The Fender Esquire gitara chiqarildi; bu birinchi "ommaviy ishlab chiqarilgan, qattiq korpusli elektro gitara".[1]
"Ning so'nggi muvaffaqiyatiTennesi valsi "," folk "yoki mamlakat qo'shiq, bir qator qopqoq versiyalari Jazmi guruhi uchun tashkil etilgan Jimmi Mitchell, shu jumladan ozod etilgan Erskin Xokkins va Patti sahifasi Uning versiyasi "yo'lni buzuvchi" bo'lib, "o'z-o'zidan to'rt qismli uyg'unlikni yaratib, tovushning nozik panjarasini yaratadi ... bir vaqtning o'zida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va efirga oid, sodda, ammo juda bezakli, bolalar sehrli aurasi bilan".[2]
The Zamonaviy Jaz kvarteti, boshchiligida Jon Lyuis, "zamonaviy jazz tomoshabinlarini ... (va) konsert zalida diqqat bilan tinglashi mumkin bo'lgan musiqani taqdim etishni" kengaytirish niyatida.[10]
Anti-kommunistik isteriyaning kuchayishi, Makkartizm, uchun mashhurlikning pasayishiga olib keladi Amerika xalq musiqasi, Rus-amerikalik balalaika orkestrlar va musiqaning boshqa sohalari.[11]
D. T. Suzuki, yapon muallifi, ma'ruzalar o'qidi Kolumbiya universiteti. Niyat qilganlar orasida John Cage, "bu uchrashuv musiqiy fikrini butunlay o'zgartirgan"; Kafesning texnikasi zamonaviy badiiy musiqaning rivojlanishida markaziy rol o'ynaydi va qisman Suzuki va Zen buddizm.[13]
Mambo boshchiligidagi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlaridagi asosiy jinniga aylanadi Peres Prado, davrning "eng taniqli bandlideri".[14]
Xitoylik amerikalik ziyolilar, Xalq Respublikasi tashkil etilgandan keyin Xitoyga qaytolmay, amerikaliklarning rivojlanishiga turtki berishdi Pekin operasi va instrumental teatr an'analari.[15]
Chikagoda joylashgan guruh, shu jumladan Lenni Tristano va Li Konits, "shu kungacha jazzda ishlatilgan eng ilg'or harmonik va kontrapuntal tovushlarni" taqdim etadigan bir qator yangi yozuvlarni yozing.[24]
Disk-jokey Alan ozod qilindi o'rganadi Klivlend yozuvlar do'koni egasi Leo Mintz oq tanli yoshlar afroamerikalik musiqaga qiziqish bildirayotgani va boshlaganligi Moondog shousi bunga javoban, o'ynagan birinchi oq diskli jokeyga aylandi ritm va blyuz asosan oq tanli tinglovchilar uchun.[32][33]
Pee Wee King "Tennesi valsi "uchun milliy xitga aylanadi Patti sahifasi; yozuv "sifatida qabul qilingan bo'lsa-dakantri musiqasi "," an'anaviy kantri musiqa xarakterining ozginasi "ni namoyish etadi va" Sahifaning o'ziga xos ovozi va o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'lmagan diksiyasi bilan o'ziga xos ovozi bilan ortiqcha dublyaj qilingan duetni kuylash "xususiyatlarini namoyish etadi.[34]
Todd Storz va Bill Styuart boshlanadi Top 40radio formati da QANDAY yilda Omaxa, Nebraska, dan ilhomlangan jukebox. Ushbu rivojlanish ba'zi kuzatuvchilar va tanqidchilar tomonidan "qo'rqoqlikning retsepti, mashhur musiqaga urushdan keyingi Amerika jamiyatidagi eng hiyla-nayrang tendentsiyalaridan birini keltirib chiqarish, iste'molchilarga shubhali qoniqish baxsh etadigan emporium yaratish uchun bozor tadqiqotlarini olib borish" sifatida qaraladi. yangi yoki bezovta qiluvchi istakni hech qachon topmaslik yoki amalga oshirmaslik. Top 40 formati, shuningdek, "ommabop didni" kuchaytirish orqali ommabop musiqadagi o'zgarishlar haqida xabar berib, uning rivojlanishiga olib keldi kuylar ichiga rifflar, ichiga kirib jingalak va jingillaydi ilgaklar, "bir zumda tanib bo'ladigan ovoz naqshlari ... tinglovchining diqqatini tortish uchun mo'ljallangan". Top 40 formati, shuningdek, "ashulalar aylanishini tezlashtirdi (" eskirganlik "turini yaratdi), bu esa yangi yangilik uchun bemalol izlanishga olib keldi".[37]
Davrning eng taniqli ayol va qora bastakorlaridan biri, Julia Perri, u bilan mashhurlikka erishadi Stabat Mater kontralto va torli orkestr uchun.[40]
Chinnigullar '"Sizni sevishimni bilmayapsizmi" - bu xitlar qatorida birinchi bo'lib ijro etilgan Jessi Stoun "deb nomlangan narsani kim innovatsion qildiAtlantika tovushi "ritm va blyuzda.[41]
John Cage "lenta kompozitsiyasini yakunlagan birinchi amerikalik" bo'ladi, 5-sonli hayoliy landshaft, shuningdek nashr etadi Uilyams Mix, uzunligi besh daqiqadan kam bo'lgan nufuzli qism, ularni buyurtma qilishda shaxsiy imtiyozni chetlab o'tadigan jarayonda tovushlarni toifalarga ajratish, shuningdek 4′33″ tomoshabinlarning e'tiborini atrofdagi tovushlarga qaratishni maqsad qilgan holda butunlay sukunatdan iborat edi.[47]
Klivlend hududidagi radio shaxsiyati Alan ozod qilindi mezbon Moondog tantanali to'pi, chiptalarni ushlab turadigan muxlislar uchun joy tugagandan so'ng, tartibsizliklar bilan tugagan rok-konsert; olomon 6000 dan 25000 gacha bo'lgan qora tanli o'spirinlar deb taxmin qilingan.[49]
Ikkinchi Jahon urushidan keyin kuchaygan Irlandiya immigratsiyasi, o'tganidan keyin yana ko'paymoqda Immigratsiya va fuqarolik to'g'risidagi qonun, bu Irlandiyadan kelgan muhojirlarga yordam beradi. Yangi Irlandiya jamoasi mashhur irlandcha uslubdagi musiqaga bo'lgan talabni oshiradi,[55] va markazda joylashgan Irlandiyalik raqs va musiqa madaniyatini rivojlantirishga yordam beradi Dadli ko'chasi, Boston.[56]
Oxirgi kinostudiyalar foydalanishga o'tishadi 35 mm lenta, "musiqani har qachongidan ham tezroq va osonroq yozib olishga imkon beradi; musiqiy treklar ko'proq sodiqlikka va fonda kamroq shov-shuvga ega bo'lib, misli ko'rilmagan osonlik va aniqlik bilan kesilishi va tahrir qilinishi mumkin edi".[58]
Elliott Veksler Filadelfiya birinchi bo'ldi tokcha ishchi ro'yxatdan o'tgan disklar, mahsulotni saqlash uchun chakana joyni ijaraga oladigan va kerak bo'lganda mahsulotni to'ldiradigan shaxs. Ushbu amaliyot yoqilg'i quyish shoxobchalari kabi joylarda ishlatiladi, ular odatda disklarni saqlamaydilar, ammo ba'zi holatlarda shunday qilishlari mumkin.[62]
