Salford - Salford

Ushbu maqola Siti haqida. Kattaroq mahalliy hokimiyat okrugi uchun qarang Salford shahri. Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Salford (ajralish).

Salford
Shahar hududi
Chapel ko'chasi, Salford.png
Salford Buyuk Manchester shahrida joylashgan
Salford
Salford
Ichida joylashgan joy Buyuk Manchester
Maydon8,1 kvadrat mil (21 km.)2)
Aholisi103,886 (2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish )[1]
• Zichlik8,981 / kvadrat milya (3,468 / km)2)
DemonimSalfordian
OS tarmog'iga ma'lumotnomaSJ805985
• London164 mil (264 km)SE
Metropolitan tumani
Metropolitan grafligi
Mintaqa
MamlakatAngliya
Suveren davlatBirlashgan Qirollik
Pochta shaharchasiSELFORD
Pochta indeksiM3, M5-M7, M50
Kodni terish0161
PolitsiyaBuyuk Manchester
Yong'inBuyuk Manchester
Tez yordamshimoli g'arbiy
Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti
Joylar ro'yxati
Buyuk Britaniya
Angliya
Buyuk Manchester
53 ° 28′59 ″ N. 2 ° 17′35 ″ Vt / 53.4830 ° N 2.2931 ° Vt / 53.4830; -2.2931Koordinatalar: 53 ° 28′59 ″ N. 2 ° 17′35 ″ Vt / 53.4830 ° N 2.2931 ° Vt / 53.4830; -2.2931

Salford (/ˈsɒlfard/) shahar va asosiy tuman[2] ichida Salford shahri, Buyuk Manchester, Angliya. U to'g'ridan-to'g'ri g'arbda Manchester shahar markazi a meandr ning Irwell daryosi, bilan chegarasining bir qismini tashkil etadi "Manchester".

Salford mahalliy hukumat okrugi keng tumanidan boshqariladi Svinton. Sobiq Salford okrugi tumani, shu jumladan Broughton, Pendlton va Kersal, berilgan shahar maqomi 1926 yilda. 2011 yilda Salford 103,886 nafar aholiga ega edi,[1] va Salford shahri 233,933.[3]

Tarixiy jihatdan yilda Lankashir, Salford qadimgi sud qarorgohi bo'lgan yuz Salfordshir. Bu berildi nizom tomonidan Ranulf de Blondevil, Chesterning 6-grafligi, taxminan 1230 yilda Salfordni qo'shnisi Manchesterga qaraganda ko'proq madaniy va tijorat ahamiyatiga ega bo'lgan bepul tumanga aylantiradi,[4] garchi beri Sanoat inqilobi 18-asr oxiri va 19-asr boshlarida bu pozitsiya o'zgartirildi.[5][6]

Salford asosiy paxta va ipakka aylandi yigirish va to'quvchilik zavod shaharchasi 18 va 19 asrlarda va keyin muhim ichki port ustida Manchester kema kanali 1894 yildan boshlab. Sanoatlar 20-asrda pasayib, iqtisodiy tushkunlikni keltirib chiqardi va Salford qarama-qarshiliklar joyiga aylandi. Salford Kvays Angliyaning ba'zi ijtimoiy eng mahrum va zo'ravon joylari yonida.[7]

Salford uyning uyidir Salford universiteti, va dunyoning birinchi bepul, shu jumladan, bir necha birinchi ko'rgan ommaviy kutubxona,[8] va gaz bilan yoritilgan birinchi ko'cha.[9] Salfordniki MediaCityUK ning bosh qarorgohiga aylandi CBBC va BBC Sport 2011 yilda,[10] qo'shildi ITV Granada 2013 yilda.

Tarix

Toponimika

Salford nomi Qadimgi ingliz so'z Zilxford, degan ma'noni anglatadi ford tomonidan majnuntol daraxtlar. Bu tollarga tegishli edi (Lotin: solix) yoki qirg'oqlari bilan birga o'sib chiqqan sho'rvalar Irwell daryosi.[11][12] Ford qayerda ekanligi haqida edi Viktoriya ko'prigi bugun.[13] Willow daraxtlari hali ham topilgan Quyi Brutton.[12] Salford paydo bo'ladi quvur rulosi 1169 ning "Sauford" nomi bilan[14] va 1226 yildagi Lankashir inkvizitsiyasida "Seynford" sifatida.[15]

Dastlabki tarix

The Yuz Salford edi a Qirollik Manor ning Angliya-sakson kelib chiqishi demesne Salford.

Hozirgi Salford hududida inson faoliyatining ma'lum bo'lgan dastlabki dalillari Neolitik chaqmoq o'qlari va ish joylari topilgan Kersal Mur va Irwell daryosi, bu hudud 7-10 ming yil oldin yashagan degan fikrni bildiradi. Bunday asbob-uskunalar uchun xom ashyo kam edi va ishlashga yaroqsiz edi, natijada ular boshqa joylarda topilgan sifatga ega emas. Boshqa topilmalar qatoriga qazish paytida Mode Wheel yaqinidan topilgan neolitik bolta-bolg'a kiradi Manchester kema kanali 1890 yilda va a Bronza davri krematsiya urnasi 1873 yilda Brutton Xoll ko'chasida yo'l qurilishi paytida.[16][17]

The Prigantes mayor edi Keltlar qabilasi hozirda Shimoliy Angliya. Qumtosh chiqadigan joyda mustahkam bo'lgan joy bilan Manchester sobori Endi Salfordning asl markaziga qarama-qarshi bo'lib, ularning hududi hozirgi Salford va Irwell daryosi bo'yidagi unumdor pasttekislik bo'ylab cho'zilgan. Stretford. Keyingi Rimlarning Buyuk Britaniyani bosib olishi, General Agricola a qurilishini buyurdi Rim qal'asi nomlangan Mamusium (Manchester) ga yo'nalishlarni himoya qilish Deva g'olibligi (Chester ) va Eborakum (York ) Brigantlardan. Salford milodning 79 yilida qurib bitkazilgandan so'ng tashkil topgan,[17] va 300 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida Pax Romana hududga tinchlik olib keldi. Ikkalasi ham asosiy Rim yo'li shimolda, Mamuciumdan Ribchester, va g'arbga ikkinchi yo'l, hozirgi Salford hududidan o'tib ketdi, ammo bu hududda kam sonli Rim asarlari topilgan.[18] Miloddan avvalgi 410 yilda Rimliklarning chiqib ketishi aholini rahm-shafqat ostida qoldirdi Saksonlar. The Daniyaliklar keyinchalik bu hududni bosib oldi va Brigantlardan qolgan narsalarni o'zlashtirdi.[19] Burchaklar davrida mintaqada joylashdilar Ilk o'rta asrlar va bu joyga nom berdi Zilxford, "majnuntol ford" degan ma'noni anglatadi.[11] Ga ko'ra Angliya-sakson xronikasi, Zilxford Shohligining bir qismi edi Nortumbriya 923 yilda bosib olingangacha Katta Edvard.[20]

Birlashgan paydo bo'lganidan keyin Angliya qirolligi, Salford a bo'ldi caput yoki Angliya qirollari tomonidan, shu jumladan, keng qishloq hududidagi markaziy manor Edward Confessor. Daryolar orasidagi maydon Mersi va Ribble oltita kichik tumanlarga bo'linib, "wapentakes" deb nomlangan yoki yuzlab. Janubi-sharqiy tuman nomi bilan tanilgan Yuz Salford, Salforddan harbiy va sud maqsadlarida boshqariladigan erlarning bo'linishi. Unda to'qqizta katta cherkov, ikkitasining kichik qismlari va shaharcha bor edi Aspull cherkovida Uigan.[18][21][22][23]

Mag'lubiyatidan keyin Garold II davomida Normanning Angliyani zabt etishi, Uilyam I Yuz Salfordga berilgan Rojer Poitevin va Domesday kitobi 1086 yildagi Salford yuzi 350 kvadrat mil (906 km) maydonni egallaganligi qayd etilgan2) aholisi 35000 kishi.[24] Poitevin bo'ysunuvchini yaratdi Manchester manbai O'sha paytdan beri mahalliy hukumatda Salforddan ajralib chiqqan yuz kishidan. Poytevin 1102 yilda qo'zg'olonning muvaffaqiyatsiz urinishida mag'lub bo'lganda, manorni yo'qotdi Genri I. Taxminan 1115 yilda isyon paytida ularni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun Genri I Yuz Salfordni o'z nazorati ostiga oldi Lankasterning grafligi,[23] va aynan shu almashinuvdan Yuz Salford a qirol manori. The Manor egasi ham edi Ingliz monarxi yoki a feodal podshoh uchun manorni boshqargan er egasi.[4] Hukmronligi davrida Genri II Salford Qirollik Manoriga o'tdi Ranulf de Gernon, Chesterning 4-grafligi.[23][25]

