Irwell daryosi - River Irwell

Yangi Zelandiyadagi daryo uchun qarang Irwell daryosi (Yangi Zelandiya). Irwell Riverside saylov uchastkasi uchun qarang Irwell Riverside (palata).

Irwell daryosi
Irwell, Salford.jpg
Irwell daryosi Salford, tomonga qarab Manchester shahar markazi
River irwell.png xaritasi
Manzil
MamlakatBirlashgan Qirollik
Ta'sis etuvchi mamlakatAngliya
MintaqaShimoliy G'arbiy Angliya
Jismoniy xususiyatlar
ManbaIrwell Springs
• ManzilDeerplay Mur, Kliviger, Lankashir
• koordinatalar53 ° 44′10 ″ N. 2 ° 11′59 ″ V / 53.73611 ° 2.19972 ° Vt / 53.73611; -2.19972
• balandlik400 m (1,300 fut)
Og'izMersi daryosi
• Manzil
Manchester kema kanali, Salford
Chiqish 
• ManzilAdelphi Vayr
• o'rtacha17,72 m3/ s (626 kub fut / s)
Havzaning xususiyatlari
Daryolar 
• chapCroal
• to'g'riRoch, Irk, Medlok

The Irwell daryosi (/ˈ.rwɛl/ UR-wel ) ning irmog'i Mersi daryosi shimoliy g'arbiy Angliyada. U shimoldan taxminan 2,4 km uzoqlikda, Deerplay-Murdagi Irwell Springsda ko'tariladi Bacup va janub tomon Mersini kutib olish uchun 39 milya (63 km) ga oqadi Irlam. Irwell o'rtasidagi chegarani belgilaydi "Manchester" va Salford va uning quyi oqimi kanalizatsiya qilingan bo'lib, hozirgi vaqtda Manchester kema kanali.

17-18 asrlarda Irwellning quyi oqimi savdo qismiga aylangan Mersey va Irwell Navigatsiya. 19-asrda Manchester daryosining daryosi 1896 yilda ochilgan Manchester kema kanalining qurilishi bilan doimiy ravishda o'zgarib turdi. Kanal Manchester va Salfordni yirik dengiz portiga aylantirdi va rivojlanishiga olib keldi Trafford Park bu eng katta bo'ldi sanoat mulki Evropada. 20 va 21-asrlarda Manchester va Salforddagi toshqinlarning oldini olish uchun keyingi o'zgarishlar, shu jumladan 1970 yilda Anakonda Kesmasi va 2014 yilda Irvel daryosidagi toshqinlardan himoya qilish sxemasi qurilgan.

Daryo sanoat chiqindilari bilan qattiq ifloslangan Sanoat inqilobi, ammo 20-asrning ikkinchi yarmida suv sifatini yaxshilash, uni baliq bilan to'ldirish va yovvoyi tabiat uchun turli xil muhit yaratish bo'yicha bir qator tashabbuslar amalga oshirildi. Manchester va Salford orqali oqib o'tadigan daryoning cho'zilishi Salford Quays kabi biznes va turar-joy binolariga katta miqdordagi sarmoyalarni jalb qildi va boshqa joylar yovvoyi tabiatning muhim makoniga aylandi. Irwell ko'ngil ochish kruizlari, eshkak eshish, poyga, suzish va baliq ovlash kabi ko'ngilochar tadbirlar uchun ishlatiladi.

Kurs

Manbadan Mersi daryosiga tutashgan joyga qadar Irvell taxminan 63 km uzunlikda.[1] Yuqoridagi morslarda ko'tarilish Kliviger,[2] u janubdan oqib o'tadi Bacup, Rawtenstall, Ramsbottom va Dafn qilmoq bilan birlashmasidan oldin Roch daryosi yaqin Radklif. G'arbga burilib, u qo'shiladi Kroal daryosi yaqin Farnvort janubi-sharqdan burilishdan oldin Kersli, Klifton va Agecroft maydoni Pendleberi. Keyin meanders atrofida Quyi Kersal va Quyi Brutton. U Salford va Manchesterni ikkiga bo'lib, daryolarga qo'shiladi Irk va Medlok, keyin esa Manchester Ship Kanalining bir qismi sifatida g'arbiy tomon Irlam tomon buriladi. Uning yo'nalishi Irlamdan sharqda tugaydi va u erda Mersiga quyiladi.

Tabiiy tarix

Bury yaqinidagi Irvellda sayr qilayotgan kulrang tulki.

19-asrning boshlariga qadar Irvell baliq va boshqa yovvoyi tabiat bilan, shu bilan yaqin atrofda yashovchilar bilan yaxshi ta'minlangan Manchester sobori suvidan ichimlik va boshqa maishiy maqsadlarda foydalanish. Biroq, sanoat inqilobi davrida mahalliy sanoat korxonalari tomonidan daryoga chiqindi chiqindilaridan kelib chiqadigan ifloslanish darajasining ko'payishi yovvoyi hayot uchun halokatli bo'lib, baliq zaxiralari taxminan 1850 yilga kelib butunlay yo'q bo'lib ketdi.[3] Bu holat 20-asrda biroz pasayib, suv sifatining sekin yaxshilanishi natijasida yangi aholi paydo bo'ldi roach, pichan va chub va ko'rish jigarrang alabalık tobora keng tarqalgan bo'lib qoldi.[4]

Birinchisida suv sifati bilan bog'liq muammolar "Manchester Doks" havzalari qayta qurilishi bilan aniq bo'ldi Salford Kvays. Kanalizatsiya va yo'llardan yillar davomida oqadigan suv bu hududning sekin oqadigan suvlarida to'planib, organik moddalarning parchalanishiga olib keldi. kislorodning kamayishi. 2001 yilda siqilgan havo quyish tizimi joriy etildi. Bu suvdagi kislorod miqdorini 300% gacha ko'tarib, suv sifatini yaxshilab, shu darajada mavjudki, umurtqasizlar turlari soni 30 dan oshdi, shu jumladan chuchuk suv qisqichbaqalari. Urug'lantirish va roach va kabi baliq turlarining o'sish sur'atlari perch o'sdi va endi Angliyadagi eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlardan biri hisoblanadi.[5]

Ikki Maxsus ilmiy qiziqish joylari (SSSI) Irvell qirg'og'iga, uning daryo Kroal bilan tutashgan joyiga yaqin joylashgan Moses Gate Country Park yaqin Bolton. Birinchisi - da Nob End, biologik qiziqishi sababli belgilangan 88 800 m² maydon, odatda floraning ustunligiga asoslangan. ohaktosh o'tloq shu jumladan ayrim milliy kamyob o'tlar va orkide. Nob End shuningdek, a sifatida belgilanadi Mahalliy qo'riqxona (LNR). Ikkinchi sayt - Ashclough, bu geologik jihatdan qiziqish uyg'otadigan joy. Ushbu ikkita SSSIlar orasida 21 tasi Buyuk Manchesterdan topilgan. Salfordda daryo oqadi Clifton Country Park va Kersal Dale Country Park, ikkalasi ham LNR sifatida belgilangan.[6]