1953
Alan ozod qilindi deb nomlangan shouni boshlaydi Eng katta ritm va blyuz namoyishi, o'z ichiga olgan paketli tur Rut Braun va Uynoni Xarris. Ushbu shou "o'sha paytgacha eng katta daromad keltirgan ilmiy-tadqiqot ishlari" ga aylanadi.[63]
Pit Siger va Garri Belafonte yagona nomi bilan tanilgan ijrochi ishtirokidagi shouga qarang Odetta; afro-amerikalik qo'shiqchi va gitara chaluvchisi, amerikalik folklor tiklanishining yulduzlaridan biriga aylanadi, uning qisman ba'zi xalq tomoshabinlari uchun "musiqasiga ishonch havosini beradigan" irqi yordam beradi, chunki uning uslubi ushbu sohaning kuchli ilhomini aks ettiradi afro-amerikalik qishloq musiqasi.[65]
Sovet hukumati madaniyat arboblarini chet ellarga jo'natishidan qo'rqib, Amerika hukumati ularni yaratadi Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Axborot agentligi madaniy faoliyatni xalqaro miqyosda muvofiqlashtirish.[68]
Jorj Rassel nashr etilishi bilan jaz hamjamiyatida taniqli bo'lib qoladi Jami tashkilotning Lidiya kontseptsiyasi, bu "akkordlarni tarozi bilan birlashtirishning murakkab tizimini, ularning muvofiqlik darajasi yoki dissonans darajasi bo'yicha tashkil etilgan".[69]
Ispanlar ' "Chaqaloq, bu sen "kabi ma'nosiz hecalardan foydalanishni ommalashtiradi do-do-doo-wop boshqa ritm va blyuz guruhlarida torli bassdan foydalanishga taqlid qilib, "romantik qo'shiqlarga ritmik hamkordlik qo'shish"; ushbu uslub qora vokal uyg'unlik guruhlarining markaziy qismiga aylanadi.[41]
Erkaklar xorlari uchun birinchi Shimoliy Amerika eston qo'shiqlari festivali bo'lib o'tdi Toronto, Ontario, Kanada, va u erda va AQSh, odatda Nyu-Yorkda o'zgarib turadi; ayol xorlari uchun xuddi shunday yig'ilish keyingi yil boshlanadi.[70]
Benni Gudman bilan mashhur halokatli turga chiqadi Lui Armstrongning "Yulduzlarning hammasi". Gudman jazzning oqsoqol davlat arbobi Armstrongni haqorat qiladi va Gudmanning o'zi bundan ham ko'proq xafa bo'ladi vedvil Armstrong namoyishi elementlari. Gudmanning asabiy kasalligi bor va u mashhur musiqadan nafaqaga chiqadi.[71]
Qizil tepalar, boshchiligida Valter Osborne va asoslangan Viksburg, Missisipi, mahalliy miqyosda konsert berishni boshlaydi va tez orada 1973 yilgacha janubning o'rtalarida eng mashhur blyuz guruhlaridan biriga aylanadi.[73]
Qo'rqinchli bilan tanishtiradi Stratokaster gitara modeli, a deb qaraladigan birinchi model moda musiqiy asbobdan tashqari bayonot.[81]
Akkordlar "Sh-Boom "va undan keyingi pop-cover Ekipajni kesish deb nom olgan "amerika qora uyg'unlik guruhlari uchun Amerika modasini boshlashga" yordam berish doop wop.[82] Yil oxiriga kelib, Pingvinlar ' "Yer farishtasi "doo wop" ning uzoq muddatli mashhurligini o'rnatdi.[83] "Sh-Boom" birinchi rok-rol yozuvi deb ham nomlangan.[84]
WDIA, Memfisdagi nufuzli va yaxshi o'rganilgan radiostansiya o'zining radioeshittirish maydonini keskin oshirib, guruhga yordam beradi Memfis ruhi.[85]
Bruno Nettl "ko'tarilish" yoki yangi yoki takrorlanadigan melodik materialni ochilishdan balandroq balandlikda qo'shib qo'yish Kaliforniyaning barcha tub amerikalik musiqasining o'ziga xos xususiyati ekanligini ko'rsatadigan tadqiqotlar olib boradi.[86]
Moonglows ularning vokallari bilan qora vokal uyg'unligi sohasida yangi texnikani yangilang "Hurmat bilan ", unda qo'shiqchilar mikrofonda bema'ni tovushlarni puflab vokal effekti yaratadilar.[41]
Kichkina Richard va uning barabanchisi, Charlz Konnor, poezdga taqlid qilib, qora taniqli musiqa maydoniga yangi ritmni kiritish; Ritm va blyuz, rok-n-roll va doo-wop guruhlari tomonidan ritm qabul qilinadi.[41]
Fandango Kaliforniyadagi KNXT-da translyatsiyani boshlaydi, bu meksikalik amerikalik tomoshabinlarni ispan tilidagi musiqiy chiqishlari bilan nishonga olgan birinchi teledastur.[87]
Lionel "Chika" Sesma mashhurlarni harakatga keltiradi Lotin bayramlari raqslar Meksika-Kaliforniya musiqa sahnasining ajralmas qismiga aylanadigan Gollivud palladiyiga, balli raqsga yo'naltirilgan bazm.[87]
Mahaliya Jekson o'zining televizion namoyishi bilan birinchi xushxabar ijrochisiga aylanadi Mahaliya Jekson shousi, kuni CBS.[26]
1950-yillarning o'rtalarida musiqa tendentsiyalari
Bluegrass musiqasi mamlakat auditoriyasidan tashqarida, shu jumladan asosiy tinglovchilarga o'tishni boshlaydi Mayk Siger va Ralf Rinzler, ikkalasi ham bluegrass tarixida katta rol o'ynaydi.[48]
Qora shaharlik mashhur musiqa ritm va blyuz oq tanli o'spirinning mashhur musiqiy rok-rolini ilhomlantiradi.[88]
Bir qator jaz musiqachilari, shu jumladan pianinochi Horace Silver deb nomlanuvchi uslubga o'ting funk, "ohang va uyg'unlik ritmik chuqurchaga" bo'ysunishi bilan ajralib turadi.[89]
Atama bluegrass mamlakatga asoslangan musiqani tasvirlash uchun keladi, ayniqsa qishloqlarda va Amerika xalq musiqasining shaharda qayta tiklanishida.[90]
The Klara Uord xonandalari tomonidan e'lon qilingan bir qator yozuvlar bilan eng katta muvaffaqiyat davrini boshlang Savoy.[91]
Cherkov guruhlari va boshqalar rok-rolni qoralashni boshlaydilar, uni "irq, jinsiy aloqa va huquqbuzarlik bilan muqaddas ittifoqda bog'laydilar".[33]
Isidro Lopes guruhi misli ko'rilmagan tijorat yutuqlariga erishadi va Tejano katta guruhini yanada o'ziga xos va kichikroq formatga o'zgartiradi. koridor.[92]
O'smirlar asosiy musiqa bozoriga ko'proq son bilan kirib kelmoqdalar Billboard Top 100 "aholining yoshroq, ixtisoslashgan qatlamining ilgari ko'rgan afzalliklari" ni o'lchash.[31]