Ordsall zali a tarixiy uy va avvalgi ko'rkam uy yilda Ordsall, Salford. Bu hech bo'lmaganda shundan kelib chiqadi So'nggi o'rta asrlar va Radkliflar oilasining o'rni edi.[26]

Salford 13-asrning boshlarida kichik shaharcha sifatida paydo bo'la boshladi. 1228 yilda, Genri III Salfordning kaputiga bozor va yillik yarmarka o'tkazish huquqini berdi. Yarmarkalar shahar uchun muhim edi; 17-asrning buyrug'i har birini majbur qildi burgess - a mahalla fuqarosi - qatnashish uchun, ammo yarmarkalar 19-asrda bekor qilingan.[27] Chester graflari kaputning rivojlanishiga yordam berishdi va 1230 yilda Ranulf de Blondevil, Chesterning 6-grafligi Salford a qarz yoki bepul tuman.[23][28] The nizom o'zining burgesslariga Salforddan tashqarida yashovchilarga nisbatan ma'lum tijorat huquqlari, imtiyozlari va afzalliklarini berdi; ustavning 26 bandidan birida, agar ular ham okrugda yashamasa, hech kim yuzlab Salfordda ishlay olmasligi aytilgan.[4][15][27] Salfordning qarzdorlik maqomi taniqli oilalar oqimini rag'batlantirdi va shu bilan So'nggi o'rta asrlar Salford "unga boy edi manor uylari ", 30 dan ortiq 5 milya (8 km) radiusda Ordsall.[4] Bularga kiritilgan Ordsall zali (Radkliflar oilasiga tegishli) va Broughton Hall ga tegishli Derbi graflari.[4][21]

Davomida Fuqarolar urushi 1640–49 yillarda Salford Royalist Buning sababi, Irvellning narigi tomonidagi Manchesterdan farqli o'laroq, foydasiga e'lon qilgan Parlament a'zolari. Qirollik kuchlari hozirgi Viktoriya ko'prigi joylashgan joy bo'ylab Manchesterni qamal qilishdi, ammo bu qisqa muddatli bo'lsa-da, "ikki shahar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni yaxshilashga unchalik yordam bermadi". Bir asr o'tgach, 1745 yilda Salford qat'iy qo'llab-quvvatladi Bonni shahzoda Charli, qo'lga kiritishga urinishda Angliya taxti. U shaharga armiyasining boshida kirib kelgan va Londonga yurish uchun "ko'tarinki ruhda" ketishidan oldin, muhtaram Jon Kleyton tomonidan duo qilingan; u to'qqiz kundan keyin Salfordga mag'lubiyat bilan qaytdi.[29]

Sanoat inqilobi

1801 yildagi Manchester va Salford xaritasi

Salford to'qimachilikni qayta ishlash tarixidan oldingi tarixga ega Sanoat inqilobi va eski shahar sifatida 700 yil davomida rivojlanib kelmoqda.[30] Paxta etishtirishdan oldin sezilarli savdo-sotiq mavjud edi jun tovarlar va fustiyaliklar.[31] Boshqalar kottejlar hozirgi vaqtda keng tarqalgan tiqilib qolish, tosh bosish, to'quvchilik va pivo tayyorlash.[32] O'zgarishlar sanoat inqilobi davrida to'qimachilik ishlab chiqarish aholiga ham, urbanizatsiyaga ham katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va Salfordning madaniy sharoitlari.

To'qimachilik mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash va savdo infratuzilmasi yaxshi yo'lga qo'yilgan va suvni tayyor etkazib berish Irwell daryosi va uning irmoqlari, qurgan tadbirkorlarni jalb qildi paxta zavodlari daryo bo'yida Pendlton va Ordsall. Salford Manchesterga o'xshash sanoat rivojlanish uslubiga amal qilgan bo'lsa-da, aksariyat korxonalar o'z binolarini Irwellning Manchester tomonida qurishni ma'qul ko'rishdi va natijada Salford tijorat markazi sifatida qo'shnisi singari rivojlanmadi.[31] Ushbu oldingi tegirmonlarning aksariyati asoslangan edi Arkwright - turdagi dizaynlar. Ular kuchli suv qulashlariga ishonar edilar, ammo Salford Irwellning meandrida, faqat ozgina gradiyenti bor va shu tariqa tegirmonlar Kersal va Pendltonning yuqori qismida qurilishi kerak edi. Biroq, joriy etilishi bilan bug 'dvigateli 18-asrning oxirida savdogarlar Salford va Manchester markazlariga yaqinroqda tegirmonlar qurishni boshladilar, u erda ishchi kuchi va ko'mir zaxiralari osonroq bo'lgan (1780 yilda Manchesterda bug 'bilan ishlaydigan birinchi tegirmon qurilgan). Birinchi qurilgan zavodlardan biri Salforddagi Filipp va Lining Twist Mill edi,[31] 1801 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada barpo etilgan ikkinchi temir karkasli ko'p qavatli bino qurib bitkazildi.[33] Salford Engine Twist Company yirik fabrikasi Salfordning g'arbiy qismida, Chapel Street va Irwell o'rtasida qurilgan va 1806 yilda gazli yoritgichlardan foydalangan birinchi yirik paxta fabrikasi bo'lgan. Ushbu sohada ko'plab muhandislik kompaniyalari, shu jumladan tashkil etilgan Samuel Ellis va Company Irwell quyish zavodida.[34] Biroq, bu hududdagi ko'plab kichik fabrikalar va fabrikalar, jumladan, 1824 yil 13 oktyabrda jiddiy avariya sodir bo'lgan Oldfild yo'lining yonida Natan Gughning bug 'bilan boshqariladigan xachirni yigiruvchi fabrikasi bilan taqqoslaganda (rasmga qarang).[35]

Natan Gughning Salford shahridagi yigiruv fabrikasidagi jiddiy voqeani tasvirlaydigan o'tin, 1824 yil
Oxirida olingan Salfordning eng qadimgi fotosurati Qrim urushi 1856 yil may oyida

Kanal qurilishi Salfordning sanoat rivojlanishini yanada rag'batlantirdi. Ning ochilishi Bridgewater kanali 1761 yilda yoqilg'i va xom ashyo transportini yaxshilab, ko'mir narxini taxminan 50 foizga pasaytirdi.[36] Keyinchalik Manchester, Bolton va Bury kanali (Salfordda tugatilgan) Pendletondagi chuqurlardan arzonroq ko'mir olib keldi, Agecroft kollieri va undan tashqarida. 1818 yilga kelib Manchester, Salford va Eccles taxminan 80 ta tegirmonga ega edi, ammo bu qurib bitkazilishi edi Manchester kema kanali 1894 yilda Salfordning rivojlanishiga turtki bo'ldi ichki port.[31] Salford Docks, mayor dokland Kema kanalida sharqdan 35 milya (56 km) Irlandiya dengizi, 3000 dan ortiq mardikorni ish bilan ta'minladi.[37] 1914 yilga kelib Manchester porti Doksning aksariyati Salfordda bo'lgan, Buyuk Britaniyaning 5% importi va 4,4% eksporti bilan shug'ullanadigan dunyodagi eng yirik port hokimiyatlaridan biriga aylangan. Tovarlarga paxta, g'alla, jun, to'qimachilik mashinalari va parovozlar kiradi.[38]

Asrlar davomida to'qimachilik va tegishli savdolar shaharchada bandlikning asosiy manbai bo'lgan.[32] Oqartirish avvalgi jun sanoatidan olib borilgan Salfordda keng tarqalgan tugatish savdosi edi. 18-asrda, kimyoviy sayqallashni boshlashdan oldin, sayqallash maydonlari odatiy hol edi, ba'zilari shaharchaga juda yaqin edi. 1773 yilda Salford atrofida 25 ta sayqallashgan, aksariyati shaharchaning g'arbiy qismida. Matbaa savdo-sotiqning yana bir manbai bo'lgan; mintaqada eng qadimgi 1763 yilgi Manchester Parish registridagi kalikli printer edi.[39] Ushbu sohalar Salford yaqin atrofdagi shaharlarning tobora kuchayib borayotgan raqobatiga duch kelganligi sababli muhimroq bo'ldi Bolton va Oldxem. Uning kabi paxta yigirish tarmoqlar uning iqtisodiyotini tobora ko'proq toqimachilikka va tugatish ishlariga, shu jumladan tobora ko'proq aylanib bormoqda reksin Salforddagi bir qator ishlarda ipakni bo'yash, to'lg'azish va oqartirish.[31]

Ning ochilishi Salford Docks Salfordni mayorga aylantirdi ichki port okean bo'ylab Manchester kema kanali. Ushbu sayt endi ishg'ol qilingan Lowry.