Kulrang tulkilar, kormorantlar, soqov oqqushlar, qirg'oqchilar daryoda muntazam ravishda g'ozlar va o'rdak turlari ko'riladi.[7][8][9] Salford Kvays yaqinidagi Manchester kema kanali Buyuk Britaniyadagi sho'ng'in o'rdaklari uchun eng yaxshi saytlardan biri bo'lib, taxminan 3000 ga qishki uy beradi.oddiy pochta va 2000o'rdak o'rdaklar.[10][11]

Geologiya

Kliftondagi yangi qizil qumtosh
Asosiy maqola: Irwell vodiysi

Irwell - janubi-sharqiy Lankashirning aksariyat qismini qamrab olgan sayoz dengizlarning qolganlari Kech karbonat loy va qum konlari yotqizilgan davr. Davomida Permian va Trias davrlar, qizil qumtoshlar qurg'oqchil, cho'l sharoitida yotqizilgan va ular to'shaklarga siqilgan slanets, Yangi qizil qumtosh va Manchester mergeller, qatlamlari bilan almashtiriladi qumtosh.[12][13] The muzliklar ning Pleystotsen davr landshaftni tubdan qayta shakllantirgan va keyinchalik qum, tosh va tosh konlarini qoldirib, orqaga chekingan tosh gil tashkil etgan flyuvioglasial tizmalar pastki Irwell vodiysining[14] Ashclough, 50,800 m2 (12,6 gektar) maydon, bu daryoning tik qirg'oqlarini o'z ichiga oladi Prestole va Kichkina qo'l, geologik qiziqishi tufayli SSSI deb nomlangan, chunki bu Ashclough-ni namoyish etadigan mintaqadagi eng yaxshi sayt. dengiz guruhi va unga bog'liq qatlamlar. Ashclough - bu talqin qilish uchun milliy ahamiyatga ega sayt ko'mir o'lchovi paleogeografiya Buyuk Britaniyaning.[15]

Irwell daryosining suv yig'adigan joyi

Irwell daryosi suv yig'ish maydoni Bacup ustidagi morslardan Manchester kema kanaligacha cho'zilgan.[16] Suv yig'iladigan joyning iqlimi Buyuk Britaniyaning o'rtacha darajasidan namroq, yiliga 1,456 millimetr (57,3 dyuym) yog'ingarchilik yiliga 1231 millimetrga (48,5 dyuym) to'g'ri keladi va daryolar tezda yog'ingarchilikka javob beradi.[17] Topografiya sezilarli darajada farq qiladi, yuqori oqimlarda esa ustunlik qiladi Pennine 350 dan 450 metrgacha balandlikda (1150 va 1480 fut) AOD[18] suv omborining pastki qismi nisbatan tekis erlardan iborat bo'lib, ular AOD 20 dan 150 metrgacha (66 va 492 fut) teng.[19] Suv oqimlari keskin tor vodiylar bilan ajralib turadi, bu esa quyi qatlamning asosini tashkil etuvchi qattiq geologiya kabi. Bunga ko'mirning quyi choralari kiradi Tegirmon toshi, ikkalasi ham quyidagicha tasniflanadi kichik suv qatlamlari bu faqat nisbatan oz miqdordagi suvni ushlab turadi. Tegirmon toshi o'z navbatida pastki karbon davridagi ohaktosh jinslari ostida yotadi.[20] Yuzaki qatlamlar qalinlikni o'z ichiga oladi torf yuqori oqimida, muzlik toshli loy va pastki qismlarida muzli qum va shag'al bilan. Qum va shag'al kichik qatlam qatlamiga kiradi, toshloq loy esa suvsiz qatlamdir.[20] Suv omborining yuqori qismidagi balandroq, balandroq yonbag'irlari yemiriladigan materiallar va chiqindilarning katta manbasini ta'minlaydi, ular suv oqimining quyi qismida, tekislikning tekis qismlariga ko'chiriladi. Kanal tor bo'lgan joyda, ushbu material saqlanadi va kanal hajmining pasayishiga hissa qo'shishi mumkin.[20]

Tarix

Etimologiya

Irwell daryosi shaharlarni ikkiga ajratadi Salford (chapda) va "Manchester".

"Irwell" nomining kelib chiqishi noma'lum, ammo ko'pchilik buni qabul qiladi Angliya-sakson kelib chiqishi, yaxshi, "hirqiroq yoki oq buloq" ma'nosini anglatadi.[21] Ismning birinchi qismi ham bo'lishi mumkin Brittonik * ar,[22] qadimiy daryo nomi gorizontal harakatni nazarda tutadigan element, "oqayotgan", "ko'tarilgan" yoki boshqa "otilib chiqayotgan".[22]

Qadimgi tarix

Flint qirg'ichlar bilan bog'liq pichoqlar va boshqa materiallar neolitik davri aniqlandi Kersal Mur 19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida.[23] Irwell vodiysi bo'ylab ushbu davrga xos bo'lgan artefaktlarning izolyatsiyalangan topilmalari bo'lgan va mumkin bo'lgan ov joyi qazilgan Prestvich So'nggi neolit ​​va erta davrlarda ishlab chiqarilgan golf maydonchasi 1982 yilda Bronza davri chaqmoqlar. Neolitik qurollar Bury yaqinidagi Roch daryosidan va Radkliffdan, bronza davri dafn etilgan joylar Bury va Shuttlevort.[24]

Keltlar, Rim va O'rta asrlar

Odamlarning yozib olingan birinchi yashash joylari Seltik qabila, Prigantes, kechqurun daryoning tog'li va quyi oqimlarida dehqonchilik qilgan Temir asri.[25] Milodiy 79 yilda Rim imperiyasi Irwell va Irk va Medlok daryolarining tutashgan joylarida qal'alar qurib, shahar nomini berib, bu qabilalarni bosib oldi. Mamusium.[26] Shuningdek, ular Kornbrukda to'rtburchaklar shaklidagi tosh bloklar bilan ford qurdilar, bu daryo bo'ylab tarqaladigan birinchi sun'iy inshoot.[27] To'rt yuz yil davomida Pax Romana tinchlikni olib keldi, ammo ularning milodiy 410 yilda tark etilishi qabilalarni rahm-shafqatiga topshirdi Saksonlar, shaharni Manigceastre deb o'zgartirgan. Keyinchalik Danishlar Manigceastrni egallab oldilar va yo'q qildilar va qabilalardan qolgan narsalarni o'zlashtirdilar. The Danelaw milodiy 920 yilgacha norsmanlar haydab chiqarilgunga qadar hukmronlik qildi Katta Edvard.[28][29]