Bill Xeyli va uning kometalari ' "Soat atrofida tosh "(1954 yil 12-aprelda yozilgan) - bu ham mashhur, ham ritm va blyuz musiqa jadvallarida birinchi o'rinda turadigan kashshof nashr.[94] Bu yil (avvalgi yil birinchi chiqqandan keyin) o'smirlar qo'zg'oloni va zo'ravonligi haqidagi bahsli film bilan qayta namoyish etildi Qora taxta o'rmoni.[95] Qo'shiq Xeylini birinchi oq va rok-rol yulduziga aylantiradi.[96] Film birinchi bo'lib mashhur musiqani musiqa bilan bog'lab turadi avlodlar orasidagi bo'shliq va o'spirinlarning isyoni.[97]
Yog'lar Domino "Sharmandalik emas ", bu" prototipli rok-rol yulduzi va Amerika mashhur musiqasining ramziy belgisiga aylanish yo'lida "bo'lgan yozuv.[98]
To'quvchilar tomoshaga qaytish bilan Karnegi Xoll, aloqadorlikda gumon qilinganligi uchun yillar davomida qora ro'yxatga kiritilganidan keyin Kommunizm.[105]
Peres Prado bu yil butun dunyo bo'ylab eng ko'p sotilgan rekordga aylangan "Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White" yozuvlari va amerikalikni chachacha aqldan ozish.[113]
Leonard Feather "s Jazz ensiklopediyasi nashr etilgan birinchi yirik mashhur musiqiy entsiklopediya.[118]
Kongress amaliyotini taqiqlovchi qonunni qabul qiladi payola, disk-jokeylar va ma'murlarga ma'lum yozuvlarni targ'ib qilish uchun ko'rsatmalar taklif qilish.[72]
Set Loving ixtiro qiladi kamtarlik elektr gitara uchun pikap. Bu asbobning shovqinli shovqinlarini katta qismini yo'q qiladi va uning yuqori chastotalarga ta'sirini kamaytiradi.[36]
Oz sehrgar birinchi bo'lib Amerika madaniyatining ramziy belgisiga aylanishidan boshlab televizorda namoyish etiladi.[120]
Elvis Presli birinchi bo'lib CBS telekanalida, televizion kanallarda namoyish etadi Sahna namoyishi, uni o'sha paytdagi "shou-biznesdagi eng qizg'in harakat" ga aylantirdi.[121] Uning zarbasi "Heartbreak mehmonxonasi "o'z-o'zini achinadigan rok qo'shiqlarining yangi janrining prototipiga aylanadi".[122] U shuningdek paydo bo'ladi Ed Sallivan shousi, lekin faqat beldan yuqoriga yopishtirilgan, chunki uning kestirib, harakatlari amerikalik tomoshabinlar uchun o'ta xavfli hisoblanadi.[123] Yil oxirida "spektaklidan keyin"It it "yoqilgan Milton Berl shousi u jinsiy a'zosini tutib, sonini aylanib yurganida, Presli tanazzulga uchragan axloqiy qadriyatlar deb tan olingan.[124] "Hound Dog" 1950-yillarning eng katta sotilgan rekordiga aylanadi,[125] va Preslining ijrosi uning karerasini boshlashida katta rol o'ynaydi.[126]
Pat Boon, kim xitni ozod qildi qopqoq versiyalari Afro-amerikalik mashhur qo'shiqlarning asl nusxasidan yaxshiroq sotilgani, muqovasini chiqaradi Kichkina Richard "Uzun bo'yli Sally "Boone" ning versiyasi Little Richard tomonidan sotilgan, bu voqeani Keyt Keytli "asl rock'nrollning ramziy (va) iqtisodiy g'alabasi, uning taxminiy jihatdan past va tijorat nusxasi" deb atagan.[128]
So'z bluegrass birinchi bo'lib bosma nashrda ishlatiladi.[90]
Muqova versiyalari afroamerikalik san'atkorlarning mashhur qo'shiqlari qisqaradi, asosan afroamerikaliklarning asl nusxasi muqovalarni sotishni boshlaydi.[33]
A'zolari Alabama fuqarolar kengashi tajovuz Nat King Cole sahnada, xristianlarning rok-rollarga qarshi harakatiga ommaviy axborot vositalarining e'tiborini jalb qilish. O'sha yilning oxirida Luiziana millatlararo ijtimoiy funktsiyalarni, o'yin-kulgilarni yoki har qanday raqslarni taqiqlovchi qonunni qabul qildi.[33]
Sohillar ' "Meksikada "o'sha guruh tomonidan xitlar qatorida birinchi bo'lib," o'spirin yo'naltirilgan spektakllar uslubini ommalashtirmoqda, ... asosan, qo'shiq matni va ritm va blyuz kombinatsiyasi bilan birga o'ynaydigan vokal uslubi bilan qo'shiq ".[41]
"Moviy süet poyabzal "tomonidan Karl Perkins katta muvaffaqiyatga aylanadi va "mamlakat chartlarining yuqori qismidan ritm va blyuz ko'rsatkichlariga, so'ngra popga o'tish uchun birinchi million sotiladigan uch o'yinli krossover".[133]
Bosh aylanishi Gillespi Jaz orkestri Davlat departamentining xayrixoh elchisi sifatida gastrol safari tanlangach, AQSh hukumati tomonidan rasman tan olingan birinchi guruhga aylandi.[134]
Film Soat atrofida tosh toshlar madaniyatini dramatik ravishda aks ettiruvchi rok-spektaklni namoyish etgan ko'pchilikning birinchisi. Tartibsizliklar to'g'risidagi xabarlar yoqilg'i mojarosini keltirib chiqaradi va tosh voyaga etmaganlarning huquqbuzarligi bilan bog'liq degan tushunchani davom ettiradi. Shu kabi filmlar yil oxirida chiqarildi: Qoya, qoya, qoya va Qiz unga yordam berolmaydi.[97]
1957
Mayk Siger nomli albom ishlab chiqaradi Amerikalik Banjo Scruggs uslubi, antologiyasi bluegrassbanjo janrga "yangi obro 'va doimiylik bergan".[136]
Televizion shou Amerikalik stend o'spirin tomoshabinlari uchun mashhur musiqiy ijrochilarni, milliy tomoshabinlar uchun debyutlarini namoyish etadi. Bir oy ichida u "kunduzgi televideniedagi boshqa ko'rsatuvlarga qaraganda ko'proq tomoshabinni" qamrab oladi va shou muvaffaqiyatli bo'lib, mashhurligi bilan bir qatorda Elvis Presli film Jailhouse Rock, o'spirin pop tinglovchilari televizion dasturlar uchun hayotiy auditoriya ekanligiga dalil sifatida qabul qilingan.[140]
Art Laboe, Los-Anjelesdagi disk-jokey, ehtimol bu atamani birinchi bo'lib ishlatgan oldie oldingi xit yozuvlarini nostaljik qiymati bilan tavsiflash.[142]
Jazz ijrochi Jon Koltreyn ruhiy uyg'onishga ega, giyohvand moddalarni tashlab, mashq qilishni boshlaydi yoga va Sharq dinini o'rganish. U Sharqiy va Janubiy Osiyo musiqalarini o'rganishga kirishadi.[13]
The Xodimlar guruhi xodimi pozitsiyasi o'z hududlari doirasida harbiy musiqiy faoliyatni nazorat qilish uchun yaratilgan.[7]
Dik Klark "s Amerikalik stend tomonidan olinadi ABC, uni milliy taniqli shaxsga aylantirish va namoyishni Amerika mashhur musiqasini shakllantirishga yordam beradigan madaniy hodisa.[147]