Ikkalasi ham Karl Marks va Fridrix Engels ingliz ishchilar sinfining ahvolini o'rganib, Salfordda vaqt o'tkazdi. Yilda 1844 yilda Angliyada ishchilar sinfining ahvoli, Engels Salfordni "haqiqatan ham ishchilar sinfining bitta katta kvartali ... [a] juda zararli, iflos va xaroba tuman, boshqa sanoat tarmoqlari deyarli har doim to'qimachilik bilan bog'liq bo'lgan holda, Manchesterning" Eski cherkovi "qarshisida joylashgan" deb ta'riflagan.[5]

Salford bir nechta fuqarolik institutlarini rivojlantirdi; 1806 yilda Chapel ko'chasi gaz bilan yoritilgan dunyodagi birinchi ko'chaga aylandi (Fillips va Lining paxta zavodi tomonidan etkazib berildi).[40] Shartlariga muvofiq 1850 yilda Muzeylar to'g'risidagi qonun 1845 yil, shahar tuman kengashi tashkil etdi Qirollik muzeyi va jamoat kutubxonasi, Angliyadagi birinchi shartsiz bepul ommaviy kutubxona bo'lganligi aytilgan,[8][9][41] oldingi Ommaviy kutubxonalar to'g'risidagi qonun 1850 yil.

Sanford inqilobining Salfordiga ta'siri "ajoyib" deb ta'riflangan. Maydon kichik bozor shaharchasidan yirik sanoatga aylandi metropol; fabrikalar kottejni almashtirdi va aholisi 1812 yilda 12000 kishidan 30 yil ichida 70244 ga ko'tarildi. 19-asrning oxiriga kelib u 220 mingga etdi. Past sifatli katta hajmdagi bino Viktoriya davri terasli uy haddan tashqari zichlikni to'xtatmadi, bu o'zi surunkali ijtimoiy mahrumlikka olib keldi. Uy-joylarning zichligi bir gektar maydonda 80 ta uyni tashkil etdi.[21][42] Salfordning chekkasiga ko'chib o'tuvchi o'rta sinflarning foydalanishi uchun xususiy yo'llar qurildi. Elleray Road-ni o'z ichiga olgan bunday yo'llarga kirish joylari Irlamlar o 'balandlik, ko'pincha darvozabon bo'lgan va patrul qilingan.[43]

Postindustriyaviy pasayish

Mahalliy ishlab chiqarish sanoati tugaganidan so'ng, 1960-yillarni qayta tiklash loyihasi 30 dan ortiq qurilishlarni amalga oshirdiminora bloklari shaharda, Salfordning ko'pchiligining o'rnini egalladi Viktoriya davri kechqurunlar.
The Uy-joy bozorini yangilash tashabbusi bilan maydonlarga ega bo'lgan Salfordni aniqladi terasli uy zamonaviy ehtiyojlarga mos bo'lmagan.[44]

20-asr boshlarida mintaqaviy transport infratuzilmasining yaxshilanishi Salfordning mavjud sanoat tarmoqlarini, shu jumladan, sanoat tarmoqlarining pasayishiga olib keldi. Salford Docks. Kuchaygan xorijiy raqobat mahalliy to'qimachilik mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash korxonalarining raqobatbardoshligini susaytira boshladi. Davrida ishsizlikning o'sishi Katta depressiya 1920-1930-yillarda,[45] Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyingi o'n yilliklarda sezilarli iqtisodiy pasayish Salford aholisining kamayishiga yordam berdi.[46] 1939 yilga kelib mahalliy ko'mir qazib olish deyarli to'xtadi va 1971 yilga kelib paxta yigirilish butunlay to'xtadi.[45] 1921-1939 yillarda Salford aholisi 29% ga kamaydi, 234.045 dan 166.386 gacha,[47] ichida pasayish darajasidan ancha katta Shimoliy G'arbiy Angliya.[46]

1931 yilda o'tkazilgan so'rov natijalariga ko'ra Salfordning ba'zi qismlarida eng yomonlari bor degan xulosaga kelishdi kechqurunlar mamlakatda. Ko'plab uylar kalamushlardan zarar ko'rgan va oddiy sharoitlardan mahrum bo'lgan. Inspektorlar tekshiruvdan o'tkazilgan 950 ta uyning 257 tasi yomon ta'mirlangan, tomlari oqishi, pollari singan va chirigan yog'ochdan ishlanganligi aniqlandi. Tekshiruvchilar "ko'pchilik ijarachilar uy sharoitlarini toza va obro'li sharoitlarda saqlab qolishgan jasorat va qat'iyat bilan hayratga tushishdi".[45] 1933 yilga kelib, qashshoq joyni tozalash loyihalar amalga oshirilmoqda,[48] va 1956 yil oxiriga kelib mingdan ziyod oila uyga joylashtirildi ortiqcha mol-mulk da Kichkina Xulton.[49] Ushbu bo'shliqlar, ba'zilar uchun, hududning xarakterini shu darajada o'zgartirib yuborganki, "odatdagi Salfordni izlayotgan kuzatuvchilar Eccles va Swinton-ga qarashlari kerak bo'lishi mumkin, chunki jamoat va shaharlarning aksariyati ... Salforddan ketgan, baland uylar bilan almashtirildi ".[50] 1960 va 1970 yillarda shaharning katta hududlari qayta ishlab chiqilgan, bilan Viktoriya davri rassomni ilhomlantirgan terasli uy-joy massivlari L. S. Louri va sovunli opera Koronatsiya ko'chasi betonga yo'l berish minora bloklari va qat'iy me'morchilik.[50] 20-asrning boshlarida Salforddagi hayotni Robert Roberts o'z tadqiqotida tasvirlab bergan Klassik uyum.[51]

Keng qamrovli qayta qurishga qaramay, 1980 va 1990 yillarda mintaqa yuqori darajadagi qashshoqlik va ishsizlikni boshdan kechirdi, ayniqsa har ikki o'n yillikning dastlabki yillaridagi tanazzul davrida. Ushbu ijtimoiy mahrumlik darajasi oshishining asosiy omili bo'ldi to'da jinoyati noqonuniy giyohvandlik vositalari, qurol va talonchilik bilan bog'liq. Bu qo'shni hududlarda uchragan shu kabi muammolar bilan solishtirish mumkin edi "Manchester" shu jumladan Moss tomoni, shu qatorda; shu bilan birga Toxtet uzoqroq qo'shni shaharda "Liverpul".

Uyushgan jinoyatchilik Salfordda, xususan Ordsall va Pendltonda "o't-o'lanning demokratiyasiga bezovta qiluvchi ta'sir ko'rsatila boshladi. Liberal-demokratlar ham, konservatorlar ham ba'zi Salford qamoqxonalariga qarshi chiqmasligini e'lon qilishdi, chunki ular ularni" xavfli "deb hisoblashdi va o'zlarining" xavf ostida bo'lgan partiya xodimlari ".[52] Salfordning ijtimoiy qulayliklari va tungi vaqt iqtisodiyoti jinoiy "qo'rqitish", "giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish, janjallar va pul talab qilish" sharoitida buklangan.[53] 2005 yil boshida Latviya hukumati ga murojaat qildi Yevropa Ittifoqi Latviya fuqarosining boshiga pichoq bilan urilganidan keyin odamlarga Salfordga sayohat qilmaslik to'g'risida maslahat berish Quyi Brutton.[54] Biroq, bunga qarshi kurash Buyuk Manchester politsiyasi uy-joy fondidagi investitsiyalar va tarkibiy o'zgarishlar bilan birgalikda Salfordning boyligini o'zgartira boshladi;[55] aholining kamayishi sekinlashdi,[46] va Salford shahar kengashi a'zolari bu erga tashrif buyurish uchun xavfsiz joy ekanligini ta'kidladilar.[54] 2005 yil avgust oyida so'rovnoma 4-kanal televidenie shaharni jinoyatchilik, ta'lim, atrof-muhit, turmush tarzi va bandlik mezonlariga qarab Buyuk Britaniyada yashash uchun eng yomon 9-o'rin deb baholadi.[56]

Qayta tiklanish

MediaCityUK. Shaharlarning yangilanishi Salfordda diqqat markazida bo'lgan Salford Kvays.
Salfordning Sharqidagi, sohilidagi o'zgarishlar Irwell daryosi
Birja sudi - hozirda qurilayotgan Salforddagi eng baland bino.