In O'rta yosh deb nomlanuvchi shaharcha Manceastre (keyinchalik Manchesterga aylandi) o'sdi va gullab-yashnadi va savdo kemalari daryo bo'yida yurishdi.[28] Hozir Salford shahrining bir qismini tashkil etadigan Kersal qishlog'i sovg'a qilingan Klyunyak Lentonning ustunligi, yaqin Nottingem, 1142 yilda. Sovg'aning eng muhim qismi Irvell daryosidagi baliq ovlash huquqi edi, hatto XVIII asrda ham har yili Lankashir daryolaridagi losos baliqlariga ko'p yuz funt sterling evaziga ruxsat berildi.[30]

19-asr

Sanoat inqilobi davrida daryolar bo'yida fabrikalar, tegirmonlar va terasli hovellar o'sib chiqdi. Salfordning Borough muhandisi Jozef Korbett 1907 yilgi kitobida yozgan Irwell daryosi uning otasi Edvardning 1819 yildagi Nyu-Beyli ko'prigidagi nuqtai nazardan "katta baliqlarni, asosan gudgeonni, shuningdek boshqa baliqlarni chivinlarga ko'tarilishini" ko'rish tajribasi (hozir Albert ko'prigi ) Manchesterda. Mahalliy sanoat daryoga gaz-smola, gaz-ohak va ammiak suvi kabi zaharli kimyoviy moddalarni tashlagan va 1850 yilga kelib baliq zaxiralari yo'q bo'lib ketgan. 1860 yilda Iruell "suvning iflosligi uchun deyarli maqol; paxta fabrikalari, ko'mir konlari, matbaa, oqartirish, bo'yoq ishlari, kimyoviy ishlar, qog'oz ishlari, sanoatning deyarli barcha turlaridan voz kechish" deb ta'riflagan.[3] 1862 yilda Shotlandiya geolog Xyu Miller Irwell haqida o'z kitobida yozgan Birinchi taassurotlar: ingliz xalqi, buni quyidagicha tavsiflaydi:

Baxtli daryo - bir necha chaqirim balandlikda, daraxtlar qirg'og'ini osib qo'ygan va qirg'oqlari bo'ylab yashil chakalakning chekkalari qalinlashgan etarlicha oqim - tegirmonlar va bosmaxonalar orasiga kirib, kastni yo'qotadi. Unga yuvinish uchun son-sanoqsiz iflos narsalar, bo'yoqlar va oqartirish joylaridan olib ketilishi uchun tashlangan butun vagonli zaharlar bor; bug'li qozonxonalar o'z ichiga singdiruvchi moddalarni tushiradi va o'zlarining iflos aralashmalarini oqizadi va kanalizatsiya qiladi; uzoq vaqtgacha u aylanib yuradi - bu erda baland bo'yli devorlar orasida, qizil qumtosh jarliklari ostida - daryo, go'ng yoki hayvonlar bo'lsin, butun hayot nobud bo'ladigan va tabiatdagi hech narsaga o'xshamaydigan, suyuq go'ng toshqinidan ancha kam daryo. Balki loy vulqoni otib yuborgan oqimdir.[31][32]

Irvell g'arbdan oqib o'tadi Suv oyoqlari Rossendeylda

In Viktoriya davri yo'lovchilarning qayiqda sayohatlari mashhur bo'lgan, ammo daryodan chiqqan xushbo'y hidlar tufayli qisqa vaqt ichida.[33] 1862 yilda Salford korporatsiyasi an Parlament akti ularga daryolarni muhofaza qilish qo'mitasini tashkil etishga imkon berish; ular daryo inspektorini tayinladilar va daryoni ifloslantiradigan har qanday kishiga qarshi choralar ko'rishlari kerak edi.[34] The Daryolar ifloslanishining oldini olish to'g'risidagi qonun 1876 yil daryolarning ifloslanishi muammolarini hal qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan, ammo u asosan samarasiz edi. Biroq, bu keyinchalik kuzatilgan yanada shafqatsiz qonunchilik uchun zamin yaratdi va 1891 yilda Mersi va Irvell qo'shma qo'mitasi tuzildi. Mahalliy hokimiyat idoralariga ta'minlashga buyruq berildi kanalizatsiya tozalash ob'ektlar va sanoat kontsernlariga ifloslanishning oldini olishning eng yaxshi amaliy vositalaridan foydalanish tavsiya etildi. Salford Irwell suv havzasidagi birinchi vakolatxonalardan biri bo'lib, rejim g'ildiraklaridagi kanalizatsiya ishlarida to'siq kanalizatsiya va kanalizatsiya tozalash ishlarini o'rnatgan.[35]

Bu vaqt ichida daryo bilan bog'liq bo'lgan eng mashhur belgilaridan biri bu edi Mark Edi, kim tug'ilgan ijaraga olish yaqinidagi Parsonajda Blackfriars ko'prigi 1838 yilda Manchesterda. Kimdir daryoda qiynalganida, "Mark Addini olib keling!" va u qutqarish uchun poyga edi. U insonparvarlik jamiyatining oltin va kumush medallari bilan bir qatorda medallar bilan taqdirlangan Yuz Salford, va Royal Humane Society bronza medali. 1878 yilda u ushbu mukofot bilan taqdirlangan yagona fuqaroga aylandi Albert medali (birinchi sinf),[36] Uning so'nggi qutqaruvi davom etmoqda Oq dushanba 1889 yilda, u yosh bolani daryoning ayniqsa kanalizatsiya bilan to'ldirilgan qismidan qutqarganida. Shundan so'ng u kasal bo'lib, 1890 yilda 51 yoshida sil kasalligidan vafot etdi. U hayoti davomida daryodan 50 dan ortiq odamni qutqargan.[36]

20-asr

Sanoat inqilobi daryoni sanoat tomonidan yomon ifloslanganligini ko'rdi, chunki Radliklifning 1902 yilda olingan ushbu fotosuratida.

1939 yilda Mersi va Irvell qo'shma qo'mitasi Lancashire Rivers Board tomonidan almashtirildi, ammo urush davridagi sharoit daryoning yanada yomonlashishiga olib keldi. 1951 yilda Daryolar (ifloslanishning oldini olish) to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi va ushbu taxtaning o'rniga Mersi daryosi kengashi o'rnatildi, u 1965 yilda o'z navbatida Mersi va Viver daryosi ma'muriyati tomonidan almashtirildi.[37] Irvel daryosi deb nomlangan 1950-yilgi televizion hujjatli film davomida suv oqimi "Dunyodagi eng mashaqqatli daryo" deb ta'riflandi.