Atonal musiqa "erkin xromatik, o'n ikki tonna, tizimli ravishda ketma-ketlashtirilgan, elektron, tasodifiy asoslarga asoslangan yoki ularning kombinatsiyasidagi bir qator idiomalarga aylandi - faqat umumiy o'xshashlik mavjud".[149]
Amerikalik xalqlarning tiklanishi va tomonidan tasdiqlangan Earl Scruggs va Pit Siger, ushbu sohaning ikkita yulduzi, sotuvi banjos o'sish 500% dan oshdi.[156] Albomga yo'naltirilgan xalqni qayta tiklash, asosan, 1956-1961 yillarda LP savdosining ikki baravar ko'payishi uchun javobgardir.[157]
The Gavayi Uyg'onishi an'anaviy musiqa va boshqa madaniy hodisalarga qiziqish boshlanadi.[158]
Hissiy, xushxabar ta'sirida jon blyuz vokal uslubi elektr bosh va organ mashhur blyuz bilan tanishtiriladi.[160]
Irlandiyalik amerikalik musiqa sahnasi hukmronlik qilmoqda bantli musiqa, bunda guruhlar, ayniqsa, rok qo'shiqlarini qamrab olgan Elvis Presli, skiffle va boshqa mashhur uslublar, shu jumladan an'anaviy ilhomlangan Irlandiya kuylari.[55]
Chikago uslubidagi polka 1930-yillarning o'rtalaridan beri ommalashib kelgan bal zalining uslubini siqib chiqarib, Sharqiy sohilda hukmronlik qiladi. Odamlar yoqadi Marion Lush Chikago va Sharq uslublarini birlashtirilgan shaklga birlashtiring dino uslubi yoki surish uslubi.[161]
Amerikalik stend bir nechta "eng yangi qora raqslarning tozalangan versiyalari" ni taqdim etadi, ularni "tez-tez aynan shu maqsadda yozilgan ko'tarinki yangi qo'shiqlar bilan birgalikda" da targ'ib qilishadi. Dastlabki ikkitasi Bop, "danHopda ", va Yurish, "danYurish ".[163] Muvaffaqiyat Amerikalik stend va mezbon Dik Klark shou uyi bo'lgan Filadelfiyani "musiqachilar uchun makka" ga aylantirdi.[164]
"Yolg'iz ko'z yoshlari "tomonidan Jeki Uilson katta hit. Ishlab chiqaruvchi Berri Gori "u keyingi o'n yil ichida ekspluatatsiya qiladigan formulani takomillashtirdi va misli ko'rilmagan seriyalarda turli xil qora tanli rassomlar bilan eng ko'p sotilgan yozuvlarni yaratdi".[165] "Lonely Teardrops" "" ko'tarinki ruhdagi aranjirovka eng so'nggi raqs modalaridan birini ekspluatatsiya qilish uchun mo'ljallangan edi ... cha-lypso, bir xil cha-cha o'zgartirilgan holda bajarilgan kalipso urish ".[166]
Amerikalik xalq tiklanishining ikkinchi to'lqini, siyosiy bo'lmagan guruh boshchiligida boshlanadi Kingston triosi ",[38] va ularning hit singl "Tom Duli ".[6][104]
Kantellar ' "Balki "kelgusi bir necha yil ichida ko'plab qo'shiqlarning birinchisi" "asosiy oqimga o'tib, (va) tijorat qobiliyatiga egaqizlar guruhlari "musiqa sanoatida".[41]
The Grammy mukofotlari birinchi bo'lib Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari tomonidan ovoz berilgan mashhur ijrochilarni tan olish uchun tashkil etilgan Milliy yozuvlar san'ati va fanlari akademiyasi. Ular mashhur musiqadagi eng nufuzli mukofotga aylanadi. Ism Grammatikalar tanlovda tanlanadi va g'oliblikni Nyu-Orleanlik Jey Danna oladi, u mukofot sifatida o'n ikkita LP yutadi.[174]
Maylz Devis ' "Nima qilibdi "dan Moviy rang "o'ttiz ikkita bar konstruktsiyasini ... akkord naqshiga emas, balki sakkizta notaga asoslanib" katta yangilikni aks ettiradi Dorian, yoki modal, miqyosi "." Walkin '"a sifatida chiqarildi 33-g-min / min yozuv, "klassik musiqa uchun ishlab chiqilgan format".[76] Bu boshlanishi modal jaz.[69]
Berri Gori shakllari Motown Records, bu eng nufuzli (yozuv yorliqlari ) Amerika mashhur musiqasida,[177] va Amerika pop bozorida katta muvaffaqiyatga erishgan afro-amerikaliklarga tegishli birinchi yorliq.[178]
Kolumbiya universiteti mamlakatdagi birinchi "to'liq jihozlangan akademik elektroakustik musiqa studiyasini" ochadi.[179]
The Baxtli Strike Xit Parad, ham radio, ham televideniedagi asosiy shou, talabning pasayishi sababli bekor qilindi Xit parad ixtisosligi, "odatdagi rok-roll musiqasini ishonchli ijro etish uchun zarur bo'lgan musiqiy did me'yorlariga qarshi immunitetga ega bo'lmagan, eskirgan estrada xonandalari".[180]
Bessi Griffin a-da ijro etgan birinchi xushxabar qo'shiqchisiga aylanadi kabare, etakchi sifatida Brozadagi portretlar Nyu-Orleanning Kabare kontsert teatrida.[26]
The payola mojaro Amerika musiqa sanoatini larzaga keltirib, Kongressning so'roviga sabab bo'ldi,[182] a nashrdan keyin Nyu-York Tayms ertasi kuni maqola Alan ozod qilindi ishdan bo'shatilgan WABC radio "yozuvni targ'ib qilish uchun hech qachon pul yoki sovg'a olmaganligi to'g'risida bayonotga imzo chekishdan bosh tortgandan keyin".[180]
Amerika xalq tiklanishining eng taniqli ijrochilaridan biri, Joan Baez da ijro etishni boshlaydi Kembrij, Massachusets kofe uyi manzarasi.[183]
The Cross-Bronx Expressway Nyu-Yorkda ushbu hududning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy sharoitlariga katta ta'sir ko'rsatib, "binolarning buzilishi va odamlarning ko'chib ketishi" kuchaymoqda, bu "estetika va faoliyatni" chuqur shakllantiradigan muhim voqea. hip hop madaniyati.[187]
Fidel Kastro Kubada hokimiyat tepasiga keladi, bu Mayami va boshqa joylarga immigratsiya to'lqinini keltirib chiqaradi, bu esa mashhurlikning oshishiga olib keladi Kuba musiqasi.[54][113]
Birinchi afroamerikaliklar boshladilar Santeriya Buning uchun musiqa ajralmas qismi bo'lgan afro-kubalik din Kubaga boradi.[54]
Johnny Pacheco guruhiga qo'shiladi Charli Palmieri, Pachekoning karerasini o'rnatish; u Nyu-Yorkdagi salsa sahnasida eng mashhur guruh ijrochilari va ijrochilaridan biriga aylanadi.[14]
The Amerikaning Ukraina xorlari uyushmasi ham diniy, ham dunyoviy ukrain amerikalik xor qo'shiqlarining rivojlanayotgan sohasini targ'ib qilish uchun tashkil etilgan.[57]
Dennis Merfi qurilishida ishlay boshlaydi gamelan asbobsozlik, ehtimol "Indoneziya ansambllarini to'g'ridan-to'g'ri modellashtirishni nazarda tutadigan gamelan asboblarini qurgan" birinchi amerikalik bo'ldi.[169]
