Jorj B. Makklelan - George B. McClellan - Wikipedia

"Jorj Makklelan" bu erga yo'naltiradi. Xuddi shu nomdagi boshqa odamlar uchun qarang Jorj Makklelan (ajralish).
Jorj B. Makklelan
Jorj B Makklelan - retouched.jpg
24-chi Nyu-Jersi gubernatori
Ofisda
1878 yil 15 yanvar - 1881 yil 18 yanvar
OldingiJozef D. Bedl
MuvaffaqiyatliJorj C. Ludlov
4-chi AQSh armiyasining general qo'mondoni
Ofisda
1861 yil 1-noyabr - 1862-yil 11-mart
PrezidentAvraam Linkoln
OldingiUinfild Skott
MuvaffaqiyatliGenri Xallek
Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar
Tug'ilgan
Jorj Brinton Makklelan

(1826-12-03)1826 yil 3-dekabr
Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya, BIZ.
O'ldi1885 yil 29 oktyabr(1885-10-29) (58 yoshda)
apelsin, Nyu-Jersi, BIZ.
Dam olish joyiRiverview qabristoni
Siyosiy partiyaDemokratik
Turmush o'rtoqlarNelly Makklelan
Qarindoshlar
Ta'limAmerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy akademiyasi (BS )
Imzo
Harbiy xizmat
Taxallus (lar)
  • Kichik Mac
  • Yosh Napoleon[1]
Sadoqat Qo'shma Shtatlar (Ittifoq )
Filial / xizmat Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi (Ittifoq armiyasi )
Xizmat qilgan yillari
  • 1846–1857 (AQSh armiyasi)
  • 1861–1864 (ittifoq armiyasi)
RankGeneral-mayor
Buyruqlar
Janglar / urushlar

Jorj Brinton Makklelan (1826 yil 3-dekabr - 1885 yil 29-oktabr) - amerikalik askar, qurilish muhandisi, temir yo'l boshqaruvchisi va 24-o'rinda xizmat qilgan siyosatchi. Nyu-Jersi gubernatori. Bitiruvchi G'arbiy nuqta, McClellan davomida farq bilan xizmat qilgan Meksika-Amerika urushi (1846–1848), va keyinchalik armiyani tark etganiga qadar temir yo'llarda ishlash uchun Amerika fuqarolar urushi (1861–1865). Mojaroning boshida Makklelan lavozimga tayinlandi general-mayor va yaxshi o'qitilgan va uyushgan armiyani shakllantirishda muhim rol o'ynadi Potomak armiyasi ichida Sharq teatri; u qisqa muddat (1861 yil noyabrdan 1862 yil martgacha) bo'lib xizmat qilgan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining qo'mondonligi ning Ittifoq armiyasi.

The Julian Skott MakKellanning portreti Milliy portret galereyasi yilda Vashington, Kolumbiya

McClellan uyushma armiyasini tashkil qildi va unga rahbarlik qildi Yarim orol kampaniyasi janubi-sharqda Virjiniya 1862 yil martdan iyulgacha. Bu Sharq teatridagi birinchi keng ko'lamli hujum edi. Amfibiya atrofida soat yo'nalishi bo'yicha burilish harakati Konfederatsiya armiyasi shimoliy Virjiniyada, McClellan kuchlari Virjiniya yarim orolida yuqoriga harakat qilish uchun g'arbga burildi, o'rtasida Jeyms daryosi va York daryosi, qo'nish Chesapeake Bay, Konfederatsiya kapitali bilan, Richmond, ularning maqsadi sifatida. Dastlab, Makklelan generalga qarshi biroz muvaffaqiyatga erishdi Jozef E. Jonston, ammo generalning paydo bo'lishi Robert E. Li buyruq berish Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasi keyingisini aylantirdi Yetti kunlik janglar qisman Ittifoq mag'lubiyatiga. Biroq, tarixchilar Lining g'alabasi ko'p jihatdan piretik ekanligini ta'kidladilar, chunki u Potomak armiyasini yo'q qila olmadi va Malvern tepaligida qonli zarba oldi.

General McClellan va Prezident Avraam Linkoln o'zaro ishonchsizlikni rivojlantirdi va Makklellan o'zining Bosh Boshlig'ini xususiy ravishda kinoya qildi. Makklellan noyabr oyida buyruqdan olib tashlandi 1862 oraliq saylovlar. Ushbu qarorni qabul qilishda katta omil bo'lgan omil, MakKellanning Li armiyasini ta'qib qilmaganligi, ammo ittifoqning strategik jihatdan g'alaba qozonganidan keyin Antietam jangi tashqarida Sharpsburg, Merilend.

McClellan hech qachon boshqa dala buyrug'ini olmagan va muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lib qolgan Demokratik partiya nomzod 1864 yil prezident saylovi respublikachi Linkolnga qarshi. Urushning tugashi va Konfederatsiya bilan muzokaralar olib borilishini va'da qilgan partiyasining platformasidan voz kechganida uning kampaniyasining samaradorligi buzildi. U sifatida xizmat qilgan 24-chi Nyu-Jersi gubernatori 1878 yildan 1881 yilgacha; u oxir-oqibat yozuvchiga aylandi va Fuqarolar urushi paytida o'zini qattiq himoya qildi.

Aksariyat tarixchilar Makklelanni kambag'al jang maydoni generali deb hukm qilishgan. So'nggi o'n yilliklarda bu fikrga ba'zi tarixchilar qarshi chiqishdi.

Dastlabki hayot va martaba

Jorj Brinton Makklelan tug'ilgan Filadelfiya, 1826 yil 3-dekabrda taniqli jarrohning o'g'li doktor. Jorj Makklelan, asoschisi Jefferson tibbiyot kolleji.[2] Uning otasining oilasi Shotlandiya va ingliz merosidan bo'lgan.[3] Uning onasi - Pensilvaniya shtatining etakchi qizi Elizabet Sofiya Shtaynets Brinton Makklelan (1800-1889), ayol o'zining "katta inoyati va nafisligi" bilan ajralib turardi. Uning otasi ingliz, onasi esa Pensilvaniya Gollandiyalik.[4] Er-xotinning beshta farzandi bor edi: Frederik, Jon, Jorj, Artur va Meri. Makklelanning bobolaridan biri edi Samuel Makklelan ning Vudstok, Konnektikut, a brigada generali davomida xizmat qilganlar Inqilobiy urush.[5]

Makklelan dastlab tibbiyot sohasida otasini kuzatishni niyat qilgan va xususiy akademiyada o'qigan, so'ngra ushbu maktab uchun maxsus tayyorgarlik maktabiga o'qishga kirgan. Pensilvaniya universiteti.[6] U 1840 yilda, 14 yoshida universitetga qatnay boshladi, oilasi Makklelan va uning akasi Jon uchun tibbiy ta'lim juda qimmat degan qarorga kelganidan keyin huquqshunoslikdan voz kechdi.[6] Universitetda ikki yil o'qiganidan so'ng, u maqsadini harbiy xizmatga o'zgartirdi. Otasining maktubi yordamida Prezident Jon Tayler, McClellan qabul qilindi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari harbiy akademiyasi 1842 yilda, akademiya odatdagi minimal 16 yoshidan voz kechishi bilan.[7]

G'arbiy Pointda u g'ayratli va talabchan kursant bo'lib, ta'limotiga juda qiziqar edi Dennis Xart Mahan va ning nazariy strategik tamoyillari Antuan-Anri Jomini. Uning eng yaqin do'stlari aristokrat janubliklar edi, shu jumladan Stounuoll Jekson, Jorj Pikket, Dabney Maury, Cadmus Wilcox va A. P. Xill. Ushbu uyushmalar Makklellanga janubiy ongni qadrlashi va fuqarolar urushiga olib kelgan AQShdagi seksiyaviy farqlarning siyosiy va harbiy oqibatlari to'g'risida tushuncha berdi.[8] U 1846 yilda 19 yoshida, 59 kursant sinfida ikkinchi o'rinni egallab, eng yuqori pozitsiyani yo'qotib tugatdi Charlz Sifort Styuart faqat rasm chizish qobiliyatining pastligi tufayli.[9] U buyurtma qilingan breket ikkinchi leytenant AQSh armiyasida Muhandislar korpusi.[1]

Meksika-Amerika urushi 1846–1848

McClellanning birinchi topshirig'i West Point-da tashkil etilgan muhandislar kompaniyasida edi, ammo u tezda suzib ketish uchun buyurtma oldi. Meksika urushi. U og'ziga yaqinlashdi Rio Grande 1846 yil oktyabrda ikki o'qli miltiq, ikkita to'pponcha, qilich, kiyim qilich va qurol bilan harakatga yaxshi tayyorlangan Bowie pichog'i. U Amerikaning g'alabasida ishtirok etish uchun juda kech kelganidan shikoyat qildi Monterrey sentyabrda. Gen kuchlari vaqtincha sulh tuzish paytida. Zakari Teylor kutilgan harakatlar, McClellanga duch keldi dizenteriya va bezgak, bu uni kasalxonada deyarli bir oy ushlab turdi. Bezgak keyingi yillarda takrorlanadi; u buni "Meksika kasalligi" deb atagan.[10] U urush paytida muhandis-ofitser bo'lib xizmat qilgan, tez-tez dushman tomonidan o'qqa tutilgan va kamarga tayinlangan birinchi leytenant uning xizmatlari uchun Kontreralar[11] va Churubusko[12] va ga kapitan uning xizmati uchun Chapultepec.[1] U razvedka topshiriqlarini bajargan General-mayor Uinfild Skott, Makklelanning otasining yaqin do'sti.[13]

Makklelanning urushdagi tajribalari uning harbiy va siyosiy hayotini shakllantiradi. U yonbosh harakatlarni (Skott tomonidan ishlatilgan) bilib oldi Cerro Gordo ) ko'pincha frontal hujumlarga qaraganda yaxshiroqdir va qamal operatsiyalari qiymati (Verakruz ). U Skottning siyosiy ishlarni harbiy ishlar bilan muvozanatlashtirganligi va fuqarolar bilan yaxshi munosabatlarni guvohi bo'lgan, chunki u bostirib kirgan, mulkiga etkazilgan zararni minimallashtirish uchun askarlariga qat'iy intizomni qo'llagan. Makklelan shuningdek ko'ngilli askarlar va zobitlarga, xususan intizom va o'qitish uchun hech narsaga ahamiyat bermaydigan siyosatchilarga nisbatan nafratni rivojlantirdi.[14]

Tinchlik davrida xizmat

Makklellan muhandislik faoliyatida kursantlarni o'qitish maqsadida akademiyaga biriktirilgan o'zining muhandislik kompaniyasiga rahbarlik qilish uchun West Point-ga qaytib keldi. U tinchlik davrida garnizon xizmatining zerikishidan g'azablandi, garchi u ijtimoiy hayotdan juda zavqlanardi. 1851 yil iyun oyida unga buyruq berildi Delaver shtati, orolda qurilayotgan devor ishi Delaver daryosi, Filadelfiyadan pastga qirq mil (65 km) pastga. 1852 yil mart oyida unga Captga xabar berish buyurilgan. Randolf B. Marsi da Fort Smit, Arkanzas, manbalarini kashf qilish uchun ekspeditsiyada ikkinchi o'rinbosar bo'lib xizmat qilish Qizil daryo. Iyun oyiga qadar ekspeditsiya daryoning shimoliy sohilining manbaiga etib bordi va Marsi kichik irmoq deb nomladi McClellan's Creek. 28-iyul kuni tsivilizatsiyaga qaytib kelgach, ular o'lik uchun berilib ketganlarini ko'rib hayron qolishdi. Ekspeditsiyani 2000 kishi pistirmada bo'lganligi haqida shov-shuvli voqea matbuotga etib bordi Komaniyalar va oxirgi odamga qadar o'ldirilgan. Makklellan bu voqeani "hukumatdan ish olish uchun biron bir tarzda yoki boshqa yo'l bilan chegarada qo'zg'alishni davom ettirishga urinayotgan bir qator yolg'onchilar" da aybladi.[15]

1852 yilning kuzida Makklellan asl frantsuz tilidan tarjima qilgan süngü taktikasi bo'yicha qo'llanmani nashr etdi. Shuningdek, u Texas departamentiga topshiriq oldi va Texas daryolari va bandargohlarida tadqiqot o'tkazishni buyurdi. 1853 yilda u Tinch okeani temir yo'llari bo'yicha tadqiqotlar tomonidan buyurtma qilingan Urush kotibi Jefferson Devis, rejalashtirilgan uchun mos yo'nalishni tanlash uchun transkontinental temir yo'l. McClellan shimoliy koridorning 47 va 49-parallellari bo'ylab g'arbiy qismini o'rganib chiqdi Aziz Pol uchun Puget ovozi. Shunday qilib, u yuqori siyosiy arboblarga bo'ysunmaslik tendentsiyasini namoyish etdi. Isaak Stivens, hokimi Vashington hududi, Makklelanning paslarni skaut qilishda ko'rsatgan o'yinidan norozi bo'ldi Kaskad oralig'i.