1946 yilda Salfordda jiddiy toshqin yuz berdi, bu Manchester bilan chegarada joylashgan Strenjayvays daryosidagi burilishda tiqilib qolgan. Suv toshqini yuzlab yillar davomida muammo bo'lib kelgan,[34] va 1946 yilda daryoning suv o'tkazuvchanligini oshirish uchun uni tekislash va kengaytirish bo'yicha qaror qabul qilindi. Ish 1951 yilda boshlangan, ammo 1970 yilning sentyabrigacha Anaconda Cut orqali suv birinchi marta oqgan. Loyihaning umumiy qiymati 2 million funt sterlingni tashkil etdi.[38]

Ga berilgan savolda Jamiyat palatasi 1950 yilda Parlament a'zosi Rossendeyl uchun janob Entoni Grinvud Irvell va uning asosiy irmoqlaridan biri Roch daryosining achinarli ahvolini ta'kidlab o'tdi:

Bugun men o'sha daryolarning aksariyat qismidagi baliqlar deyarli yo'q bo'lib ketganidan qo'rqaman. Bugun almashish stantsiyasining tashqarisidagi Manchester shahrida turib, uning ostidan oqib tushayotgan shovqinli qora suvga nazar tashlagan har qanday odam biron bir baliq yoki boshqa tirik jonzot hech qachon bu erda yashagan bo'lishi mumkinligiga ishonish qiyin bo'lar edi. Manchester Guardian bu haqli ravishda "melankoliya oqimi" deb nomlagan ... Men Britaniyaning Field Sport Society bilan farqlarim bor edi, lekin men o'sha Jamiyat uchun tayyorlangan daryolarning ifloslanishiga oid juda ko'p ketma-ket reportajlarga hayratdan boshqa narsa yo'q ... va ular Irwell va Roach daryolarida ham xuddi shunday so'rov o'tkazishlari kerakligini maslahat berishga jur'at etishdi. Ushbu ikkita daryo uchinchi hisobot bilan qoplangan; va uni o'qiganimdan juda afsusdaman. Ushbu hisobotda men o'qishni istagan ikkita parcha bor. Birinchisida: "Banklar katta va kichik fabrikalar bilan o'ralgan, ularning aksariyati o'z suvlarini daryo vodiysining yon bag'irlarini tashkil etuvchi tepaliklarning drenajidan olib, ifloslangan oqova suv sifatida yoki kichik oziqlantiruvchilarga tashlaydi, yoki asosiy daryoning o'zi, shuning uchun aytish mumkinki, tabiiy ravishda hech qanday tabiiy suv daryoning beshiklaridan tortib to Manchester kema kanalidagi qabriga qadar daryoga kirmaydi ». Ikkinchi iqtibos - bu avvalgisiga qaraganda ancha dahshatli deb topganim. Bu: "Bu daryolarda baliq yo'q (vaqti-vaqti bilan kelib turadigan irmoqdan tashqari), hasharotlar yo'q, begona o'tlar yo'q, kanalizatsiya zamburug'idan boshqa hech qanday hayot yo'q. Kimyoviy moddalar va foydali foydalanishga topshirib bo'lmaydigan har qanday axloqsizlikdan boshqa narsa yo'q. oqava suvlar (va, odatda, juda yaxshi, ular dahshatli vaziyatning eng dalda beruvchi xususiyati) daryolar tutadigan eng toza suv deb zavq bilan qarshi olishadi. " Ushbu bayonotning to'liq ahamiyati men honni eslatganimda amalga oshiriladi. Bacup, Ramsbottom, Manchester va Salford shaharlari aholisi Irvell suvlaridan toshqinga uchragan chastota a'zolari.[30]

1951 yilda, Kromvel ko'prigi va Jerald Road ko'prigi orasidagi Quyi Brutton orqali o'tadigan daryoning uchastkasida toshqindan himoya qilish ishlari olib borilishi kerakligi e'lon qilindi, garchi mahalliy mulk egalari va do'kondorlar xarajatlarning bir qismini o'z zimmasiga olishni talab qilishganidan g'azablandilar. .[39] Qalinligi 8 metr bo'lgan (2,4 m) beton devor ustida ishlash 1952 yil iyunigacha boshlangan emas[40] 1957 yil avgust oyida kuchli yomg'ir paytida suv toshqini xavfi ostida bo'lgan paytda va hali ham tugashga yaqin edi.[41]

1970-yillar

Temir oksidi ifloslanish daryoning manbai yaqinida

Hisobot Manchester Evening News 1971 yilda Bury Angling Jamiyati Bury Korporatsiyasi bilan Summerseat va Radcliffe oralig'idagi daryoning to'rt chaqirim (6,4 km) bo'ylab baliq ovlash huquqini beruvchi shartnoma imzolaganligini aytdi. Jamiyat kotibining so'zlari quyidagicha keltirilgan:

Daryoga qo'ygan baliqlarimiz bo'yicha keng ko'lamli sinovlar o'tkazildi va biz suv baliq hayotini qo'llab-quvvatlashidan mamnunmiz. Roach va perch allaqachon qo'lga olingan va biz hech qanday zararli ta'sir haqida xabar bermadik. Hech shubha yo'qki, ifloslanish tozalanmoqda. Bu uzoq ish bo'ladi, ammo biz daryoda baliq ovlash uchun kelajak borligiga aminmiz.

Hisobotda jamiyat "yaqinda paypoq operatsiyalarini amalga oshirmoqchi" ekanligi ta'kidlandi.[42] 1972 yilda gazeta "taniqli siyoh Irvell" yaqinida "tiddlers" (mayda baliqlar) suzayotganini ko'rishgan. Peel Park, Salford. Salfordning suv sifati bo'yicha mas'ul xodimining o'rinbosari janob Erik Xarper shunday dedi:

O'n yil oldin, Salfordga qadar tushadigan har qanday baliq suvning ifloslanishi tufayli darhol o'ldirilgan bo'lar edi. Garchi u erdagi daryo 100 yildan buyon ancha yaxshi bo'lsa-da, baliqlar uzoq umr ko'rmasligi mumkin. Bular, ehtimol, Irvellga quyiladigan kichik irmoqlardan asosiy daryoga tushib qolishgan. Lekin bu haqiqiy taraqqiyot deb o'ylayman.