Hozirgacha eng taniqli filippinlik folklor raqs kompaniyasi Bayanihan Filippin raqs kompaniyasi, birinchi marta Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlariga gastrollar uyushtirib, butun mamlakat bo'ylab Filippin musiqasi to'g'risida yangi jamoatchilik xabardorligini oshirdi.[188]
Birinchi muvaffaqiyatli oq ko'k ayollardan biri, Barbara Deyn, muqovasida aks etgan birinchi oq tanli ayolga aylanadi Qara jurnal.[190]
1960
1960-yillarning boshlarida musiqa tendentsiyalari
Ijrochilar shunga o'xshash Yo'qotilgan shaharning yangi ramblersi, Joan Baez va Odetta "o'zlarining yondashuvlari va repertuarlarini zamonaviylashtirib" ommabop musiqa elementlari bilan "asta-sekin (Amerika xalq tiklanishini) yangi kamolot sari itarib yubordi"; ushbu ijrochilar orasida Baez bir vaqtning o'zida folklor musiqasi puristlari va ko'proq tasodifiy tomoshabinlar, Amerika xalq tiklanish san'atkorlari tomonidan eng muvaffaqiyatli va xalq orasida hurmatga sazovor bo'lganlardan biriga aylanadi va o'zining yozuvlarini yaratadi, Vanguard Records, davrning eng yaxshi belgilaridan biri.[191]
Antikommunistlar tomonidan qo'rqitilganidan keyin Makkarti tinglovlar, balalaika orkestrlar qayta tiklanishni boshdan kechirmoqda; bir xil formatdagi keksa orkestrlarning faxriylari, shu jumladan, ushbu sohaga qaytadan qo'shildi Mark Selivan, Sergey Larionoff va Luqo Bakoota.[11]
Bluegrass xalq tiklanish sahnasining ajralmas qismiga aylanadi va bu harakatning ko'plab tarafdorlari blugrass guruhlarini tashkil qiladi.[90]
Yagona asosiy yozuvlar pop-musiqa sohasida o'zlarining oldingi hukmronligini tiklaydilar va qisqa vaqt ichida mustaqil ritm va blyuz hamda rok-rollar uchun yutuqlarga erishdilar.[33]
Ning dastlabki ildizlari salsa musiqasi Lotin tilida, ayniqsa Nyu-York shahrining Puerto-Riko jamoasida paydo bo'ladi.[33]
Uch guruh Qadimgi imonlilar, Rus pravoslavlari XVII asrda liturgik islohotlarni qabul qilishdan bosh tortgan nasroniylar joylashdilar Woodburn, Oregon; har bir guruh o'ziga xos musiqa uslubiga ega, ammo ular tez orada bitta uslub bilan sinxronlashadi Harbintsi, eng dominant bo'lib.[57]
Ko'plab yunon amerikalik guruhlari tomonidan ommalashtirilgan formatda ijro etila boshlaydi Trio Bel Canto, unda vokalchilar uch qismli uyg'unlikda, ikkitasi bilan qo'shiq aytadilar bouzouki s va ritm gitara.[57]
Irish American showbands, smartly dressed performance groups who did popular covers, begin touring the United States, displacing the dance hall band that had long dominated Irish American music[192]
Elvis Presli is discharged from the Army and hosts a television show with Frank Sinatra, revitalizing both men's careers.[193]
Joan Baez ga imzo chekadi Avangard, marking that label as "The mover and shaker on the (folk music revival) scene".[194]
The 3rd United States Infantry Fife and Drum Corps is formed by the Army to play colonial-era instrumentation, primarily for special official occasions. The Corps' Drum Major is the only person in the Army authorized to salute with his left hand.[7]
George Robinson Ricks ' dissertation "Some Aspects of the Religious Music of the United States Negro: An Ethnomusicological Study with Special Emphasis on the Gospel Tradition" is the first lengthy description of African-American xushxabar musiqasi.[198]
Ornette Coleman begins performing, causing a "major aesthetic controversy" due to his "dissonant harmonic style and abandonment of chorus structures and fixed harmonic changes as means of organizing improvisation flow". This is the beginning of bepul jazz.[69][199]
Robert E. Braun founds a performance-based world music program at Ueslian universiteti, which includes instruction in Indonesian traditions; Brown will go on to found many similar programs, as well as the Center for World Music San-Frantsiskoda.[169]
Jeyms Klivlend has his first "smash hit" with "The Love of God", which helps establish him as one of the foremost entertainers in American xushxabar musiqasi.[200]
Kompilyatsiyasi Robert Jonson recordings entitled Delta Blues qo'shiqchilarining qiroli is released, from recordings made in 1936 and 1937. At the time, no photographs of the late blues singer were known, and he was considered a "sort of invisible pop star".[201] The recording turned him into a cultural icon among a "coterie of prominent young musicians", who imitated his style of blues. Odamlar yoqadi Bob Dilan were inspired by Johnson, drawing on his work as a "source of a tacit ethos, silently transmitted, internationally shared, creating a new mythic example of what rock and roll could bo'lishi."[202]
The police attempt to break up a folk musician march and concert in Vashington maydonidagi park, leading to a riot. The event is a signal of the return of politics to folk music, having recovered from the qora ro'yxat va Makkartizm 1950-yillarning.[203]
Allan and Sandra Jaffe open Konservatsiya zali in New Orleans, a music venue that helped revitalize the city's jazz scene, and was the only venue in the city at the time to host the traditional black jazz performers.[205]
O'lim Rafael Truxillo in the Dominican Republic leads to "political and social upheaval" in that country and many immigrants coming to the United States, bringing with them Dominican music.[113]
The first training course in the music education method of Zoltan Kodali o'tkaziladi.[135]
Seliya Kruz barglar Sonora Matancera, an influential group who had popularized Cuban dance music throughout the Americas; Cruz will go on to become perhaps the longest lasting institution of American salsa musiqasi.[14]
