-may - 12-iyun), unda Grant Li armiyasi charchagan va kuchli mudofaa pozitsiyalariga qarshi katta hujumga buyurgan, natijada Ittifoq nomutanosib ravishda katta yo'qotishlarga olib kelgan deb qimor o'ynagan. So'nggi marotaba manevr qilish uchun dam olayotgan Grant, yashirincha o'tib ketayotgan Li bilan hayratga tushdi Jeyms daryosi, yo'qolishi Konfederatsiya poytaxtiga zarar etkazadigan Peterburg shahrini egallash bilan tahdid qilmoqda. Natijada Peterburgni qamal qilish (1864 yil iyun - 1865 yil mart) 1865 yil aprelda Li qo'shinining taslim bo'lishiga va fuqarolar urushining samarali yakunlanishiga olib keldi.
Aktsiya tarkibiga general-mayor boshchiligidagi ittifoq otliqlari tomonidan uzoq muddatli reydlar kiritilgan. Filipp Sheridan. Richmond tomon bosqinda, Konfederatsiya otliq qo'mondoni general-mayor. J.E.B. Styuart da o'lik yaralangan Sariq tavernadagi jang (11 may). Yo'q qilishga urinayotgan reydda Virjiniya Markaziy temir yo'li g'arbda Sheridanga general-mayor to'sqinlik qildi. Veyd Xempton da Trevilian stantsiyasidagi jang (11-12 iyun), urushdagi eng yirik otliq jang.
Fon
Harbiy vaziyat
1864 yil mart oyida Grant chaqirildi G'arbiy teatr general-leytenant unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi va barcha Ittifoq qo'shinlariga qo'mondonlik qildi. U o'zining shtab-kvartirasini Potomak armiyasi bilan qilishni tanladi, garchi Mead bu qo'shinning rasmiy qo'mondonligini saqlab qoldi. General-mayor Uilyam Tekumseh Sherman G'arbiy armiyalarning ko'pchiligida Grantning o'rnini egalladi. Grant va Prezident Avraam Linkoln Konfederatsiya markaziga bir nechta yo'nalishlardan ta'sir ko'rsatadigan muvofiqlashtirilgan strategiyani ishlab chiqdi: Grant, Mead va Benjamin Butler Li yaqinida Richmond, Virjiniya; Frants Sigel ichida Shenandoax vodiysi; Sherman bosqin qilish uchun Gruziya, mag'lubiyat Jozef E. Jonston va qo'lga olish Atlanta; Jorj Krok va Uilyam V. Averell temir yo'l ta'minot liniyalariga qarshi ishlash G'arbiy Virjiniya; va Nataniel Banks ushlamoq Mobil, Alabama. Bu birinchi marta Ittifoq qo'shinlari bir qator teatrlarda muvofiqlashtirilgan hujum strategiyasiga ega bo'lishdi.[11]
Virjiniyadagi avvalgi Ittifoq kampaniyalari asosiy maqsadi sifatida Konfederatsiya poytaxti Richmondni nishonga olgan bo'lsa-da, bu safar Li armiyasini yo'q qilishni maqsad qilib, Richmondni qo'lga kiritish edi. Linkoln uzoq vaqtdan buyon generallar uchun ushbu strategiyani qo'llab-quvvatlagan va shahar o'zining asosiy mudofaa armiyasi yo'qolganidan keyin albatta qulab tushishini anglagan. Grant Meadga: "Li qayerga bormasin, sen ham u erga borasan", deb buyurdi.[12] Garchi u tez, hal qiluvchi jangga umid qilsa-da, Grant a bilan kurashishga tayyor edi yo'q qilish urushi. U "dushmanning qurolli kuchiga va uning resurslariga qarshi doimiy ravishda bolg'a berishni, shunchaki eskirishga qadar, agar boshqa yo'l bilan bo'lmasa, unga boshqa hech narsa qolmasligi kerak edi, lekin bizning umumiy mamlakatimizning konstitutsiyaga sodiq qismi bilan teng bo'ysunishdan va er qonunlari ". Ham Ittifoq, ham Konfederatsiya qurbonlari katta bo'lishi mumkin, ammo ittifoq yo'qolgan askarlar va jihozlarni almashtirish uchun ko'proq resurslarga ega edi.[13]
Qarama-qarshi kuchlar
Grantning ustun raqamlariga qaramay, u ishchi kuchida qiynalgan. Ularning qattiq kaltaklanishidan keyin Gettisburg jangi oldingi yil Men korpus va III korpus tarqatib yuborilgan va ularning tirik qolganlari boshqa korpuslarga ko'chirilgan, bu esa birlik birligi va ruhiy holatga zarar etkazgan. U dushman hududida hujumda ishlaganligi sababli, Grant o'zining ta'minot bazalarini va daladan qo'shinigacha bo'lgan chiziqlarni himoya qilishi kerak edi; Aynan shu sababli Grant Virjiniya ichki qismida to'q sariq va Iskandariya kabi temir yo'llar o'rniga suv ta'minoti liniyalariga tayanib, kampaniya davomida Lining o'ng qanoti atrofida bir necha bor harakat qilishni tanladi. Bundan tashqari, uning ko'plab askarlari uch yillik harbiy xizmat muddati tugashiga oz qolganligi sababli, ular tabiiy ravishda xavfli hujumlarda qatnashishni istamadilar. Ushbu muammolarni hal qilish uchun Grant o'z qo'shinlarini og'ir artilleriya batareyalarini boshqaradigan askarlarni tayinlash bilan to'ldirdi Vashington, Kolumbiya, ga piyoda askarlar polklar.[14]
Janglar
Cho'l (1864 yil 5-7 may)
Quruqlikdagi kampaniya Grantning kuchlari o'tib ketgan paytda boshlandi Rapidan daryosi 1864 yil 4-mayda. Grantning maqsadi Li bilan o'z kuchlarini tashqariga chiqarib yuborish yoki minalashtirish uchun istehkomlardan tashqarida majburlash edi. burilish ularni. Li o'zining umumiyligini ko'rsatadigan jasoratni namoyon etib, Grant xohlagancha, lekin Grant kutganidan tezroq chiqib ketdi; Birlashma kuchlari "Cho'l" deb nomlanuvchi maydonni tozalash uchun etarli vaqtga ega emas edi. Kanslervill jangi o'tgan yilgi jang edi. Li bu erda kurashni kuchaytirish orqali Ittifoqning artilleriyada ustunligini samarali ravishda zararsizlantirdi. U Ewell's Corps-ni Orange Turnpike-ga, A.P. Hill-ga parallel ravishda Orange Plank Road-ga va Longstreet-ga uzoqdan harakat qilishni buyurdi. Gordonsvill.[15]
5-mayning boshida Uorrenning V korpusi janubga Plank Yo'lga qarab ketayotganda, Evell korpusi g'arbiy qismida Turnpike-da paydo bo'ldi. Mead o'z qo'shinini to'xtatdi va agar Konfederatlar kichik, yakka guruh bo'lsa, Uorrenni hujumga yo'naltirdi. Ewell odamlari tozalash ishlarining g'arbiy qismida "Sonders Field" deb nomlanuvchi tuproq ishlarini qurishdi. Uorren Meeddan kechikishni so'radi, shunda Sedgvikning VI korpusi uning o'ng tomoniga olib kelinishi va safini kengaytirishi mumkin edi. Soat 13.00 ga kelib, Mead kechikkanidan hafsalasi pir bo'ldi va Sedgvik kelguncha Uorrenga hujum qilishni buyurdi. Brig brigadasi. General Romeyn B. Ayres yong'inni oldini olish uchun jarlikni yashirish kerak edi. Brig brigadasi. General Jozef J. Bartlett Ayresning chap tomonida yaxshiroq harakat qildi va Brig mavqeini egallab oldi. General Jon M. Jons, kim o'ldirilgan. Ammo, Ayresning odamlari oldinga bora olmaganliklari sababli, Bartlettning o'ng qanoti endi hujumga duchor bo'ldi va uning brigadasi tozalash joyidan orqaga qaytishga majbur bo'ldi.[16]
Bartlettning chap tomonida Temir brigada, Brig tomonidan boshqariladi. General Lysander Cutler, Brig tomonidan boshqarilgan Alabamiyaliklar brigadasini urdi. General Kullen A. Jang. Dastlab orqaga qaytarilgan bo'lsa-da, Konfederatlar Brig brigadasi bilan qarshi hujumga o'tdilar. General Jon B. Gordon, chiziqni yirtib tashlash va temir brigadani qochishga majbur qilish. Higgerson fermer xo'jaligi yaqinida Kol. Roy Stoun va Brig. General Jeyms C. Rays Brig brigadalariga hujum qildi. General Jorj P. Doles Gruzinlar va Brig. General Juniy Doniyor Shimoliy Karoliniyaliklar. Ikkala hujum ham kuchli olov ostida muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi va Krouford odamlariga orqaga chekinishni buyurdi. Uorren o'zining hujumini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Sonders-Fildga artilleriya bo'linmasini buyurdi, ammo uni Konfederatsiya askarlari qo'lga olishdi, ular mahkamlanib, qorong'ulikka qadar miltiq otishidan qurollarning harakatlanishi to'xtatildi. Qurol-yarog 'qo'l bilan jang qilish paytida, maydon yonib ketdi va yarador o'rtoqlari kuyib o'lganligi sababli har ikki tomondan erkaklar hayratda qolishdi. Sedgvikning VI korpusining etakchi elementlari soat 15 da Sonders-Fildga etib kelishdi, shu vaqtgacha Uorren odamlari jangni to'xtatdilar. Sedgvik Ternpikning shimolidagi o'rmonda Euellning chizig'iga hujum qildi va ikkala tomon ham tuproq ishlarini bajarish uchun bir-biridan ayrilishidan taxminan bir soat oldin davom etgan hujum va qarshi hujumlarni amalga oshirdilar.[17]
O'sha kuni tushdan keyin Plank Yo'lida A.P.Xillning yaqinlashishi aniqlandi va Mead Brigning VI korpus bo'linishiga buyruq berdi. General Jorj Vetti Brok yo'li bilan muhim chorrahani himoya qilish. Gettining odamlari Xilldan sal oldinroq kelishdi va ikki kuch qisqa vaqt ichida to'qnashib, Xill odamlari chorrahadan bir necha yuz metr narida orqaga chekinishdi. Mead Xankokga buyruqlar yuborib, uni II korpusini shimolga olib borib, Gettiga yordam berishga chaqirdi. Ittifoq odamlari general-mayor lavozimiga yaqinlashganda. Genri Xet, ularni sayoz tog 'tizmasidan oldilariga o't bosgan. Har bir II korpus bo'linmasi kelganida, Xankok uni yordam berish uchun jo'natdi va Li o'z zaxiralarini bajarishga majbur bo'lganiga etarli jangovar kuchni keltirdi. Cadmus M. Wilcox. Kuchli janglar kechgacha davom etdi, ikkala tomon ham ustunlikka ega bo'lmadi.[18]
6 may kuni Xankokning II korpusi Xillga ertalab soat 5 da hujum qilib, Uchinchi Korpusni Uodsort, Birni va Mott diviziyalari bilan bosib oldi; Getti va Gibbon qo'llab-quvvatladilar. Li Xillni Longstritning korpusi tepalikni mustahkamlash uchun tong otguncha keladi, deb ishontirgan edi, ammo qorong'ida kroslar harakatlanib, ular asta-sekin rivojlanib, ba'zida adashib qolishdi. Evelning Turnpike-dagi odamlari birinchi bo'lib, ertalab soat 4:45 da hujum qilishgan, ammo Sedgvik va Uorren korpuslarining hujumlari ostida qolishda davom etishgan va yordamga ishonib bo'lmaydi. To'liq qulashdan oldin, ammo ertalab soat 6 da qo'shimcha kuchlar Brig. General Jon Gregg 800 kishilik Texas brigadasi, Longstreet ustunining avangardlari. Hayajonga tushgan general Li oldinga o'tayotgan brigada bilan oldinga siljishni boshladi. Teksaliklar buni anglaganlarida, agar Li orqada qolmasa, oldinga siljishni rad etib, to'xtashdi.[19]
Longstreet general-mayorning bo'linmalariga qarshi hujumga o'tdi. Charlz V. Fild va Brig. General Jozef B. Kershou. Birlik qo'shinlari beva Tapp fermasidan bir necha yuz metr orqaga yiqildi. Ertalab soat 10 da Longstritning bosh muhandisi Plank Yo'lining janubida qurilishi tugallanmagan temir yo'l yotog'ini o'rganib chiqqanligi va u Ittifoqning chap qanotiga osonlikcha kirish imkoniyatini taqdim etganligi haqida xabar berdi. Longstritning yordamchisi, podpolkovnik Moxley Sorrel va katta brigada komandiri Brig. General Uilyam Mahone, soat 11 da to'rtta brigada bilan urishgan. Shu bilan birga, Longstreet o'zining asosiy hujumini davom ettirib, Xankokning odamlarini Brok yo'liga qaytarib yubordi, ammo Longstreet o'z odamlari tomonidan jarohatlanib, uni oktyabrgacha ishdan bo'shatganda, harakat tezligi yo'qoldi.[20]
Turnpike-da kunning ko'p qismida noaniq janglar davom etdi. Erta tongda Brig. General Jon B. Gordon uyushma safini kashf etdi va diviziya qo'mondoni Jubal Erliga unga yonma-yon hujum qilishni tavsiya qildi, ammo bu tashabbusni o'ta xavfli deb rad etdi va shu kuni kechgacha tasdiqlamadi. Gordonning hujumi tajribasiz Nyu-York qo'shinlariga qarshi yaxshi yutuqlarga erishdi, ammo oxir-oqibat qorong'ulik va zich yaproqlar zarar ko'rdi, chunki Ittifoq qanoti qo'shimcha kuchlarni qabul qilib, tiklandi.[21]
7-may kuni ertalab Grant qo'shimcha hujumlar o'rniga manevrni tanladi. Brok yo'lida janubga qarab yurib, u Spotsilvaniya sudi uyidagi chorrahaga etib borishga umid qilar edi, u Li va Richmond o'rtasida o'z qo'shinini aralashtirib, Lini Ittifoq qo'shinlari uchun foydaliroq joyda jang qilishga majbur qiladi. U 7-may kuni tungi marshga tayyorgarlik ko'rishni buyurdi, u Spotsilvaniyaga, janubi-sharqdan 10 km (16 km) ga 8-may kuni ertalab etib bordi. Afsuski, Grant uchun etarli bo'lmagan otliq askarlar skriningi Li armiyasini chorrahaga yetib boradigan Ittifoq qo'shinlari oldidan o'tishga imkon berdi. tanlovga kelgan.[22]
- Cho'ldagi jang
Cho'ldagi harakatlar, 1864 yil 5-may.
6 may kuni ertalab soat 5 da, Xankok Plank Yo'lidagi tepalikka hujum qilmoqda
6-may, soat 6-10 da, Longstreet qarshi hujumlari
6 may, soat 11.00. Longstreet temir yo'l karavotidan Xankokning qanotiga hujum qiladi
Soat 14.00 qorong'igacha, 6-may.