Janob Harper so'zlariga ko'ra, Irvell 100 yil oldin butun uzunligi bo'ylab baliq bilan juda yaxshi ta'minlangan edi, ammo u qachon yana shu holatga kelishini taxmin qilishdan bosh tortdi.[43] 1974 yilda barcha daryo idoralari viloyat suv idoralariga birlashtirildi.[44] 1974 yillik hisobotida Shimoliy-G'arbiy suv boshqarmasi (NWWA), "bu daryo bir vaqtlar xalqaro miqyosda mashhur bo'lgan yoki daryo ifloslanishining timsoli sifatida tanilgan, endi to'qqiz yil oldin olib borilgan maxsus tadqiqotlar paytidagi holatiga nisbatan ancha yaxshi ahvolda" deb aytilgan.[45] Bu haqida bir maqolada xabar berilgan Manchester Evening News o'sha yilning 26 oktyabrida quyidagilar bayon etilgan:

Shimoliy-G'arbiy suv boshqarmasi tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan to'qqiz yillik ifloslanishni nazorat qilish ishlari davomida eng katta yaxshilanish Bolton tumanida sodir bo'ldi, u erda beshta eskirgan kanalizatsiya zavodi va ikkita qog'oz fabrikasi chiqindi suvlari endi Ringley Fold zavodida tozalanmoqda [lekin] Roch daryosidan ifloslanishning ozgina kamayishi. Bacupda Irwell daryosining oqimi ishlatilmaydigan kondan oxra konlari rangini yo'qotadi, ammo oxraning oqishini to'xtatish bo'yicha ishlar olib borilmoqda. Rossendeyl va Buri oralig'ida baliqlar mavjud bo'lib, ularni Radklif va Manchester oralig'ida etishtirish kerak. Biroq, baliqlar daryoda bemalol ko'payishidan oldin ko'p yillar o'tishi mumkin deb qo'rqishadi.[46]

1980-yillar

1980 yilda Buyuk Manchester Siyosat qo'mitasining 1981/82 yillarga mo'ljallangan kapital dasturiga Salfordagi Littleton Road va Adelphi Weir o'rtasida Salforddagi daryoning bir qismini yaxshilash sxemasi kiritilgan. Yaqinda o'tkazilgan qo'mita yig'ilishida okrug maslahatchilari daryoning holatini tanqid qildilar, chunki maslahatchi Oldham shahrining poytaxti buni "juda qo'zg'olonchi va dahshatli" deb atash. NWWA vakilining aytishicha, garchi daryo ifloslangan degan obro'ga ega bo'lsa-da, u ancha yaxshilanmoqda, ammo baribir ular qoniqtiradigan holatga kelmagan. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Irvellning yaxshilangan tozaligini ko'rsatish uchun sinovlar olib borilmoqda va yaqinda daryoga 600 ta alabalık qo'yilgan. Yozgi dengiz, Bury yaqinida. Takliflar ikkalasi tomonidan ma'qullandi Salford universiteti va Agecroft eshkak eshish klubi, universitet ushbu kemani qayiq poygasi uchun ishlatishni xohlashlarini bildirishdi.[47] O'sha yil oxirida, "qishloqni sanoat Salford qalbiga olib kirish uchun" 650 ming funt sterling "yashil barmoq" sxemasi bilan Brutton va Pomona Dok oralig'idagi Irvell bo'yida yuzlab daraxtlar va butalar ekilganligi haqida xabar berilgan edi.[48] Sellfordning texnik xizmatlar bo'yicha xodimi tomonidan tuzilgan sxemada keltirilgan hujjatda Irvill vodiysining "xiralashgan va chirigan daryo bo'yidagi ko'plab inshootlar" bilan "xira xarakteri" ta'kidlangan va "asosiy muammolar ammiakning ko'payishi va kanalizatsiya oqava suvlarining yuqori organik tarkibi yuqori oqimga quyiladi. " Hisobotda "Irwell daryosining ifloslanishini nazorat qilishda NWWAga yanada ko'proq yordam berish kerak" tavsiya etilgan.[49]

80-yillar davomida baliqlarni quyi oqimda ko'rish mumkin edi Manchester shahar markazi haqida mahalliy gazetalarda xabar berilgan. 1981 yil fevralda Manchester Evening News "ikki dyuym uzunlikdagi o'nta jakkarpni [tayoqchalar]" saytida ishlaydigan sayt menejeri ko'rganligi haqida xabar berdi. Mark Addining jamoat uyi, keyinchalik Nyu-Beyli ko'chasidan pastda, Manchester va Salford chegaralarida, foydalanishga yaroqsiz bo'lgan New Bailey Landing Stage-da qurilgan edi.[50] Dam olish uchun foydalanish uchun daryoni rivojlantirish rejalari ham amalga oshirilmoqda, chunki 1982 yil may oyida ma'lum qilingan edi bank ta'tili, 20-asrda daryoda birinchi zavqli kruiz Mark Adydan uch kunlik eksperiment doirasida tark etib, daryo sayohatlari muvaffaqiyatli bo'lishini bilish uchun.[51] 1983 yilda Buyuk Manchester suv yo'llari festivali uchun 100 dan ortiq kanal va daryo qayiqlari suv toshqini ostida daryoda yurishdi, bu voqea zavqli qayiq "Manchester qalbidagi xira suv yo'lini o'zgartirishi" mumkinligini namoyish etishga qaratilgan.[52] 1984 yilga kelib, mahalliy ikki kishi suvning toza ekanligini his qilishdi, ular Kliftondan Manchestergacha o'n millik (16 km) xayriya jamg'armasini suzishga jur'at etishdi, garchi ular Shimoliy G'arbiy suv idorasi vakili tomonidan ogohlantirilsa ham. oqava suvlar va vaqti-vaqti bilan tozalanmagan kanalizatsiya Irwellning hali ham "4-sinf daryosi - ifloslanish jadvalining tepasida" bo'lishini anglatardi.[53] 1985 yil davomida Croal-Irwell Valley vodiysini obodonlashtirish bo'yicha 187 takliflar ro'yxati berilgan mahalliy reja tuzildi[54] va 1986 yilda Mersi havzasi kampaniyasi e'lon qilindi. Kampaniya shimolda Rossendeyldan tortib to katta maydonni qamrab olishi kerak edi Kru janubda va suv va erga asoslangan loyihalar uchun dastlabki uch yilda 67 million funt sterling taqdim etilishi va'da qilingan.[55] 1987 yil sentyabr oyida Manchester shahri markazida bir kilometr uzunlikdagi obodonlashtirilgan yo'lakchaning rejalari aniqlandi va ishlab chiqaruvchilar daryoning qirg'og'ida, Manchester sobori qarshisida sharob barida va restoranga aylantirish uchun uchta g'ishtli temir yo'l kamarini qurish rejalarini e'lon qilishdi.[56] 1988 yilda Manchesterning birinchi suv avtobusi Nyu-Beyli qo'nish sahnasidan, keyin Mark Addi Quay nomi bilan tanilgan, Salford Kvaysga besh mil (8 km) ochilish yo'lida birinchi safarini amalga oshirdi.[57] 1980-yillarning oxiriga kelib Manchesterni "Manchester, Salford va Trafford suv yo'llari atrofidagi yaroqsiz joylar - Irvell, Irk, kema kanali va Bridgewater kanali... kelgusi 10 yil ichida 500 million funt sterling va 13000 yangi ish o'rinlari keltirmoqda " Manchester Ship Canal kompaniyasi uchun 70 million funt sterlingni qayta ishlash sxemasini e'lon qildi Pomona doklari Salfordda, marina, uylar, ofislar va boshqa savdo ishlanmalarni o'z ichiga oladi.[58]