Salford 1960-yillardan buyon ishsizlik va uy-joy va ijtimoiy muammolarning yuqori darajasidan aziyat chekmoqda, garchi uning boyliklarini qaytarish uchun rejalar mavjud.[57] 1960-70-yillarda qurilgan ko'p qavatli uy-joylar 1990-yillarda buzilgan, bu "buyuk ijtimoiy muhandislik sxemalari (o'sha davrdan boshlab) barbod bo'lganligining belgisi".[58] Biroq, qolgan baland ko'tarilishlar Salford landshaftining ajoyib xususiyatidir. 2007 yil yanvar oyida Salford shahridagi Greengate hududini 180 million funt sterlingga qayta qurish bo'yicha ishlar boshlanishi kerak edi. Rejalarga Salforddagi eng baland minoralar blokini barpo etish kiradi. Shuningdek, rejalarga besh yulduzli mehmonxona, yangi jamoat maydoni va istirohat bog'i, restoranlar, kafelar va 403 xonadonlar kiradi.[59] O'rta asrning tiklangan Salford terminali bilan Midtvud qulflari deb nomlanuvchi maydonni tiklash bo'yicha ishlar davom etmoqda Manchester Bolton va Bury Canal yangi turar-joy qurilishining markaziy qismini shakllantirish.[60] Ning bir qismi sifatida Pathfinder tashabbusi bilan, Salford 2002 yilda yangi uylar uchun sarmoyaga muhtoj bo'lgan to'qqiz yo'nalishdan biri sifatida aniqlandi. 2003 yildan 2006 yilgacha Manchester va Siti Salford uy-joy bozorlariga 115 million funt sterling sarmoya kiritildi, ularning 44 million funti Salford markaziga joylashtirildi.[61] Sidli va Langvorti kabi mahallalardagi qator teraslar - bir paytlar unvonlar ketma-ketligi uchun ishlatilgan Koronatsiya ko'chasi - majburiy ravishda sotib olinmoqda, buzilib, o'rniga "zamonaviy barqaror turar joy" joylashtirilmoqda.[62] Kabi boshqa sxemalar Charlestown va Quyi Kersal Hamjamiyatlar uchun yangi shartnoma, mahalliy jamoatchilik bilan maslahatlashib, mavjud terasli uy-joy fondini obodonlashtirish va xiyobonlarni obodonlashtirish, shuningdek yaroqsiz binolarni buzish va yangi inshootlarni qurish yo'li bilan yangilashga e'tibor qaratdilar.[63]

Hozirda Salfordda ko'plab turistik joylar mavjud Ordsall zali, Bridgewater kanali va Lowry markazi, ikkita teatr va uchta badiiy galereyadan iborat mukofotga sazovor bo'lgan teatr va badiiy galereya majmuasi. Markazga rassom nomi berilgan L. S. Louri, Salford san'at maktabida o'qigan va yaqin joyda yashagan Pendleberi 40 yil davomida.[64] Uning Salford va Manchester tegirmonidagi sahnalari, gugurt cho'chqasiga o'xshash kichik figuralar bilan to'ldirilgan ko'plab rasmlari namoyish etilmoqda.[65]

E'tiborga loyiq regeneratsiya loyihasi MediaCityUK, Salford Quays-da joylashgan. Rivojlanish uylari BBC bo'limlari, shu jumladan CBBC, BBC Sport va Radio 5 jonli 2011 yilda ko'chib o'tgan va BBC nonushta, 2012 yil bahorida Londondan ko'chib kelgan.

So'nggi yillarda Salfordda turli xil yirik turar joylar qurildi. E'tiborli voqea, 700 million funt Middlewood qulflari qurilishini 2016 yilda boshlagan.[66]

Boshqaruv

Salford Town Hall

Salford qadimgi davrlarning bir qismi bo'lgan Manchester cherkovi ning Salford yuz, ichida hozirgi Salford shahridan ancha kattaroq maydon tumanning tarixiy chegaralari ning Lankashir. A zarbasi Norman baron Aytishlaricha, qalam Manchester va Salford bilan ajrashgan, ammo Manchesterdan ajralib chiqqan Salford emas, balki uning kamtarona chizig'i bilan Manchester. lordlar, bu Salforddan ajratilgan.[4] Salford o'zining shahar nizomini oldi Ranulf de Blondevil, Chesterning 6-grafligi, keyin Manor egasi, 1230 yilda.[67] O'sha vaqtdan boshlab 1791 yilgacha, politsiya komissarlari tayinlanganda, u a yengillik, O'rta asr ma'muri va huquqni muhofaza qilish organlari xodimi.[68] Bu tuman sifatida tan olinmagan Shahar korporatsiyalari to'g'risidagi qonun 1835 yil, lekin berildi tuman maqomi 1844 yilda; yangi Salford tumani Salford shaharchasidan va uning bir qismidan tashkil topgan Broughton. Broughtonning qolgan qismi, shaharcha Pendlton va kichik bir qismi Pendleberi 1853 yilda qo'shilgan.[67]

Qachon ma'muriy okrug of Lancashire tomonidan yaratilgan 1888 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun, Salford yuqori darajaga ko'tarildi Salford okrugi tumani va zamonaviy so'zlar bilan aytganda, a unitar hokimiyat ma'muriyatidan ozod qilingan maydon Lankashir okrugi kengashi.[67] Tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlangan kampaniyadan so'ng Uilyam Joynson-Xiks, Uy kotibi va Deputat qo'shni Manchester okrugi uchun, shahar maqomi tomonidan tuman okrugiga berilgan patentlar xatlari 1926 yil 21 aprelda.[69] Bu davlat xizmatchilarining qarshiliklariga qaramay edi Uy idorasi bu tumanni "shunchaki daryo bo'yidagi Manchesterdan uzilib qolgan 240 ming kishidan iborat yig'ma to'plam" deb rad etgan.[70] 1961 yilda .ning kichik bir qismi Eccles munitsipal tumani shaharga qo'shildi,[67] va 1966 yilda Salford bo'ldi egizak bilan Klermont-Ferran Fransiyada.[71]

1974 yilda Salford shahridagi shahar va okrug tumani bekor qilindi Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1972 yil va uning o'rniga metropolitan tumani ning Salford shahri, yangi mahalliy hokimiyat okrugi poytaxt okrugi ning Buyuk Manchester,[67] sobiq Salford shahrining hududi uch baravar ko'payib, qo'shni Eccles, Swinton va Pendlebury va Vorsli va Irlamni egallab oldi.[31] Salford ham, keng Salford shahri ham obod qilinmagan joylar.

Parlament vakolatxonasi

Salford a sifatida tanlangan edi parlament okrugi tomonidan bitta parlament a'zosini (deputatni) qaytarish 1832 yildagi buyuk islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun.[72] 1868 yildan u ikkita deputatni qaytarib berdi Jamiyat palatasi gacha O'rindiqlarni qayta taqsimlash to'g'risidagi qonun 1885 yil, okrug uchta bitta deputatlik bo'linmalariga bo'linganida: Salford Shimoliy, Salford janubiy va Salford G'arbiy.[73] Qoidalariga binoan chegaralar yana o'zgargan Xalqni vakillik to'g'risidagi qonun 1948 yil saylov okruglari qayta tashkil etilganida Salford East va Salford West.[74] 1997 yildan beri Salford qayta tiklangan joyda yotadi Salford parlament okrugi. Hazel Blears - a'zosi Mehnat partiyasi - 1997 yildan beri saylov okrugi bo'yicha deputat. Rebekka Long-Beyli 2019 yildan buyon Buyuk Britaniyaning Leyboristlar partiyasining a'zosi, Salford va Eklzning deputati.[75] Dan 2010 yilgi umumiy saylovlar Salford yangi saylov okrugining bir qismi bo'ladi Salford va Ekklz.[76]Broughton va Kersal palatalari, ammo Blekli va Bruttonning transchegaraviy okrugining bir qismi bo'lishi kerak.