Makklellan Yakima dovonini tanladi (47 ° 20′11 ″ N. 121 ° 25′57 ″ V / 47.3365 ° N 121.4324 ° Vt / 47.3365; -121.4324) puxta razvedkasiz va qishki sharoitda u orqali partiyani boshqarish to'g'risida hokimning buyrug'idan bosh tortgan va shu hududdagi qor qorining chuqurligi to'g'risida noto'g'ri ma'lumotlarga tayangan. Shunday qilib, u yaqin atrofda temir yo'llar va davlatlararo magistral yo'llar uchun foydalanilgan uchta juda yaxshi dovonlarni o'tkazib yubordi. Gubernator Makklellanga ekspeditsiya jurnallarini topshirishni buyurdi, ammo Makklellan qat'iyat bilan rad etdi, ehtimol u o'zining sarguzashtlari davomida uyatli shaxsiy izohlari berganligi sababli.[16]

Makklellan Sharqqa qaytib, o'zining sobiq qo'mondonining qizi bo'lajak rafiqasi Meri Ellen Marsi (1836–1915) bilan muomala qilishni boshladi. Ellen yoki Nelly, McClellanning turmush qurishning birinchi taklifini rad etdi, u turli xil sovchilardan, shu jumladan West Point do'stidan olgan to'qqiztadan birini, A. P. Xill. Ellen Xillning taklifini 1856 yilda qabul qilgan, ammo uning oilasi buni ma'qullamagan va u orqaga qaytgan.[17]

1854 yil iyun oyida Makklellan Jefferson Devisning buyrug'i bilan Santo Domingoga maxfiy razvedka xizmatiga yuborildi. Makklelan kotib uchun mahalliy mudofaa qobiliyatini baholadi. (Ma'lumotlar Prezident 1870 yilgacha ishlatilmagan Uliss S. Grant qo'shib olishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Dominika Respublikasi.) Devis Makklelanga deyarli protégé sifatida munosabatda bo'lishni boshlagan va uning navbatdagi vazifasi AQShda turli xil temir yo'llarning moddiy-texnik tayyorgarligini baholash va yana bir bor transkontinental temir yo'lni rejalashtirishga intilish edi.[18] 1855 yil mart oyida Makklelan kapitan unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi va 1-AQSh otliqlar polkiga tayinlandi.[1]

Makklellan siyosiy aloqalari va frantsuz tilini yaxshi bilgani uchun Evropadagi qo'shinlarning rasmiy kuzatuvchisi sifatida tayinlandi. Qrim urushi 1855 yilda. Makklellan keng sayohat qilib, oliy harbiy qo'mondonliklar va qirol oilalari bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lgan Sevastopolni qamal qilish. 1856 yilda Qo'shma Shtatlarga qaytib kelgach, u Filadelfiyada qamalni tanqidiy tahlil qilish va Evropa qo'shinlari tashkilotining uzoq muddatli tavsifini o'z ichiga olgan ma'ruzasini tayyorlash uchun topshiriq so'radi. Shuningdek, u qo'llanma yozgan otliq taktika bu rus otliq qoidalariga asoslangan edi. Boshqa kuzatuvchilar singari, Makklelan ham paydo bo'lishining ahamiyatini anglamadi miltiqli mushaklar Qrim urushida va urush taktikasidagi tub o'zgarishlarni talab qiladi.[19]

Armiya McClellanning otliq qo'llanmasini va shuningdek, uning dizayni uchun qabul qildi egar, deb nomlangan McClellan Saddle tomonidan ishlatilganligini da'vo qilgan Hussarlar yilda Prussiya va Vengriya. AQSh otliq otliqlari mavjud bo'lgan va bu marosimlar uchun ishlatilgan vaqtgacha bu standart muammoga aylandi.

Fuqarolik ishlari

Jorj B. Makklelan va Meri Ellen Marsi (Nelly) Makklelan

Makklellan 1857 yil 16-yanvarda o'z komissiyasini iste'foga chiqardi va temir yo'lni baholash tajribasidan foydalanib, bosh muhandis va vitse-prezident bo'ldi. Illinoys markaziy temir yo'li, keyin esa prezident Ogayo va Missisipi temir yo'llari 1860 yilda. U ikkala ishda ham yaxshi natijalarga erishdi va Illinoys shtatining markazini kengaytirdi Yangi Orlean va Ogayo va Missisipiga yordam berish 1857 yilgi vahima. Muvaffaqiyatlari va daromadli maoshiga qaramay (yiliga 10 ming dollar), u fuqarolik ishidan ko'ngli qolgan va klassik harbiy strategiyani sinchkovlik bilan o'rganishni davom ettirgan. Davomida Yuta urushi qarshi Mormonlar, u armiyaga qaytishni o'ylardi. Shuningdek, u xizmatni a muvozanatlash qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Benito Xuares Meksikada.[20]

Fuqarolar urushi boshlanishidan oldin Makklellan siyosiy kampaniyada faol ishtirok etib, prezidentlik kampaniyasini qo'llab-quvvatladi Demokrat Stiven A. Duglas ichida 1860 yilgi saylov. U ovozlarni soxtalashtirishga bo'lgan urinishni mag'lub etganini da'vo qildi Respublikachilar boshqa okrugda noqonuniy ovoz berish uchun odamlarni olib ketayotgan poezdni kechiktirishga buyruq berib, Duglasga okrugda g'alaba qozonishiga imkon berdi.[21]

1859 yil oktyabrda Makklellan Meri Ellen bilan uchrashishni davom ettira oldi va ular turmush qurdilar Calvary cherkovi, Nyu-York shahri, 1860 yil 22-mayda.[22]

Fuqarolar urushi

Ogayo va strategiya

Boshida Fuqarolar urushi, "Katta urush ilmi" deb nomlangan Makklelanning bilimi va temir yo'l tajribasi uning harbiy logistika sohasida ustun bo'lishi mumkinligini ko'rsatdi. Bu unga katta talab qo'ydi Ittifoq safarbar qilingan. Ittifoqning uchta yirik shtati Ogayo, Pensilvaniya va Nyu-York gubernatorlari uni o'z davlatlarining militsiyasiga buyruq berish uchun faol ravishda ta'qib qildilar. Ogayo gubernatori Uilyam Dennison eng qat'iyatli edi, shuning uchun McClellan-ga topshirildi general-mayor ko'ngillilar va 1861 yil 23 aprelda Ogayo militsiyasining qo'mondonligini olgan. Ittifoqdoshlaridan bo'lgan boshqa birodarlardan farqli o'laroq 1861 yil. bekor qiluvchi oilalar, u qullikka federal aralashuvga qarshi edi. Shu sababli, janubiy hamkasblaridan ba'zilari unga Konfederatsiyaga o'tish haqida norasmiy ravishda murojaat qilishdi, ammo u bu tushunchani qabul qila olmadi ajralib chiqish.[23]

3-may kuni Makklelan federal xizmatga yana qo'mondon sifatida kirdi Ogayo shtati departamenti Ogayo, Indiana, Illinoys shtatlari va keyinchalik g'arbiy Pensilvaniya, g'arbiy Virjiniya va Missuri shtatlari mudofaasi uchun mas'uldir. 14 may kuni unga doimiy armiyadagi general-mayor tayinlandi. 34 yoshida u armiyadagi general-leytenantdan tashqari barchani ortda qoldirdi. Uinfild Skott, bosh general. Makklelanning tez ko'tarilishi qisman tanishi bilan bog'liq edi Salmon P. Chase, Moliya kotibi va Ogayo shtatining sobiq gubernatori va senatori.[24]

Makklellan xizmatga ixtiyoriy ravishda kelgan minglab erkaklarni qayta ishlashga va o'quv lagerlarini tashkil etishga intilayotganida, u ham o'z fikrini buyuk strategiyada qo'llagan. U 27-aprel kuni Ogayo shtatida qo'mondonlikni qabul qilganidan to'rt kun o'tgach, general Skottga xat yozib, urush strategiyasi bo'yicha birinchi taklifni taqdim etdi. Unda ikkita muqobil mavjud bo'lib, ularning har biri qo'mondon sifatida taniqli rolni nazarda tutgan. Birinchisi, Virjiniyani bostirib kirish uchun 80,000 kishidan foydalanadi Kanavha vodiysi tomonga Richmond. Ikkinchisi xuddi shu kuchni ishlatib, janubiy tomonga haydab, Ogayo daryosidan Kentukki va Tennessiga o'tib ketadi. Skott ikkala rejani ham logistik jihatdan amalga oshirib bo'lmaydigan deb rad etdi. Garchi u Makklelanga iltifot ko'rsatib, "sizning aql-zakovatingizga, g'ayratingizga, ilm-faningizga va energetikangizga katta ishonchni" bildirgan bo'lsa-da, u maktub bilan javoban, 80 ming kishini daryo bo'yidagi ekspeditsiyada yaxshiroq boshqarish uchun Missisipi daryosi va kuchli bilan birga Konfederatsiyani bo'linib Birlik blokadasi janubiy portlar. Shimoliy jamoatchilikning katta sabr-toqatini talab qiladigan ushbu reja gazetalarda shunday deb baholandi Anakonda rejasi, ammo oxir-oqibat urushni muvaffaqiyatli ta'qib qilishning mazmuni ekanligi isbotlandi. Yoz va kuzda ikki general o'rtasidagi munosabatlar tobora keskinlashib bordi.[25]