Spotsilvaniya sud uyi (8–21 may)
8-may kuni tong otgan Fitsju Lining otliq askarlari "Laurel Hill" deb nom olgan past tog 'tizmasida mudofaa chizig'ini qurdilar. Uorrenning odamlari shimolga 100 yard yaqinlashganda Andersondan qo'shimcha kuchlar etib kelishdi. Uning yo'lini faqat otliqlar to'sib qo'ygan deb taxmin qilgan Uorren zudlik bilan hujum qilishni buyurdi. V korpusining bo'linmalari tomonidan qilingan ko'plab hujumlar katta talafotlar bilan qaytarildi. Kunning ikkinchi yarmida Sedgvikning VI korpusi Laurel tepaligiga yaqinlashdi va Uorren chizig'ini sharqqa cho'zdi. Kechki soat 7 ga qadar ikkala korpus hamjihatlikda hujumni boshladilar, ammo kuchli otishma bilan qaytarildi. Ular Andersonning o'ng qanotini aylanib o'tishga harakat qilishdi, lekin Evellning ikkinchi korpusining bo'linmalari ushbu sektorga yana ularni qaytarish uchun kelganini ko'rib hayron qolishdi.[23]
Generallar Mead va Sheridan kampaniya davomida otliqlarning ishlashi to'g'risida janjallashishgan va ularning muvaffaqiyatsizliklari 7-8 may kunlari Meadning taniqli g'azabini qaynatib yuborgan. Sheridan Meadga agar Mead ruxsat bersa, "Styuartni qamchi bilan qamrab olishi" mumkinligini aytdi. Mead suhbatni Grantga etkazdi, u javob berdi: "Xo'sh, u umuman nimani gapirayotganini biladi. U ishni boshlasin va bajarsin". Mead Grantning hukmidan kechikib, Sheridanga "dushman otliqlariga qarshi harakat qilish to'g'risida" buyruq berdi. Ertasi kuni Sheridanning 10000 otliq askarlardan iborat butun qo'mondonligi jo'nab ketdi. Ular Styuart bilan (va o'lik yaralangan) shug'ullanishgan Sariq tavernadagi jang 11-may kuni Richmond atrofiga tahdid qildi, Jeyms daryosi yaqinida qayta jihozlandi va 24-maygacha armiyaga qaytmadi. Grant va Mead kelayotgan jangning muhim kunlarida otliq manbasiz qolishdi.[24]
8-9 may kunlari tunda Konfederatlar to'rt milya (6,4 km) dan ortiq masofada tuproq ishlarini olib borishdi taniqli asosiy xandaq chizig'i oldida bir mildan ko'proq (1,6 km) cho'zilgan "xachir poyabzal" nomi bilan tanilgan. Taxminan soat 9 da, general-mayor. Jon Sedgvik VI korpusini ko'zdan kechirayotganida, u Konfederatsiyaning o'q otuvchisi tomonidan boshidan otilgan va shu zahoti o'lgan. Uning o'rniga general-mayor tayinlandi. Horatio G. Rayt.[25]
Grant Xankokga o'tishni buyurdi Po daryosi va Konfederatlarning chap qanotiga hujum qilib, ularni Burnsaydning yon tomonidagi pozitsiyasiga qarab orqaga qaytaring Ni daryosi, uning qolgan qo'mondoni, markazda, u erda ham hujum uchun ochilishni kutishdi. Xankokning II korpusi Po bo'ylab yurib o'tdi, ammo u hujumini ertalabgacha kechiktirdi. Ushbu xato Grantning rejasi uchun o'ta xavfli edi. O'sha kecha Li Jubal Erli korpusining ikkita bo'linmasini Spotsilvaniya sud uyidan Xankokga qarshi pozitsiyaga ko'chirdi. 10-may kuni ertalab Grant Xankokga Podan shimolga chekinishni buyurdi va shu sohada Konfederatlarni egallash uchun bitta bo'linmani qoldirdi, qolgan armiyasi esa soat 17-da hujum qilishi kerak edi. butun Konfederatsiya chizig'i bo'ylab. Soat 2 da Jubal Erli qo'lga olinmasdan Po bo'ylab chekingan diviziyaga hujum qilishga qaror qildi va ularning orqasidagi ko'priklarni yo'q qildi.[26]
Xankok Po sektorida bo'lganida, Uorren Grendning qolgan hujumi bilan muvofiqlashtirilmagan holda, soat 16 da Laurel Xillga hujum qilish uchun Meaddan ruxsat so'ragan. Laurel Hill chizig'i yana Ittifoq qo'shinlarini katta yo'qotishlarga duchor qildi. Grant soat 17.00ni kechiktirishga majbur bo'ldi. Uorren o'z qo'shinlarini isloh qilguniga qadar kelishilgan hujum. Kechikish haqida xabar berilmagan, Brig. General Gershom Mott II korpus o'z diviziyasini soat 17 da oldinga siljitdi. xachir poyabzalining uchiga qarab. Uning odamlari ochiq maydonga etib kelishganida, Konfederatsiya artilleriyasi ularni parchalab tashladi va ular orqaga chekinishdi. Soat 18.00 atrofida polkovnik. Emori Upton Xachir poyabzalining g'arbiy qismida aniqlangan zaif nuqtaga qarshi to'rtta jang safida 5000 ga yaqin erkaklar bo'lgan 12 ta qo'lda tanilgan polk guruhini boshqargan. Rejaga ko'ra, Apton odamlari ochiq maydondan o't ochish va qayta yuklashni to'xtatmasdan shoshilib, Konfederatlar bir nechta o'q otishdan oldin tuproq ishlariga etib borishlari kerak edi. Reja dastlab yaxshi natija berdi, ammo generallar Li va Evell tezda Mule Shoe-ning barcha tarmoqlari brigadalari bilan kuchli qarshi hujumni tashkil qilishdi. Hech qanday Ittifoqni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi birliklar kelmadi. Aptonning odamlari Konfederatsiya ishlaridan haydab chiqarildi va u istamay ularga orqaga chekinishni buyurdi.[27]
10 may kuni yuz bergan teskari tomonga qaramay, Grantda Uptonning innovatsion hujumining qisman muvaffaqiyati tufayli optimizmga asos bor edi. U xuddi shu taktikani Xenkokning butun korpusi bilan qo'llashni rejalashtirgan. Konfederatsiya tomoni Li ba'zi bir razvedka hisobotlarini oldi, bu esa Grantning Frederiksburg tomon chekinishni rejalashtirayotganiga ishonishiga olib keldi. Agar bu sodir bo'lgan bo'lsa, u darhol hujumni ta'qib qilishni xohladi. Potentsial hujumni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun artilleriyasining harakatchanligidan xavotirlanib, u qurollarni olib qo'yishni buyurdi. Allegeni Jonson Xachir poyabzalidagi bo'linma o'ng tomonga harakatlanish uchun tayyor bo'lishi kerak. U, albatta, Grant hujum qilishni maqsad qilgan joy ekanligini umuman bilmas edi. Jonson Euelldan uning artilleriyasini qaytarib berishni iltimos qildi, ammo qandaydir tartibda Xankokning hujumi boshlanishidan 30 daqiqa oldin, 12-may soat 3:30 gacha artilleriya bo'linmalariga etib bormadi.[28]
Xankokning hujumi 12-may kuni soat 4:35 da boshlangan va Konfederatsiya ishlari davomida osonlikcha qulab tushgan. Xachir poyabzalining sezilarli qismini yo'q qilish bo'yicha dastlabki muvaffaqiyatga qaramay, Ittifoq rejasida nuqson bor edi - hech kim bu yutuqdan qanday foyda ko'rish haqida o'ylamagan edi. Xankokning II korpusining 15000 piyoda askarlari kengligi yarim milga yaqin tor jabhada to'planib, tez orada barcha qurol birlashmasidan mahrum bo'lib, qurollangan olomonga aylanib qolishdi. Dastlabki shokdan so'ng, Konfederatsiya rahbariyati barcha darajadagi Ittifoqning hujumiga yaxshi munosabatda bo'lishni boshladi va to'lqinni to'xtatish uchun qo'shimcha kuchlar kiritildi.[29]
Xankok boshini qotirganda, Grant Raytga ham, Uorrenga ham oldinga borishni buyurib, qo'shimcha kuchlar yubordi. Briganing VI korpus bo'limi. General Tomas H. Nill janubga burilgan joyda, xachir poyabzalining g'arbiy qismiga qarab yo'l oldi. Kunning eng og'ir janglari sodir bo'ladigan ushbu yo'nalish sektori "Qonli burchak" deb nomlandi. Kuchli yomg'ir yog'a boshladi va har ikki tomon ham tuproq va suv bilan qon silliq qilib tuproq ishlarida kurashdilar. Uorrenning Laurel tepaligidagi hujumi soat 8:15 atrofida kichik miqyosda boshlandi. Uning ba'zi odamlari uchun bu ularning to'rtinchi yoki beshinchi hujumi xuddi shu maqsadga qarshi edi va ozchiliklar ishtiyoq bilan kurashdilar. Ular yana qaytarildi. Burnsid tong otguncha xachir poyabzalining sharqiy oyog'iga qarab ilgarilab bordi va Xenkokning kashfiyotiga yordam berdi. 14:00 da Grant va Li tasodifan ushbu to'xtab qolgan sektorda bir vaqtning o'zida hujumlarni buyurdilar. Union Brig tomonidan avans. General Orlando B. Willcox Brig sifatida bo'linish to'xtatildi. General Jeyms H. Leyn Brigada oldinga siljidi va ularni qanotga urdi.[30]
Kunning ikkinchi yarmida Konfederatsiya muhandislari xachir poyabzalining tagida janubdan 500 metr narida yangi mudofaa chizig'ini yaratishga kirishdilar, qonli burchakda janglar kechayu kunduz davom etar edi va hech bir tomon ustunlikka erisha olmadi. 13 may kuni ertalab soat 4 da charchagan Konfederatsiya piyoda askarlariga yangi chiziq tayyorligi to'g'risida xabar berildi va ular asl tuproq ishlari bo'linmasidan birma-bir chiqib ketishdi. Ularning qariyb 24 soat davomida olib borgan janglari avvalgi Fuqarolar urushi janglarida ko'rilmagan otashin kuchi bilan ajralib turardi, chunki butun landshaft tekislanib, barcha yaproqlar yo'q qilingan. 12-may jang paytida eng qizg'in kurash kuni bo'lgan, ittifoq 9000 ga yaqin, Konfederatsiya 8000 kishiga zarar etkazgan; Konfederatsiyaning yo'qolishi xachir poyabzalida ushlangan 3000 ga yaqin mahbusni o'z ichiga oladi.[31]
12-maydagi katta yo'qotishlarga qaramay, Grant umidsiz edi. U o'z yo'nalishlarini qayta yo'naltirishni va potentsial harakatlar markazini Spotsilvaniyaning sharqiga ko'chirishni rejalashtirgan edi, u erda u jangni yangilashi mumkin edi. U V va VI korpuslarga II korpus orqasida harakat qilishni va IX korpusning chap qanotidan o'tib pozitsiyalarni egallashni buyurdi. 13–14-mayga o'tar kechasi korpus og'ir yomg'ir ostida qiyin yurishni boshladi. Grant Vashingtonga deyarli besh kunlik tinimsiz yomg'irga chidab, 24 soatlik quruq ob-havoga ega bo'lmaguncha, armiyasi hujumkor operatsiyalarni davom ettira olmasligi haqida xabar berdi. Nihoyat 17-may kuni ob-havo yaxshilandi. Grant II korpusga va VI korpusga 18 may kuni quyosh chiqqunida Xachir poyabzal hududiga qarshi hujum qilishni buyurdi. Afsuski, Ittifoq rejasiga binoan sobiq Konfederatsiya ishlari Evelning ikkinchi korpusi tomonidan ishg'ol qilingan va ular oraliq vaqtni tuproq ishlarini va ularning oldida qo'yilgan to'siqlarni yaxshilash uchun ishlatgan. 12-may kunidan farqli o'laroq, ular ajablanib qolishmadi. Xankokning odamlari oldinga siljishganda, ular ushlanib qolishdi abatislar va shu qadar dahshatli artilleriya oloviga duchor bo'ldiki, hujumni qaytarish uchun piyoda miltiq o'qi kerak emas edi. Hujumlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashda Rayt va Byornsaydda bundan ham omad etishmadi.[32]
Grant Spotsilvaniya hududidan voz kechishga qaror qildi. U Xankokning II korpusiga Frederiksburg va Richmond o'rtasidagi temir yo'l liniyasiga borishni va keyin janubga burilishni buyurdi. Omad tilaymiz, Li yakkama-yakka korpusni mag'lubiyatga uchratish va yo'q qilish uchun o'lja olib, ergashishi mumkin. Bunday holda, Grant qolgan korpusi bilan Lini ta'qib qilib, Konfederatlar yana saf tortishidan oldin uni urib yuboradi. Xankok harakatlana boshlashdan oldin Li Evelga Ittifoq armiyasining shimoliy qanotini topish uchun kuch bilan razvedka o'tkazishni buyurdi. Euell Harris tomonidan chaqirilgunga qadar yaqinda piyoda harbiy xizmatga o'tqazilgan Unionning og'ir artilleriya askarlari bir necha bo'linmasi bilan Xarris fermasi yonida jang qildi. Grant Xankok korpusini ilgari surishni Xarris fermer xo'jaligining ishtiroki bilan kechiktirdi, shuning uchun qo'shinlar 20-21 mayga o'tar kechasi janubda o'z harakatlarini boshlamadilar. Li Xankokga hujum qilish uchun Grantning tuzog'iga tushmadi, lekin parallel yo'lga bordi Shimoliy Anna daryosi.[33]
- Spotsilvaniya sud uyidagi jang
1864 yil 7-maydagi harakatlar; otliq harakatlar
Laurel Hill chizig'idagi hujumlar, 8-may
9 may, Ittifoq qanotlaridagi pozitsiyalar va harakatlar
Grant hujumlari, 10 may
Grantning katta hujumi, 12-may
13-16 may kunlari qatorlarni qayta yo'naltirish
Harakatlar, 17 may, Ittifoqning so'nggi hujumlari, 18 may
Sariq taverna (11 may)
Kampaniyaning dastlabki kunlari - Cho'l va Spotsilvaniya sud uyiga yondashish - Mead Sheridanning otliq korpusini asosan skrining va razvedkaning an'anaviy rolida ishlatgan, Sheridan esa o'z kuchini mustaqil ravishda ishlaydigan tajovuzkor qurol sifatida ishlatish qiymatini ko'rgan. dushmanning orqa tomonlariga keng ko'lamli reydlar. 8 may kuni Sheridan Meadga agar uning qo'mondonligi mustaqil bo'linma sifatida ishlashga ruxsat berilsa, u "Jeb" Styuartni mag'lub qilishi mumkinligini aytdi. Grant qiziqib qoldi va Meidanni Sheridanning iltimosining qadr-qimmatiga ishontirdi.[34]
9 may kuni Sheridanning 10 mingdan ortiq askarlari 32 ta artilleriya qurollari bilan janubi-sharqqa qarab Lining armiyasi orqasida harakatlanishdi. Ba'zan 21 km uzoqlikda cho'zilgan ustun shu kuni kechqurun Beaver Dam Stantsiyasida joylashgan Konfederatsiyani oldinga etkazib berish bazasiga etib bordi. Sheridanning odamlari ko'plab temir yo'l vagonlari va Virjiniya markaziy temir yo'lining oltita lokomotivlarini yo'q qilishdi, telegraf simlarini yo'q qilishdi va Sahroda qo'lga olingan deyarli 400 ittifoqchi askarlarini qutqarishdi.[35]
Styuart o'zining 4500 askarini Sheridan va Richmond o'rtasida borish uchun ko'chirgan. Ikki kuch 11 may kuni peshin vaqtida Richmonddan olti milya (9,7 km) uzoqlikda joylashgan tashlandiq mehmonxonada joylashgan Sariq tavernada uchrashdi. Ittifoq uchta bo'linma bo'yicha ikkita brigadaga ko'ra Konfederatlar sonidan ko'p bo'lmagan, shuningdek, uning o't o'chirish qobiliyatiga ham ega edi - barchasi tez o'q otish bilan qurollangan. Spenser karbinalari. Konfederatsiya askarlari Richmondga olib boradigan yo'l bilan chegaradosh past balandlikdan qat'iyat bilan qarshilik ko'rsatdilar va uch soatdan ortiq jang qilishdi. Tomonidan qarshi to'lov 1-Virjiniya otliq askari oldinga siljiydigan ittifoq askarlarini tepalikdan orqaga surib qo'ydi, chunki Stuart otga minib, dalda berdi. Sifatida 5-Michigan otliq askarlari Styuartdan orqaga chekinib, otib o'ldirildi va ertasi kuni Richmondda vafot etdi. Styuart yaralanganidan so'ng, jang bir soat davom etdi, general-mayor. Fitsxu Li vaqtinchalik buyruq olish.[36]
Yaylov ko'prigi (12 may)
Saridan tavernadan so'ng, Sheridan 11 may kuni qo'shinlarini janubga qarab Richmond tomon olib bordi va tashlab qo'yilgan tashqi mudofaa ishlarini diqqat bilan his qildi. U o'zini potentsial tuzoqqa ilinayotganini anglamay, Bruk Pik bo'ylab harakatini davom ettirdi. Sheridan o'zini maqsadidan atigi ikki yarim mil uzoqlikda topdi, ammo o'zining old qismidagi oraliq mudofaa dushman qo'shinlari bilan to'lib toshganini ko'rdi. Uning chap qanoti shishgan Chikaxominga qarshi edi va Konfederatsiya otliqlari ittifoq kuchlarini qo'lga kiritish umidida uning orqa tomoniga tahdid qilishdi.[37]
Sheridan Virjiniya markaziy temir yo'li daryoni kesib o'tgan Meadow ko'prigidan daryoni majburan kesib o'tishga qaror qildi. Michigan shtatidagi Brig brigadasini tayinladi. General Jorj A. Kuster, Brigning bir qismi. General Uesli Merritt bo'linish, oraliqni va undan yuqori balandliklarni egallash uchun. Sheridanning qolgan buyrug'i Konfederatlarni ushlab turishi kerak edi, Kuster esa uning buyruqlarini bajardi. Brigning orqa qo'riqchisi General Devid MakM. Gregg Bu bo'linma uch tomondan hujumga o'tqazilgan edi, bu birlashma piyoda qo'shinlari brigadasi qo'rg'onlardan hujumga o'tishi uchun etarlicha engil edi. Ko'p o'tmay, boshqa Konfederatlar, shu jumladan harbiy xizmatga shoshilinch ravishda jalb qilingan Richmond fuqarolari ham orqa chiziqlarni buzish harakatlariga qo'shilishdi. Jeyms H. Uilson Dastlab odamlarni bir oz chalkashtirib orqaga qaytarishdi, ammo Gregg mo''tadil jarda takrorlanadigan karbinalar bilan qurollangan jangchilarning og'ir chizig'ini yashirgan edi. Uning odamlari vayronkor olovni otishdi va Konfederatsiyaning so'nggi yutuqlarini to'xtatishdi, ularga hujum ustunining yon tomonini aylantirgan Uilsonning ba'zi odamlari yordam berishdi. Federal ot artilleriyasi Konfederatsiya piyoda askarlari endi xavf tug'dirmasligiga ishonch hosil qildi va uchta otliq polk dushman otliqlariga yaqinlashib, ularni chetga burib, orqa tomonni himoya qildi.[38]