Geografiya

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Buyuk Manchester geografiyasi

Da 53 ° 28′59 ″ N. 2 ° 17′35 ″ Vt / 53.48306 ° N 2.29306 ° Vt / 53.48306; -2.29306 (53.483 °, -2.2931 °) va 205 milya (330 km) shimoli-g'arbda joylashgan Londonning markaziy qismida, Salford dengiz sathidan 54 metr balandlikda,[77] a g'arbidagi nisbatan tekislikda meandr ning Irwell daryosi - shaharning asosiy qismi topografik xususiyati. 1904 yilda Salford "Irwell daryosining katta qismida" ... taxminan shimoldan janubga to'rtdan uch milya va sharqdan g'arbga bir milya ichida "deb qayd etilgan.[78] Salford bilan qo'shni "Manchester", va "uning savdosi ishtirokida va boshqa barcha amaliy maqsadlar uchun uning ajralmas qismi; ko'chalar va binolarda unga o'xshashlikni aks ettiradi; bir nechta jamoat binolari va ajoyib parkni o'z ichiga oladi. o'ziga emas, Manchesterga ".[79] Salfordning asl markazi Greengate a da joylashgan ishlov berish qarama-qarshi daryodagi nuqta Manchester sobori. 1969 yilda Nikolaus Pevsner yozgan:

Bu [qo'shni] Stretford va Salford ma'muriy jihatdan Manchester bilan bir emas, Angliyaning eng qiziq anomaliyalaridan biri.[80]

— Nikolaus Pevsner, Lankashir, Sanoat va savdo janubiy, 1969 yil
Salford
Iqlim jadvali (tushuntirish)
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M
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4
 
 
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7
 
 
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10
 
 
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Manba: Yozuvlar va o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlar, Yahoo! Ob-havo, 2008 yil, arxivlangan asl nusxasi 2005 yil 11 sentyabrda

Irwell, manbasi Kliviger Lankashirda shimoldan oqadi va uzoqqa Salford va Manchester o'rtasidagi qonuniy chegarani tashkil qiladi. Suv toshqini tarixiy jihatdan muammo bo'lib kelgan va Irvell Salfordagi yo'l davomida juda ko'p o'zgarishlarga duch kelgan va ba'zi burilishlar olib tashlangan, kanalizatsiya va qurilish levees va bankni kuchaytirish.[81][82] Salford daryo vodiysi bo'ylab shimolga va janubga kengayib, vodiyning yon tomonlarida balandlikka ko'tarildi Irlamlar o 'balandlik va Yuqori Broughton. Broughton daryosi bo'yidagi konsolidatsiyalangan muzlik konlari daryo bo'yida bir necha ko'chkilarni keltirib chiqardi. Salford shahridagi shahar muhandislari bo'limi 1882 yil fevral oyida Buyuk Klouz ko'chasi yaqinida, boshqalari esa 1886, 1887 va 1888 yillarda shunday voqealardan birini qayd etdi. 1892 yilda yo'l yog'och tayanchlar bilan o'ralgan edi. 1925 yilda yo'l bo'ylab tramvay qatnovi to'xtatildi va 1926 yil yanvar oyida yo'l mexanik harakatlanadigan transport vositalariga yopildi. Keyinchalik siljishlar yo'lning 1933 yil iyulida to'liq yopilishini ko'rdi va 1948 yildan beri biron bir harakat qayd etilmagan bo'lsa-da, Cliff atrofida sekin cho'kish davom etmoqda shu kungacha.[83]

Masofadan Salford silsilasining tasviri
Salfordning shahar manzarasi Hartshead Pike

Salfordning qurilgan muhiti turli xil qurilish fondlaridan iborat. Shaharning ba'zi hududlari surunkali holatga ega shaharlarning buzilishi. Salfordning uy-joy fondiga 20-asr oxirlarida qadrsizlanib qolgan eski, kichikroq terasli uy-joylar va tekis turar joylarning haddan tashqari ko'pligi xosdir. Talab tushganligi sababli, u ko'plab egalarni tark etdi salbiy kapital va ko'pincha o'z uylarini oqilona holatda saqlash uchun vositasiz. Natijada, qurilgan atrof-muhitning ko'p qismi yomon.[46]

Salfordda erlardan foydalanish asosan shahar bo'lib, bir qator yashil maydonlar mavjud. Eng kattasi - 32 gektarni (0,32 km) egallagan Kersal Deyl Kantri Parki2).[84] Boshqalar orasida Kersal Mur yuqori Kersal, The Meadow, Peel Park va unga yaqin qo'shni Devid Lyuis dam olish maskani Salford universiteti, Brobertondagi Albert Park va Clowes Park. Salford hududi har tomondan boshqa shaharlar bilan tutashgan va Milliy statistika boshqarmasi eng oltinchi yirik aholi punktini tashkil etadi Buyuk Manchester shahar maydoni,[85][86] The Buyuk Britaniyaning ikkinchi eng katta konvursiyasi. The M602 avtomagistrali Salfordga kiradi Eccles g'arbda. The A580 "Sharqiy Lankashir yo'li" hududiga kirib, Salfordda tugaydi Pendleberi. Salford orqali og'ir temir yo'l liniyalari o'tadi.

Demografiya

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Buyuk Manchesterning demografiyasi
Salford taqqosladi
2001 yil Buyuk Britaniyada aholini ro'yxatga olishSalford[87]Salford shahri[88]Angliya
Jami aholi72,750210,14549,138,831
Oq93.9%96.1%91%
Osiyo1.9%1.4%4.6%
Qora1.2%1.2%2.3%

Dan boshlab 2001 yil Buyuk Britaniyada aholini ro'yxatga olish, Salfordda 72750 kishi istiqomat qilgan. 2001 yil aholi zichligi miliga 9,151 edi2 (Km uchun 35332), ayollar va erkaklar nisbati 100 dan 98,4 gacha.[89] 16 yoshdan katta bo'lganlarning 44,0 foizi yolg'iz (hech qachon turmush qurmagan) va 36,7 foizi turmush qurgan.[90] Salfordning 32 576 ta uy xo'jaligi 44,1% bir kishidan iborat bo'lib, 22,0% birgalikda yashaydigan er-xotin, 7,6% birgalikda yashash juftliklar va 13,3% yolg'iz ota-onalar farzandlari bilan.[91] 16-74 yoshdagilarning 37,3 foizida yo'q akademik malaka, xuddi Salford shahridagi 35,5 foizga o'xshash, ammo butun Angliyadagi 28,9 foizdan ancha yuqori.[88][92] 16-74 yoshdagi Salford aholisining 15,9% birinchi daraja, yuqori daraja, malakali o'qituvchi maqomi, malakali tibbiyot shifokori, malakali stomatolog, malakali hamshira, akusher, sog'liqni saqlashga tashrif buyuruvchilar va boshqalar kabi ma'lumotlarga ega edilar.[88][92]

19-asr sanoatlashuvi natijasida Salford erishdi "Buyuk Britaniya ishchilar sinfi tarixida alohida o'rin"; Manchester bilan birgalikda u dunyoga ega edi "birinchi bo'lib to'liq shakllangan sanoat ishchi sinfi".[93] Salford, umuman, Buyuk Manchesterning boshqa qismlaridagi kabi ozchilik etnik va kosmopolit jamoalarni jalb qilmagan,[45] 19-asr o'rtalarida Irlandiyaliklarning ko'p sonini jalb qilgan bo'lsa-da.[94] Ko'pchilik tufayli Salfordga ko'chib ketgan katta ochlik Irlandiyada Salfordning fabrikalari va doklarida ish bilan ta'minlash markazi sifatida tanilganligi bilan birlashdi.[95] 1848 yilda, Salford Rim katolik cherkovi ochildi, o'sha paytda Salfordda tug'ilgan irlandiyaliklarning katta jamoasini aks ettirdi.[96]

Ikkinchi Jahon Urushidan keyingi o'n yilliklar ichida Salford aholining sezilarli darajada pasayishiga duch keldi, chunki aholi Buyuk Manchesterning boshqa joylariga ishga joylashish imkoniyatlarini kuzatib, turar joy turi va joylashuvi bo'yicha ko'proq tanlovdan foydalangan.[46]

Yil19011911192119311939195119611971198119912001
Aholisi162,452172,998234,045223,438166,386178,194155,090131,00698,34379,75572,750

Okrug tumani 1901-1971[47] • shahar bo'limi 1981–2001[97][98][99]

2011 yilda Salford 103,886 nafar aholiga ega edi,[100] taxminan bir xil darajada Rochdeyl. Aholisi avvalgi ro'yxatga olishda 72,750 kishidan oshdi, asosan chegara o'zgarishi tufayli.