G'arbiy Virjiniya

Makklelanning birinchi harbiy harakatlari g'arbiy hududni egallash edi Virjiniya Ittifoqda qolishni istagan va keyinchalik davlatga aylangan G'arbiy Virjiniya. U 26 may kuni razvedka xizmatining tanqidiy hisobotlarini olgan Baltimor va Ogayo temir yo'llari davlatning o'sha qismidagi ko'priklar yoqib yuborilgan edi. U mintaqani bosib olish rejalarini tezda amalga oshirar ekan, u o'zining birinchi jiddiy siyosiy mojarosini u erdagi fuqarolarga o'z kuchlari shaxsiy mulkka, shu jumladan qullarga aralashish niyati yo'qligini e'lon qilish orqali boshlagan. "Xoinlar sizning orangizga kelishimiz sizning qullaringizning aralashuvi bilan signallanishiga ishontirishga undash uchun aytilgan barcha narsalarga qaramasdan, bir narsani aniq tushunib oling - biz nafaqat bunday aralashuvlardan saqlanamiz, balki biz aksincha temir qo'l, ular tomonidan qilingan har qanday qo'zg'olonni tor-mor qilinglar. " U tezda o'z chegaralaridan chiqib ketganini anglab etdi va prezident Linkolnga xat bilan kechirim so'radi. Qarama-qarshiliklar uning e'lonlari o'sha paytdagi ma'muriyat siyosatiga mutlaqo zid bo'lganida emas, balki u o'zining qat'iy harbiy rolidan tashqariga chiqib ketishda juda jasoratli edi.[26]

Uning kuchlari bu hududga tezlik bilan ko'chib o'tdi Grafton va da g'olib bo'lishdi Filippi jangi, urushdagi birinchi er mojarosi. Uning jangdagi birinchi shaxsiy buyrug'i shu erda bo'lgan Boy tog ' u ham g'olib bo'ldi. Uning bo'ysunuvchi qo'mondoni, Uilyam S. Rozekrans, Makklelan rozilik bergani kabi uning hujumi kuchaytirilmaganidan achchiq shikoyat qildi.[27] Shunga qaramay, ushbu ikkita kichik g'alaba Makklelanni milliy qahramon maqomiga olib chiqdi.[28] The Nyu-York Herald u haqida maqola "Hozirgi urush Napoleoni general Makklelan" deb nomlangan.[29]

Armiya qurish

Ittifoq kuchlari mag'lub bo'lgandan keyin Bull Run 1861 yil 21-iyulda Linkoln G'arbiy Virjiniyadan Makklelanni chaqirdi, u erda Makklellan Shimoliyga g'alabaga o'xshash yagona topshiriqlarni bergan edi. U Pensilvaniyaning asosiy yo'nalishi bo'yicha maxsus poezdda sayohat qilgan Rulda orqali Pitsburg, Filadelfiya va Baltimor, va ustiga Vashington shahri, va yo'lda uning poezdiga duch kelgan g'ayratli olomon tomonidan kutib olindi.[30]

General-mayor Jorj B. Makklelanning 1861 yil 26-iyulda Vashingtonga (DC) kelganiga bag'ishlangan vatanparvarlik muqovasi.

Karl Sandburg "Makklelan vaqtning odami bo'lgan, voqealar ko'rsatgan va jamoat va xususiy fikrning ulkan vazni tomonidan tanlangan".[31] 26 iyulda, poytaxtga etib borgan kuni, Makklellan Vashingtonni himoya qilish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan ittifoqning asosiy kuchi bo'lgan Potomak harbiy bo'linmasining qo'mondoni etib tayinlandi. 20 avgustda Virjiniyadagi bir nechta harbiy qismlar uning bo'limiga birlashtirildi va u zudlik bilan tuzildi Potomak armiyasi, uning birinchi qo'mondoni sifatida o'zi bilan.[32] U yangi qo'lga kiritilgan kuch va ta'siridan zavqlandi:[30]

Men bu erda o'zimni yangi va g'alati holatda topaman - Presdt, Kabinet, Genl Skott va boshqalar meni kechiktirmoqdalar - sehrning qandaydir g'alati harakati tufayli The erning kuchi. ... Men deyarli bir oz yutuqqa erishsam edi, diktator bo'lishim yoki menga ma'qul keladigan boshqa narsalar bo'lishi mumkin edi, deb o'ylayman, ammo bunday narsalar menga yoqmaydi -shuning uchun Men bo'lmaydi diktator bo'ling. Ajoyib o'z-o'zini inkor etish!

— Jorj B. Makklelan, Ellenga xat, 1861 yil 26-iyul
General Jorj B. Makklelan xodimlar va obro'li shaxslar bilan (chapdan o'ngga): Gen. Jorj V. Morell, Podpolkovnik A.V. Kolbern, general Makklelan, podpolkovnik N.B. Shveytsar, Shahzoda de Joinville (qirolning o'g'li Lui Filipp Frantsiyada) va o'ng tomonda - shahzodaning jiyani, Graf de Parij

Yoz va kuz oylarida Makklelan yangi qo'shiniga yuqori darajadagi uyushqoqlik olib keldi va uning bo'linmalarini tez-tez ko'rib chiqish va rag'batlantirish uchun tez-tez sayohat qilib, uning ruhiyatini ancha yaxshiladi. Bu ajoyib yutuq edi, unda u Potomak armiyasini shaxsiylashtirishga keldi va o'z odamlarining maqtoviga sazovor bo'ldi. [33] U Vashington uchun deyarli olinib bo'lmaydigan, 48 ta qal'a va kuchli nuqtalardan iborat, 7200 artillerist tomonidan boshqariladigan 480 ta qurol bilan mudofaa vositalarini yaratdi.[34] Potomak armiyasi soni iyul oyida 50,000 dan noyabrda 168,000 gacha o'sdi va Qo'shma Shtatlar shu vaqtgacha to'plagan eng katta harbiy kuchga aylandi.[31] Ammo bu vaqt oliy qo'mondonlikda keskinlik davri edi, chunki u hukumat va bosh general-leytenant Skott bilan strategiya masalalarida tez-tez janjallashishni davom ettirdi. MakKellan Skottning qoidalarini rad etdi Anakonda rejasi Buning o'rniga juda katta jangni afzal ko'rmoqdamiz Napoleon uslubi. U o'z armiyasini 273 ming kishi va 600 ta qurol bilan kengaytirishni va "bir yurishda isyonchilarni tor-mor qilish" ni taklif qildi. U tinch aholiga ozgina ta'sir ko'rsatadigan va qullarning ozod qilinishini talab qilmaydigan urushni ma'qul ko'rdi.

McClellanning ozodlikka qarshi antipatiyasi unga bosimni kuchaytirdi, chunki u achchiq tanqidlarga uchradi Radikal respublikachilar hukumatda.[35] U qullikni tan olingan muassasa sifatida ko'rib chiqdi Konstitutsiya va u qaerda bo'lsa ham federal himoya huquqiga ega edi (Linkoln 1862 yil avgustgacha bir xil davlat lavozimida bo'lgan).[36] Makklelanning urushdan keyingi yozuvlari ko'plab shimolliklarga xos bo'lgan: "Men o'z irqim foydasiga xurofotni tan olaman va Billi echkilarining ham, zencilarning ham hidini yoqtirishni o'rgana olmayman".[34] Ammo 1861 yil noyabr oyida u xotiniga: "Agar men muvaffaqiyatli bo'lsa, o'sha qashshoq qora tanlilarning ahvolini yaxshilashga majbur qilish uchun qilichimni taroziga tashlayman" deb yozgan. Keyinchalik u tinchlik shartlarini tuzish uning o'rnida bo'lganida, u har qanday kelishuvning bir qismi sifatida qullar va xo'jayinlarning huquqlarini himoya qilib, asta-sekin ozod qilishni talab qilgan bo'lar edi. Ammo u Radikal respublikachilarga qarshi ekanligini yashirmadi. U Ellenga: "Men bekor qiluvchilar uchun kurashmayman", dedi. Bu uni oppozitsiya partiyasining siyosatini amalga oshirishga harakat qilyapman deb hisoblagan ma'muriyat rasmiylari bilan oppozitsiya qildi.[37]

Makklelanning urush strategiyasining bevosita muammosi shundaki, u Konfederatlar unga juda ko'p sonlar bilan hujum qilishga tayyor ekanligiga ishonch hosil qilgan edi. 8 avgust kuni Konfederatsiya unga qarshi 100 mingdan ortiq qo'shin borligiga ishonib (ular bir necha hafta oldin Bull Run-da joylashtirilgan 35 mingdan farqli o'laroq), u poytaxtda favqulodda holat e'lon qildi. 19 avgustga qadar u o'zining jabhasida 150 mingta isyonchi askarni taxmin qildi. Makklelanning keyingi kampaniyalariga uning maxfiy xizmat boshlig'i, detektivining haddan tashqari ko'paygan dushman kuchlari bashoratlari kuchli ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Allan Pinkerton, ammo 1861 yil avgustda bu taxminlar butunlay Makklelanga tegishli edi. Natijada Makklelan armiyasining tashabbusini bekor qilgan va hukumatni xafa qilgan juda ehtiyotkorlik darajasi bo'lgan. Tarixchi va biograf Stiven V. Sears Makklelanning xatti-harakatlari Makklelan u qadar o'ylagandek ustun bo'lgan qo'mondon uchun "mohiyatan yaxshi" bo'lar edi, ammo aslida Makklelan 1861 va 1862 yillarda unga qarshi chiqqan qo'shinlar oldida ikkitadan kam ustunlikka ega edi. Masalan, o'sha kuzda Konfederatsiya kuchlari 35000 dan 60000 gacha bo'lgan, Potomak armiyasi esa sentyabrda 122000 kishidan iborat edi; 170000 yil dekabr boshida; yil oxiriga kelib, 192,000.[38] Konfederatsiya deklaratsiyasi 1861 yil dekabr oyida topilgan Rasmiy yozuv, Ser 4: Vol 1, Virjiniya shtatida mavjud bo'lmagan va mavjud bo'lmagan Konfederativ agregatlarni joylashtiring 133.876 erkaklar. Bu Makklelanning taxminlarini ilgari o'ylanganidan sezilarli darajada yaqinlashtiradi.

Skott bilan tortishuv tobora shaxsiy bo'lib qoldi. Skott (shuningdek, urush departamentidagi ko'pchilik) Makklelanning strategik rejalashtirish to'g'risidagi tafsilotlarini, hattoki uning bo'linmalarining kuchli va moyilligi kabi asosiy ma'lumotlarni oshkor qilishdan bosh tortganidan g'azablandi. Makklelan ma'muriyatda hech kimga o'z rejalarini matbuotdan maxfiy tutish va shu tariqa dushmanga ishonish mumkin emasligini aytdi. Potomak daryosidagi mudofaa kuchlari to'g'risida kelishmovchiliklar paytida Makklellan 10 avgust kuni xotiniga shunday deb yozgan edi: "Genl Skot katta to'siq - u xavfni tushunmaydi va u xoin, yoki qobiliyatsiz. Men majburman unga qarshi mening yo'lim bilan kurash. "[39] Skott yosh generaldan shu qadar hafsalasi pir bo'ldiki, iste'foga chiqishni prezident Linkolnga taklif qildi, u dastlab uni qabul qilishni rad etdi. Makklellan iste'foga chiqishi yoki harbiy to'ntarishni boshlashi mumkin degan mish-mishlar poytaxt bo'ylab sayohat qildi, agar Skott olib tashlanmasa. Linkolnning Vazirlar Mahkamasi 18 oktyabrda yig'ilib, Skottning "sog'lig'i sababli" iste'fosini qabul qilishga rozi bo'ldi.[40]

Biroq, keyinchalik shakllangan Potomak armiyasi yuqori ma'naviyatga ega edi va ularning generali bilan nihoyatda faxrlanar edi, ba'zilari hatto Makklelanni Vashingtonning xaloskori deb atashgan. Keyinchalik, armiyaning ruhiy holati kamida ikki marta qulashining oldini oldi Birinchidan va Ikkinchi Bull Run janglari. Ko'pgina tarixchilar uning bu jihatdan iste'dodli ekanligini ta'kidlaydilar.