1990-yillar

Trinity ko'prigi

1990 yilda yangi tashkil etilgan Mersi va Irwell Paket Kompaniyasi daryoning narigi tomoniga tushadigan pog'onadan doimiy sayyohlik safarlarini boshladi. Granada studiyalari safari Kveyfilddan Salford Kvaysgacha bo'lgan masofani bosib o'tadigan Quay ko'chasidagi kirish.[59] O'sha yilning sentyabr oyiga qadar nafaqaga chiqqan kimyo muhandisi zavq kemasi "daryo bo'yidagi cho'kindilarni bezovta qilgani uchun metan bulutlarini qoldirib ketmoqda" deb da'vo qilgani sababli, bu hamma uchun ma'qul kelmadi.[60] Biroq, 1991 yilda jurnalda badiiy maqola paydo bo'ldi Lankashir hayoti kruizning fazilatlarini ulug'lash va Irvell "ilgari majburiyat deb o'ylagan, aslida shaharni qayta tiklash uchun katta boylik deb o'ylaganligini ... hozirda qardosh shaharlar u bilan do'stlashish, uni chiroyli kiyimlar bilan kiyintirish va g'urur bilan uni jamiyatga qaytarish uchun raqobatlashmoqda. Va jamoatchilik uni suvga qaytarish uchun samimiy taklif qilishadi. "[61] 1994 yil davomida Manchester va Salfordni bog'lash uchun 1,3 million funt sterlingli yangi ko'prik qurilishi boshlandi Trinity ko'prigi. Qavsli to'siq va po'lat kabel konstruktsiyasi Ispaniyalik me'mor tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Santyago Kalatrava to'liq suzib yurgan kemani namoyish etish[62] 50 million funt sterlingga mo'ljallangan Chapel Wharf-ni qayta tiklash sxemasining markaziy qismi sifatida, Salfordning ishdan chiqqan hududida yangi hayotni nafas olishi va 8000 tagacha yangi ish o'rinlarini yaratishi kutilgan edi.[63] 1995 yil may oyida 30 millik (48 km) uzunlikdagi millionlab funtlik yangi badiiy iz, Irwell haykaltaroshligi izi, xabar qilingan Manchester Evening News[64] va 1997 yil iyun oyida Quyi Kersalda 10 million funt sterlingga teng Quyi Iruell vodiysidagi toshqinlardan himoya qilish sxemasi ustida ish boshlandi.[65]

21-asr

Kromvel ko'prigidagi Irwell, Broughton

2000 yil iyul oyida ifloslanish hodisasi daryoning 2,5 mil (4,0 km) oralig'ida ta'sirlanganda tozalash dasturi to'xtab qoldi. Rawtenstall va Ramsbottom, 36000 dan ortiq baliqlarning o'limiga sabab bo'ldi.[66] Ammo o'ldirilgan baliqlarning ko'pligi, daryoning 1950-yillardagi jonsiz, "melankoliya oqimidan" qanchalik yaxshilanganligini ko'rsatishga xizmat qildi. 2005 yilda daryoni "o'nlab yillar davomida eng toza" qilish uchun 1 million funt sterling loyihasi e'lon qilindi Birlashgan kommunal xizmatlar. Yaxshilashga quyi Brutton shahridagi kanalizatsiyaga filtrlar o'rnatildi, ular daryoning ichiga chiqindilarni yuvib yubormasligini ta'minlashdi, chunki suv toshqinlarini yaxshilash sxemasi Adlington, Uigan, Chorley, Rochdale va Bury.[67] Keyin 2008 yil oktyabr oyida United Utilities kompaniyasi yil oxirigacha tugatilishi kerak bo'lgan Stoneklofdagi Ringley Fold chiqindi suv inshootlarida ish daryodagi baliqlar sonini ko'paytirishi va "atrof-muhitni sayohatchilar, kanoistlar va baliqchilar bilan yaxshilab yaxshilashi kerak" deb e'lon qildi. Barchasi foyda keltiradi. " Kompaniya ushbu mintaqada amalga oshirgan eng katta sxema bo'lishi kerakligini aytdi va loyiha menejeri quyidagilarni keltirdi:

"Suvdagi fosfat miqdorini kamaytirish bu sxemaning asosiy omilidir. Yangi qonunchilikda chiqindi suvdagi fosfat miqdori litri uchun bir milligram bo'lishi kerak, chunki bu suv suv o'tlari bilan tiqilib qolishiga va kislorod miqdorini kamayishiga olib keladi" suv, natijada suvda kamroq hayot va baliqlar paydo bo'ladi. "

1930-yillarda qurilgan va oxirgi marta 1970-yillarda yangilangan tozalash inshooti yarim million aholining chiqindi suvlarini tozalashadi. Bolton, Prestvich, Uaytfild va Klifton.[68]

2008 yil mart oyida daryoning yigirma chaqirimligi to'q sariq rangga aylanganida yana bir ifloslanish hodisasi yuz berdi. Temir oksidi Irwell Springsdagi manba yaqinidagi eski ma'dan ishlaridan 1969 yildan beri suv ifloslangan edi va 1997 yilda ko'mir idorasi tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar chog'ida mamlakatdagi eng yomon to'rtinchi holat bo'lgan. 1999 yilda 1 million funt sterling miqdorida ifloslanishni yo'qotish uchun tozalash inshooti qurilgan; Biroq, 2008 yil bahoridagi kuchli yomg'irdan keyin konda qulash sodir bo'lgan deb o'ylashadi. Garchi suv bilan bo'yalgan bo'lsa ham oxra, yovvoyi hayotga hech qanday zarar etkazilmaganligi haqida xabar berilmagan.[69]

Savdo

Mersi va Irvell navigatsiyasida yopishtiruvchi qulflar, 1850 y

Mersey va Irwell Navigatsiya

Asosiy maqola: Mersey va Irwell Navigatsiya

17-asrning oxirida Uorrington tadbirkor Tomas Patten Mersi daryosini Uorringtonga qadar harakatlanadigan qilib qo'ygan va buni Irvell bo'ylab Manchestergacha cho'zishda muhim tijorat ahamiyati borligini aytgan.[70] 1721 yilda, Parlament Mersi va Iruell Navigatsiya qonuni bilan o'zgartirishga ruxsat berdi va 1736 yilga kelib sakkiztasini yaratish bilan ish tugallandi kanal qulflari Uorringtondan Manchestergacha 20 millik (32 km) marshrut bo'ylab 51 tonnagacha bo'lgan qayiqlarga kirish imkoniyatini beradi.[70] Mersey & Irwell Navigation nomi bilan tanilgan suv yo'li bu erda asosiy rol o'ynadi paxta sanoat inqilobini boshlagan XVIII asr sanoati.[71]