Salford 2011 yilni taqqosladiSalford AQSh dollariSalford Borough
Oq inglizlar77.3%84.4%
Osiyo5.5%4.1%
Qora4.6%2.8%

[101][102]

2011 yilda Salford USD (Urban Subdivision) aholisining 22,7% oq tanli bo'lmagan inglizlar edi, atrofdagi tuman 15,6% bilan. AQSh dollarida osiyolik va qora tanli odamlarning ulushi biroz kattaroq edi. Salford oldingi aholini ro'yxatga olishdan keyin etnik jihatdan ancha xilma-xil bo'lib qoldi, ehtimol ko'pchilikning ko'chib ketishi bilan bog'liq BBC 2011 yildan 2012 yilgacha Londondan kelgan muassasalar. Bu ko'plab ish o'rinlarini yaratdi va 20-asrda ko'plab an'anaviy sanoat tarmoqlari yo'qolganidan beri juda mahrum bo'lgan hududga ko'chib o'tishni rag'batlantirdi.

Iqtisodiyot

Salford taqqosladi
2001 yil Buyuk Britaniyada aholini ro'yxatga olishSalford[103]Salford shahri[104]Angliya
Mehnatga layoqatli yoshdagi aholi52,992216,10335,532,091
To'liq ish kuni34.0%39.3%40.8%
Yarim kunlik ish bilan ta'minlash9.6%10.6%11.8%
Shaxsiy ishini yurituvchi4.6%5.4%8.3%
Ishsiz4.3%3.8%3.3%
Pensiya12.0%13.5%13.5%

O'nlab yillar davomida Salford iqtisodiyoti ishlab chiqarish sanoatiga, ayniqsa to'qimachilik va mashinasozlikka juda bog'liq edi. Ammo, beri Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Salford o'nlab yillar davomida o'sib borayotgan ishsizlikni boshdan kechirmoqda, chunki ushbu tarmoqlar kamayib, yangi tarmoqlar shahar tashqarisida transport aloqalari yaxshi bo'lgan joylarda joylashgan.[46] 1965-1991 yillarda shahar 49000 dan ortiq ish joyini yo'qotdi yoki bu uning ish bilan ta'minlanish bazasining 32% dan ortig'ini tashkil etadi. Ushbu pasayishga bir qator omillar ta'sir ko'rsatdi, nafaqat milliy va xalqaro iqtisodiyotdagi o'zgarishlar, balki yangi texnologiyalarning joriy etilishi va investitsiyalarning Londonga to'planishi va Janubiy Sharqiy Angliya. Eng katta ish o'rinlari yo'qotilishi Salfordning an'anaviy sanoatida yuz berdi va shu davrda xizmat ko'rsatish sohasi kengaygan bo'lsa ham, ishlab chiqarishdagi pasayishni qoplay olmadi.

Ichki shaharning asosiy savdo maydoni - Salford Savdo Siti, Pendlton - so'zma-so'z "Salford uchastkasi" deb nomlanadi - shaharga yaqin Salford universiteti. Biroq, bu hudud o'ta mahrumlikdan aziyat chekmoqda va markaziy biznes okrugi tomonidan boshqariladi Manchester shahar markazi. Buni yaqin bir necha yil ichida Pendlton hududidagi tadbirlar rejasi va piyodalar va bulvarlarni rivojlantirish bilan birga o'zgartirish rejalashtirilgan. A6 yo'lak. Salford Kvays 2020 yilgacha mumkin bo'lgan yangi shahar markazi sifatida ro'yxatga olingan.

Salford uchastkasi 1970-yillarda ochilgan

The Lowry mehmonxonasi, birinchi besh yulduzli Buyuk Manchester shahrida quriladigan mehmonxona, Iruell daryosining Salford tomonida joylashgan.[105]

Salford ning tug'ilgan joyi deb hisoblanadi Bush roller zanjiri. Xans Renold, Shveytsariyada tug'ilgan muhandis, 19-asrning oxirida Salfordga kelgan. 1879 yilda u Jeyms Slaterdan Ordsallda kichik to'qimachilik tarmog'ini sotib olib, asos solgan Xans Renold kompaniyasi, hozirda zanjir ishlab chiqaradigan Renold firmasi. Renold ko'p o'tmay buta silindrli zanjirini ixtiro qildi va uni ishlab chiqarishni boshladi. Bu mexanik quvvatni velosipedlarda, mototsiklda, sanoat va qishloq xo'jaligi texnikasi rollercoasters va kabi har xil foydalanish uchun eskalatorlar.[106]

2001 yil Buyuk Britaniyada o'tkazilgan aholini ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 16-74 yoshdagi Salford aholisining bandlik sanoati 18,0% chakana va ulgurji savdo, 14,4% mulk va biznes xizmatlari, 12,3% ishlab chiqarish, 11,7% sog'liqni saqlash va ijtimoiy ish, 8,6% ta'lim, 7,3% transport va aloqa, 6,8% mehmonxonalar va restoranlar, 5,8% qurilish, 4,4% moliya, 4,2% davlat boshqaruvi, 0,6% energetika va suv ta'minoti, 0,3% qishloq xo'jaligi, 0,1% kon qazish va 5,7% boshqalar. Milliy ko'rsatkichlar bilan taqqoslaganda, Salford qishloq xo'jaligida ishlaydigan aholining nisbatan past foiziga ega edi.[107] Aholini ro'yxatga olish 16-74 yoshdagi aholining iqtisodiy faolligini qayd etdi, talabalarning 4,4% ish bilan, 9,1% talabalar ishsiz, 6,3% uy yoki oilaga qarash, 11,2% doimiy kasal yoki nogiron va 4,8% boshqa sabablarga ko'ra iqtisodiy faol emas.[92] Salford shahridagi iqtisodiy faol talabalarning ulushi Salford shahri va Angliya o'rtacha ko'rsatkichlaridan yuqori (mos ravishda 3,0% va 2,6%); iqtisodiy faol bo'lmagan talabalar uchun ham xuddi shunday (Salford shahrida 5,1% va Angliyada 4,7%). Qolgan raqamlar taxminan milliy tendentsiyalarga to'g'ri keldi.[104]

Belgilangan joylar

Shuningdek qarang: Salforddagi eng baland bino va inshootlar ro'yxati
Kersal hujayrasi

Garchi Salfordda ularning soni etishmayotgan bo'lsa ham II daraja * (va yuqorida) qo'shni (Manchester) ga binoan berilgan binolar, u klassik va zamonaviy me'morchilikning keng doirasiga, shuningdek, 19-asrni o'z ichiga olgan noyob inshootlarga ega. Barton Swing Aqueduct. Salfordning eng qadimgi binolaridan biri I daraja Ordsall zali, a Tudor saroyi va avvalgi ko'rkam uy yaqinda Ordsall. Bu 750 yildan ko'proq vaqtga to'g'ri keladi, garchi hozirgi zalning saqlanib qolgan eng qadimgi qismlari XV asrda qurilgan.[108] Kersal hujayrasi bu II daraja * ro'yxatiga kiritilgan XVI asrning yog'och ramkali manor uyi, hozirda xususiy uy sifatida foydalanilmoqda.[109] Qal'aning markaziga, minoraga yaqinroq Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi 1635 yildan, asosiy bino 1752 yildan. 1871-1874 yillarda tiklangan.[110] Ikkinchi darajadagi * ro'yxatdagi boshqa bino, Salford sobori, bezatilgan neo-gotik Rim katolik 1844 yildan 1848 yilgacha qurilgan cherkov.[111]

Salfordni Manchester bilan bir qatorda ko'priklar, jumladan, ro'yxatdagi II daraja bog'laydi Blackfriars ko'prigi, 1820 yilda yakunlangan.[112] Aholi punktida 19-asrda qurilgan bir nechta temir yo'l viyaduklari ustunlik qiladi.[113][114] Chapel ko'chasidagi Bexli maydonida joylashgan Salford (Eski) shahar zali - tosh bilan kiyingan neo-klassik g'ishtli bino. Richard Leyn.[115] Blackfriars yo'lida jamoat suzish vannalari taqdim etildi. Hozir tijorat maqsadlarida foydalaniladigan ikki qavatli bino taxminan 1890 yilda g'ishtdan qurilgan, terakota pardalari va tomi qisman sirlangan.[116] Qisman yarim oydan ko'rinadigan Salford universiteti talabalar shaharchasida bir qator qiziqarli binolar, jumladan, Qirollik san'at galereyasi va Peel Building mavjud.[117][118]