Bosh general

"Quaker qurollari "(zambaraklar taqlid qilish uchun hiyla-nayrang sifatida ishlatilgan jurnallar) da sobiq Konfederatsiya istehkomlarida Manassas birlashmasi

1861 yil 1-noyabrda, Uinfild Skott iste'fodagi va Makklelan barcha Ittifoq armiyalarining boshlig'i bo'ldi. Prezident armiya qo'mondoni va bosh generalning ikki tomonlama roli bilan bog'liq bo'lgan "ulkan mehnat" haqida tashvish bildirdi, ammo Makklelan "Men hammasini qila olaman" deb javob berdi.[40]

Linkoln, shuningdek boshqa shimoliy shtatlarning boshqa rahbarlari va fuqarolari, Makklelanning Konfederatsiya kuchlariga hujum qilishda hali ham Vashington yaqinida sustlashayotganidan tobora toqat qilmaydilar. Kichik yoshdagi ittifoq mag'lub bo'ldi Ballning Bluff jangi yaqin Lissburg oktyabr oyida umidsizlikni kuchaytirdi va bilvosita zarar etkazdi Makklelan. Dekabr oyida Kongress a Urushni o'tkazish bo'yicha qo'shma qo'mita, bu urush davomida ko'plab generallarning tikaniga aylanib, ularni qobiliyatsizligi va ba'zi hollarda xiyonat qilishda aybladi. Makklelan 23-dekabr kuni birinchi guvoh sifatida chaqirilgan, ammo u shartnoma tuzgan tifo isitmasi va qatnasha olmadi. Buning o'rniga, uning bo'ysunuvchi zobitlari guvohlik berishdi va ularning Konfederatlarga qarshi harakat qilishning aniq strategiyalaridan bexabar ekanliklarini ochiqchasiga tan olishlari Makklelanni ishdan bo'shatish uchun ko'plab chaqiriqlarni keltirib chiqardi.[41]

Makklellan o'z qo'mondoniga haqoratli bo'ysundirish bilan uning obro'siga yanada putur etkazdi. U urushdan oldin Illinoys shtatining advokati sifatida tanish bo'lgan Linkolnni "yaxshi niyatli babun", "gorilla" va "hech qachon uning yuqori lavozimiga loyiq emas" deb atagan. .[42] 13-noyabr kuni u Makklelanning uyiga tashrif buyurish uchun kelgan prezidentni 30 daqiqa kutib turishga majbur qildi, faqat general uxlab qolgani va uni qabul qila olmasligini aytdi.[43]

10 yanvar kuni Linkoln eng yaxshi generallar bilan uchrashdi (Makklelan ishtirok etmadi) va ularga hujum rejasini tuzishga ko'rsatma berib, general Makklelan bilan g'azablanishini quyidagi so'zlar bilan bildirdi: "Agar general Makklelan armiyadan foydalanishni istamasa, men bir muddat qarz olishni yoqtiradi. "[44] 1862 yil 12-yanvarda Makklelan Oq uyga chaqirildi, u erda Vazirlar Mahkamasi uning urush rejalarini tinglashni talab qildi. U birinchi marta Potomak armiyasini kemaga olib borish niyatini ochib berdi Urbanna, Virjiniya, ustida Rappahannock daryosi, Vashington yaqinidagi Konfederatsiya kuchlari oldida va Richmondni egallash uchun quruqlikdan 80 km uzoqlikda harakatlanmoqda. U taklif qilingan kampaniyaning aniq tafsilotlarini, hatto yangi tayinlangan do'stiga ham berishdan bosh tortdi Urush kotibi Edvin M. Stanton. 27 yanvarda Linkoln barcha qo'shinlaridan 22 fevralga qadar hujum operatsiyalarini boshlashlarini talab qiladigan buyruq chiqardi. Vashingtonning tug'ilgan kuni. 31 yanvarda u Potomak armiyasining Konfederatlarga hujum qilish uchun quruqlik bo'ylab harakatlanishi to'g'risida qo'shimcha buyruq chiqardi. Manassas birlashmasi va Sentervil. Makklelan darhol prezidentning rejasiga batafsil e'tiroz bildirgan va uning Urbanna rejasini himoya qilgan 22 betlik xat bilan javob qaytardi, bu reja tafsilotlari prezidentga taqdim etilgan birinchi yozma instansiya edi. Linkoln uning rejasi ustun ekaniga ishongan bo'lsa-da, u nihoyat Makklelanning harakatni boshlashga rozi bo'lganidan ko'ngli tinchib, istamay ma'qulladi. 8 martda MakKellanning qaroriga shubha qilib, Linkoln yana armiya qo'mondonining imtiyozlariga aralashdi. U qo'ng'iroq qildi urush kengashi Makklellanning bo'ysunuvchilaridan Urbanna rejasiga ishonchlari haqida so'ralgan Oq uyda. Ular turli darajada ishonch bildirishdi. Uchrashuvdan keyin Linkoln yana bir buyruq chiqarib, korpus komandirlari sifatida Makklellanga hisobot berish uchun maxsus zobitlarni nomladi (u o'zining bo'linma qo'mondonlarining jangovar samaradorligini baholashdan oldin buni qilishni xohlamagan edi, garchi bu uning o'n ikkita bo'linmani bevosita boshqarishini anglatgan bo'lsa ham) maydonda).[45]

Makklelan o'z rejalarini amalga oshirishdan oldin yana ikkita inqirozga duch keladi. General boshchiligidagi Konfederatsiya kuchlari Jozef E. Jonston Urbanna strategiyasini butunlay bekor qilgan Rappaxannokning janubidagi yangi pozitsiyalarni egallab, Vashington oldidagi pozitsiyalaridan voz kechdi. Makklelan o'z qo'shinlarini tushirish rejalarini qayta ko'rib chiqdi Monro Fort, Virjiniya, va yuqoriga ko'taring Virjiniya yarim oroli deb nomlanuvchi operatsiya Richmondga Yarim orol kampaniyasi. Biroq, Makklellan matbuotda va Kongressda Jonsonning kuchlari nafaqat ko'zga tashlanmayotgani, balki bir necha oy davomida ittifoq armiyasini qora rangga bo'yalgan loglar bilan aldab, zambaraklar ko'rinishida laqabli deb topilganini tan oldi. Quaker qurollari. Kongressning qo'shma qo'mitasi tark etilgan Konfederatsiya saflariga tashrif buyurdi va radikal respublikachilar Makklelanni ishdan bo'shatishni talab qiladigan rezolyutsiya kiritdilar, ammo parlament manevrasi bilan u tor-mor keltirildi.[46] Ikkinchi inqiroz Konfederatsiyaning paydo bo'lishi edi temir temir CSS Virjiniya, bu Vashingtonni vahima ichiga tashladi va dengizni qo'llab-quvvatlash operatsiyalarini amalga oshirdi Jeyms daryosi muammoli ko'rinadi.

1862 yil 11 martda Linkoln Makklelanni general-bosh lavozimidan olib tashladi va uni faqatgina Potomak armiyasiga qo'mondon qilib qo'ydi, go'yo Makklellan butun diqqatini Richmondga borishga bag'ishlashi mumkin edi. Linkolnning buyrug'i muvaffaqiyatli kampaniyadan so'ng Makklelanni qayta tiklash mumkinligi to'g'risida noaniq edi. Aslida, general-bosh lavozim bajarilmasdan qoldi. Linkoln, Stanton va "Urush kengashi" ni tuzgan bir guruh ofitserlar o'sha bahorda Ittifoq armiyalarining strategik harakatlariga rahbarlik qildilar. Garchi Makklelanni Linkolnning unga bergan ijobiy fikrlari tinchlantirgan bo'lsa-da, vaqt o'tishi bilan u buyruq o'zgarishini boshqacha ko'rib, buni "yaqinlashib kelayotgan kampaniyaning muvaffaqiyatsizligini ta'minlash" fitnasining bir qismi sifatida baholadi.[47]

Yarim orol kampaniyasi

Etti qarag'ay jangi
  Konfederatsiya
  Ittifoq
Etti kunlik janglar, 1862 yil 25 iyun - 1 iyul

MakKellan armiyasi suzishni boshladi Iskandariya 17 mart kuni bu armada bo'lib, u avvalgi barcha Amerika ekspeditsiyalarini mitti qilib, 121,500 kishini, 44 ta artilleriya batareyalarini, 1150 ta vagonlarni, 15000 dan ortiq otlarni va bir necha tonna asbob-uskuna va materiallarni tashiydi. Ingliz kuzatuvchisi bu "ulkan qadam" ekanligini ta'kidladi.[48] Qo'shinning oldinga siljishi Monro Fort yuqoriga Virjiniya yarim oroli sekinligini isbotladi. Makklelanning tezkor egallash rejasi Yorqtaun Vashingtonni himoya qilish uchun Potomak armiyasidan 1-chi korpusni olib tashlash bilan to'sqinlik qildi. Makklelan qo'lga olish uchun 1-korpusdan foydalanishga umid qilgan edi Glochester punkti va shu tariqa Konfederatsiya pozitsiyasini oldinga surib qo'ying. U Konfederatlar yarim orol bo'ylab chiziqni mustahkamlaganini bilgach, u hujum qilishga ikkilanib qoldi. Svinton ta'kidlaganidek "Ammo, bu mumkin va shu bilan birga ko'plab dalillar mavjud - general Makklelan Yorktaundan oldingi oyning boshlarida buni hatto McDowell korpusisiz ham xayolida edi Yorkning shimoliy tomonida keskin burilish harakatini amalga oshiring, bu holda u hech qanday hujum qilmaslik rejasi yo'nalishi bilan emas, balki raqibi o'z kuchlarini yarim orolda to'plashi kerak edi. Ikki fikr o'rtasida to'xtab qolish, natijada u burilish harakatidan voz kechgach, unga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri hujum qilish juda kech bo'lib qoldi. " Makklelan bosh muhandisining fikrini so'radi Jon G. Barnard, kim hujumga qarshi tavsiya qildi. Bu unga shaharni qamal qilish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilishga sabab bo'ldi, bu esa katta tayyorgarlikni talab qildi.

Makklelan Konfederatlarga ikki yoki uch baravar ko'p bo'lgan odamlarni ishonib topshirgan razvedka ma'lumotlariga ishonishda davom etdi. Kampaniyaning boshida Konfederat general Jon B. "Shahzoda Jon" Magruder Yarimorolni juda kichik kuch bilan Makklelan oldinga siljishiga qarshi himoya qildi. U saf ortida ko'plab qo'shinlar va undan ham ko'proq qo'shinlar kelishi haqida noto'g'ri taassurot qoldirdi. U buni amalga oshirdi kichik guruhlar, ular shovqin va shov-shuv bilan birga uzoqdan kuzatilishi mumkin bo'lgan yoki shunchaki ko'rinmaydigan joylardan bir necha bor o'tib.[49] Shu vaqt ichida general Jonston Magruderni qo'shimcha kuch bilan ta'minlay oldi, ammo shunda ham Makklelan unga qarshi bo'lganiga qaraganda ancha kam qo'shin bor edi.