Shu orada, Kasterning 5-Michigan otliq askarlari, bir necha jasur otliq askarlar buzilgan temir yo'l ko'prigini kesib o'tayotganda, Konfederatsiya miltig'ining o'qini bostirish uchun snayperlardan foydalangan holda, dushmanning doimiy artilleriya otishida tahlikaga tushib, bog'lash uchun temir yo'l bog'ichidan sakrab tushishgan. 6-Michigan tomonidan ta'qib qilingan ular, erta tongda Chikaxominning shimoliy qirg'og'ini tozalashda va daryoning Konfederatsiya tomonida o'z o'rnini egallashga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Kuster odamlari tahdid ostidagi dushman bo'linmalarini mahkam ushladilar va ikkita artilleriya qurollarini tutdilar, kashshoflar esa ko'p sonli erkaklar va otlarning xavfsiz o'tishini ta'minlash uchun ko'prikni baquvvat ravishda taxtaga qo'ydilar. Tushdan keyin Merrittning butun bo'linmasi Konfederatsiyaning Richmond Xaytsdagi shoshilinch ishlarini kesib o'tdi va himoyachilarni Geyns Milliga qaytarib yubordi. Soat 16: 00ga qadar Sheridanning qolgan otliq askarlari daryodan o'tib ketishdi.[39]
Sheridan Virjiniya markaziy ko'prigini ta'qib qilishni ta'qib qilish uchun vayron qildi. Uning odamlari dam olgandan so'ng, Sheridan ushbu hududdagi qolgan Konfederatsiya qarshiligini chetga surib, o'z ustunini Mechanicsville. O'sha kuni ular Geynesning tegirmonida bivuakedilar, ertasi kuni ertalab ba'zi dovdiraganlar tomonidan yoqib yuborilgan; Sheridan alangani o'chirish uchun chelak brigadasiga buyruq berdi. Chickahominy orqali Bottom Bridge-ga etib borganlarida, ular buzilganligini aniqladilar va ta'mirlash vaqtida u erda tunab qolishdi. Bu vaqtga kelib Sheridanning odamlari ochlikdan azob chekishdi va ularning Ittifoq saflariga etib borishi juda dolzarb bo'lib qoldi. 14-may kuni u odamlarini Xaksollning qo'nish joyiga olib bordi Jeyms daryosi, general-mayor bilan bog'lanish. Benjamin Butler uning reydini tugatgan kuch. Butler bilan ta'minlanganidan so'ng, Sheridanning odamlari 24-may kuni Chesterfild stantsiyasida Grantga qaytib kelishdi.[40]
Sheridanning bosqini umumiy taktik yutuq bo'lib, Jeb Styuartni Sariq Tavernada o'ldirdi va Fidjyu Lini Meadow Bridge-da mag'lub etdi, bularning barchasi nisbatan kam yo'qotishlarga olib keldi - butun reyd davomida taxminan 800 ta Konfederatsiya bilan taqqoslaganda 625 kishi. Strategik nuqtai nazardan, reyd General Grantni Spotsilvaniya sudi uyida foydali bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan otliq manbalaridan va keyinchalik uning Shimoliy Anna daryosi va Sheridan Richmond shahriga hujum qilishga urinishi kerakmi yoki yo'qmi degan savollar mavjud. Ikkinchi holatda, Sheridan qurbonlar uchun xavf tug'dirmaydi deb hisoblagan va shaharni qisqa vaqtdan ko'proq ushlab turish ehtimoli minimal bo'lishini tushungan; har qanday afzalliklar, birinchi navbatda, Konfederatsiya ruhiyatiga zarar etkazish natijasida kelib chiqadi.[41]
Shimoliy Anna (23–26 may)
Armiya Spotsilvaniyadan o'z harakatlarini boshlaganda, ular o'rtasidagi kelishmovchiliklar yanada yaqinlashdi. Grantning armiyasi taxminan 68,000 kishini tashkil qildi, ular kampaniya boshlanishidan jangovar yo'qotishlar, kasalliklar va ro'yxatga olish muddati tugaganidan charchagan. Li 53000 ga yaqin edi.[42] Kampaniyada birinchi marta u katta kuchlarni, shu jumladan general-mayorning to'rtta brigadasidan uchtasini oldi. Jorj E. Pikket Jeyms daryosi mudofaasi bo'limi (taxminan 6000 kishi) va general-mayorning ikki brigadasi (2500 kishi). John C. Breckinridge buyrug'i Shenandoax vodiysi.[43]
Spotsilvaniyadan keyin Grantning maqsadi Shimoliy Anna daryosi, janubda 40 km janubda va uning janubida joylashgan Hannover Junction muhim temir yo'l kesishmasi edi. Grant, ehtimol Li uni Shimoliy Anna bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri musobaqada mag'lub etishini bilar edi, shuning uchun u muvaffaqiyatli alternativ bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan strategiyani o'ylab topdi. U Xankokning II korpusini tayinladi, Li Li o'lja olib, bu izolyatsiya qilingan korpusga hujum qiladi deb umid qilib, Spotsilvaniyadan Milford stantsiyasigacha. Agar u shunday qilsa, Grant qolgan uchta korpusi bilan unga hujum qiladi; agar u bunday qilmasa, Grant hech narsani yo'qotmas edi va uning avans elementi Li erishguncha Shimoliy Annaga etib borishi mumkin edi.[44]
20 ming kishidan iborat Xenkok korpusi 20-maydan 21-mayga o'tar kechasi yurishni boshladi. U 21-may kuni Milford stantsiyasida Pikketning ba'zi odamlariga duch kelganidan hayratga tushdi, ulardan Li kuchaytirilayotgani to'g'risida to'g'ri xulosa chiqardi. Izolyatsiya qilingan joyda jang qilishda o'z korpusini xavf ostiga qo'yishdan ko'ra, u manevrasini tugatishga qaror qildi. Li hali ham Grantning niyatlari to'g'risida qorong'ulikda edi va Spotsilvaniya sud uyi safidan muddatidan oldin ajralishni istamadi. U ehtiyotkorlik bilan Evell korpusini Telegraf Yo'ligacha kengaytirdi va Li bilan qo'shilish uchun ketayotgan Brekkinrijni Hannover kavşağında to'xtab, Li unga qo'shilguncha Shimoliy Anna daryosi chizig'ini himoya qilish to'g'risida xabar berdi. Bu orada Grant qolgan korpuslarini o'z yurishlarida boshladi. Li Evelga Telegraf yo'lida janubga yurishni buyurdi, undan keyin Anderson korpusi va A.P.Xill korpusi g'arbga parallel yo'llarda. Lining buyruqlari shoshilinch emas edi; he knew that Ewell had 25 miles (40 km) to march over relatively good roads, versus Hancock's 34 miles (55 km) over inferior roads.[45]
On the morning of May 23, Warren and Hancock approached the North Anna. There were no significant fortifications to their front. Lee had misjudged Grant's plan, assuming any advance against the North Anna would be a mere diversion, while the main body of Grant's army continued its flanking march to the east. At the Chesterfield Bridge crossing the Telegraph Road, a small South Carolina brigade under Col. John W. Henagan had created a dirt redoubt, and there was a small party guarding the railroad bridge downstream, but all the other river crossings were left undefended. Grant had been presented with a golden opportunity if he moved quickly enough to take advantage of it.[46]
Hancock's men, led by the division of Maj. Gen. Devid B. Birni, overwhelmed Henagan's small force, which fled across the bridge. Union sharpshooters discouraged Confederate attempts to burn the bridge. Hancock's men did not cross the bridge and seize ground to the south because Confederate artillery was laying down heavy fire against them. At Jericho Mills, Warren found the river ford unprotected and established a beachhead south of the river. General Lee convinced his Third Corps commander, A.P. Hill, that Warren's movement was simply a feint, so Hill sent only a single division, commanded by Maj. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox, to deal with Warren's supposedly minor threat. The Union troops were taken by surprise and their right flank was beaten back, but they were supported by three batteries of artillery, which slowed the Confederate advance until Union reinforcements arrived to end the brief battle. The next morning, Lee expressed his displeasure at Hill's performance: "General Hill, why did you let those people cross here? Why didn't you throw your whole force on them and drive them back as Jekson would have done?"[47]
By the evening of May 23, Lee finally understood that a major battle was developing in this location and began to plan his defensive position. He and his chief engineer devised a solution: a five-mile (8 km) line that formed an inverted "V" shape with its apex on the river at Ox Ford, the only defensible crossing in the area. On the western line of the V, reaching southwest to anchor on Little River, was the corps of A.P. Hill; on the east were Anderson and Ewell, extending through Hanover Junction and ending behind a swamp. Lee's men worked nonstop overnight to complete the fortifications. The new position represented a significant potential threat to Grant. By moving south of the river, Lee hoped that Grant would assume that he was retreating, leaving only a token force to prevent a crossing at Ox Ford. If Grant pursued, then Lee hoped the pointed wedge of the inverted V would split Grant's army and Lee could concentrate on interior lines to defeat one wing; the other Union wing would have to cross the North Anna twice to support the attacked wing.[48]
On the morning of May 24, Hancock's II Corps crossed the Chesterfield Bridge with Maj. Gen. Jon Gibbon 's division in the lead. Grant had begun to fall into Lee's trap. Seeing the ease of crossing the river, he assumed the Confederates were retreating. He wired to Washington: "The enemy have fallen back from North Anna. We are in pursuit."[49]
The only visible opposition to the Union crossing was at Ox Ford, which Grant interpreted to be a rear guard action, and ordered Burnside's IX Corps to deal with it. Burnside's division under Brig. General Samuel W. Crawford marched downriver to Quarles Mill and seized the ford there. Burnside ordered Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden 's division to cross over at the ford and follow the river's southern bank to Ox Ford and attack the Confederate position from the west. Crittenden's lead brigade was under Brig. General James H. Ledlie, who was known for excessive drinking of alcohol in the field. Intoxicated and ambitious, Ledlie decided to attack the Confederate position with his brigade alone. Encountering the Confederate earthworks manned by Brig. General Uilyam Mahone 's division, Ledlie's men were immediately repulsed. Crittenden sent word to Ledlie not to attack until the full division had crossed the river, but Ledlie, by now completely drunk, ordered a charge. The Confederates waited to open fire until they were at close range, and the effect was to drive Ledlie's leading men into ditches for protection. Two Massachusetts regiments rallied, but Mahone's Mississippi troops stepped out of their works and shot them down. Despite his miserable performance, Ledlie received praise from his division commander that his brigade "behaved gallantly." He was promoted to division command after the battle and his drunkenness in the field continued to plague his men, culminating in his humiliating failure at the Krater jangi in July, after which he was relieved of command, never to receive another assignment. Hancock's II Corps began pushing south from Chesterfield Bridge at about the same time that Ledlie was initially crossing the river, but the combined divisions of Maj. Gens. Jon Gibbon va Devid B. Birni could not break the Confederate line.[50]
Although the Union army had done precisely what Lee had hoped it would do, Lee's plan came to naught. The morning of the river crossing, Lee suddenly suffered a debilitating attack of diareya and was forced to remain in his tent, bedridden. Unfortunately, he had not sufficiently empowered a subordinate commander to take over during his illness. Lee lamented in his tent, "We must strike them a blow—we must never let them pass again—we must strike them a blow." But Lee lacked the means to execute his plan. Grant identified the situation he faced with a divided army and ordered his men to stop advancing and to build earthworks of their own.[51]
A significant command change occurred on the evening of May 24. Grant and Meade had had numerous quarrels during the campaign about strategy and tactics and tempers were reaching the boiling point. Grant mollified Meade somewhat by ordering that Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside and his IX Corps would henceforth report to Meade's Army of the Potomac, rather than to Grant directly. Although Burnside was a more senior major general than Meade, he accepted the new subordinate position without protest.[52]
On May 25, light skirmishing occurred between the lines and Union soldiers occupied themselves by tearing up 5 miles of the Virginia Central Railroad, a key supply line from the Shenandoah Valley to Richmond. Grant's options were limited. The slaughter at Spotsylvania Court House ruled out the option of frontal attacks against the Confederate line and getting around either Confederate flank was infeasible.[53] However, the Union general remained optimistic. He was convinced that Lee had demonstrated the weakness of his army by not attacking when he had the upper hand. He wrote to the Army's chief of staff, Maj. Gen. Genri V. Xallek: "Lee's army is really whipped. ... I may be mistaken but I feel that our success over Lee's army is already assured."[54]
- Shimoliy Anna jangi
Actions on May 23: Hancock attacks "Henagan's Redoubt", A.P. Hill attempts to repulse Warren's beachhead
Actions on May 24: Ledlie attacks Ox Ford, Hancock attempts to advance against the eastern leg of the inverted "V"
Stalemate: Union and Confederate positions May 25–26
Wilson's Wharf (May 24)
One of a series of protective outposts guarding supply lines for Union Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler "s Bermud yuz kampaniyasi was a fort at Wilson's Wharf, at a strategic bend in the James River in eastern Charlz Siti, overlooked by high bluffs. Its garrison of predominantly Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining rangli qo'shinlari (USCT) under Brig. General Edward A. Wild had a frightening reputation among Southerners. His soldiers freed and recruited slaves and in one case whipped a plantation owner who had a reputation for harshness to his slaves. The Richmond newspapers denounced these activities and put intense pressure on the government of Jefferson Devis to put a stop to Wild's depredations. Fitsxu Li 's cavalry division was ordered to "break up this nest and stop their uncivilized proceedings." Lee took 2,500 men and one cannon on a 40-mile march from Atlee's Station to reach Wilson's Wharf.[55]
At 1:30 p.m. on May 24 Lee demanded the surrender of the garrison. He promised that the black soldiers would be taken to Richmond and treated as prisoners of war, but if they did not surrender, he would not be "answerable for the consequences." Wild and his men interpreted this to mean that some of the men would be returned to their former masters and others would be tried by state authorities for inciting insurrection. Wild sent back a written reply that said "We will try it" and told the two officers sent by Lee, "Take the fort if you can."[56]
Brig. General Uilyams C. Vikem 's Confederate brigade moved east of the fort, while Col. John Dunovant of the 5th South Carolina Cavalry demonstrated on the western end of the fort. Dunovant's men advanced as far as the ditch and abatis, but were driven back by heavy fire. Wickham's men rushed forward across an open field and were met by interlocking fields of musket fire, canister rounds from two 10-pound Parrott miltiqlari, and naval gunfire from the gunboat USS Tong. Lee ordered his men to withdraw to Charles City Court House and the next morning they rode back to Atlee's Station.[57]