Bridgewater kanali

Asosiy maqola: Bridgewater kanali

Qachon Frensis Egerton, Bridjuvaterning 3-gersogi qurilgan Bridgewater kanali, Irvellni kesib o'tish vazifasi u duch kelgan asosiy to'siqlardan biri edi. Qaror, birinchi barja orqali daryo bo'ylab kanal o'tkazadigan ko'prik qurish edi suv o'tkazgich Angliyada.[72] 1761 yilda ochilgan suv quvuri balandligi 12 metr (39 fut) va uzunligi 200 metr (656 fut),[73] va asrning mo''jizalaridan biriga aylandi.[74] Mersi va Iruell Navigatsiya va Bridjuvater kanali keyingi 120 yil davomida Manchesterga qaytib kelish va sayozligi bo'lgan maxsus mo'ljallangan barjalar uchun raqobatlashdi. qoralama "nomi bilan tanilganMersi kvartiralari ", ikkala suv yo'llarida ham ishlatilgan.[75] O'tgan yillar davomida har ikkala kompaniya bilan yuk tashish narxlari yoki boshqa stavkalarni olish uchun maxsus stavkalar va imtiyozlarni taklif qiladigan savdo va raqobat o'sishda davom etdi. Ko'chirilgan eng muhim yuk Liverpuldan Manchesterga paxta xomashyosi edi, ammo yog'och, bo'yoq materiallari, cho'yan, qo'rg'oshin, mis, mixlar, smola, qum, don va un ham tashilgan.[76] Yo'lovchilarga xizmat ko'rsatish Bridgewater kanalida bir necha yillardan buyon ishlab kelmoqda va 1807 yilda Irwell va Mersey Navigation kompaniyasi kunlik xizmatlar bilan raqobatlasha boshladilar. Runcorn va "Manchester". 1816 yilda ular paketli paroxodlardan foydalanishni boshladilar. Biroq, 1830 yilda Liverpul va Manchester temiryo'lchilari ochilgan; paketli qayiq xizmatlar pasayib ketdi va 1860-yillarda o'z faoliyatini to'liq to'xtatdi.[76] Manchesterda yana ikkita kanal Irwellni kirish nuqtasi sifatida ishlatgan: the Manchester Bolton va Bury Canal 1809 yildan va Manchester va Salford Junction kanali 1839 yildan. O'tgan yil, qisqa Xulme qulflangan filial kanali shuningdek, Irwellni Kastilfilddagi Bridjuvater kanaliga ulagan edi. Hammasi endi navigatsiya qilinmaydi, garchi birinchisi tiklanmoqda.[77]

Manchester kema kanali

Asosiy maqola: Manchester kema kanali
Mersi daryosi Manchester kema kanaliga quyiladi Irlam

19-asr rivojlanib borishi bilan yirik yuk tashuvchilarga bo'lgan ehtiyojning ortishi olib keldi "Liverpul" port sifatida ustunlik. Manchester unga tobora ko'proq ishonib qoldi Mersisayd import va eksport uchun qo'shni, ammo ular tomonidan olinadigan to'lovlar va yig'imlar Mersi Docklari va Makoni kengashi Manchesterdan tovarlarni raqobatbardosh qildi. Yechim Manchester kema kanalini qurish edi.[78] 1887 yilda Bridgewater Navigatsiya kompaniyasi Manchester Ship Canal Company tomonidan 1 million 710 ming funt sterlingga chek bilan sotib olindi, bu o'sha paytda yozilgan eng katta chex edi va Manchester Ship Kanalining binosi boshlandi.[79]Mersi va Irvell navigatsiyasining sharqiy qismini juda chuqurlashtirish va kengaytirish orqali qilingan kanal 1894 yil 1 yanvarda ochilgan.[80][81] Bu paxta xomashyosini tegirmonlarga etkazib berish xarajatlarini va tayyor matoni chet elga jo'natishni kamaytirdi. Kanal mintaqani sanoat inqilobining markaziga aylanishiga yordam berdi va u 64 mil uzoqlikda bo'lishiga qaramay, Manchesterni Angliyaning uchinchi yirik portiga aylantirdi. Kanal qurilishi bilan, Brindlining mashhur suv o'tkazgichini buzish kerakligi aniq bo'ldi, chunki bu kanal olib o'tadigan yuk tashuvchilar uchun etarli joy yo'q edi. Yaxshiyamki, 1896 yilda Ekklning maslahatchilari akvedukni kanal bilan birga bugun egallab turgan joyga ko'chirish uchun pul to'lashdi. The Bridgewater kanali Endi Manchester Ship kanali orqali teng ravishda nishonlanadi Barton Swing Aqueduct, 1893 yilda "ochish" yangi g'oyasi bilan 90 gradusni aylanib, kemalarning o'tishi uchun yakunlandi.[82]

Manchester Ship kanali va Manchester Dock qurilishi rivojlanishiga olib keldi Trafford Park Evropaning eng yirik sanoat mulki sifatida,[83] va keyingi sakson yil davomida hududga ish olib keldi. 1960 yillarga kelib, Buyuk Britaniya sanoat dunyosi sifatida o'z mavqeini yo'qotishni boshladi. 20-asrning o'rtalariga kelib, Buyuk Britaniyaning paxta sanoati Osiyo ishlab chiqaruvchilarining arzon raqobati tufayli tanazzulga yuz tutdi. Ushbu sohada og'ir sanoatning pasayishi, yuk tashiydigan kemalar hajmining ko'payishi va avtomobil transportida raqobat, 1982 yilda yopilgan Salford terminal terminalining pasayishiga olib keldi.[84]

Irwell daryosining toshqinlardan himoya qilish sxemasi

Peel Park toshqini obeliskida 1866 yilgi toshqin darajasi ko'rsatilgan. 1870 yilgi toshqinlardan keyin ikkinchi toshqin liniyasi qo'shildi.

Irvellning quyi oqimlari o'z tarixida ko'p marta suv bosgan, eng yaxshi hujjatlarga ko'ra 1866 yilgi toshqinlar bo'lgan,[34] 1946, 1954, 1980, 2007, 2015 and 2020. In December 1816 rapidly thawing snow caused the river to flood, sweeping away a considerable amount of property including building materials and livestock. Locals reported the height of the river to have been almost as great as a more serious flood of 1768. A local public house, the Qora bola, suffered extensive damage as the water caused the rear wall to collapse, a local brewery was flooded with the loss of all its stock, and a Mersey Flat came free of its moorings, hitting Regent Bridge.[85] In 1866, the "year of the great Flood", rain fell for three continuous days commencing on Tuesday 13 November.[34] By the end of the first day, the river had risen 14 feet (4.3 m) above normal at Peel Park, street lamps could not be lit and mills were brought to a stop. In all, £1 million of property was damaged, 450 hectares of land was flooded, 700 people had to be rescued from wrecked homes, but only one man died by drowning.[34] The height of the flood was marked by an obelisk erected in Peel Park.[34] The construction of the ship canal is said to have reduced the risk of flooding, by providing a larger outlet below Regent bridge.[34] In 1946 in Salford 5,300 properties were flooded, and 600 were flooded in 1954.[86]