Bir oylik tayyorgarlikdan so'ng, Yorktaundagi Konfederatsiya ishlariga hujum qilishdan oldin, Makklellan Jonston yarim orolni olib chiqib ketganligini bildi Uilyamsburg. Shunday qilib, Makklellan Yorktaun oldida ehtiyotkorlik bilan to'plangan og'ir artilleriyadan hech qanday foyda ko'rmasdan ta'qib qilishni talab qildi. The Uilyamsburg jangi 5 may kuni Ittifoqning g'alabasi deb hisoblanadi - Makklelanning birinchi g'alabasi - ammo Konfederatsiya armiyasi vayron qilinmadi va ularning ko'pchilik qismi Vilyamsburg yonidan Richmondning tashqi mudofaasiga muvaffaqiyatli o'tib, jang olib borilayotganda va undan keyin bir necha kun o'tdi.[50]

Makklelan shuningdek, Richmondga dengiz orqali bir vaqtning o'zida yaqinlashishiga umid bog'lagan edi Jeyms daryosi. Ushbu yondashuv Union dengiz flotining mag'lubiyatidan so'ng muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi Dryuining Bluff jangi, 15 may kuni Konfederatsiya poytaxtidan 11 milya narida (milya) 11 milya masofada, artilleriyani daryoning burilishidan yuqori strategik portlashda ushlab turish va daryoning o'zida o'tib bo'lmaydigan to'siqlarni yaratish uchun qayiqlarni cho'ktirish, Konfederatlar samarali Richmondga bo'lgan ushbu potentsial yondashuvni to'sib qo'ydi.[51]

Makklelanning armiyasi keyingi uch hafta davomida Richmond tomon harakatlanib, undan 6 milya uzoqlikda joylashgan. U ta'minot bazasini yaratdi Pamunkey daryosi (ning navigatsiya qilinadigan irmog'i York daryosi ) da Oq uyga tushish qaerda Richmond va York daryosi temir yo'li Richmondgacha etib bordi va buyruq berdi temir yo'l, tashish parovozlar va barja orqali saytga harakatlanadigan tarkib.[52]

31-may kuni Makklellan hujum qilishni rejalashtirar ekan, uning armiyasi Konfederatsiya hujumidan hayratda qoldi. Jonston, Ittifoq armiyasi yomg'irdan shishib, ikkiga bo'linganini ko'rdi Chikaxomini daryosi va umid qildim batafsil uni mag'lub da Etti qarag'ay va Fair Oaks. Makklellan bezgak isitmasi takrorlanganligi sababli armiyani shaxsan boshqara olmadi, ammo uning bo'ysunuvchilari hujumlarni qaytarishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Shunga qaramay, Makklellan Vashingtondan qarshi hujum qilmagani uchun tanqid oldi, ba'zilar buni Richmond shahrini qo'lga kiritish uchun ochishi mumkin edi. Jonson jangda yaralangan va general Robert E. Li qo'mondonlikni o'z zimmasiga olgan Shimoliy Virjiniya armiyasi. Makklelan keyingi uch hafta davomida o'z qo'shinlarini qayta joylashtirib, va'da qilingan yordamni kutib turdi. Li aytganidek, Makklelan Konfederatsiya armiyasini ittifoq kuchlari bilan kuchsiz kurashga berkitadigan "bu postlar jangi" ni amalga oshirmoqchi edi.

Iyun oyining oxirida Li bir qator hujumlarni boshladi, ular "deb nomlandi Yetti kunlik janglar. Birinchi yirik jang Mechanicsville, Li va uning bo'ysunuvchilari tomonidan yomon muvofiqlashtirildi va juda kam taktik yutuq uchun katta yo'qotishlarga olib keldi. Ammo jang Makklelanning asabiga sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatdi. General-mayorning kutilmagan ko'rinishi. Stounuoll Jekson jangda ularning qo'shinlari (oxirgi marta ular millar uzoqlikda bo'lganligi haqida xabar berilganida Shenandoax vodiysi ) Makklelanni uning o'ylagandan ham ko'proq ekanligiga ishontirdi. U Vashingtonga 200 mingta Konfederatlar bilan yuzma-yuz kelganligi haqida xabar bergan, ehtimol boshqa bir Konfederatsiya armiyasining kelishi haqida yolg'on xabar tufayli P.G.T. Beuregard. Makklelan aslida duch kelgan erkaklar soni turlicha, Jozef Xarsh esa Tide ko'tarilish konfederatsiyasi Makklellan boshchiligidagi 105.857 bilan solishtirganda Li armiyasini 112.220 kishiga joylashtirdi.

Federal kuchlar Geynes tegirmonidagi jang, tomonidan chizilgan Alfred R. Vod va nashr etilgan Harper haftaligi, 1862 yil 26-iyul

Li hujumini davom ettirdi Geynes tegirmoni sharqda. O'sha kuni kechqurun Makklellan o'z armiyasini Jeyms daryosining Ittifoq dengiz kuchlari nazorati ostida bo'lgan qismida joylashgan Richmonddan ancha pastroq xavfsizroq bazaga olib chiqishga qaror qildi. Shunday qilib, Li Uyushma armiyasi sharqda mavjud ta'minot bazasiga qarab chiqib ketadi va Makklelanning janubga ko'chishi Li javobini kamida 24 soatga kechiktirdi.[53] Ethan Rafuse "Makklelanning bazasini Jeymsga almashtirishini, ammo Lining bu boradagi urinishlariga to'sqinlik qildi. Makklelanning qarori nafaqat federallarga iyun oyi oxiri va iyul oyi boshlarida bo'lib o'tgan janglar uchun vaqt va joy ustidan nazoratni olishga imkon berdi. bu ularga Konfederatsiya armiyasiga dahshatli kaltak etkazadigan tarzda kurashishga imkon berdi .... Eng muhimi, etti kunlik janglar oxirida Makklellan o'zining operatsion holatini keskin yaxshilab oldi. "[54]

But McClellan was also tacitly acknowledging that he would no longer be able to sarmoya kiritish Richmond, the object of his campaign; the heavy siege artillery required would be almost impossible to transport without the railroad connections available from his original supply base on the York River. Ga telegrammada Urush kotibi Edvin Stanton, reporting on these events, McClellan blamed the Lincoln administration for his reversals. "If I save this army now, I tell you plainly I owe no thanks to you or to any other persons in Washington. You have done your best to sacrifice this army."[55] Fortunately for McClellan, Lincoln never saw that inflammatory statement (at least at that time) because it was censored by the War Department telegrapher.

Wounded men after the Vahshiylar stantsiyasining jangi, lardan biri Yetti kunlik janglar

McClellan was also fortunate that the failure of the campaign left his army mostly intact, because he was generally absent from the fighting and neglected to name any second-in-command who might direct his retreat.[56] Harbiy tarixchi Stiven V. Sears wrote, "When he deserted his army on the Glendeyl va Malvern tepaligi battlefields during the Seven Days, he was guilty of vazifani bekor qilish. Had the Army of the Potomac been wrecked on either of these fields (at Glendale the possibility had been real), that charge under the Articles of War would likely have been brought against him."[57] In the battle of Glendale, McClellan was five miles (8 km) away behind Malvern Hill, without telegraph communications and too distant to command his army. In the battle of Malvern Hill, he was on a gunboat, the USSGalena, which at one point was ten miles (16 km) away, down the James River.[58] In both battles, effective command of the army fell to his friend and V korpus komandiri general Fitz Jon Porter. When the public heard about the Galena, it was yet another great embarrassment, comparable to the Quaker Guns at Manassas. Editorial cartoons published in the course of the 1864 yilgi prezidentlik kampaniyasi lampooned McClellan for having preferred the safety of a ship while a battle was fought in the distance.[59]

McClellan was reunited with his army at Harrison's Landing on the James. Debates were held as to whether the army should be evacuated or attempt to resume an offensive toward Richmond. McClellan maintained his estrangement from Abraham Lincoln with his repeated call for reinforcements and by writing a lengthy letter in which he proposed strategic and political guidance for the war, continuing his opposition to abolition or seizure of slaves as a tactic. He concluded by implying he should be restored as general-in-chief, but Lincoln responded by naming Maj. Gen. Genri V. Xallek to the post without consulting, or even informing, McClellan.[60] Lincoln and Stanton also offered command of the Army of the Potomac to Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside, who refused the appointment.[61]

Back in Washington, a reorganization of units created the Virjiniya armiyasi general-mayor Jon Papa, who was directed to advance toward Richmond from the northeast. McClellan, not wishing to abandon his campaign, delayed the return of the Army of the Potomac from the Peninsula enough so that the reinforcements arrived while the northern Virginia campaign allaqachon boshlangan edi. The Fifth Corps under Porter from the Army of the Potomac would serve with Pope during the campaign. A frustrated McClellan wrote to his wife before the battle, "Pope will be thrashed ... & be disposed of [by Lee]. ... Such a villain as he is ought to bring defeat upon any cause that employs him."[62] Lee had gambled on removing significant units from the Peninsula to attack Pope, who was beaten decisively at Ikkinchi Bull Run avgust oyida.

Merilend kampaniyasi

McClellan riding through Frederik, Merilend, September 12, 1862 (From Frank Leslining "Illustrated" gazetasi )
Maryland campaign, actions September 3–15, 1862

After the defeat of Pope at Second Bull Run, President Lincoln reluctantly returned to the man who had mended a broken army before. He realized that McClellan was a strong organizer and a skilled trainer of troops, able to recombine the units of Pope's army with the Army of the Potomac faster than anyone. On September 2, 1862, Lincoln named McClellan to command "the fortifications of Washington, and all the troops for the defense of the capital". The appointment was controversial in the Cabinet, a majority of whom signed a petition declaring to the president "our deliberate opinion that, at this time, it is not safe to entrust to Major General McClellan the command of any Army of the United States".[63] The president admitted that it was like "curing the bite with the hair of the dog". But Lincoln told his secretary, John Hay, "We must use what tools we have. There is no man in the Army who can man these fortifications and lick these troops of ours into shape half as well as he. If he can't fight himself, he excels in making others ready to fight."[64]

Northern fears of a continued offensive by Robert E. Lee were realized when he launched his Merilend kampaniyasi on September 4, hoping to arouse pro-Southern sympathy in the slave state of Merilend. McClellan's pursuit began on September 5. He marched toward Maryland with six of his reorganized corps. Numbers vary as to the size of McClellan's force with its paper strength at 87,164, Steven R. Stotelmyer in Too Useful to Sacrifice places it about 60,000 men noting that the 87,000 number includes non-combat soldiers and units not immediately available. McClellan would leave two corps behind to defend Washington.[64] McClellan's reception in Frederik, Merilend, as he marched towards Lee's army, was described by the correspondent for Harper jurnali:

The General rode through the town on a trot, and the street was filled six or eight deep with his staff and guard riding on behind him. The General had his head uncovered, and received gracefully the salutations of the people. Old ladies and men wept for joy, and scores of beautiful ladies waved flags from the balconies of houses upon the street, and their joyousness seemed to overcome every other emotion. When the General came to the corner of the principal street the ladies thronged around him. Bouquets, beautiful and fragrant, in great numbers were thrown at him, and the ladies crowded around him with the warmest good wishes, and many of them were entirely overcome with emotion. I have never witnessed such a scene. The General took the gentle hands which were offered to him with many a kind and pleasing remark, and heard and answered the many remarks and compliments with which the people accosted him. It was a scene which no one could forget—an event of a lifetime.[65]

Lee divided his forces into multiple columns, spread apart widely as he moved into Maryland and also maneuvered to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. This was a risky move for a smaller army, but Lee was counting on his knowledge of McClellan's temperament. He told one of his generals, "He is an able general but a very cautious one. His army is in a very demoralized and chaotic condition, and will not be prepared for offensive operations—or he will not think it so—for three or four weeks. Before that time I hope to be on the Susquehanna."[66] Lee's assessment proved to be inaccurate as McClellan reacted quickly, with the Confederate leader remarking that McClellan was "advancing more rapidly than was convenient." Many classic histories have portrayed McClellan's army was moving lethargically, averaging only 6 miles (9.7 km) a day.[67] However, as noted by Stotelmyer this number comes from Halleck and does not match the primary source data. Numerous regimental histories from the period recall movements more than double the reported six miles.