Casualties were relatively light and the action had little effect on the outcome of the war, but the North scored a propaganda victory. It was the first significant combat encounter between the Army of Northern Virginia and black soldiers, who had fought well in a defensive battle against a larger attacking force. Southerners, unwilling to acknowledge their defeat against a predominantly African-American force, claimed that six gunboats and substantial numbers of white Union soldiers were involved in the action.[58]
Across the Pamunkey (May 27–29)
As he did after the Wilderness and Spotsylvania, Grant now planned to leave the North Anna in another wide swing around Lee's flank, marching east of the Pamunkey River to screen his movements from the Confederates. He ordered (on May 22) that his supply depots at Belle Plain, Aquia Landing va Frederiksburg be moved to a new base at Port-Royal, Virjiniya, ustida Rappahannock daryosi. (Six days later the supply base was moved again, from Port Royal to oq uy on the Pamunkey.) If Grant had decided to move directly south, he would have been forced to cross three rivers, the Little River, the New Found, and the South Anna, minor obstacles that Lee would have to navigate instead.[59]
Before he could move, however, Grant was faced with the problem of disengaging from Lee's army. Not only were the armies closely situated, Grant's first had to withdraw north over the North Anna, during which it would be very vulnerable to attack. Grant decided on a series of deceptive measures to disguise his intentions. On May 26, he sent a cavalry division under Brig. General Jeyms H. Uilson to Little River, probing the western end of the Confederate line, while at the same time men from the cavalry divisions of Brig. Gens. Alfred T. A. Torbert va David McM. Gregg were sent to the Little Page Bridge and Taylor's Ford on the Pamunkey, 10 miles upriver from Grant's intended crossing points. Lee, who was still in his tent suffering from the diarrhea that had incapacitated him during the North Anna battle, was fooled by Grant's actions and assumed that the Union general would be moving west for the first time in the campaign.[60]
The Union infantry withdrew stealthily after dark on May 26 and by the morning of May 27 all were safely north of the North Anna. Burnside's IX Corps and Hancock's II Corps stayed in place to guard the river crossings while Warren's V Corps and Wright's VI Corps, led by Sheridan's cavalry, began their march toward crossings near Hanovertown, about 34 miles to the southeast. Once Lee recognized that his opponent had departed, he moved his army swiftly in response. His three corps marched south along the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad, and then overland, heading for Atlee's Station on the Virginia Central Railroad, a point only 9 miles north of Richmond. There, his men would be well-positioned behind a stream known as Totopotomoy Creek to defend against Grant if he moved against the railroads or Richmond. He also sent a small brigade of North Carolina cavalry down the southern bank of the Pamunkey to scout and harass the Union advance wherever possible. During the march, Lee's illness forced him to ride in a carriage. Ewell was also laid up with a similar illness and rode in an ambulance. His condition was serious enough that he was temporarily replaced in command by Maj. Gen. Jubal erta.[61]
On May 27, Union cavalry established a bridgehead over Dabney's Ford on the south side of the Pamunkey River. Brig. General George A. Custer "s Michigan cavalry brigade scattered the mounted Confederate pickets guarding the ford and an engineer regiment constructed a ponton ko'prigi. Custer's men fought a brisk engagement north of Salem Church against Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. Fitsxu Li, the 1st Maryland under Col. Bradley T. Johnson and the brigade of North Carolinians under Col. John A. Baker. The Confederates withdrew under the pressure of superior numbers. The rest of Torbert's division then crossed the river, followed by Gregg's cavalry division and a division of Union infantry.[62]
Lee knew that his best defensive position against Grant would be the low ridge on the southern bank of Totopotomoy Creek, but he was not certain of Grant's specific plans. If Grant was not intending to cross the Pamunkey in force at Hanovertown, the Union army could outflank him and head directly to Richmond. Lee ordered cavalry under Maj. Gen. Veyd Xempton to make a reconnaissance in force, break through the Union cavalry screen, and find the Union infantry.[63]
Haw's Shop (May 28)
At 8 a.m. on May 28, Hampton rode off from Atlee's Station. As more of Grant's infantry crossed the pontoon bridge over the Pamunkey, Brig. General David McM. Gregg led his cavalry division probing west from Hanovertown, searching for Lee, while Brig. General Alfred T. A. Torbert 's division began to picket along Crump's Creek in the direction of Gannover sud uyi. Three miles west of Hanovertown, and a mile beyond a large blacksmith shop called Haw's Shop, Gregg's troopers ran into Hampton at Enon Church, finding the Confederate cavalrymen dismounted in a wooded area, hurriedly erecting breastworks made of logs and rails, and well covered by artillery. Brig. General Henry E. Davies, Jr., deployed pickets from the 10th New York Cavalry to Hampton's front, but they were driven back. The Confederates deployed in line in shallow rifle pits faced with log and fence-rail breastworks. Before Hampton could attack the approaching Union cavalry, Col. J. Irvin Gregg 's brigade arrived and moved to the right of Davies's men, extending his flank. A Confederate mounted charge, followed by dismounted troopers, was repulsed. Hampton fed in the green troops of the 4th South Carolina on his right and they met Davies's next charge with their longer range Enfield rifles, killing or wounding 256 men. Union return fire was heavy as well, because the troopers were armed with seven-shot Spencer repeating carbines.[64]
As Davies's first attack ground to a halt and the attack of Irvin Gregg's brigade failed to dislodge the Confederates, David Gregg sent for reinforcements from Sheridan, who released two brigades from Torbert's division. Torbert's reserve brigade under Brig. General Uesli Merritt extended Gregg's line to the right, thwarting a flanking maneuver attempted by Hampton with Chambliss's newly arrived brigade. There was plenty of infantry nearby that could have been called for reinforcements, with Hancock's II Corps dug in about one mile to the north, and there are disagreements between Sheridan's memoirs and historians about whether he asked for such reinforcements.[65]
Torbert's other brigade, under Brig. General George A. Custer, dismounted and deployed in a long, double-ranked line of battle, as if they were infantrymen. Custer inspired his men by staying mounted as he led them forward. Receiving heavy rifle and artillery fire, 41 of the Union cavalrymen fell in the attack. Meanwhile, a mistaken identification of some dismounted Union cavalrymen as infantry concerned Hampton and he gave the order to begin withdrawing. (Hampton had also just received intelligence from prisoners on the location of two Union corps that had crossed the Pamunkey, which meant that his reconnaissance mission had been successfully completed.) As the Confederate brigades withdrew, Custer took advantage of the situation by charging forward for a final attack. Davies's brigade joined the attack and the remaining Confederate line fell apart into a rout, but by nightfall Hampton's cavalry was safely west of Totopotomoy Creek.[66]
The Battle of Haw's Shop lasted for over seven hours and was the bloodiest cavalry battle since Brandy Station in 1863. It was an unusual battle in comparison to previous cavalry engagements in the Sharq teatri because it was fought predominantly by dismounted cavalry, many of which were protected by earthworks. Both sides claimed victory. Sheridan bragged that his men had driven Hampton from the field and had again demonstrated their superiority over the Confederate cavalry. Hampton, however, had prevented Sheridan from learning the disposition of Lee's army while delaying the Union advance for seven hours, and General Lee received the valuable intelligence he had sought. He now knew that Grant had crossed the Pamunkey in force, although he was still unclear on the next steps that Grant might take and therefore waited for further developments.[67]
Totopotomoy Creek/Bethesda Church (May 28–30)
As Lee's army stood in entrenchments behind Totopotomoy Creek, they were short on men. Lee requested that General P.G.T. Beuregard send him reinforcements from his 12,000-man army, sitting relatively idle as they bottled up Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler armiyasi Bermud yuzi. Beauregard initially refused Lee's request, citing the potential threat from Butler. Lee was determined despite this disappointment. He wrote to President Davis, "If General Grant advances tomorrow I will engage him with my present force."[68]
On May 29, Grant's army advanced southwest to confront Lee. Since most of his cavalry was occupied elsewhere, he decided to use infantry for a reconnaissance in force. Hancock's II Corps followed the Richmond–Hanovertown Road (also known as Atlee Station Road) to Totopotomoy Creek. Finding that Lee was firmly entrenched on the far bank, Hancock's men began digging in. Warren's V Corps extended the II Corps line to the left. Wright's VI Corps was sent northwest from Hanovertown toward Hanover Court House. Burnside's IX Corps was in reserve near Haw's Shop and Sheridan's Cavalry Corps was far to the Union left, near Old Church. The Confederate line, from left to right, consisted of the corps of A.P. Hill, Breckinridge's independent division, and the corps of Anderson and Early. No action beyond minor skirmishing occurred during the day.[69]
Grant began a general advance on May 30. Wright's corps was to move south against A.P. Hill on the Confederate left, while Hancock attacked across the creek against Breckinridge in the center, and Warren moved west toward Early along Shady Grove Road. Wright's advance became bogged down in the swampy land near Crump's Creek, delaying his VI Corps until late in the day. Hancock's skirmishers captured some of Breckinridge's rifle pits, but made little progress against the main Confederate line. Meade ordered Burnside's reserve corps to assist Hancock, but they arrived too late in the day to affect the battle. On the Union left, Warren moved the rest of his V Corps across the creek and began probing west. Lee ordered Early's corps, which was entrenched across Warren's path, to attack the V corps with the assistance of Anderson's corps. Early planned to send the division of Maj. Gen. Robert E. Rodes on a flanking march along Old Church Road, turning north at Bethesda Church, and following paths that his cavalry had precut through the underbrush to smash into Warren's rear areas.[70]
As the V corps moved forward slowly, Warren became concerned about the safety of his left flank. He directed Crawford's division to move south along a farm track to Old Church Road, where they erected simple breastworks. Crawford sent forward the brigade of Col. Martin Davis Hardin, men of the Pennsylvania Reserves whose enlistments were due to expire that day. Rodes's men marched directly into Hardin's brigade at about noon and routed them. Crawford's entire division formation collapsed, exposing the V Corps' left flank. Unfortunately for the Confederates, Rodes lost control of his men, who ran beyond their objectives and descended into confusion. Warren began shifting his corps to face south toward Early.[71]
- Battle of Bethesda Church
Rodes's attack
Ramseur's attack
General-mayor Stiven Dodson Ramsur of Early's corps, newly promoted to division command, recklessly charged the Union artillery at 6:30 p.m. Gordon's division was still deploying and could not support the attack. Rodes's men were too occupied with protecting the Confederate right to assist. The only brigade that attacked was Pegram's, commanded by Col. Edward Willis. They advanced through a severe crossfire of rifle and cannon fire and were able to close within 50 yards of the Union position before Willis was mortally wounded and the brigade fell back to its starting point.[72]
Meade ordered a general assault across the line to relieve pressure on Warren, but none of his corps commanders were in positions to comply immediately. However, Warren's men had extricated themselves from their predicament without additional assistance. The repulse of Ramseur's division discouraged Early and he ordered his corps to withdraw a short distance to the west. He blamed Anderson for not arriving in time to assist, but the soldiers blamed Ramseur, who had ordered the charge without sufficient reconnaissance.[73]
Of more concern to Lee than Early's failed attack was intelligence he received that reinforcements were heading Grant's way. Just as Hoke's division was leaving Bermuda Hundred, the 16,000 men of Maj. Gen. Uilyam F. "Baldi" Smit "s XVIII korpus were withdrawn from Butler's Jeyms armiyasi at Grant's request and they were moving down the Jeyms daryosi and up the York to the Pamunkey. If Smith moved due west from White House Landing to Cold Harbor, 3 miles southeast of Bethesda Church and Grant's left flank, the extended Federal line would be too far south for the Confederate right to contain it. Lee sent his cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee to secure the crossroads at Cold Harbor.[74]
On May 31 Hancock's II Corps again crossed Totopotomoy Creek, but found that the Confederate defense line stood well behind the actual creek bed. Grant realized that the strength of the Confederate position meant another stalemate was at hand. He began shifting his army southward toward Cold Harbor on the night of May 31.[75]
Old Church/Matadequin Creek (May 30)
As the infantry of the two armies fought at Bethesda Church on May 30, Sheridan began to receive requests for assistance from Warren, who was concerned that his isolated advanced position on the left flank of the Union army put him at risk. Sheridan initially paid little attention to Warren's requests because he still harbored ill feelings from arguments the two generals had had at Spotsylvania, but as Warren's requests became more urgent, Sheridan agreed to screen roads leading to Warren's left flank, assigning the task to his division under Brig. General Alfred T. A. Torbert, who delegated the responsibility to the brigade of Col. Thomas C. Devin, which was encamped at the Old Church crossroads. He placed his brigade in a good defensible position on the north bank of Matadequin Creek and sent a squadron to a forward position at the Barker farm, south of the creek.[76]
Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Sheridan, Lee was concerned about the critical road intersection at Old Cold Harbor, only six miles from Richmond. He dispatched Brig. General Matthew C. Butler 's brigade of 2,000 troopers from Mechanicsville to determine whether the intersection was threatened. At 3 p.m., an attack by Butler overwhelmed the Union pickets, who fought a vigorous delaying action to prevent the South Carolinians from crossing over the creek. Devin deployed three regiments in line, Butler two, with one in reserve.[77]
Torbert ordered the rest of his division to move up. Brig. General Uesli Merritt 's reserve brigade was the first to arrive, and fought dismounted with the Confederates into a temporary stalemate.The stalemate was broken by the arrival of the Union brigade under Brig. General George A. Custer. His attack flanked the Confederates on both ends of the line. As Butler's men fled to the rear, his reserve regiment, the 7th South Carolina, counterattacked in an attempt to maintain the line. The superior Union numbers and firepower—the Michiganders were armed with Spencer repeating rifles—carried the day. The Union troopers pursued the retreating Confederates with enthusiasm. Butler eventually rallied his men at Old Cold Harbor and Torbert's men bivouacked about 1.5 miles northeast of the intersection.[78]
Although Butler had successfully gathered the information that Robert E. Lee needed, for the second time in three days—Haw's Shop and Matadequin Creek—the Confederate cavalry had been driven back by their Union counterparts, and in both cases Custer's brigade had provided the crucial force needed to prevail. The door was open for Sheridan's capture of the important Old Cold Harbor crossroads the next day.[79]
Cold Harbor (May 31 – June 12)
The cavalry forces that had fought at Old Church continued to face each other on May 31. Lee sent a cavalry division under Maj. Gen. Fitsxu Li to reinforce Butler and secure the crossroads at Old Cold Harbor and ordered Anderson's First Corps to shift right from Totopotomoy Creek to support the cavalry. The lead brigade of Hoke's division also reached the crossroads to join Butler and Fitzhugh Lee. Soat 4 da. Torbert and elements of Brig. General David McM. Gregg 's cavalry division drove the Confederates from the Old Cold Harbor crossroads and began to dig in. As more of Hoke's and Anderson's men streamed in, Union cavalry commander Maj. Gen. Filipp Sheridan became concerned and ordered Torbert to pull back toward Old Church. Grant continued his interest in Old Cold Harbor as an avenue for Smith's arrival and ordered Wright's VI Corps to move in that direction from his right flank on Totopotomoy Creek, and he ordered Sheridan to return to the crossroads and secure it "at all hazards." Torbert returned at 1 a.m. and was relieved to find that the Confederates had failed to notice his previous withdrawal.[80]
Robert E. Lee's plan for June 1 was to use his newly concentrated infantry against the small cavalry forces at Old Cold Harbor, but his subordinates did not coordinate correctly. Anderson did not integrate Hoke's division with his attack plan and left him with the understanding that he was not to assault until the First Corps' attack was well underway, because the Union defenders were disorganized as well. Wright's VI Corps had not moved out until after midnight and was on a 15-mile (24 km) march. Smith's XVIII Corps had mistakenly been sent to New Castle Ferry on the Pamunkey River, several miles away, and did not reach Old Cold Harbor in time to assist Torbert.[81]
Anderson's attack was poorly coordinated and driven back by the heavy firepower of the Union cavalry's Spencer repeating carbines. By 9 a.m. Wright's lead elements arrived at the crossroads, but Wright decided to delay Grant's intended attack until after Smith arrived, which occurred in the afternoon, and the XVIII Corps men began to entrench on the right of the VI Corps. At 6:30 p.m. the attack that Grant had ordered for the morning finally began. Both Wright's and Smith's corps moved forward. Wright's men made little progress south of the Mechanicsville Road, recoiling from heavy fire. North of the road, Brig. General Emory Upton 's brigade also met with heavy fire from Brig. General Tomas L. Klingman 's brigade and fell back to its starting point. To Upton's right, the brigade of Col. William S. Truex found a gap in the Confederate line through a swampy, brush-filled ravine. As Truex's men charged through the gap, Clingman swung two regiments around to face them, and Anderson sent in Brig. General Eppa Xanton 's brigade from his corps reserve. Truex became surrounded on three sides and was forced to withdraw.[82]
While action continued on the southern end of the battlefield, the three corps of Hancock, Burnside, and Warren were occupying a 5-mile line that stretched southeast to Bethesda Church, facing the Confederates under A.P. Hill, Breckinridge, and Early. At the border between the IX and V Corps, two divisions of Early's Corps—Maj. General Robert E. Rodes on the left, Maj. Gen. Jon B. Gordon on the right—attacked at 7 p.m. Warren later described this attack as a "feeler", and despite some initial successes, both Confederate probes were repulsed.[83]
Although the June 1 attacks had been unsuccessful, Meade believed that an attack early on June 2 could succeed if he was able to mass sufficient forces against an appropriate location. He and Grant decided to target Lee's right flank. Meade ordered Hancock's II Corps to shift southeast from Totopotomoy Creek and assume a position to the left of Wright's VI Corps. Once Hancock was in position, Meade would attack on his left from Old Cold Harbor with three Union corps in line, totaling 31,000 men: Hancock's II Corps, Wright's VI Corps, and Baldy Smith's XVIII Corps. Meade also ordered Warren and Burnside to attack Lee's left flank in the morning "at all hazards," convinced that Lee was moving troops from his left to fortify his right.[84]
Hancock's men marched almost all night and arrived too worn-out for an immediate attack that morning. Grant agreed to let the men rest and postponed the attack until 5 p.m., and then again until 4:30 a.m. on June 3. But Grant and Meade did not give specific orders for the attack, leaving it up to the corps commanders to decide where they would hit the Confederate lines and how they would coordinate with each other. No senior commander had reconnoitered the enemy position. Robert E. Lee took advantage of the Union delays to bolster his defenses. When Hancock departed Totopotomoy Creek, Lee was free to shift Breckinridge's division to his far right flank. He also moved troops from A. P. Hill's Third Corps, the divisions of Brig. Gens. Uilyam Mahone va Cadmus M. Wilcox, to support Breckinridge, and stationed cavalry under Fitzhugh Lee to guard the army's right flank. The result was a curving line on low ridges, 7 miles (11 km) long, with the left flank anchored on Totopotomoy Creek, the right on the Chickahominy River, making any flanking moves impossible. Lee's engineers used their time effectively and constructed the "most ingenious defensive configuration the war had yet witnessed."[85]
At 4:30 a.m. on June 3, the three Union corps began to advance through a thick ground fog. Massive fire from the Confederate lines quickly caused heavy casualties, and the survivors were pinned down. The most effective performance of the day was on the Union left flank, where Hancock's corps was able to break through a portion of Breckinridge's front line and drive those defenders out of their entrenchments in hand-to-hand fighting. However, nearby Confederate artillery turned the entrenchments into a death trap for the Federals. Breckinridge's reserves counterattacked these men from the division of Brig. General Frensis C. Barlow and drove them off. Hancock's other advanced division, under Brig. General Jon Gibbon, became disordered in swampy ground and could not advance through the heavy Confederate fire. One of Gibbon's men, complaining of a lack of reconnaissance, wrote, "We felt it was murder, not war, or at best a very serious mistake had been made."[86]
In the center, Wright's corps was pinned down by the heavy fire and made little effort to advance further, still recovering from their costly charge on June 1. On the Union right, Smith's men advanced through unfavorable terrain and were channeled into two ravines. When they emerged in front of the Confederate line, rifle and artillery fire mowed them down. The artillery fire against Smith's corps was heavier than might have been expected because Warren's V Corps to his right was reluctant to advance and the Confederate gunners in Warren's sector concentrated on Smith's men instead. The only activity on the northern end of the field was by Burnside's IX Corps, facing Jubal Early. He launched a powerful assault at 6 a.m. that overran the Confederate skirmishers but mistakenly thought he had pierced the first line of earthworks and halted his corps to regroup before moving on, which he planned for that afternoon.[87]
At 7 a.m. Grant advised Meade to vigorously exploit any successful part of the assault. Meade ordered his three corps commanders on the left to assault at once, without regard to the movements of their neighboring corps. But all had had enough. Hancock advised against the move. Smith, calling a repetition of the attack a "wanton waste of life," refused to advance again. Wright's men increased their rifle fire but stayed in place. By 12:30 p.m. Grant conceded that his army was done. He wrote to Meade, "The opinion of the corps commanders not being sanguine of success in case an assault is ordered, you may direct a suspension of further advance for the present." Estimates of casualties that morning are from 3,000 to 7,000 on the Union side, no more than 1,500 on the Confederate.[89]
Grant and Meade launched no more attacks on the Confederate defenses at Cold Harbor. Although Grant wired Washington that he had "gained no decisive advantage" and that his "losses were not severe," he wrote in his Personal Memoirs that he regretted for the rest of his life the decision to send in his men. The two opposing armies faced each other for nine days of trench warfare, in some places only yards apart. The trenches were hot, dusty, and miserable, but conditions were worse between the lines, where thousands of wounded Federal soldiers suffered horribly without food, water, or medical assistance. Grant was reluctant to ask for a formal truce that would allow him to recover his wounded because that would be an acknowledgment he had lost the battle. He and Lee traded notes across the lines from June 5 to June 7 without coming to an agreement, and when Grant formally requested a two-hour cessation of hostilities, it was too late for most of the unfortunate wounded, who were now bloated corpses. Grant was widely criticized in the Northern press for this lapse of judgment.[90]
Crossing the James (June 12–18)
Grant realized he was again in a stalemate with Lee and additional assaults at Cold Harbor were not the answer. He planned three actions to make some headway. First, in the Shenandoax vodiysi, Maj. Gen. Devid Xanter was making progress against Confederate forces, and Grant hoped that by interdicting Lee's supplies, the Confederate general would be forced to dispatch reinforcements to the Valley. Second, on June 7 Grant dispatched his cavalry under Sheridan to destroy the Virginia Central Railroad near Charlottesville. Third, he planned a stealthy operation to withdraw from Lee's front and move across the James River. He planned to cross to the south bank of the river, bypassing Richmond, and isolate the capital by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south. Lee reacted to the first two actions as Grant had hoped. He pulled Breckinridge's division from Cold Harbor and sent it toward Lynchburg to parry Hunter. By June 12 he followed this by assigning Jubal Early permanent command of the Second Corps and sending them to the Valley as well. And he sent two of his three cavalry divisions in pursuit of Sheridan, leading to the Trevilian stantsiyasidagi jang.[91]
On June 9, Meade ordered the construction of a new line of entrenchments in the army's rear, extending northward from Elder Swamp to Allen's Mill Pond. On June 11, the construction was complete and he issued orders for a movement to the James River, beginning after dark on June 12. (Also on June 11, Lee ordered Early's Second Corps to depart for Charlottesville, likewise on June 12.) As night fell on June 12, Hancock's II Corps and Wright's VI Corps took up positions on the new entrenchment line. Warren's V Corps cleared the roads heading south, advancing over Long Bridge and White Oak Swamp Bridge, taking up a blocking position just east of Riddell's Shop, facing toward Richmond while Burnside's IX Corps and Smith's XVIII Corps withdrew from the original line of entrenchments. The cavalry brigade of Col. George H. Chapman, part of Brig. General Jeyms H. Uilson 's division, which did not accompany Sheridan on his raid, screened the roads heading toward Richmond. Burnside headed south, followed by Wright and Hancock. Smith's XVIII Corps marched to White House, where on the morning of June 13 they embarked on steamers for Bermuda Hundred. They arrived at Point of Rocks on the Appomattoks daryosi the night of June 14.[92]
While Lee remained unaware of Grant's intentions, Union army engineers constructed the longest pontoon bridge of the war. It stretched 2,200 feet (670 m) over deep water, crossing the James from Veyanok to Windmill Point at Flowerdew Hundred. Work started at 4 p.m. on June 15 and was completed seven hours later. Although most of Grant's infantry crossed the river by boats, the IX Corps, one division of VI Corps, the animals and supply wagons, and a part of the artillery crossed on the bridge on June 15 and 16. By the morning of June 17, more than 100,000 men, 5,000 wagons and ambulances, 56,000 horses and mules, and 2,800 head of cattle had crossed the river without alerting the Confederates. Before the entire army had crossed, Smith's XVIII Corps, followed by Hancock's II Corps, became engaged in the next campaign, Richmond–Petersburg (the Peterburgni qamal qilish ), with attacks on Petersburg on June 15.[93]
Trevilian Station (June 11–12)
Sheridan and two cavalry divisions left on June 7 for their raid against the Virginia Central Railroad and to link up with Hunter. In the first two days, plagued by heat and humidity, and by irregular mounted raiding parties, the Federal column advanced only about 40 miles. Scouts passed word of Sheridan's movements to Maj. Gen. Veyd Xempton, the senior Confederate cavalry commander, on the morning of June 8. He correctly guessed that the Union targets were the railroad junctions at Gordonsville and Charlottesville, and knew that he would have to move quickly to block the threat. His division and the division of Maj. Gen. Fitsxu Li began to move in pursuit early on June 9. Although the Federals had a two-day head start, the Confederates had the advantage of a shorter route (about 45 miles versus 65) and terrain that was more familiar to them. By the evening of June 10, both forces had converged around Trevilian Station. The Federals had crossed over the North Anna River at Carpenters Ford and camped at locations around Clayton's Store.[94]