The Clancy Brothers are invited to appear on Ed Sallivan shousi, launching their career and garnering newfound respectability for the Irish American showband tradition.[210]
Jurnal Yangi musiqaning istiqbollari, funded by the Fromm Music Foundation, is first published, aimed at those who link "aesthetic work to complex analytical and compositional systems".[214]
Otis Redding begins his career recording for Stax / Volt in Memphis, soon becoming the label's best-selling artist.[215]
Lester Flatt va Earl Scruggs are invited to join the popular sitcom Beverli tepaliklari, "one of The great coups of the" American folk revival, signalling a newfound acceptance for folk music and bluegrass among mainstream Americans.[216]
The fanzineBroadside is founded to focus on topical folk music, rapidly becoming one of the most important publications in the field.[217]
Though it has never been made clear that he was officially blacklisted, many folk fans come to believe that Pit Siger has been blacklisted from the popular folk-oriented TV show Hootenanny, leading to a boycott of the show by fans and performers, including the Kingston triosi va Piter, Pol va Meri. Seeger himself, however, though he did believe he had been blacklisted, also encouraged other performers to appear on the show, including Judi Kollinz, Teo Bikel va Yo'qotilgan shaharning yangi ramblersi.[218] Peter, Paul & Mary become among the first major pop groups to take outspoken positions on controversial issues.[219]
Qo `shiq "To'g'ri kiring "tomonidan dastlab yozib olingan Gus Kannon & the Jug Stompers in 1930, becomes a major hit for Erik Darling "s Uyingizda xonandalari, and an unusually successful single for the American folk revival, otherwise mostly LP-based at the time. The song also prompts a comeback career by Gus Kannon, who had retired from music to work as a gardener in Tennessee.[220]
Piter, Pol va Meri begin recording for Warner Bros. Records bilan boshlanadi Piter, Pol va Meri, leading to their successful career as one of the most popular of the mainstream pop-folk bands, insisting also on complete artistic control over their recordings, a rarity in the era.[221]
Bob Dilan begins his career with The Times ular a-changin ', an "anthem to the generation gap that threw down the gauntlet to older Americans" and helped inspire the musical and social changes of the 1960s.[230]
The Newport Folk Festival becomes a defining event in the American ildizlarning tiklanishi of the 1960s and 70s; the festival "quietly and forcefully brought together the ideas that had defined the folk revival up until the summer of 1963".[232]
Bob Dilan ikkinchi albomi, Freewheelin Bob Dilan establishes him as one of the most important acts of the American folk revival and helps fulfill the "promise of an artistic (style of) folk music".[234] It marks him as a bridge "between mag'lub etish bohemianism and the radical qarshi madaniyat ".[235]
Garold Kurtlander publishes one of the first scholarly descriptions of African-American field hollers, cries and calls, based on information obtained by performers from Alabama.[12][238]
Birinchi Merri Monarx festivali is held in Hawaii, in commemoration of the last Hawaiian king, Kalakaua, "who resurrected the hula from the underground".[158]
Amiri Baraka "s Blues People: Oq Amerikadagi negr musiqasi is an influential publication, beginning of scholarly study of the views as a symbol of African-American culture and the African-American experience in the United States.[198][240][241] It is the first major book of American music history by an African-American author[69][242]
A Washington, D.C. disc jockey named Al Bell efirga uzatishni boshlaydi Memfis ruhi records, the first exposure for that style outside of the black South.[41]
Uyingizda fiddler marks an important change in the music of Eastern European Jewish Americans, who had previously avoided referencing their homelands in songs, but thereafter, would include nostalgic reminiscing of Eastern Europe.[243]
The LDS Church opens a Polineziya madaniyat markazi mavzu parki Oaxu, the most important part of the origin of the pan-Polynesian revuew, a tradition designed for tourists and drawing on music and dance from throughout Polynesia.[145]
Oscar Anderson Hall, the first African American to earn a Ph.D in music, has his widely performed oratoriyaYetkazib berish debyut qildi.[244]
Xovard S. Beker kitobi Chet elliklar is an influential work, examining the perceived social deviance of popular musicians. Becker notes that musicians may act within the law, but still have their behavior labeled as sufficiently bizarre to qualify the performers as deviants; he specifically studies jazz musicians, concluding that they often separate themselves (the "hip") from those who respect societal taboos (the "squares").[246]
Folk rok musiqachi Bob Dilan va Britaniya rok-guruhi Bitlz birinchi marta uchrashish. Dylan introduces The Beatles to marixuana, an event that changed the direction of The Beatles' career and the development of American rock, from a "music of revelry, a medium for lifting people up and helping them dance their blues away" to a "music of introspective self-absorption, a medium fit for communicating autobiographical intimacies, political discontents, spiritual elation, inviting an audience, not to dance, but to tinglang—quietly, attentively, thoughtfully."[248]
Klod V. Paliska ning Yel universiteti organizes a conference and report that criticizes the current methods of music education, leading to federal funding for research in the subject.[135]
Robert Eshli "s Bo'ri is a "shocking piece that uses extreme amplification and feedback to change both live speaking and tape".[159]