Meanwhile, Union soldiers accidentally found a copy of Lee's orders dividing his army, wrapped around a package of cigars in an abandoned camp. They delivered the order to McClellan's headquarters in Frederick on September 13. Upon realizing the intelligence value of this discovery, McClellan threw up his arms and exclaimed, "Now I know what to do!" He waved the order at his old Army friend, Brig. General Jon Gibbon, and said, "Here is a paper with which if I cannot whip Bobbie Lee, I will be willing to go home." He telegraphed President Lincoln: "I have the whole rebel force in front of me, but I am confident, and no time shall be lost. I think Lee has made a gross mistake, and that he will be severely punished for it. I have all the plans of the rebels, and will catch them in their own trap if my men are equal to the emergency. ... Will send you trophies."[68]

Janubiy tog 'jangi

Janubiy tog 'jangi

Despite this initial show of bravado, McClellan soon became faced with the fact that Lee's order was now obsolete, missing the first two sections and was not clear on troop numbers. Despite its acclaim by many historians, the order gave McClellan little he did not already know. McClellan within hours of receiving the order dispatched his cavalry to assess its accuracy. By 6:20 he was issuing his orders for the following day. Some have inaccurately claimed McClellan delayed by some 18 hours before reacting. This, however, is easily disproven by the fact that his army was in motion all day on the 13th due to orders McClellan issued the previous day. It was McClellan's practice to write his orders the night before.

McClellan ordered his units to set out for the South Mountain passes and was able to punch through the defended passes that separated them from Lee. The stubborn Confederate defenses gave Lee enough time to concentrate many of his men at Sharpsburg, Merilend. As noted by historians such as Stotelmyer the significance of the Union victory at South Mountain should not be underestimated. It ruined Lee's plans to invade Pennsylvania and took the initiative away from the Confederate commander. The Battle of South Mountain also presented McClellan with an opportunity for one of the great theatrical moments of his career, as historian Sears describes:

The mountain ahead was wreathed in smoke eddies of battle smoke in which the gun flashes shone like brief hot sparks. The opposing battle lines on the heights were marked by heavier layers of smoke, and columns of Federal troops were visible winding their way up the mountainside, each column ... looking like a 'monstrous, crawling, blue-black snake' ... McClellan posed against this spectacular backdrop, sitting motionless astride his warhorse Dan Webster with his arm extended, pointing Hooker's passing troops toward the battle. The men cheered him until they were hoarse ... and some broke ranks to swarm around the martial figure and indulge in the 'most extravagant demonstrations'.[69]

The Union army reached Antietam Creek, to the east of Sharpsburg, on the evening of September 15. A planned attack on September 16 was put off because of early morning fog, allowing Lee to prepare his defenses with an army less than half the size of McClellan's.[70]

Antietam jangi

Overview of the Battle of Antietam
Lincoln with McClellan and staff after the Battle of Antietam. Notable figures (from left) are 5. Aleksandr S. Uebb, Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. Dr. Jonathan Letterman; 10. Lincoln; 11. Genri J. Xant; 12. Fitz Jon Porter; 15. Endryu A. Hamfreyz; 16. Capt. Jorj Armstrong Kuster

The Antietam jangi on September 17, 1862, was the single bloodiest day in American military history. McClellan developed a complex battle plan to defeat Lee's army, as Ethan Rafuse in McClellan's War outlines "It was an excellent tactical plan that took advantage of the merits of attacks on both the left and the right, ensured that McClellan had the ability to control his army and the flexibility to respond to events and cover all contingencies." The outnumbered Confederate forces however fought desperately and well. Lee was able to shift his defenders to parry each of three Union thrusts, launched separately and sequentially against the Confederate left, center, and finally the right. Union efforts were also frustrated by the wounding of two corps commanders and difficult terrain. Some classic historians such as Jeyms M. Makferson have criticized McClellan for keeping two corps in reserve during the battle.[71] Stotelmyer, however, believes that McClellan's reserve pool was far smaller than previously thought. Further, he states that the two corps in question were not in reserve per existing doctrine as they were manning portions of the line. He additionally notes that McClellan did not display his famed caution at the battle, as he attacked an enemy he believed outnumbered him on high ground.

Lincoln in McClellan's tent after the Battle of Antietam

The battle was tactically inconclusive, with the Union suffering a higher overall number of casualties, although Lee technically was defeated because he withdrew first from the battlefield and retreated back to Virginia, and lost a larger percentage of his army than McClellan did. McClellan wired to Washington, "Our victory was complete. The enemy is driven back into Virginia." Yet there was obvious disappointment that McClellan had not crushed Lee, who was fighting with a smaller army with its back to the Potomac River. Although McClellan's subordinates can claim their share of responsibility for delays (such as Ambrose Burnside 's misadventures at Burnside Bridge) and blunders (Edvin V. Sumner 's attack without reconnaissance), these were localized problems from which the full army could have recovered. Historians have faulted McClellan for accepting the cautious advice about saving his reserves, such as when a significant breakthrough in the center of the Confederate line could have been exploited, but Fitz Jon Porter is said to have told McClellan, "Remember, General, I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic."[72] However, the veracity of this supposed statement is in doubt. Porter in the post-war period never claimed to have made the statement and it also fails to note the several Union corps at that time defending Washington.

Despite being a tactical draw, Antietam is considered a burilish nuqtasi of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee's strategic campaign (his first invasion of the North) and it allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emansipatsiya to'g'risidagi e'lon on September 22, taking effect on January 1, 1863. Although Lincoln had intended to issue the proclamation earlier, he was advised by his Cabinet to wait until a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation. The Union victory and Lincoln's proclamation played a considerable role in dissuading the governments of Frantsiya va Britaniya from recognizing the Confederacy; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat.[73] McClellan had no prior knowledge that the plans for emancipation rested on his battle performance.

Lincoln ordered McClellan's removal from command on November 5, 1862. Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside assumed command of the Army of the Potomac on November 9, 1862.[74] McClellan wrote to his wife, "Those in whose judgment I rely tell me that I fought the battle splendidly and that it was a masterpiece of art. ... I feel I have done all that can be asked in twice saving the country. ... I feel some little pride in having, with a beaten & demoralized army, defeated Lee so utterly. ... Well, one of these days history will I trust do me justice."[75]

1864 Presidential election

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: 1864 yil AQShda prezident saylovi
Makklelanga qarshi plakat Harper haftaligi, tomonidan chizilgan Tomas Nast, showing rioters assaulting children, slave-catchers chasing runaway slaves, and a woman being sold at a slave auction
Currier va Ives print of the McClellan–Pendleton Democratic presidential party ticket, 1864. Lithograph with watercolor.

Secretary Stanton ordered McClellan to report to Trenton, Nyu-Jersi, for further orders, although none were issued. As the war progressed, there were various calls to return McClellan to an important command, following the Union defeats at Frederiksburg va Kanslervill, as Robert E. Lee moved north at the start of the Gettisburg kampaniyasi va kabi Jubal erta threatened Washington in 1864. When Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief, he discussed returning McClellan to an unspecified position. But all of these opportunities were impossible, given the opposition within the administration and the knowledge that McClellan posed a potential political threat. McClellan worked for months on a lengthy report describing his two major campaigns and his successes in organizing the Army, replying to his critics and justifying his actions by accusing the administration of undercutting him and denying him necessary reinforcements. The War Department was reluctant to publish his report because, just after completing it in October 1863, McClellan openly declared his entrance to the political stage as a Democrat.[76]

Cartoon of McClellan used by his political opponents in 1864 presidential campaign

McClellan was nominated by the Demokratlar to run against Avraam Linkoln ichida 1864 yil AQShda prezident saylovi. Misolidan kelib chiqib Uinfild Skott, he ran as a U.S. Army general still on active duty; he did not resign his commission until election day, November 8, 1864. McClellan supported continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but not the abolition of slavery, although the party platform, written by Mis boshi rahbar Klement Vallandigham of Ohio, was opposed to that position. The platform called for an immediate cessation of hostilities and a negotiated settlement with the Confederacy. McClellan was forced to repudiate the platform, which made his campaign inconsistent and difficult. He also was not helped by the party's choice for vice president, Jorj H. Pendlton, a peace candidate from Ohio.[77]

The deep division in the party, the unity of the Respublikachilar (running under the label "National Union Party"), the absence of a large portion of the Democrats' base (the South) from the voter pool, and the military successes by Union forces in the fall of 1864, doomed McClellan's candidacy. Lincoln won the election handily, with 212 Saylov kolleji votes to 21, and a popular vote of 2,218,388 to 1,812,807 or 55% to 45%.[78] For all his popularity with the troops, McClellan failed to secure their support and the military vote went to Lincoln nearly 3–1. Lincoln's share of the vote in the Army of the Potomac was 70%.[79]

Postbellum yillari

At the conclusion of the war (1865) McClellan and his family went to Europe, not returning until 1868; in this period he did not participate in politics.[80] Prior to his return in September 1868, the Democratic Party had expressed some interest in nominating him for president again, but Ulysses S. Grant became the Republican candidate in May 1868, and this interest died.[81]McClellan worked on engineering projects in New York City and was offered the position of president of the newly formed Kaliforniya universiteti, u rad etdi.[82]

McClellan photographed by William S. Warren, circa 1880

McClellan was appointed chief engineer of the New York City Department of Docks in 1870. Beginning in 1872, he also served as the president of the Atlantika va Buyuk G'arbiy temir yo'l. He and his family then embarked on another three-year stay in Europe (1873–75).[83]

In March 1877 the Governor of New York, Lucius Robinson, nominated McClellan to serve as the first state Jamoat ishlari boshlig'i,[84] lekin Nyu-York shtati senati rejected him as "incompetent for the position".[85]

McClellan was a resident of West Orange, Nyu-Jersi in 1877 when the New Jersey Democratic Party nominated him for hokim, an action that took him by surprise because he had not expressed an interest in the position. He accepted the nomination, won the election, and served a single term from 1878 to 1881, a tenure marked by careful, conservative executive management and minimal political rancor. The concluding chapter of his political career was his strong support 1884 yilda uchun Grover Klivlend. He sought the position of Urush kotibi in Cleveland's cabinet, but Senator John R. McPherson, who had opposed McClellan for governor in 1877, succeeded in blocking his nomination.[86]

McClellan devoted his final years to traveling and writing; he produced his memoirs, McClellan's Own Story (published posthumously in 1887), in which he stridently defended his conduct during the war. He died unexpectedly of a heart attack at age 58 at apelsin, Nyu-Jersi, after suffering from chest pains for a few weeks. His final words, at 3 a.m., October 29, 1885, were, "I feel easy now. Thank you." U dafn qilindi Riverview qabristoni yilda Trenton.[87]

Oila

McClellan's son, Jorj B. Makklelan kichik (1865–1940), was born in Drezden ichida Saksoniya Qirolligi during the family's first trip to Europe. Known within the family as Max, he too became a politician, serving as a Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari vakili from New York State (1893–1903) and as Nyu-York meri 1904 yildan 1909 yilgacha.