At dawn on June 11, Hampton devised a plan in which he would split his divisions across the two roads leading to Clayton's Store and converge on the enemy at that crossroads, pushing Sheridan back to the North Anna River. Hampton took two of his brigades with him from Trevilian with his third remaining on his left to prevent flanking. The other division, under Fitzhugh Lee, was ordered to advance from Louisa Court House, making up the right flank. While the Confederates began their advance, Sheridan started his. Two brigades of Brig. General Alfred T. A. Torbert 's division moved down the road to Trevilian Station while a third advanced toward Louisa Court House. The first contact occurred on the Trevilian Road as the South Carolinians of Brig. General Matthew C. Butler 's brigade clashed with Brig. General Uesli Merritt 's skirmish line. Hampton dismounted his men and pushed the skirmishers back into the thick woods, expecting Fitzhugh Lee to arrive on his right at any minute. However, Hampton was severely outnumbered and soon he was forced back. Eventually Col. Gilbert J. Wright's Confederate brigade joined in the close-quarter fighting in the thick brush, but after several hours they also were pushed back within sight of Trevilian Station.[95]
After a brief clash on the Confederate right flank between Fitzhugh Lee and the advancing brigade of Brig. General George A. Custer, Custer led his brigade on a road southwest to Trevilian Station. He found the station totally unguarded, occupied only by Hampton's trains—supply wagons, kessonlar containing ammunition and food, and hundreds of horses. The 5th Michigan Cavalry captured the lot, but left Custer cut off from Sheridan, and in their pursuit of the fleeing wagons, lost a number of their own men and much of their bounty. Rayt polklaridan biri, 7-Gruziya, Kuster kuchlari va Trevilian stantsiyasi o'rtasida joylashgan. Kuster Gruzinlarni orqaga qaytarib, 7-Michiganga zaryad qilishni buyurdi. Endi Xempton o'zining orqa qismidagi tahlikadan xabar topdi va uchta brigadani yubordi. To'satdan Kuster deyarli o'rab olindi, uning buyrug'i tobora kamayib borayotgan doirada, chunki har bir tomon zaryadlangan va snaryadlar bilan urilgan edi. Sheridan Kuster tomonidan o'q uzilishini eshitdi va yordamga muhtojligini tushundi. U ikkita brigadada ayblanib, Xempton odamlarini stantsiyaga qadar orqaga qaytarib yubordi, uchinchi brigada esa Fitsxuj Lining ochiq qanotiga kirib, uni orqaga qaytarib yubordi. Xempton yana g'arbga, Li sharqqa yiqilib tushdi va jang kun davomida Trevilian stantsiyasida Federallar bilan tugadi.[96]
O'sha kuni kechasi Fitsjyu Li janubda Xempton bilan Trevilian stantsiyasining g'arbiy qismida bog'lanish uchun harakat qildi. Sheridan General Hunter avval rejalashtirilganidek Charlottesville tomon yo'l olmaganini, balki u tomon yo'l olganini bilib oldi Lynchburg. Shuningdek, u Brekkinrijning piyoda askarlari yaqinda ko'rilganligi to'g'risida ma'lumot oldi Ueynsboro, yanada ilgarilash uchun har qanday imkoniyatni samarali ravishda to'sib qo'ydi, shuning uchun u reydidan voz kechib, Sovuq Makondagi asosiy armiyaga qaytishga qaror qildi.[97]
Iyun kuni [98] 12, ittifoq otliqlari Trevilian stantsiyasini, bir nechta temir yo'l vagonlarini va stantsiyaning har ikki tomonida bir milya yo'lni yo'q qildi. Konfederatlar uning qanoti yonida, soat 15 lar atrofida aylanib yurishidan xavotirda. Sheridan Torbert bo'linmasini Gordonsvill va Sharlottsvill yo'llari bo'ylab g'arbga razvedkaga yubordi. Ular Xemptonning butun kuchini Trevilian shahridan ikki mil shimoli-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan log shaklidagi chiziqdan topdilar. Ittifoq otliqlari "L" ning cho'qqisi va qisqaroq oyog'iga qarshi ettita hujum uyushtirishdi, ammo katta yo'qotishlarga duchor bo'ldilar. Fitsju Li bo'linmasining ikkita brigadasi kuchli qarshi hujum bilan Ittifoqning o'ng qanotini urish uchun aylanib o'tishdi. Jang soat 22:00 atrofida yakunlandi. va Ittifoq kechasi kech chiqib ketdi. Bu urushning eng qonli va eng yirik otliq qo'shinlari bo'lgan. Ko'plab yaradorlar, 500 ga yaqin mahbuslar va o'q-dorilar etishmasligi yukini ko'targan Sheridan chekinishga qaror qildi. U Xempton ergashishga majbur bo'lishini va shu kunlarda Robert E. Lining qo'lidan kelmaydigan kunlar davomida band bo'lishini bilgan holda, Sekin Harborga osoyishta yurishni rejalashtirdi.[99]
- Trevilian stantsiyasidagi jang
11 iyundagi harakatlar
12 iyundagi harakatlar
Avliyo Maryam cherkovi (24 iyun)
Trevilian stantsiyasidagi jangdan so'ng Sheridanning otliq askarlari 13 iyun kuni ularning muvaffaqiyatsiz reydidan qaytishni boshladilar. Ular Shimoliy Annani Karpenter Fordidan o'tib, keyin Spotsilvaniya sud uyi tomon Katarpin yo'li tomon yo'l olishdi. 16 iyun kuni ustun o'tib ketdi Bowling Green va shimoliy qirg'og'i bo'ylab sayohat qilish Mattaponi daryosi, etib keldi Qirol va qirolicha sud uyi 18-iyun kuni Xemptonning Konfederativ otliq askarlari Trevilian stantsiyasidan chiqib, Sheridanni janubga taxminan parallel yo'llarda kuzatib borishdi.[100]
Sheridanning odamlari reydga chiqishganida, Grant armiyasi Jeyms daryosidan o'tish uchun Sovuq Makondan harakatlana boshlagan edi. Ushbu harakat bilan birgalikda Grant o'zining asosiy ta'minot bazasini ko'chirishni buyurdi oq uy ustida Pamunkey daryosi ga Siti punkti Jeyms haqida. Sheridan Oq uy ombori hali buzilmaganligini bildi, shuning uchun u o'z yaradorlarini, mahbuslarini va uning ustunini kuzatib borgan afroamerikaliklarni 19 iyun kuni eskort ostida Oq uyga jo'natdi va keyin Dunkirkga qaytib ketdi. u Mattaponidan o'tishi mumkin edi.[101]
20 iyun kuni Fitz Li Ittifoqning Oq uydagi ta'minot omboriga hujum qilishga urindi, ammo Sheridanning kelishi garnizonni o'sha erda bo'shatdi. 21 iyun kuni Sheridan Pamunkey daryosidan o'tib, 900 vagonni Jeyms daryosi tomon olib bordi. 24-iyun kuni Torbert diviziyasi vagonlarni kuzatib bordi, chunki Gregg bo'linmasi o'ng qanotni himoya qilib, parallel yo'lni bosib o'tdi. Tonggi soat 8 larda Gregg bo'linmasi Konfederatsion piketlarni shimolga surib, g'arbiy qismida Samariya cherkovini egallab oldi (Federal xabarlarda Avliyo Maryam cherkovi deb nomlangan). Soat 15 dan 16 gacha Xemptonning beshta brigadasi Greggning ikkitasiga hujum qildi. Ittifoqning otliq askarlariga bosim juda kuchli edi va ular Charlz Siti sud uyiga boradigan yo'ldan orqaga qaytishni boshladilar.[102]
Greggning bo'linishi nisbatan butunligidan qutulib qoldi va ta'minot vagonlari buzilmagan edi. Xemptonning otliq askarlari tomonidan to'sib qo'yilgan Sheridan 25 iyun kuni orqaga qaytdi va Charlz Siti sudi uyi orqali Douthatning Landing tomon yo'l oldi, u erda poezdlar yassi qayiqlarda Jeymsni kesib o'tdilar. Uning otliq askarlari 27 va 28 iyunda ergashdilar. Konfederatsiya otliqlari navbatdagi hujum uchun o'zlarini joylashtirishga urindilar, ammo ittifoq kuchlari juda kuchli edi va janubiy otliqlar juda eskirgan edi. Xempton Robert E.Lidan tez orada Peterburgga borishni buyurdi Uilson-Kautz reydi shaharning janubidagi temir yo'llarga qarshi. Uning odamlari Jeymsni ponton ko'prigidan kesib o'tdilar Chaffinning Bluff, shuningdek, 27 va 28 iyun kunlari.[103]
Sheridanning Trevilian stantsiyasiga va Potomak armiyasiga qaytishi turli xil natijalarga erishdi. U Konfederatsiyaning e'tiborini Grantning Jeymsni kesib o'tishidan muvaffaqiyatli ravishda chetlashtirdi, ammo Konfederatsiya poytaxti va Li armiyasiga muhim ta'minot liniyasi bo'lgan Virjiniya markaziy temir yo'lini kesish maqsadida muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'ldi. U, shuningdek, ofitserlar korpusida nisbatan og'ir yo'qotishlarga duch keldi va ko'p sonli otlarini jangda va issiqlikda charchatdi. Va shunga qaramay Sheridan uning bosqini inkor etilmaydigan g'alaba ekanligini ta'kidladi. 1866 yilgi operatsiyalar to'g'risidagi rasmiy hisobotida u shunday deb yozgan edi: "Natijada doimiy muvaffaqiyat va isyonchilar otliq askarlari deyarli yo'q qilindi. Biz qachon va qayerda xohlasak, yurish qildik; har doim hujum qilayotgan tomon edik va har doim muvaffaqiyatli bo'ldik".[104]
Xemptonning Sheridanga qarshi otliq harakatlari natijalari ham har xil edi, lekin odatda Sheridannikiga qaraganda ijobiyroq ko'rinishda. U temir yo'llarni va bilvosita Richmondni himoya qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. U Trevilian stantsiyasining ikkinchi kuni va Greggga qarshi Samariya cherkovida taktik g'alabalarga erishdi, ammo Ittifoq otliqlari va uning poezdlarini yo'q qila olmadi. Avgust oyida u Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasining otliq korpusining qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi va vafotidan beri ochiq bo'lgan lavozimni to'ldirdi. J.E.B. Styuart.[105]
Natijada
Grantning Jeymsni kesib o'tishi uning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Richmondda haydashga urinish strategiyasini o'zgartirib yubordi Peterburgni qamal qilish. Li Grant Jeymsni kesib o'tganini bilganidan so'ng, uning eng dahshatli qo'rquvi amalga oshish arafasida edi - u Konfederatsiya poytaxtini himoya qilish uchun qamalga olinishi kerak. 18000 kishilik obod shahar bo'lgan Peterburg, Richmond uchun poytaxtning janubida joylashgan strategik joylashishini va uning joylashgan joyini hisobga olgan holda ta'minot markazi bo'lgan. Appomattoks daryosi bu Jeyms daryosiga suzib o'tishni ta'minladi va uning beshta temir yo'lning asosiy chorrahasi va tutashuvi rolini o'ynadi. Peterburg butun mintaqa, shu jumladan Richmond uchun asosiy ta'minot bazasi va temir yo'l ombori bo'lganligi sababli, Ittifoq kuchlari tomonidan Peterburgni egallashi Li uchun Konfederatsiya poytaxtini himoya qilishni davom ettirishga imkon bermaydi. Bu Grantning quruqlikdagi kampaniyasidan strategiyaning o'zgarishini anglatadi, unda Li armiyasiga qarshi chiqish va uni mag'lub etish asosiy maqsad edi. Endi Grant geografik va siyosiy maqsadni tanlab oldi va uning yuqori resurslari Lini o'sha erda qamal qilishi, mahkam bog'lashi va ochlikdan uni bo'ysundirishi yoki hal qiluvchi jangga jalb qilishi mumkinligini bilar edi. Li dastlab Grantning asosiy maqsadi Richmond ekanligiga ishongan va general P.G.T. Peterburgni qamal qilish boshlanganda Peterburgni himoya qilish uchun Beegard.[106]
Overland kampaniyasi Ittifoqning urushda g'alaba qozonishi uchun zarur bo'lgan kuch edi va Grant bir qator muvaffaqiyatsizliklarga duch kelgan bo'lsa-da, kampaniya Ittifoqning strategik muvaffaqiyatiga aylandi. Li kuchlarini jalb qilib, ularning qochib ketishiga yo'l qo'ymasdan, Grant Lini ishonib bo'lmaydigan holatga majbur qildi. Ammo bu juda qimmatga tushdi. Kampaniya Amerika tarixidagi eng qonli bo'ldi: Ittifoq tomonida taxminan 55000 kishi halok bo'ldi (ulardan 7600 nafari o'ldirilgan), Konfederatsiyada 33600 (4300 kishi o'ldirilgan). Lining yo'qotishlari, garchi mutlaq sonlar bo'yicha pastroq bo'lsa ham, foizlar bo'yicha (50% dan yuqori) Grantnikiga qaraganda (taxminan 45%),[107] Va yana tanqidiy jihatdan, Grant o'z qo'shinining yo'qotishlarini o'rnini to'ldiruvchi kuchlar kutgan bo'lsa, Li asosan bunga qodir emas edi. Uning yo'qotishlari o'rnini to'ldirib bo'lmas edi. Bundan tashqari, jamoat aksiya natijalarini ushbu qurbonlar ro'yxati asosida talqin qilmoqda. Doktor Erl Xessning ta'kidlashicha, "Spotsilvaniyadan boshlab hamma e'tiborini tortib olgan dahshatli hujumlar kuzatuvchini aldab qo'ymasligi kerak -" Overland "kampaniyasi uning yuragida manevr kampaniyasi bo'lgan ... Grantning" Overland "kampaniyasidagi eng muhim yutug'i qo'lga kiritilmagan edi. hududi yoki Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasining kuchini 50 foizga qisqartirish; aksincha, bu Li Potomak armiyasiga qarshi keng ko'lamli hujumlarni boshlash imkoniyatini o'g'irlash edi. "[108]
Hisobotlar butun kampaniya davomida jabrlanganlar bo'yicha farq qiladi. Quyidagi jadvalda turli xil mashhur manbalarning taxminlari keltirilgan:
| Manba | Ittifoq | Konfederatsiya | Jami Zarar ko'rgan narsalar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| O'ldirildi | Yaralangan | Qo'lga olingan / Yo'qolgan | Jami | O'ldirildi | Yaralangan | Qo'lga olingan / Yo'qolgan | Jami | ||
| Milliy park xizmati | 38,691 | 31,448 | 70,139 | ||||||
| Bonekemper, Qassob emas, Viktor | 7,621 | 38,339 | 8,966 | 54,926 | 4,206 | 18,564 | 9,861 | 32,631 | 87,557 |
| Esposito, West Point Atlas | 55,000 | 20–40,000 | 75–95,000 | ||||||
| McPherson, Battle Cry | 65,000 | 35,000 | 100,000 | ||||||
| Reya, Grant va Li izidan | 55,000 | 33,000 | 88,000 | ||||||
| Smit, Grant | deyarli 65,000 | 35,000 | deyarli 100,000 | ||||||
| AQSh urush departamenti, Rasmiy yozuvlar | 7,621 | 38,339 | 8,966 | 54,926 | |||||
| Yosh, Li armiyasi | 4,352 | 19,130 | 10,164 | 33,646 | |||||
Gordon S Reya, Grant va Li izidan[109]
Kampaniyada ko'rilgan katta talofatlar Shimoliy urush harakatlariga zarar etkazdi. Oltin narxi deyarli ikki baravarga oshdi va Avraam Linkolnning qayta saylanish istiqbollari xavf ostida qoldi. Bu keyingi yutuqlar edi Mobile Bay, Shenandoax vodiysi va Shermanniki Atlantani egallash, bu Shimoliy axloqni va siyosiy vaziyatni o'zgartirdi. Grantning obro'si ham yomonlashdi. U o'zining erkaklar va asbob-uskunalar yo'qotishlarini Liga qaraganda osonroq qoplashi mumkinligini bilishi Grantning strategiyasiga ta'sir qilgan bo'lishi mumkin. Biroq, tarixchilar Grant ataylab Lioni mag'lub etish uchun ataylab faqat o'z kuchiga etkazilgan yo'qotishlarni hisobga olmasdan, Lining mag'lubiyati uchun, bema'ni Lioning befoyda hujumlarida hayotni tashlab yuborganiga qo'shilmaydi. Overland kampaniyasining umumiy strategiyasi Grantning son ustunligidan foydalanib, "zaxira" kasaba uyushma korpusi tomonidan chapga ilgarilab borishiga imkon berdi, Konfederatsiya kuchlari esa qolgan Ittifoq kuchlari tomonidan o'z pozitsiyalariga nisbatan aniqroq joylashtirilgan edi. Bunday strategiya Li armiyasi egallagan pozitsiyalarning har biriga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujum qilish orqali davom etadigan mag'lubiyat tahdidisiz muvaffaqiyatga erisha olmadi. Strategiya muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi, chunki Li qisqa yurish yo'nalishlariga ega edi (u ham uning bazasi bo'lgan Richmondga yaqinroq edi), Grantning kuchlarini Li va Richmond o'rtasida bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qildi, ammo Grantning Richmondga tobora yaqinlashishiga imkon berdi. Sovuq Makondagi jangga. U erda Jeyms daryosi va daryoning to'sig'i bilan uning chap tomonida, Grantda bunday harakatlarni davom ettirish uchun zarur joy yo'q edi. U uchta imkoniyatdan birini tanlashi kerak edi: hujum qilish, o'ngga siljish va shu tariqa Vashington tomon qaytish yoki Jyeymsni kesib o'tib, Li ta'minot liniyalariga etib borish. U birinchi urinib ko'rdi, keyin uchinchisini qildi, chunki ikkinchisi qabul qilinishi mumkin emas edi.[110]
Aksiya uchun qo'shimcha xaritalar
Galereya: Quruqlikdagi kampaniya (Operatsion xaritalar)
Operatsion xaritalar kaliti.