So'z jon has become a common musical term in African-American households, but is still not used by most media.[41] It will spread widely in the next few years, however.[250]
The Midniters begin recording, having their first hit with "Ming raqs mamlakati ", and becoming the first significant Latin rock band in the country.[87]
Guruh Los Fabulosos Cuatro is formed, becoming the first band to perform in a style now known as grupo, in which synthesizers replace more traditional Tejano musical asboblar.[92]
Jon Koltreyn 's first "large-scale composition", Sevgi oliy, is a landmark jazz album that marks his emergence "not only as a technical innovator but also a spiritual leader".[252]
The idea that "the classical, popular and traditional spheres (of American music) were separate branches of musical activity va shuningdek parts of one interdependent whole" takes hold.[254]
The blues scene of Oklend, Kaliforniya enters its period of greatest popularity and innovation.[255]
Modern "music in New York was being transformed by 'a generation of composers who were in open revolt against the academic musical world'";[257] New York's modern music scene was dominated by three "distinct models of composers' identity": "the composer as intellectual, the composer as experimentalist, and the composer as creator of works for the concert hall".[258]
Dan foydalanish geroin, long associated with jazz musicians, spreads through the rock world, including musicians like Janis Joplin.[262]
Magnit maktablari focusing on music begin to appear, in Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Los Angeles and Philadelphia.[135]
The 82nd Airborne Division Band is part of the forces which occupy the Dominika Respublikasi. Later in the year, in order to boost morale and support from the locals for the Americans, the Band participates in a parade. Bandsmen carry rifles on their backs during the parade to remind the populace of the strength and power of the American military.[211]
Bob Dilan 's performance with a rok-roll guruhi Newport Folk Festival is a controversial landmark event in the American ildizlarning tiklanishi va rivojlanishi folk-rok,[235] with many commentators pointing to it as a landmark in the decline of the American folk revival.[265][266] The show carries Dylan into the "openly commercial arena of the popular sphere, where a family of idioms soon to be known as 'rock' music was developing out of rock and roll.[267] This year also saw the departure of folk band Birdlar for a more rock-oriented style.[268]
Bob Dylan's "Rolling Stone kabi " is a breakthrough single, notable for its length of over six minutes, in contrast to the standard pop single of no more than about three minutes.[269]
Jeyms Braun "Papaning yangi sumkasi bor " is a breakthrough recording that showcases Brown's move from "conventional song structures and toward a new emphasis on movement and dance", paving the way for the development of funk ".
Fuglar ozod qilish Fuglarning birinchi albomi, combining folk, rock and country with other unusual influences. Their work was unique at the time, and has led the band to be referred to as a "prototype punk band".[272]
Jon Koltreyn yozuvlar Om, a pioneering album that incorporated African and Asian musical techniques and instruments into his work.[13]
Containing only original compositions, Bitlz ' Kauchuk qalb establishes a new approach among pop acts whereby an album is created as an artistic work, rather than a collection of hit songs and plomba material.[273]
The Chap bankning jaz jamiyati begins holding weekly concerts featuring major jazz musicians; the tapes will become a "treasure trove" for jazz aficionados, but do not begin to be officially released until 2000.[274]
The 1965 Immigration Act eliminates quotas based on national origin for immigrants, leading to a surge in immigration from Taiwan and Hong Kong, further diversifying the Chinese American musical community; similarly, more diversity in immigration from India, Pakistan and the Middle East results in fractured and more specialized music scenes among immigrants from those areas.[15][260][275]
Dyuk Ellington presents the first jazz concert in a major church, Grace Cathedral Church ning San-Fransisko, Kaliforniya.[43] This concert, and several subsequent ones, contribute "largely to the growing movement for making the music of the worship service more relevant to the times".[276]
Charlz Radkliff, in the UK periodical Anarxiya, is the first person to denounce the phenomenon of the white blues performer.[277]
The Federal aloqa komissiyasi rules that owners of both the AM and FM stations in an area must offer different programming on each, leading to the ruse of underground albom rok radio.[279]
Bitlz give their last live performance, in Shamdon bog'i in San Francisco, marking a "basic shift in the life of the group", which would go on to focus on studio innovation and experimentation with "new textures and forms, with a breadth of view that came to include avant-garde techniques from the classical sphere and even the Hindiston musiqasi ".[281]
Rassom Endi Uorxol, asoschisi Zavod in New York, branches out with a musical event that would turn him into the "most consequential rock Svengali beri Brayan Epshteyn va Endryu Loog Oldxem." The show was the premier of a band called the Velvet yer osti, who would become legends of the modern rock scene, inspiring thousands of rock acts, "aiming to challenge and provoke" to "emulate the Velvet Underground's dark style and minimalist sound".[282]