Salford Lads 'klubi, Avliyo Ignatius yurishi va Koronatsiya ko'chasining burchagida, Ordsall

Salford Lads 'klubi 1903 yilda tashkil etilgan va joylashgan dam olish klubi Ordsall. Bu ro'yxatdagi bino va 1986 yilda pop guruhi xalqaro shon-sharaf qozondi Smitlar uning oldida albomining ichki qopqog'i uchun suratga tushgan Qirolicha o'ldi. Tomonidan hisobot Ingliz merosi "Bu bino Angliyada omon qolish uchun ushbu noyob ijtimoiy ta'minot shaklining eng to'liq namunasi deb o'ylashadi."[119] 2007 yilda Manchester Evening News klub mamlakat bo'ylab eng taniqli binolarni topishga bag'ishlangan mamlakat bo'ylab uchinchi o'rinda bo'lganligi haqida xabar berdi.[120]

Transport

Ikki vagonli to'q sariq rangga bo'yalgan poyezd temir yo'l platformasidan chiqib ketmoqda.
A British Rail Class 142 dan ketayotgan poezd Salford markaziy temir yo'l stantsiyasi

Salforddagi dastlabki transport sxemalaridan biri tomonidan qurilgan Salford "Uigan Upper Turnpike" ishonchiga, 1753 yildagi parlament qonuni bilan.[121] Burilish yo'llari mintaqadagi biznes transportining tabiatiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Paketlar tomonidan almashtirildi vagonlar va savdogarlar endi o'zlarining karvonlarini bozorlarga va yarmarkalarga olib bormaydilar, aksincha agentlarni namunalar bilan jo'natadilar va keyinchalik tovarlarni jo'natadilar.[122] Biroq, transport transporti muammosiz bo'lmagan va 1808 yilda Manchester Bolton va Bury Canal Irwell daryosiga ulangan edi. Ko'mir tashiydigan asosiy kanalda u Salford va Manchester iqtisodiyotlariga qimmatli turtki berdi,[123] Salfordagi terminalda juda ko'p miqdordagi iskala bilan.[124] O'n olti yildan keyin Jon Grinvud birinchisini boshladi avtobus dan operatsiya Pendlton ga Bozor ko'chasi, Manchester.[125]

The Liverpul va Manchester temiryo'lchilari - dunyodagi birinchi bug 'bilan boshqariladi shaharlararo yo'lovchi temir yo'l - 1830 yil 15 sentyabrda Salford orqali ochilgan. Temir yo'l asosan materiallar va tovarlarni tezroq transportirovka qilish uchun qurilgan. Liverpul porti va tegirmonlar Manchester va uning atrofidagi shaharlarda va marshrut bo'ylab to'xtadi Ordsall Lane temir yo'l stantsiyasi.[126] Deyarli sakkiz yildan so'ng Manchester va Bolton temir yo'llari da tugatilgan, ochilgan Salford markaziy temir yo'l stantsiyasi.[127]

Broughton shahridagi toshli yo'l bo'ylab harakatlanadigan tramvaylar.
Tramvay xizmatlari bir vaqtlar Salfordni kesib o'tgan. Yo'l bo'ylab ko'chkilar tufayli ushbu chiziq bo'lagi Broughton hali ham ko'rinib turibdi.

1801 yilga kelib Manchester va Salford aholisi taxminan 94000 kishini tashkil etdi. By 1861 this had risen to about 460,000, and so in the same year John Greenwood Jr. made an application to Salford Borough Council and to the Pendleton Turnpike Trust, to build a tramway from Pendleton to Albert Bridge in Salford. The system was innovative in that the rails were designed to be 'flush' with the road surface, with a third central rail to accommodate a perambulator wheel attached to the front axle of the omnibus. Approval was granted and work commenced immediately, with the horse-pulled tramway finished in September 1861. It remained in use for a further eleven years when the condition of the track had deteriorated such that the council ordered it removed. The Tramways Act 1870 allowed councils to construct their own tramways, and on 17 May 1877 the 'Manchester and Salford Tramways' opened for business. The network of lines was largely complete by September 1880, the company changed its name to the Manchester Carriage and Tramways Company, and the system reached its peak in the 1890s. A steam tramway was opened on 12 April 1883 from Bury to Higher Broughton. The vehicles provoked letters of complaints from residents about the associated noise, dirt, and grease, and by 1888 the route was eventually curtailed to Besses o 'th' Barn.[128]

Electric trams were a common sight in early 20th century Salford, and had from 1901 replaced the earlier horse-drawn vehicles. A network of lines crossed the region, with coordinated services running through Salford, Manchester and the surrounding areas. Many served the new suburban housing and industrial developments built at the time, but in 1947 they were withdrawn in favour of more practical services – buses.[129][130] The city is served by a complex road infrastructure, with connections from the M602 avtomagistrali to several major motorways, and A-roads including the A57 Regent Road and the A6042 Trinity Way.[131] Salford City Council has also created both advisory and mandatory velosiped yo'llari shahar bo'ylab.[132]

Public transport in Salford is now co-ordinated by Buyuk Manchester uchun transport (TfGM), a county-wide public body with direct operational responsibilities such as supporting (and in some cases running) local bus services, and managing integrated ticketing Buyuk Manchesterda. Salford City Council is responsible for the administration and maintenance of public roads and footpaths throughout the city.[133] The city is served by two railway stations, Salford Central and Salford yarim oyi. Most train services are provided by Shimoliy,[134] although Salford Crescent is also served by TransPennine Express uning bir qismi sifatida TransPennine North West tarmoq.[135] Buses run to destinations throughout Salford, the City of Salford, across Greater Manchester and further afield: Pendlton is served by a route to Preston va "Blekpul".[136]

Eccles chizig'i Manchester Metrolink runs through Salford, with stations at Exchange Quay, Salford Kvays, Anchorage, Makoni Siti, Broadway, Langvorti, Weaste va yaqinda MediaCityUK. The line was opened in two stages, in 1999 and 2000, as Phase 2 of the system's development.[137]

Ta'lim

Qo'shimcha ma'lumotlar: Salford shahridagi maktablarning ro'yxati
1967 yilda tashkil etilgan Salford universiteti is one of four universities in Greater Manchester. It has some 19,000 students.

Despite the rapid progress made during the Industrial Revolution, by 1851 education in Salford was judged "inadequate to the wants of the population", and for those children who did get schooling "order and cleanliness were little regarded ... [they] were for the most part crowded in close and dirty rooms".[138]

Salford has thirty-two primary schools, and five secondary schools.[139] Until recently there were three main 6th form and FE colleges: Pendlton kolleji, Eccles kolleji and Salford College. They merged to create Salford Siti kolleji 2009 yil yanvar oyida.

The Salford universiteti, a plate glass university, is one of four in Greater Manchester. It has its origins in the former Royal Technical College, which was granted the status of a College of Advanced Technology (CAT), on 2 November 1956. In November 1963 the Robbins hisoboti recommended that the CATs should become technological universities;[140] and on 4 April 1967 a Charter was established creating the University of Salford.[141] The university is undergoing £150M of redevelopment through investment in new facilities, including a £10M law school and a £22M building for health and social care, which were opened in 2006.[142]

The University of Salford has over 19,000 students,[143] and was ranked 81st in the UK by The Times gazeta. In 2007, the university received nearly 17,000 applications for 3,660 places, and the drop-out rate from the university was 25%. Bitirayotgan talabalarning 50% yutuqlarga erishdi birinchi sinf yoki 2:1 daraja,[142] below the national average of about 55%.[144] The level of student satisfaction in the 2009 survey ranged from 62% to 94%, depending on subject.[145]

Din

The Church of the Sacred Trinity is a II daraja * ro'yxatdagi bino.