1-xarita:
Cho'lga ko'chirish: 1864 yil 4-may.
2-xarita:
Cho'lda jang qilish uchun harakat: 1864 yil 5-may.
3-xarita:
Cho'ldan Spotsilvaniyaga harakat: 1864 yil 7-8 may.
4-xarita:
Sariq tavernaga ko'chirish: 1864 yil 8–11-may.
5-xarita:
Spotsilvaniyadan Shimoliy Anna tomon harakat: 1864 yil 21-may.
6-xarita:
Spotsilvaniyadan Shimoliy Anna tomon harakat: 1864 yil 21-22 may kunlari kechqurun.
7-xarita:
Spotsilvaniyadan Shimoliy Anna tomon harakat: 1864 yil 22-23 may kunlari kechqurun.
8-xarita:
Shimoliy Annadan Sovuq Makongacha harakat: 1864 yil 27-may.
9-xarita:
Shimoliy Annadan Sovuq Makongacha harakatlanish: 1864 yil 28-may.
10-xarita:
Sovuq Makonga harakatlanish - Birlashma zondlari: 1864 yil 29-may.
11-xarita:
Sovuq Makondan Jeyms daryosigacha bo'lgan harakat: 1864 yil 12-14 iyun.
Xarita 12:
II va XVIII korpuslar Peterburgga ko'chib o'tdilar: 1864 yil 15-iyun.
Shuningdek qarang
- Amerika fuqarolar urushi, 1864 yil
- Eng qimmat Amerika fuqarolar urushi quruqlikdagi janglar ro'yxati
- Amerika fuqarolar urushidagi qo'shinlar
- Amerika fuqarolar urushi xotirasi
- Pochta markalarida Amerika fuqarolar urushi xotirasi
- Uliss S. Grantning bibliografiyasi
Izohlar
- ^ Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar:
Richmondga qarshi operatsiyalarni tashkil etish, 1864 yil 5-may kuni ertalab: Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, sahifalar 106-116;
Potomak armiyasining tashkiloti, 1864 yil 31-may: Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, 198-209 betlar. - ^ Ushbu armiya korpusi Lyutning bevosita buyrug'i ostida edi. General Uliss S. Grant 1864 yil 24 maygacha Potomak armiyasiga tayinlangunga qadar. Qarang: Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, sahifa 113 (sahifaning pastki qismidagi yozuv).
- ^ 1864 yil 2–15 iyun: Jeyms armiyasidan vaqtincha Potomak armiyasiga qo'shildi (va shug'ullangan) Sovuq Makon faqat). Qarang: Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, sahifa 178 (sahifaning pastki qismidagi yozuv).
- ^ Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar:
Jeyms armiyasi (dalada), 1864 yil 5-may kuni ertalab: Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, 116-119-betlar. - ^ Potomak armiyasining 1864 yil 1-iyun uchun maydonga qaytishi (Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, 209-bet ).
- ^ "Xizmat uchun sovg'a" (1864 yil 30-aprel): Potomak armiyasi: 102,869; IX armiya korpusi: 21,363. Qarang Uch oylik qaytarilishidan referat Potomak armiyasi, General-mayor Jorj G. Mead, AQSh armiyasi qo'mondonligi, 1864 yil 30 aprel (Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, 198-bet ) va Qaytishidan referat To'qqizinchi armiya korpusi, 1864 yil 30 aprelda AQSh armiyasi general-mayor Ambrose E. Burnside tomonidan qo'mondonlik qilgan (Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, 915-bet ).
- ^ 118,700: Eyxerning so'zlariga ko'ra, p. 660.
- ^ 64000: Eyxerning so'zlariga ko'ra, p. 660.
- ^ Rapiddan Jeyms daryosigacha bo'lgan umumiy xulosa, 1864 yil 5 may - 24 iyun: Rasmiy yozuvlar, I seriya, XXXVI jild, 1-qism, sahifa 188.
- ^ a b Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Shuningdek qarang Natijada turli xil qurbonlar taxminlari uchun.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 251; Grimsli, p. 3.
- ^ Hattaway & Jones, p. 525; Trudeau, 29-30 betlar. Grant Gruziyadagi Shermanga xuddi shunday ko'rsatmalar bergan, Gen boshchiligidagi Konfederatsiya armiyasini nishonga olgan. Jozef E. Jonston, aniq shahar emas Atlanta.
- ^ Reya, Cho'l, 46-47 betlar; Eich, 661-62 betlar. McPherson, p. 734 yilda "ko'plab tarixchilar Grantning maqsadini eskirish urushi deb noto'g'ri talqin qilishgan", deb qayd etishadi: "U boshidanoq Lini manevr qilishga harakat qildi, bu erda Ittifoq son va otashin kuchi ustunligi dushmanni nogiron qilishi mumkin edi. Grantning harakatlarini mohirona moslab, har qadamda unga mustahkam himoyaga duch kelib, uni eskirgan urushga aylantirdi. "
- ^ Xetveyu va Jons, 527-28 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 252; Eicher, 660-61 betlar.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 252; Eich, 662-64 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Cho'l, 101-103, 130, 140-56 betlar; Grimsli, 35-36 betlar; Welcher, 942-44 betlar; Eich, 664–65 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Cho'l, 138-39, 157-69, 176-81; Welcher, 943-44 betlar; Eich, 665-66 betlar.
- ^ Eich, 664-67 betlar; Esposito, 122-xaritaga matn; Grimsli, 35, 39-41 betlar; Welcher, 942, 945-47 betlar; Reya, Cho'l, 127-29, 133-36, 187-89, 191-229.
- ^ Grimsli, 47-49 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 268; Reya, Cho'l, 283-302 betlar; Welcher, 947-52 betlar.
- ^ Qizil ikra, 268-69 betlar; Esposito, 124-xarita uchun matn; Reya, Cho'l, 302-313, 351-66, 369-74; Welcher, 952-54 betlar; Eicher, 669-70 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Cho'l, 404-20 betlar; Eich, 670-71 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 270.
- ^ Kennedi, p. 283; Eich, 671-79 betlar; Simpson, 300-301 betlar; Reya, Cho'l, 436-38 betlar.
- ^ Jeyns, 86-87 betlar; Eich, 672-73 betlar; Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi, 45-53, 71-74, 86-betlar; Welcher, 960-61 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 271.
- ^ Kennedi, 286–87 betlar; Eich, 673-74 betlar; Grimsli, 64, 68 betlar; Welcher, p. 962.
- ^ Trudeau, 143-44 betlar; Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi, 89-91, 93-95 betlar; Welcher, 963-64 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 272; Grimsli, p. 70.
- ^ Kullen, p. 31; Eicher, p. 675; Grimsli, 72-73, 75-betlar; Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi, 103-14, 131-32, 135-42 betlar; Welcher, 963-65 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi, 142-49, 165-68 betlar; Grimsli, 75-80 betlar; Welcher, p. 966; Kennedi, p. 285; Qizil ikra, 274-75 betlar; Eicher, p. 676; Trudeau, p. 162; Atkinson, p. 265.
- ^ Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi 219-21, 225-26 betlar; Simpson, 307-308 betlar; Kennedi, p. 285; Qizil ikra, p. 275; Kullen, p. 31; Grimsli, 80, 82 betlar; Welcher, p. 967; Jeyns, 93-94 betlar.
- ^ Kennedi, p. 285; Jeyns, p. 94; Jeyns, 98-100 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 276; Kullen, p. 32; Grimsli, 84-85 betlar.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 277; Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi, 244-46, 282-90, 295-303-betlar; Grimsli, 87-88 betlar; Welcher, p. 969.
- ^ Reya, Spotsilvaniya sud uyi, 293, 311-12 betlar; Kennedi, p. 285; Qizil ikra, 277-78 betlar; Kullen, p. 32; Eicher, p. 678; Welcher, p. 970.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 31-33, 65-94, 127-31, 131-53; Jeyns, p. 125; Kullen, 33-35 betlar; Welcher, 971-73-betlar.
- ^ Jeyns, 125-30 betlar; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 156-57 betlar; Kennedi, 285–86-betlar; Qizil ikra, 255-59, 278-79 betlar; Grimsli, 131-33 betlar; Welcher, 973-74-betlar.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 289.
- ^ Longacre, Linkolnning otliq askarlari, 264–65 betlar; Eich, 673-74-betlar.
- ^ Qizil ikra, 282-83 betlar; Eicher, p. 674.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 44-47 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 45, 47-49, 53-betlar.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 49-51 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 59-60 betlar; Eicher, p. 674; Qizil ikra, p. 283.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 60-64, 219-betlar.
- ^ Kennedi, p. 289. Grimsli, 138-bet, 67000 Union, 51-53000 Konfederatsiyasini keltiradi. Jeyns, p. 130-da, Ittifoqning 56,124-sonli effektivlari keltirilgan, bu Sheridanning otliqlari yo'qligini va ular tarkibiga kiritilmaganligini ko'rsatmoqda.
- ^ Welcher, p. 979; Esposito, 135-xarita uchun matn; Jeyns, p. 130.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 157-59, 225-27 betlar; Jeyns, 130-31 betlar.
- ^ Eicher, p. 683; Welcher, 977-78 betlar; Grimsli, 134-35 betlar; Esposito, 134-xarita uchun matn; Trudeau, p. 218; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, p. 212.
- ^ Trudeau, p. 227; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 282-89 betlar.
- ^ Kennedi, 287–89 betlar; Grimsli, 139-40 betlar; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 300-316, 326 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 285; Welcher, 979-80 betlar; Trudeau, 228–35-betlar.
- ^ Welcher, 980; Grimsli, 141; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 320–25; Salmon, 285; Kennedi, p. 289; Trudeau, 236, 241 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 326, 331-32 betlar; Trudeau, p. 237.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 333-50 betlar; Qizil ikra, 285–86 betlar; Grimsli, p. 143; Trudeau, 239-40 betlar; Welcher, 855-bet, 980-81.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 344-46, 351-52 betlar; Trudeau, p. 239; Grimsli, p. 145; Esposito, 135-xarita uchun matn.
- ^ Welcher, p. 981; Trudeau, 240-41 betlar; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 352-53 betlar.
- ^ Kullen, p. 42; Esposito, 135-xarita uchun matn; Trudeau, 241–44 betlar; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 355-60 betlar.
- ^ Jeyns, p. 137; Grimsli, p. 148; Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, p. 368.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 362-64 betlar; Qizil ikra, 325-26 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 364–65 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 327.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 365-66 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 327.
- ^ Reya, Shimoliy Anna daryosiga, 367-68 betlar.
- ^ Eich, 671, 679, 683 betlar; Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 22; Welcher, 981, 986 betlar; Furgurson, p. 43.
- ^ Welcher, 982; Starr, 116–17 betlar; Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 24.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 288; Furgurson, p. 47; Welcher, p. 982; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 32-37, 44-45, 60-betlar.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 41-44, 50-57 betlar; Welcher, p. 982; Fergyuson, 46-47 betlar.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 288; Furgurson, p. 47; Grimsli, 149-51 betlar; Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 60.
- ^ Longacre, Lining otliq askarlari, p. 294; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 68-70 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 288; Grimsli, p. 151; Starr, p. 118.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 81-82-betlar, 88. Grimsli, bet. 152, Sheridanning da'vosini haqiqat sifatida qabul qiladi.
- ^ Furgurson, 49-50 betlar; Longacre, Lining otliq askarlari, p. 295; Starr, p. 118; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 82-86 betlar.
- ^ Jeyns, p. 149; Furgurson, p. 52; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 71, 87-88 betlar.
- ^ Grimsli, 153-54 betlar; Trudeau, p. 251; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 110-11 betlar.
- ^ Trudeau, 252-53 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 290; Welcher, p. 983; Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 108.
- ^ Furgurson, p. 61; Jeyns, p. 149; Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 118-20, 122; Trudeau, p. 253.
- ^ Welcher, 983-84 betlar; Trudeau, 253-56 betlar; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 125, 129-32, 139-44-betlar.
- ^ Trudeau, 256-57 betlar; Furgurson, 67-69 betlar; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 144-48 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 148-49 betlar; Welcher, p. 984.
- ^ Grimsli, 154-55, 159-60 betlar; Kennedi, p. 291; Jeyns, p. 150; Trudeau, 259-60 betlar; Welcher, p. 984.
- ^ Richmond milliy jang maydoni parki; Trudeau, p. 262; Qizil ikra, p. 292, 294; Reya, Sovuq Makon, 165-69 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 133.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 134-35 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 135-38 betlar.
- ^ Kennedi, p. 291; Qizil ikra, p. 294; Welcher, p. 984.
- ^ Furgurson, 81-82 betlar; Trudeau, 262-63 betlar; Shoh, p. 296; Kennedi, 291-93 betlar; Grimsli, 196–201-betlar.
- ^ Kennedi, 291-93 betlar; Grimsli, 202-203 betlar; Trudeau, p. 265.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 241; Jeyns, p. 152; Furgurson, 89-94, 99 betlar; Grimsli, 201-206 betlar; Welcher, 986-88 betlar; Trudeau, 266-69 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 256-59 betlar; Grimsli, 208–209 betlar.
- ^ Kennedi, p. 293; Grimsli, 207-208 betlar; Welcher, p. 989.
- ^ Jeyns, p. 156; McPherson, p. 735; Furgurson, 120-21 betlar; Grimsli, 207–210 betlar; Trudeau, 276-77 betlar; Shoh, p. 297; Qizil ikra, p. 295; Welcher, p. 989.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 360-61 bet; Grimsli, 211-12 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 296; Trudeau, 284–86, 289-90 betlar; Shoh, p. 304.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 353, 356 betlar; Grimsli, 214-16 betlar; Trudeau, 286, 290-91 betlar; Welcher, p. 992; Shoh, p. 305.
- ^ Kongress kutubxonasi
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 234, 374–79 betlar, Grimsli, 216–17 betlar. Rheyning halok bo'lganlar ro'yxatini batafsil o'rganishdan oldin yozgan ko'plab mualliflar 3 iyun hujumining dastlabki bir necha daqiqasida Ittifoqning 7000 talofatini taxmin qilmoqdalar, Reya esa 3500 dan 4000 gacha. Munozarasini qarang Sovuq Makon jangi Natijada Bo'lim.
- ^ Furgurson, 181–82 betlar; Grimsli, p. 220; Trudeau, 298, 304-306 betlar.
- ^ McPherson, p. 737; Trudeau, 305-306 betlar; Eich, 686–87 betlar; Qizil ikra, 258-59 betlar; Grimsli, p. 223; Esposito, 136-xarita matni.
- ^ Welcher, p. 994.
- ^ Welcher, 998–99 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 396.
- ^ Vittenberg, 37-47, 50-56, 170 betlar; Qizil ikra, p. 298; Welcher, p. 1052; Starr, 133-36 betlar; Devis, p. 21.
- ^ Longacre, Lining otliq askarlari, 299-300 betlar; Starr, 136-38 betlar; Devis, p. 22; Vittenberg, 76-87 betlar; Welcher, p. 1052.
- ^ Vittenberg, 97-102, 105-117, 124-25; Starr, 137-41 betlar; Welcher, 1052-53 betlar; Devis, 23-25 betlar; Longacre, Lining otliq askarlari, 300-302 betlar.