To alleviate such problems two flood storage basins with a capacity of 650,000 cubic metres (850,000 cu yd) have been constructed to the west of Littleton Road, Kersal, at a cost of around £11 million. As part of the River Irwell Flood Defence Scheme, the defences help to protect some 3,000 properties in Kersal and Lower Broughton against a 1 in 75 year flood.[86] Concerns have been raised that a 1 in a 100-year flood would breach these defences and cause some £55 million damage to property.[87] The defences proved successful on 22 January 2008, when the worst flooding to hit the region in thirty years caused the Irwell to burst its banks further downstream in the centre of Manchester.[88][89]

On 2 February 2018 the Atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish agentligi announced the completion of A £10 million extension to the flood defence scheme which will protect almost 2,000 homes and businesses and has created more than 5 hectares of high quality urban wetland habitat. The new development also provides a new footpath around the site which links to existing footpaths to provide a green route to and from the centre of Manchester. The 28 hectare flood basin will protect surrounding properties by holding up to 650 million litres of water during flood conditions. The scheme, utilises an ‘offline’ storage basin, created in a meander of the Irwell on the site of the old Manchester Racecourse, that will work in tandem with the existing flood storage area at Littleton Road. The embankment around the basin features an inlet to allow the controlled spill of water into the basin when river levels are high. Water will then be stored in the basin during a flood and released back into the river once the water level has dropped. The flood embankments have also been planted with 10 hectares of wildflower habitat, to attract pollinating species such as moths, butterflies and bees.[90]

Qayta tiklanish

Ontario Basin, Salford Quays

A large urban regeneration project, The Salford Quays Development Plan, was published in 1985 and work began a few years later to redevelop the site for residential, business and leisure purposes. The Salford Quays waterside development has made living by the Irwell, and the Manchester Ship Canal into which it flows, fashionable once again.[91]

There are further plans to "turn the tide on the years of neglect and once again embrace the River Irwell as a fundamental part of Manchester and Salford's heritage and future economic and social growth. The vision is to reinvent the central Manchester conurbation as the major waterfront destination in Northern England." A number of key stakeholders are involved in the development of this regeneration vision. These include Manchester, Salford and Trafford councils, Manchester Ship Canal Company, Environment Agency, Mersey Basin Campaign, local businesses, landowners, community groups and the wider Manchester, Salford and Traffordcommunities.[92]

Irwell City Park

2007 yilda Manchester shahar kengashi, Salford City Council and Trafford Metropolitan Borough kengashi prepared planning guidance to support the delivery of a project for the restoration of the river and creation of a new urban park, to be called Irwell City Park. The intention is to develop 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of riverside between The Meadows and Peel Park in the north, through Salford and Manchester city centres, Ordsall and Pomona Dock areas, around to Salford Quays and Trafford Wharfside. The three authorities formally adopted the draft Planning Guidance in March 2008. The Guidance sets out the guidelines that the councils will use as a material consideration in determining applications for planning permission and other matters in the Irwell City Park area. It also establishes a set of principles to ensure the provision of a continuous riverside cycle/walkway, and the high quality design of new public open spaces and other infrastructure. An application is to be made to the North West Development Agency in October 2008 to support pre-project implementation work, including design and technical feasibility work.[93]

Sport on the Irwell

Rowing has existed along the river in Manchester and Salford since 1823. A regatta was inaugurated on 12 September 1842 on a straight course from Throstle's Nest Weir to Regent Road Bridge. Racing continued in Manchester with events such as Agecroft Regatta and Warburton Regatta. At the turn of the 20th century, rowing was very popular in the area with many local clubs such as Nemesis, Prince of Wales, Minerva, Didsbury and Agecroft all competing regularly. With the decline in the condition of the water, by the Ikkinchi jahon urushi only Agecroft and Broughton rowing clubs were still active.[94]

Agecroft Rowing Club was formed in 1861, making it one of the oldest open membership rowing clubs in the world.[95] The club was originally based in the grounds of Agecroft Hall and then a short distance downstream at Littleton Road. However, the river became impossible for eight's and fours to pass due to the encroachment of weeds and river life following the clean up of the environment.[96] The club now operates from a boat house next to the Salford Watersports Centre at Salford Kvays, which it has shared with the Salford universiteti Boat Club since 2004. The boat house, which the sport's governing body, Britaniya eshkak eshish, has nominated as the North West Centre of Excellence, also hosts the Two Cities Boat Race, which has been held on the river since 1972.[97][98]

This river is home to the Salford Friendly Anglers' Society, the oldest angling society in the world, founded in 1817.[99]

Daryolar

Tributaries of the Irwell

Moving upstream from the Mersey confluence, the tributaries include the following:

Confluence of the Roch and Irwell at Dafn qilmoq
  • Platts Brook
  • Bent Lanes Brook
    • Longford Brook
  • Salteye Brook
    • Worsley Brook
  • Gilda Brook
  • Misr Bruk
    • Rush Brook
    • Qora Bruk
    • Kleyton Bruk
  • Medlok daryosi
  • Irk daryosi
  • Singleton Brook
  • Slack Brook
  • Bradley Brook
  • Unity Brook
  • Horridge Brook
  • Kroal daryosi
  • Hutchinson's Goit
  • Bealey's Goit
  • Roch daryosi
  • Elton Brook
  • Woodhill Brook
  • Seedfield Brook
  • Pigs Lee Brook
    • Whitewall Brook
      • Gindles Brook
  • Walmersley Brook
  • Holcombe Brook
    • Red Bruk
  • Sunny Brook
  • Park Brook
  • Cross Bank Brook
    • Shuttleworth Brook
    • Harden Brook
  • Dearden Brook
    • Brook Bottom Brook
      • New Gate Brook
    • Scout Moor Brook
  • Chatterton Hey Brook
  • Great Hey Brook
  • Hodge Brook
  • Kenyon Brook
  • Ogden daryosi
  • Balladen Brook
  • Langwood Brook
  • Limy Water
    • Gin Brook
  • Uaytvul Bruk
    • Shaw Clough Brook
    • Heb Brook
    • Cunliffe Brook
    • Shepherd/Dean Brook
      • Nabb Brook
    • Clough Bottom Brook
    • Deerplay Hill Syke
  • Cowpe Brook
  • Sow Brook
  • Greens Brook
  • Britannia Brook
    • Venomous Brook
  • Greave Brook
    • Oaken Brook
      • Reaps Brook
  • Whittaker Brook
    • Setting Barn Brook
  • Scar End Brook
    • Heald Brook

Shuningdek qarang

Adabiyotlar

Izohlar

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