From the formation of the Yuz Salford, the entire area was within the Lichfild yeparxiyasi. This diocese was divided in 1541, upon the creation of the See of Chester.[18]

Early worship took place at the parish church of Manchester, however a small chantry chapel existed in 1368 on the only bridge linking the two settlements. In the 16th century, it was converted into a dungeon, and was later demolished in 1779. In 1634–35, Humphrey Booth, a wealthy local merchant, opened a chapel of ease, which a year later was consecrated as the Chapel of Sacred Trinity (the parish of Sacred Trinity was created in 1650).[146] Jon Uesli preached in the building, before his break with the Anglikan Cherkov. However, upon his return in 1747, he preached in the open, at Salford Cross. The chapel was rebuilt in about 1752–53, although the tower probably belonged to the original building.[147][148] It was restored in 1871–74 by the architect J. P. Holden and a chapel was added to the south-east in 1934.[149][150] Bu endi II daraja * ro'yxatdagi bino.[151]

Salford sobori is one of the largest Catholic cathedrals in Northern England. It was built between 1844 and 1848, and was sanab o'tilgan as a Grade II* building in 1980.[152] It is at the centre of the Salford Rim-katolik yeparxiyasi, which was founded in 1850 as one of the first post-Islohot Catholic dioceses in Britain. Uning hozirgi chegaralari o'z ichiga oladi "Manchester" and a large part of Shimoliy G'arbiy Angliya. The Salford episkopi 's official residence is at Uordli Xoll.[153]

Salford Dekanat is in the Salford Archdeakonriya ning Angliya cherkovi. The sixteen churches in the deanery include the Parish Church of Saint Paul the Apostle in Paddington, St. Thomas' in Pendleton, St Philip with St Stephen in Salford and St Clement's in Ordsall.[154]

The Yunon pravoslav e'lon qilish cherkovi, Manchester was founded in 1861, in Broughton. It was established by the local Greek immigrant community, who had arrived in the area soon after the Yunonistonning mustaqillik urushi 19-asrning boshlarida. It replaced an earlier place of worship on Cheetham Hill Road, and an earlier chapel on Wellington Street. It is the oldest purpose-built Orthodox church in the country.[155]

Sport

Salford has a notable history in sports, which includes hosting some of the events in the Hamdo'stlik o'yinlari 2002 yil: rugby league, speedway, and horse racing. Salford had a venue for horse racing since the 17th century; the earliest record of racing at Kersal Mur dates from 1687.[156]

Salford Red Devils is the city's rugby league club and has been based in Salford since 1873. They participate in the Superliga. Salford now play all home games at the AJ Bell stadioni. Junior rugby league is also played within Salford's boundaries, with Langworthy Reds, Folly Lane and Salford Siti Xo'rozlari amongst other clubs providing playing personnel to the senior club.[157]

The Premer-liga yon tomon Akulalarni sotish play their home games at the AJ Bell Stadium since the start of the 2012-13 mavsum[158]

Salford Kvays has been used as a major international triatlon site, but a 2009 aquathlon was cancelled because of a lack of competitors.[159][160]

20-asrning boshlarida tezyurar yo'l was staged at Albion Stadium.[161]

Gacha Salford Siti ga ko'tarilish Futbol Ligasi in 2019, Salford was one of the largest settlements in the UK without a league futbol team;.[162] In the formative years of the sport the region's football heartland was in east Manchester, with few teams to the west.[163] Salford Siti are Salford's only representatives in the Futbol Ligasi, o'ynash Ikkinchi Liga, the fourth tier of English football, as of the 2019–20 season.

Madaniyat

Lowry is a combined theatre and gallery complex situated in Salford Quays, named after the painter L. S. Louri.
Salford muzeyi va badiiy galereyasi opened in November 1850 as the Royal Museum and Public Library.

Salford Museum and Art Gallery opened in November 1850 as the Royal Museum and Public Library. It was built on the site of Lark Hill estate and Mansion, which was purchased by public subscription. The park was named Peel Park after Robert Peel who contributed to the subscription fund. The library was the first unconditionally free public library in the country.[164]

Garold Brigxa o'yin Xobsonning tanlovi takes place in the Salford of 1880, and the 1954 film version was shot in the town. Uolter Grinvud 1933 yilgi roman Dole-dagi sevgi was set in a fictional area known as Hanky Park, said in the novel to be near Salford, but in reality based on Salford itself.[165] A more modern fictional setting influenced by the area is Koronatsiya ko'chasi 's Weatherfield.[166] The Salford of the 1970s was the setting for the BAFTA award winning Sharq - Sharq.[167] Salford was featured in the second series of the 4-kanal dastur Yashirin millioner, screened in 2007.[168] Salford is also home to the theatre venue Studio Salford.[169]

The folk song "Nopok eski shahar ", written by native Ewan MacColl, is the origin of Salford's nickname.[170] Local band Kabutarlar released a song on their 2005 album Ba'zi shaharlar called "Shadows of Salford".[171] One of the most famous photographs of band Smitlar shows them standing outside the Salford Lads Club, and was featured in the artwork for their album Qirolicha o'ldi.[172] The videolar uchun Timbaland Qo'shiq "Men yo'lman ",[173] va Jastin Timberleyk Qo'shiq "Sevilgan tosh " were filmed in Salford.[174]

Davlat xizmatlari

Under the requirements of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1835, the County Borough of Salford was obliged to appoint a Watch Committee to establish a police force and appoint a chief constable.[175] On 1 June 1968 the Manchester and Salford city constabularies formed the Manchester and Salford Police.[176] 1974 yildan beri, Uy idorasi policing in Salford has been provided by the Buyuk Manchester politsiyasi. The force's "(F) Division" has its headquarters for policing the Salford shahri at Swinton, with further police stations in Little Hulton, Higher Broughton and Salford.[177] The Favqulodda yong'in va qutqaruv xizmati tomonidan taqdim etiladi Buyuk Manchester yong'in va qutqaruv xizmati, whose headquarters are on Bolton yo'li yaqinda Pendleberi.[178]

Salford Royal Hospital dated back to 1830 and was extended in 1911. It was closed and converted into flats.[179] Zamonaviy Salford Royal, at Hope, near the boundary with Eccles, was opened in 1882 as the Salford Union Infirmary.[180] Later renamed Hope Hospital and then again as Salford Royal,[181][182] it is a large NHS hospital administrated by Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust. In a 2006–07 review of all 394 NHS Trusts in England by the Sog'liqni saqlash bo'yicha komissiya, Salford Royal was one of 19 to be rated excellent in its quality of services and its use of resources.[183] The Shimoliy G'arbiy tez tibbiy yordam xizmati shoshilinch bemorlarni tashishni ta'minlaydi. Other forms of health care are provided for locally by several small clinics and surgeries.

Chiqindilarni boshqarish mahalliy hokimiyat tomonidan muvofiqlashtiriladi Buyuk Manchester chiqindilarni yo'q qilish boshqarmasi.[184] Salfordniki Tarqatish tarmog'i operatori elektr energiyasi uchun Birlashgan kommunal xizmatlar; yo'q elektr stantsiyalari shaharda. United Utilities also manages Salford's ichish va chiqindi suv.[185]

Taniqli odamlar

Asosiy maqola: List of people from Salford

People from Salford are called Salfordians, and the city has been the birthplace and home to notable people of national and international acclaim. Amongst the most notable persons of historic significance with a connection to Salford are Pankxurst emmeli, one of the founders of the British sufraget movement, who lived in Salford, and the scientist Jeyms Preskott Joule, who was born and raised in Salford.[186] Romanchi Uolter Grinvud (Dole-dagi sevgi ) and the dramatist Shelagh Delaney (Asal ta'mi ) were both born in, and wrote about, Salford.[187][188] Musiqachilar Bernard Sumner va Piter Xuk a'zolari bo'lganlar Quvonch bo'limi – which later reformed as Yangi buyurtma – are both from Salford.[189] Notable Salfordian sportspeople include former Angliya xalqaro futbol va "Manchester Yunayted" yarim himoyachi Pol Skoulz,[190] Olympic Javelin Thrower Shelley Holroyd, English former snooker player Mik Narx was born in the area and Great Britain and England rugby league international and current Uorrington Bo'rilar oldingi eshkakchi Adrian Morley.[191] Salford is also the hometown of the band Muborak dushanba kunlari and punk poet Jon Kuper Klark.

Composer Sir Piter Maksvell Devis, kim tayinlandi Qirolicha musiqasining ustasi 2004 yilda,[192] was born in Salford.[193]Aktyorlar Albert Finney va Robert Pauell were both born and raised in Salford.[194][195] Another notable resident of Salford is Eddi Kolman, the youngest of the "Manchester Yunayted" players to die in the Myunxen havo falokati of 6 February 1958, when only 21. Born at Archie Street in November 1936, he lived in the area all his life and is buried at Weaste Cemetery. His former home was demolished in the early 1970s. Geoff Bent, another Manchester United player who died at Munich, was born in Salford.Journalist Alister Kuk who wrote and broadcast "Letter from America" for decades on the BBC was born in Salford.

Shuningdek qarang

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