- ^ Vittenberg, 157, 172 betlar; Welcher, p. 1053; Starr, p. 142; Qizil ikra, p. 299. Kennedi, p. 295-yilda Li Xemptonga 12-iyun kuni peshin vaqtida qo'shilganligi aytilgan.
- ^ 1822-1885., Grant, Uliss S. (Uliss Simpson) (1990). Xotira va tanlangan xatlar: AQSh Grantining shaxsiy xotiralari; Tanlangan harflar 1839-1865. Frank va Virjiniya Uilyamsning Linkolniana to'plami (Missisipi shtati universiteti. Kutubxonalar). Nyu-York: Qo'shma Shtatlar adabiy klassiklari. ISBN 0940450585. OCLC 21195673.CS1 maint: raqamli ismlar: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
- ^ Kennedi, p. 295; Vittenberg, 183–209 betlar; Longacre, Lining otliq askarlari, p. 303; Devis, p. 25; Welcher, p. 1053; Qizil ikra, p. 300. Tarixchilar ba'zan 1863 yil deb da'vo qiladilar Brendi Stantsiyasidagi jang eng kattasi edi, lekin u erda shug'ullangan 20,500 kishidan 3000 nafari piyoda askar edi, shuning uchun uni eng kattasi deb tasniflash mumkin. asosan otliqlar jang. Ikki jangdagi yo'qotishlarning soni mutlaqo o'xshash bo'lganiga qaramay, Trevilian stantsiyasi har ikki tomonning ham qurbon bo'lishining yuqori foizini tashkil etdi.
- ^ Welcher, p. 1053; Vittenberg, 215-29 betlar.
- ^ Welcher, p. 1053; Qizil ikra, p. 408; Wittenberg, p. 236; Starr, p. 147.
- ^ Qizil ikra, p. 408-10; Vittenberg, 241-42 betlar; Starr, 148-49 betlar.
- ^ Vittenberg, 289-91 betlar; Longacre, Lining otliq askarlari, 306-307 betlar.
- ^ Vittenberg, 301–302, 304 betlar.
- ^ Vittenberg, 314-15 betlar.
- ^ Welsh, 102, 118-betlar; Welcher, p. 994; Eicher, p. 687; Xetveyu va Jons, 588-91 betlar; Qizil ikra, 395-96 betlar.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, p. 393; Yosh, 242-43 betlar.
- ^ Grant va Li boshchiligidagi Xess, Graf, Xandaq urushi: Quruqlikdagi kampaniyada dala istehkomlari, (Chapel Hill: The North Carolina University Press, 2007), p. 211.
- ^ Reya, Oyoq tovushlari, p. 126.
- ^ Reya, Sovuq Makon, 388-93-betlar.
Adabiyotlar
- Milliy park xizmati jang ta'riflari
- Bonekemper, Edvard H., III. Qassob emas, g'olib: Uliss S. Grantning e'tibordan chetda qolgan harbiy dahosi. Vashington, DC: Regnery, 2004 yil. ISBN 0-89526-062-X.
- Chick, Shon Maykl. Peterburg jangi, 1864 yil 15–18 iyun. Linkoln, NE: Potomac Books, 2015. ISBN 978-1612347127
- Kullen, Jozef P. "Spotsilvaniya jangi". Yilda Fuqarolar urushi jang yilnomalari: 1864 yil, tahrirlangan Jeyms M. Makferson. Konnektikut: Grey Castle Press, 1989 yil. ISBN 1-55905-027-6. Birinchi marta 1989 yilda McMillan tomonidan nashr etilgan.
- Devis, Uilyam C. va "Time-Life" kitoblari muharrirlari. Xandaklardagi o'lim: Peterburgdagi grant. Iskandariya, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. ISBN 0-8094-4776-2.
- Eich, Devid J. Eng uzun tun: Fuqarolar urushining harbiy tarixi. Nyu-York: Simon & Schuster, 2001 yil. ISBN 0-684-84944-5.
- Esposito, Vinsent J. Amerika urushlarining West Point atlasi. Nyu-York: Frederik A. Praeger, 1959 yil. OCLC 5890637. Xaritalar to'plamini (tushuntirish matnisiz) onlayn manzilda olish mumkin West Point veb-sayti.
- Oyoq, Shelbi. Fuqarolar urushi: hikoya. Vol. 3, Appomattoksgacha Qizil daryo. Nyu-York: Random House, 1974 yil. ISBN 0-394-74913-8.
- Furgurson, Ernest B. Urush emas, balki qotillik: Sovuq Makon 1864 yil. Nyu-York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000 yil. ISBN 0-679-45517-5.
- Grimsli, Mark. Va davom eting: Virjiniya kampaniyasi, 1864 yil may-iyun. Linkoln: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti, 2002 y. ISBN 0-8032-2162-2.
- Xettauey, Xerman va Archer Jons. Shimol qanday yutdi: Fuqarolar urushining harbiy tarixi. Urbana: Illinoys universiteti matbuoti, 1983 y. ISBN 0-252-00918-5.
- Xogan, kichik Devid V. Quruqlikdagi kampaniya. Vashington, DC: Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining harbiy tarix markazi, 2014 yil. ISBN 9780160925177.
- Jeyns, Gregori va Time-Life kitoblari muharrirlari. Qotillik zamini: Sovuq portga qadar cho'l. Iskandariya, VA: Time-Life Books, 1986. ISBN 0-8094-4768-1.
- Kennedi, Frances H., ed. Fuqarolar urushi jang maydoni uchun qo'llanma. 2-nashr. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1998 yil. ISBN 0-395-74012-6.
- King, Kurtis S., Uilyam G. Robertson va Stiven E. Kley. Overland kampaniyasi uchun xodimlar safari bo'yicha qo'llanma, Virjiniya, 1864 yil 4-maydan 15-iyungacha: Operatsion darajadagi qo'mondonlik bo'yicha ish. (PDF hujjati ). Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: Jangovar tadqiqotlar instituti matbuoti, 2006 y. OCLC 62535944.
- Longacre, Edvard G. Lining otliq askarlari: Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasining otlangan kuchlari tarixi. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2002 yil. ISBN 0-8117-0898-5.
- Longacre, Edvard G. Linkolnning otliq askarlari: Potomak armiyasining otlangan kuchlari tarixi. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2000 yil. ISBN 0-8117-1049-1.
- McPherson, Jeyms M. Ozodlikning jangovar qichqirig'i: Fuqarolar urushi davri. AQShning Oksford tarixi. Nyu-York: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 1988 yil. ISBN 0-19-503863-0.
- Reya, Gordon S. Sovuq Makon jangi. Fort Vashington, Pensilvaniya: AQSh Milliy bog'i xizmati va Sharqiy milliy, 2001 yil. ISBN 1-888213-70-1.
- Reya, Gordon S. Sovuq Makon: Grant va Li, 1864 yil 26-may - 3-iyun. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2002 y. ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.
- Reya, Gordon S. Peterburgga: Grant va Li. Baton-Ruj: Luiziana shtati matbuoti, 2017 yil.
- Reya, Gordon S. Cho'l jangi 1864 yil 5–6 may kunlari. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 1994 y. ISBN 0-8071-1873-7.
- Reya, Gordon S. Spotsilvaniya sud uyi uchun janglar va Sariq tavernaga yo'l 1864 yil 7-12 may. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 1997 y. ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.
- Reya, Gordon S. Grant va Li izi bilan: Sovuq Makon orqali sahro. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2007 y. ISBN 978-0-8071-3269-2.
- Reya, Gordon S. Shimoliy Anna daryosiga: Grant va Li, 18-25 yil 13-25 may. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2000 yil. ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.
- Salmon, Jon S. Rasmiy Virjiniya fuqarolar urushi jang maydonida qo'llanma. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2001 yil. ISBN 0-8117-2868-4.
- Simpson, Bruks D. Uliss S. Grant: Qiyinchilik ustidan g'alaba, 1822–1865. Nyu-York: Xyuton Mifflin, 2000 yil. ISBN 0-395-65994-9.
- Smit, Jan Edvard. Grant. Nyu-York: Simon & Schuster, 2001 yil. ISBN 0-684-84927-5.
- Starr, Stiven Z. Fuqarolar urushidagi ittifoq otliqlari. Vol. 2, Gettisburgdan Appomattoksgacha bo'lgan Sharqdagi urush 1863-1865. Baton-Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 1981 y. ISBN 978-0-8071-3292-0.
- Tryudo, Nuh Andre. Janubiy qonli yo'llar: Sovuq portga qadar cho'l, 1864 yil may-iyun. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1989. ISBN 978-0-316-85326-2.
- Welcher, Frank J. Ittifoq armiyasi, 1861–1865 yillarda tashkil etish va operatsiyalar. Vol. 1, Sharq teatri. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989 yil. ISBN 0-253-36453-1.
- Vittenberg, Erik J. Hamma uchun ulug'vorlik etarli: Sheridanning ikkinchi reydi va Trevilian stantsiyasidagi jang. Vashington, DC: Brassey's, Inc., 2001 yil. ISBN 1-57488-468-9.
- Yosh, Alfred C., III. Lining armiyasi quruqlikdagi yurish paytida: Raqamli tadqiq. Baton-Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2013 y. ISBN 978-0-8071-5172-3.
Xotira va asosiy manbalar
- Atkinson, Charlz Frensis. Grantning 1864 va 1865 yillardagi kampaniyalari: Cho'l va Sovuq Makon (1864 yil 3-may - 3-iyun). Pall Mall harbiy seriyasi. London: H. Riz, 1908. OCLC 2698769.
- Badeo, Odam. Uliss S. Grantning harbiy tarixi (III jild). Nyu-York: D. Appleton & Co., 1881 yil.
- Grant, Uliss S. U. S. Grantning shaxsiy xotiralari. 2 jild. Charles L. Webster & Company, 1885–86. ISBN 0-914427-67-9.
- Hamfreylar, Endryu A. '64 va 65 'yillardagi Virjiniya kampaniyasi: Potomak armiyasi va Jeyms armiyasi. Nyu-York: C. Skribnerning o'g'illari, 1883 yil. OCLC 479956.
- Longstrit, Jeyms. Manassadan Appomattoxgacha: Amerikadagi fuqarolar urushi haqida xotiralar. Nyu-York: Da Capo Press, 1992 yil. ISBN 0-306-80464-6. Birinchi marta 1896 yilda J. B. Lippincott and Co.
- Porter, Horace. Grant bilan saylovoldi tashviqoti. Nyu-York: Century Co., 1897 yil. OCLC 913186.
- AQSh urush vazirligi, Qo'zg'olon urushi: ning to'plami Rasmiy yozuvlar ittifoq va konfederatsiya armiyalari. Vashington, DC: AQSh hukumatining bosmaxonasi, 1880-1901.
Qo'shimcha o'qish
- Aleksandr, Edvard P. Konfederatsiya uchun kurash: general Edvard Porter Aleksandrning shaxsiy xotiralari. Tahrirlangan Gari V. Gallager. Chapel Hill: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti, 1989 y. ISBN 0-8078-4722-4.
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- Karmikel, Piter S., ed. Shaxsga bag'ishlangan jasorat: Robert E. Lining generalligi. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2004 y. ISBN 0-8071-2929-1.
- Katton, Bryus. Grant buyruq oladi. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1968. ISBN 0-316-13210-1.
- Katton, Bryus. Appomattox-dagi harakatsizlik. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, 1953 yil. ISBN 0-385-04451-8.
- Devis, Daniel T. va Filipp S. Grinvalt. Osmonlardan kelgan bo'ron: Kold-Harbor jangi, 1864 yil 26 may - 5 iyun. Rivojlanayotgan fuqarolar urushi seriyasi. El Dorado Hills, Kaliforniya: Savas Beatie, 2014 yil. ISBN 978-1-61121-187-0.
- Dovdi, Klifford. Lining so'nggi kampaniyasi: Li va uning odamlari Grantga qarshi, 1864 yil. Nyu-York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2011 yil. ISBN 1-61608-411-1. Birinchi marta 1960 yilda Little, Brown tomonidan nashr etilgan.
- Dunkerli, Robert M., Donald C. Pfanz va Devid R. Rut. Orqaga qaytish kerak emas: 1864 yil 4 maydan 13 iyungacha cho'ldan Sovuq Makongacha bo'lgan quruqlikdagi kampaniya uchun qo'llanma.. Rivojlanayotgan fuqarolar urushi seriyasi. El Dorado Hills, Kaliforniya: Savas Beatie, 2014 yil. ISBN 978-1-61121-193-1.
- Frassanito, Uilyam A. Grant va Li: Virjiniya kampaniyalari 1864-1865. Nyu-York: Skribner, 1983 y. ISBN 0-684-17873-7.
- Fuller, general-mayor J. F. C. Uliss S. Grantning generalligi. Nyu-York: Da Capo Press, 1929 yil. ISBN 0-306-80450-6.
- Gallaxer, Gari Vashington va Caroline E. Janney, eds. Sovuq bandargoh kratergacha: Quruqlik kampaniyasining oxiri (North Carolina Press of U, 2015) xx, 336 bet.
- Gallager, Gari V., tahrir. Yovvoyi tabiat kampaniyasi. Chapel Hill: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti, 1997 y. ISBN 0-8078-2334-1.
- Glatthar, Jozef T. General Li armiyasi: G'alabadan qulashgacha. Nyu-York: Erkin matbuot, 2008 yil. ISBN 978-0-684-82787-2.
- Lyman, Teodor. Grant va Mead bilan: Cho'ldan Appomattoksgacha. Jorj R. Agassiz tomonidan tahrirlangan. Linkoln: Nebraska universiteti matbuoti, 1994 y. ISBN 0-8032-7935-3.
- Mackovski, Kris va Kristofer D. Uayt. Qotillik mavsumi: 1864 yil 8-21 may kunlari Spotsilvaniya sud uyidagi jang. Rivojlanayotgan fuqarolar urushi seriyasi. El Dorado Hills, Kaliforniya: Savas Beatie, 2013 yil. ISBN 978-1-61121-148-1.
- Materiya, Uilyam D. Agar u butun yozni talab qilsa: Spotsilvaniya jangi. Chapel Hill: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti, 1988 yil. ISBN 978-0-8078-1781-0.
- Kuch, J. Treysi. Lining baxtsizliklari: Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasidagi sahrodan Appomattoksgacha. Chapel Hill: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti, 1998 y. ISBN 0-8078-2392-9.
- Reya, Gordon S. Peterburgga: Grant va Li, 1864 yil 4–15 iyun. Baton-Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2017 y. ISBN 978-0-8071-6747-2.
- Vert, Jeffri D. Linkolnning qilichi: Potomak armiyasi. Nyu-York: Simon & Shuster, 2005 yil. ISBN 0-7432-2506-6.
Tashqi havolalar
- Animatsiya qilingan xarita Quruqlikdagi kampaniya (Fuqarolar urushiga ishonch )
- Quruqlikdagi kampaniyaning animatsion tarixi
| 1861 |
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1862 |
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| 1863 |
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| 1864 |
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| 1865 |
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| Qo'shinlar |
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| Geografiya |
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Turkum
Portal18-chi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti (1869–1877) | ||
| Hayot |  | |
| Harbiy martaba | ||
| Saylovlar | ||
| Prezidentlik |
| |
| Prezidentlikdan keyingi lavozim | ||
| Kitoblar | ||
| Meros |
| |
| Oila |
| |
Vakolat nazorati  |
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