McClellan's daughter, Mary ("May") (1861–1945), married a French diplomat and spent much of her life abroad.

McClellan's wife, Ellen, died in Qanchadan-qancha, Frantsiya in 1915 while visiting May at her home "Villa Antietam". Neither Max nor May had any children of their own.[88][89]

Meros

General-mayor Jorj B. Makklelan kuni Konnektikut xiyoboni Vashingtonda
McClellan statue in front of Philadelphia City Hall

Nyu-York Kechki post commented in McClellan's obituary, "Probably no soldier who did so little fighting has ever had his qualities as a commander so minutely, and we may add, so fiercely discussed."[90] This fierce discussion has continued for over a century. McClellan is usually ranked in the lowest tier of Civil War generals.[91] However, the debate over McClellan's ability and talents remains the subject of much controversy among Civil War and military historians.[92] He has been universally praised for his organizational abilities and for his very good relations with his troops.[91][92] They referred to him affectionately as "Little Mac";[93] others sometimes called him the "Young Napoleon".[92] McClellan himself summed up his style of warfare in a draft of his memoirs:

It has always been my opinion that the true course in conducting military operations, is to make no movement until the preparations are as complete as circumstances permit, & never to fight a battle without some definite object worth the probable loss.[94]

Stephen Sears notes that

There is indeed ample evidence that the terrible stresses of commanding men in battle, especially the beloved men of his beloved Army of the Potomac, left his moral courage in tatters. Under the pressure of his ultimate soldier's responsibility, the will to command deserted him. Glendale and Malvern Hill found him at the peak of his anguish during the Seven Days, and he fled those fields to escape the responsibility. At Antietam, where there was nowhere for him to flee to, he fell into a paralysis of indecision. Seen from a longer perspective, General McClellan could be both comfortable and successful performing as executive officer, and also, if somewhat less successfully, as grand strategist; as battlefield commander, however, he was simply in the wrong profession.[95]

One of the reasons that McClellan's reputation has suffered is his own memoirs. Tarixchi Allan Nevins wrote, "Students of history must always be grateful McClellan so frankly exposed his own weaknesses in this posthumous book."[96] Doris Kearns Gudvin claims that a review of his personal correspondence during the war reveals a tendency for self-aggrandizement and unwarranted self-congratulation.[97] His original draft was completed in 1881, but the only copy was destroyed by fire. He began to write another draft of what would be published posthumously, in 1887, as McClellan's Own Story. However, he died before it was half completed and his literary executor, William C. Prime, editor of the pro-McClellan New York Savdo jurnali, included excerpts from some 250 of McClellan's wartime letters to his wife, in which it had been his habit to reveal his innermost feelings and opinions in unbridled fashion.[98]

Robert E. Lee, on being asked (by his cousin, and recorded by his son) who was the ablest general on the Union side during the late war, replied emphatically: "McClellan, by all odds!"[99]

While McClellan's reputation has suffered over time, especially over the later half of the 20th century, there is a small but intense cadre of Civil War historians who believe that the general has been poorly served in at least four regards. First, McClellan proponents say that because the general was a conservative Democrat with great personal charisma, radical Republicans fearing his political potential deliberately undermined his field operations.[100] Second, that as the radical Republicans were the true winners coming out of the Civil War, they were able to write its history, placing their principal political rival of the time, McClellan, in the worst possible light.[101] Third, that historians eager to jump on the bandwagon of Lincoln as America's greatest political icon worked to outdo one another in shifting blame for early military failures from Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton to McClellan.[102] And fourth, that Lincoln and Stanton deliberately undermined McClellan because of his conciliatory stance towards the South, which might have resulted in a less destructive end to the war had Richmond fallen as a result of the Peninsula Campaign.[103] Proponents of this school claim that McClellan is criticized more for his admittedly abrasive personality than for his actual field performance.[104]

Several geographic features and establishments have been named for George B. McClellan. Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Fort-Makklelan yilda Alabama, McClellan Butte va McClellan Peak in the state of Washington, where he traveled while conducting the Pacific Railroad Survey in 1853, and a bronze otliq haykal honoring General McClellan in Washington, D.C. Another equestrian statue honors him in front of Filadelfiya shahar hokimligi, esa McClellan Gate da Arlington milliy qabristoni is dedicated to him and displays his name. McClellan Park in Milbridge, Men, was donated to the town by the general's son with the stipulation that it be named for the general.[105] Camp McClellan, in Davenport, IA, is a former Ittifoq armiyasi camp established in August 1861 after the outbreak of the Fuqarolar urushi. The camp was the training grounds for recruits and a hospital for the wounded. McClellan Fitness Center is a Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasi gym located at Eustis Fort, Virjiniya uning yonida Yarim orol kampaniyasi.[106]

The Nyu-York yong'in xizmati ishlagan a o't kemasi nomlangan Jorj B. Makklelan from 1904 to 1954.[107] While this vessel is sometimes said to be named after the General, it was actually named after his son, who was Nyu-York meri, when the vessel was launched.[108]

Saylov tarixi

1864 yil Demokratlarning milliy qurultoyi:[109]

1864 yil AQShda prezident saylovi

Nyu-Jersi gubernatorlik election, 1877:[110]

Daraja sanalari

BelgilarRankKomponentSana
Union armiyasi 2-lt darajadagi insignia.jpgBrevet 2nd LieutenantMuntazam armiya1846 yil 2-iyul
Union armiyasi 2-lt darajadagi insignia.jpg2-leytenantMuntazam armiya1847 yil 24-aprel
Ittifoq armiyasi 1-darajali darajadagi insignia.jpgBrevet 1st LieutenantMuntazam armiyaAugust 20, 1847
Birlik armiyasi cpt martabali insignia.jpgBrevet kapitaniMuntazam armiyaSeptember 13, 1847
Ittifoq armiyasi 1-darajali darajadagi insignia.jpg1-leytenantMuntazam armiya1853 yil 1-iyul
Birlik armiyasi cpt martabali insignia.jpgKapitanMuntazam armiyaMarch 4, 1855
Union arm maj maj gen rank insignia.jpgGeneral-mayorKo'ngillilarApril 23, 1861
Union arm maj maj gen rank insignia.jpgGeneral-mayorMuntazam armiyaMay 14, 1861

Tanlangan asarlar

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b v d Eicher, p. 371.
  2. ^ Uilson, Jeyms Grant, tahrir. (1888). "McClellan, Samuel". Appletonning Amerika biografiyasining tsiklopediyasi. 4.
  3. ^ Partial Genealogy of the McClellans, CLP Research
  4. ^ Rowland, Rahbarlar, p. 259.
  5. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 2-3 bet.
  6. ^ a b Kelley, Brent (2009). Famous Figures of the Civil War: George McClellan. Filadelfiya, Pensilvaniya: Chelsi uyining noshirlari. 11-13 betlar. ISBN  978-1-4381-0273-3 - orqali Google Books.
  7. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 3; Rafuse, 10, 27-28 betlar.
  8. ^ Rowland, Rahbarlar, p. 260; Rafuse, p. 36. McClellan's friend James Stuart was a South Carolinian killed skirmishing with Indians in 1851.
  9. ^ Rowland, Rahbarlar, p. 260.
  10. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 14-15 betlar.
  11. ^ Smith (2001) pp. 40, 41, 44
  12. ^ Smith (2001) pp. 50, 52
  13. ^ Rafuse, p. 43.
  14. ^ Rafuse, pp. 47–49; Rowland, Rahbarlar, pp. 260–61; Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 16-17 betlar.
  15. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 32-34 betlar.
  16. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 40-41 bet.
  17. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 61.
  18. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 43-44-betlar.
  19. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 46-49 betlar.
  20. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 56.
  21. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 59.
  22. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 63.
  23. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 66-69 betlar.
  24. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 72.
  25. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 75-76-betlar.
  26. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 79-80-betlar.
  27. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 89-91 betlar.
  28. ^ Beagle, p. 1274.
  29. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 93.
  30. ^ a b Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 95.
  31. ^ a b Sandburg, p. 62.
  32. ^ Beatie, p. 480. Eicher, pp. 372, 856.
  33. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 111.
  34. ^ a b Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 116.
  35. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 98-99 betlar.
  36. ^ McPherson, Tried by War, p. 122.
  37. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 116–17.
  38. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 101–04, 110.
  39. ^ Beatie, pp. 471–72.
  40. ^ a b McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 360.
  41. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 136-37 betlar.
  42. ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 364.
  43. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 132-33 betlar.
  44. ^ McPherson, Tried by War, p. 66.
  45. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 140–41, 149, 160.
  46. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 168-69 betlar.
  47. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 164–65.
  48. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 167-69 betlar.
  49. ^ Beyli, Forward to Richmond, p. 99.
  50. ^ Beyli, Forward to Richmond, pp. 107–13.
  51. ^ Beyli, Forward to Richmond, 128-29 betlar.
  52. ^ Sears, Geyts, 103-04 betlar.
  53. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 216.
  54. ^ Rafuse, p. 231
  55. ^ Beagle, p. 1275.
  56. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 217.
  57. ^ Sears, Qarama-qarshiliklar, p. 16.
  58. ^ Sears, Geyts, pp. 280, 309.
  59. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 221.
  60. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 227.
  61. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 235.
  62. ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 525.
  63. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 260.
  64. ^ a b Beyli, Bloodiest Day, p. 15.
  65. ^ Harper haftaligi, Saturday, October 4, 1862, p. 2018-04-02 121 2
  66. ^ Beyli, Bloodiest Day, p. 21.
  67. ^ Beyli, Bloodiest Day, p. 23.
  68. ^ Sears, Landshaft, p. 113.
  69. ^ Sears, The Young Napoleon, p. 289.
  70. ^ Beyli, Bloodiest Day, 61-64 betlar.
  71. ^ McPherson, Chorrahalar, 129-30 betlar.
  72. ^ Beyli, Bloodiest Day, p. 141.
  73. ^ McPherson, Chorrahalar, p. 155.
  74. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 238-41 betlar.
  75. ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 545.
  76. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 353-56 betlar.
  77. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 372–74; John Buescher, "Civil War Peace Offers Arxivlandi 2010-12-02 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi ", Teachinghistory.org, accessed September 2, 2011.
  78. ^ McPherson, Battle Cry, p. 805.
  79. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 385–86.
  80. ^ Sears, Qarama-qarshiliklar, p. 5.
  81. ^ Taqqoslang: Sears, Stiven V. (1988). George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (published 2014). p. 391. ISBN  978-0544391222. Initially there was interest among Democrats in running him for the presidency again in 1868, but his support dwindled after the Republicans nominated General Grant.
  82. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 388–92.
  83. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 393.
  84. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, March 16, 1877
  85. ^ Nyu-York Tayms, January 5, 1878.
  86. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, pp. 397–99.
  87. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, 400-01 bet.
  88. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 404.
  89. ^ Sears, Stiven V. (1988). George B. McClellan: The Young Napoleon. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (published 2014). p. 406. ISBN  978-0-544-39122-2. [Ellen McClellan] died in 1915, at the age of seventy-nine, while visiting her daughter in Nice. May, too, lived abroad much of her life. In 1893 she married Paul Desprez, a French diplomat, and she died, childless, in 1945 at the Villa Antietam, her home in Nice. Max—George B. McClellan, Jr.—achieved a political career of some distinction .... In 1889 he had married Georgianna Heckscher, but like May he had no children.
  90. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 401.
  91. ^ a b Carlson, Cody K. (October 29, 2014). "This week in history: McClellan becomes the Army's commanding general". Deseret yangiliklari. Solt Leyk Siti, UT.
  92. ^ a b v Ruane, Michael E. (October 17, 2011). "Civil War Gen. George McClellan: Deemed a savior, then a failure". Washington Post. Vashington, DC.
  93. ^ Bonekemper, Ed (December 2010). "Facts, information and articles about George McClellan". History Net. Tysons, VA: Historynet LLC.
  94. ^ Sears, Yosh Napoleon, p. 293.
  95. ^ Sears, Qarama-qarshiliklar, 19-20 betlar.
  96. ^ Nevins, pp. 294–95.
  97. ^ Goodwin, pp. 378–79.
  98. ^ Sears, Qarama-qarshiliklar, p. 6.
  99. ^ Li, p. 416.
  100. ^ Eckenrode & Conrad, pp. 46–47, 170.
  101. ^ Eckenrode & Conrad, p. 280.
  102. ^ Rowland, McClellan and Civil War History, 46, 50-betlar.
  103. ^ Eckenrode & Conrad, p. 238; Rowland, McClellan and Civil War History, 97-99 betlar.
  104. ^ Rowland, McClellan and Civil War History, 7-8 betlar; Rowland, Rahbarlar, pp.268-70 yillarda MakKellan merosining ixcham tarixshunosligi keltirilgan bo'lib, "Makklelanning so'nggi yarim asrda adabiyotda tarafdorlari kam bo'lgan". Rafuse, 384-96-betlar, Makklelanning tahlilini taqdim etadi, u hozirgi ishlarning aksariyatiga qaraganda ko'proq xushyoqar bo'lib, nafaqat uning harbiy strategiyasiga, balki uning Whig siyosiy meros uning janub bilan yarashishni rag'batlantiradigan tarzda urush olib borishni taklif qilganiga ta'sir qildi.
  105. ^ "Milbridge tarixiy jamiyatining taqdimoti". milbridgehistoricalsociety.org. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 4 martda. Olingan 14 sentyabr, 2014.
  106. ^ "Langley-Eustis McClellan fitness markazi" qo'shma bazasi ". jbleforcesupport.com. 2014 yil 17 mart. Arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2018 yil 17 avgustda. Olingan 9 dekabr, 2018.
  107. ^ Klarens E. Meek (1954 yil iyul). "Yillar davomida o't kemalari". Olingan 28 iyun, 2015.
  108. ^ Brian J. Cudahy (1997). "Manxetten oroli va Nyu-Yorkdagi boshqa dengiz ertaklari atrofida". Fordham Univ Press. 85, 88, 95, 100, 119, 200, 252, 249-betlar. ISBN  978-0823217618. Olingan 20 mart, 2017.
  109. ^ "Bizning kampaniyalarimiz - AQSh Prezidenti - D anjuman poygasi - 1864 yil 29-avgust". ourcampaigns.com.
  110. ^ "Bizning kampaniyalarimiz - NJ gubernatori poygasi - 1877 yil 6-noyabr". ourcampaigns.com.

Adabiyotlar

  • Beyli, Ronald H. va "Time-Life Books" muharrirlari. Eng qonli kun: Antietam jangi. Iskandariya, VA: Time-Life Books, 1984. ISBN  0-8094-4740-1.
  • Beyli, Ronald H. va "Time-Life Books" muharrirlari. Richmondga yo'naltirish: Makklelanning yarimorol kampaniyasi. Iskandariya, VA: Time-Life Books, 1983 yil. ISBN  0-8094-4720-7.
  • Beagle, Jonathan M. "Jorj Brinton Makklelan". Yilda Amerika fuqarolar urushi ensiklopediyasi: siyosiy, ijtimoiy va harbiy tarix, Devid S. Xaydler va Janna T. Xaydler tomonidan tahrirlangan. Nyu-York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000 yil. ISBN  0-393-04758-X.
  • Bati, Rassel H. Potomak armiyasi: Makklelan buyruqni qabul qiladi, 1861 yil sentyabr - 1862 yil fevral. Nyu-York: Da Capo Press, 2004 yil. ISBN  0-306-81252-5.
  • Ekkenrod, H. J. va polkovnik Brayan Konrad. Jorj B. Makklelan: Ittifoqni qutqargan odam. Chapel Hill: Shimoliy Karolina universiteti matbuoti, 1941 yil. ISBN  978-0-548-14788-7.
  • Eicher, Jon H. va Devid J. Eyxer. Fuqarolar urushi oliy qo'mondonliklari. Stenford, Kaliforniya: Stenford universiteti matbuoti, 2001 yil. ISBN  0-8047-3641-3.
  • Gudvin, Doris Kearns. Raqiblar jamoasi, Nyu-York: Simon & Shuster, 2005 yil. ISBN  978-0-684-82490-1.
  • Li, Robert E. Jr. General Robert E. Lining esdaliklari va xatlari. Sankt-Peterburg, FL: Qizil va qora nashriyotlar, 2008 yil. ISBN  978-1-934941-13-3. Birinchi marta 1904 yilda Doubleday, Page & Co.
  • McPherson, Jeyms M. Ozodlikning jangovar qichqirig'i: Fuqarolar urushi davri. AQShning Oksford tarixi. Nyu-York: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 1988 yil. ISBN  0-19-503863-0.
  • McPherson, Jeyms M. Ozodlikning chorrahasi: Antietam, Fuqarolar urushi yo'nalishini o'zgartirgan jang. Nyu-York: Oksford universiteti matbuoti, 2002 yil. ISBN  0-19-513521-0.
  • McPherson, Jeyms M. Urush tomonidan sinab ko'rilgan: Avraam Linkoln Bosh qo'mondon sifatida. Nyu-York: Penguin Press, 2008 yil. ISBN  978-1-59420-191-2.
  • Nevins, Allan. Ittifoq uchun urush. jild 1, Improvised War 1861-1862. Nyu-York: Charlz Skribnerning o'g'illari, 1959 yil. ISBN  0-684-10426-1.
  • Rafuse, Ethan S. Makklelan urushi: Ittifoq uchun kurashda me'yorning yo'qligi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005 yil. ISBN  0-253-34532-4.
  • Roulend, Tomas J. "Jorj Brinton Makklelan". Yilda Amerika fuqarolar urushi rahbarlari: biografik va tarixiy lug'at. Charlz F. Ritter va Jon L. Uakelin tomonidan tahrirlangan. Westport, KT: Greenwood Press, 1998 yil. ISBN  0-313-29560-3.
  • Roulend, Tomas J. Jorj B. Makklelan va fuqarolar urushi tarixi: Grant va Sherman soyasida. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1998 yil. ISBN  0-87338-603-5.
  • Sandburg, Karl. Quruqlikdagi bo'ron: Fuqarolar urushi haqidagi ma'lumot. Nyu-York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1942 yil. ISBN  978-0-8317-1433-8.
  • Sears, Stiven V. Qarama-qarshiliklar va qo'mondonlar: Potomak armiyasidan yuborilganlar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1999 y. ISBN  0-395-86760-6.
  • Sears, Stiven V. Jorj B. Makklelan: Yosh Napoleon. Nyu-York: Da Capo Press, 1988 yil. ISBN  0-306-80913-3.
  • Sears, Stiven V. Manzara qizil rangga aylandi: Antietam jangi. Boston: Xyuton Mifflin, 1983 yil. ISBN  0-89919-172-X.
  • Sears, Stiven V. Richmond darvozasiga: Yarim orol kampaniyasi. Ticknor va Fields, 1992 yil. ISBN  0-89919-790-6.
  • Smit, Gustavus, Vudson. (2001) "A" muhandislar korpusi, AQSh, 1846–1848, Meksika urushida. Leonne M. Hudson tomonidan tahrirlangan, Kent State University Press ISBN  0-87338-707-4
  • Bonekemper, Edvard H. Makklelan va muvaffaqiyatsizlik. McFarland & Co, 2007 yil ISBN  978-0-7864-2894-6
  • Stotelmyer, Stiven R. Qurbonlik uchun juda foydali: Janubiy Tog'dan Antietamgacha Merilend kampaniyasida Jorj B. Makklelanning generalligini qayta ko'rib chiqish. Kaliforniya: Savas Beatie, 2019 yil. ISBN  978-1-61121-304-1

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Bati, Rassel H. Potomak armiyasi: Makklelan buyruqni qabul qiladi, 1861 yil sentyabr - 1862 yil fevral. Nyu-York: Da Capo Press, 2004 yil. ISBN  0-306-81252-5.
  • Bati, Rassel H. Potomak armiyasi: Makklelanning birinchi kampaniyasi, 1862 yil mart - may. Nyu-York: Savas Bati, 2007 yil. ISBN  978-1-932714-25-8.
  • Berton, Brayan K. Favqulodda vaziyatlar: Yetti kunlik janglar. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001 yil. ISBN  0-253-33963-4.
  • Kesuvchi, Tomas V. Meksika urushi kundaligi va Jorj B. Makklelanning yozishmalari. Baton Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2009 y. ISBN  978-0-8071-3451-1.
  • Devis, Jefferson va Makklelan, Jorj B. Harbiy kotibning 1855 va 1856 yillarda Evropada urush joyiga jo'natilgan ofitserlardan biri bo'lgan kapitan Jorj B Makklelanning hisobotini etkazishi.. Vashington: A.O.P. Nikolson, 1857 yil.
  • Xearn, Chester G. Linkoln va Makklelan urushda. Baton-Ruj: Luiziana shtati universiteti matbuoti, 2012 y. ISBN  978-0-8071-4552-4.
  • Xillard, Jorj S. AQSh armiyasi general-mayori Jorj B. Makklelanning hayoti va kampaniyalari. Filadelfiya: JB Lippincott & Co., 1864 yil.
  • Ley, Filipp "Lining yo'qolgan jo'natmasi va boshqa fuqarolik urushidagi ziddiyatlar". Yardli, Penna.: Vestxolm nashriyoti, 2015 y. ISBN  978-1-59416-226-8.
  • Melvil, Xerman. Urushning qismlari va qirralari: Antietamning g'olibi. Nyu-York: Harper va Brothers, 1866 yil.

Tashqi havolalar

Harbiy idoralar
Oldingi
Irvin McDowell		 Qo'mondoni Potomak armiyasi
1861–1862		Muvaffaqiyatli
Ambrose Burnside
Oldingi
Uinfild Skott		 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining qo'mondonligi
1861–1862		Muvaffaqiyatli
Genri Xallek
Partiyaning siyosiy idoralari
Oldingi
Stiven A. Duglas
John C. Breckinridge ¹		 Demokratik nomzod uchun Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Prezidenti
1864		Muvaffaqiyatli
Horatio Seymour
Oldingi
Jozef D. Bedl		 Demokratik nomzod Nyu-Jersi gubernatori
1877		Muvaffaqiyatli
Jorj C. Ludlov
Siyosiy idoralar
Oldingi
Jozef D. Bedl		 Nyu-Jersi gubernatori
1878–1881		Muvaffaqiyatli
Jorj C. Ludlov
Izohlar va ma'lumotnomalar
1. Demokratik partiya 1860 yilda bo'linib, prezidentlikka ikkita nomzodni ishlab chiqardi. Duglas Shimoliy demokratlar tomonidan nomzod qilib ko'rsatildi; Breckinridge nomzodini janubiy demokratlar ko'rsatgan.