Muhtaram Devid A.Nebel nashr etadi Rhythm, Riots, and Revolution, which inflames debate about the presence of Kommunizm in music, especially folk and folk-rock.[283]
Charlz Keil "s Urban Blues is a landmark of American urban etnomusikologiya, focusing on the music of African Americans who had relocated from rural Southern states to Northern cities.[198][284]
Barri Sadler 's "Ballad of the Green Berets" is the most successful of the pro-Vietnam War songs.[23][285]
Bitlz ' Revolver becomes the first major American-derived popular music to be influenced by Asian techniques and instrumentation.[286]
Birinchi "Inson " is staged in Golden Gate Park San-Frantsiskoda. The event was a gathering of hippilar and other countercultural types, featuring the band Grateful Dead and an outdoor kislota sinovi, the Be-In resulted in media exposure for the counterculture.[294]
Chet Helms introduces San Francisco's acid rock scene to the "hipsters of swinging London".[295]
The Raqsda tadqiqotlar bo'yicha Kongress (CORD) is formed to encourage "research in all aspects of dance"; it has been "instrumental in building a body of literature on dance scholarship".[158]
Taxminan: So'z gurux is first used to describe devoted female followers of a particular band, often carrying sexual connotations.[297]
Jeyms Braun "Vaqt bor edi "va"Sovuq ter (1-qism) "birinchi bo'lib" sinxoplangan bosh chizig'i, barabanchining kuchli og'ir zarbasi, gitara yoki klaviaturadagi qarshi chiziqli chiziq va uning ustiga xushxabar uslubida qo'shiq aytadigan "politmik uslubdan foydalanganlar." uchun asos funk.[298]
Ommabop musiqiy ijrochilar ishtirokidagi yengil komediyalar Amerika televizion dasturlarining asosiy qismiga aylanadi, shu jumladan, eng ko'zga ko'ringanlari Monklar, Keklik oilasi va Arxiylar.[126]
Rok guruhlari o'zlarining albomga yo'naltirilgan musiqalariga musiqaning yanada murakkab va murakkab elementlarini qo'shishni boshlaydilar progressiv tosh. Bu birinchi navbatda ingliz hodisasidir, ammo amerikalik amaliyotchilar va muxlislarga ega va kelgusi o'n yil ichida Shimoliy Amerikada yanada mustahkamlanadi.[33]
Nyu-York shahridagi afroamerikalik gey erkaklarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan klublar uzluksiz lotin, jon va funk musiqalarini ijro etishni boshlaydilar; bu kelib chiqishi diskoteka musiqasi.[305]
Mariachi Texas, Arizona va Kaliforniyadagi maktab dasturlari instituti tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan meksikalik amerikaliklar orasida mashhurlik va Los-Anjelesdagi mariachi "sahnada kechki ovqat namoyishi sifatida namoyish etiladigan" birinchi tungi klubning kashshofi.[113]
Uchun mashhurlikning qayta tiklanishi konjunto orasida boshlanadi Tejanos.[92]
Nyu-Yorkdagi Gaiti jamoatchiligi kichik raqslar va kichik guruhlar atrofida joylashgan muhim musiqa sanoatini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun etarlicha katta mini-djaz, Gaiti, Amerika va Lotin musiqalari aralashmasi bilan tanilgan.[306]
Tosh dan ajralib turadigan sifatida ko'rish mumkin Pop musiqa va ko'pchilik o'zlarini Amerika folklor musiqasidan kelib chiqqanligi sababli yanada haqiqiyroq, yanada badiiyroq va tinglovchilar hissiyotlarini yaxshiroq ifoda etadigan his qilishadi.[310]
O'lim kabi so'nggi xitlardan foydalanib, mashhur musiqa uchun odatiy mavzuga aylanadi Shangri-Las ' "Paket rahbari "vafot etgan yulduzlarga bag'ishlangan qo'shiqlar. Ushbu davr va undan keyingi davrlarda ko'plab mashhur qo'shiqlar" an "ni ishlatishni boshlaydilar aoliya aksariyat hollarda odatda klassik bilan bog'liq bo'lgan akkord progressiyasi rekvizitlar, kabi "Qo'riqchi minorasi bo'ylab "tomonidan Bob Dilan va Jimi Xendrix - yozuvga o'ta xavfli yoki dahshatli mavzuni beradigan ushbu uslub kamida 1949 yildan beri qo'llanilgan Von Monro "(Sade) Osmondagi chavandozlar ".[246]
The hippi ajralmas qism sifatida musiqani o'z ichiga olgan madaniy harakat mashhurlik va ta'sirning eng yuqori darajasiga etadi.[311]
Rok albomlari oddiy emas, balki katlamali plakatlar, stikerlar va lirik varaqlar bilan chiqarila boshlaydi albom muqovalari.[312]
Osiyo musiqasi aylanishni boshlaydi; Osiyo musiqasi bo'yicha ilmiy tadqiqotlarga e'tibor qaratadigan birinchi jurnal.[93]
Jerri Goldsmit uchun ball Maymunlar sayyorasi "mavjud bo'lgan amaliyot va so'z birikmalaridan foydalangan holda simfonik balni qayta tiklashga" yordam beradi.[109]
Robert Moog "s Yoqilgan Bach tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan va amalga oshirilgan Vendi Karlos, xitga aylanib, "elektron" orkestratsiya "ning jozibali muammolarini" birinchi o'ringa chiqaradi ".[159]
The Milliy qora teatr Harlemda Afrika va Karib havzasidan olingan raqs, musiqa va marosim elementlaridan foydalangan holda asarlar ishlab chiqarishni boshlaydi.[223]
Areta Franklin muqovasida ko'rsatilgan Vaqt jurnal, "Lady Soul uni xuddi shunday kuylaydi" sarlavhali uzun maqola bilan birga; bir yil o'tgach, Billboard jurnali ushbu atamadan foydalanishni boshlaydi jon "ritm va blyuz" o'rniga. Ushbu ikkita voqea OAV tomonidan ushbu atamani qabul qilishning boshlanishi hisoblanadi jon.[41]
Dyuvalyer Gaitidagi talabalar faolligini bostirishni boshlaydi, bu esa AQShga emigratsiya to'lqiniga olib keladi; ushbu faollarning aksariyati Shimoliy Amerikaning yirik shaharlarida guruhlar tashkil qiladi, shu jumladan eng mashhurlari Atis Endepandan, Tanbou Libete, Haiti madaniyati va Soley Leve. Ushbu harakat sifatida tanilgan kilti libete (erkinlik madaniyati).[306]
Shaharning 250-bayrami doirasida Nyu-Orleanda festival bo'lib o'tdi. Festival har yili bo'lib o'tadi va oxir-oqibat New Orleans Jazz & Heritage festivali, mamlakatdagi eng yaxshi jaz festivallaridan biri.[318]
Xushxabarchi xonandaning dafn marosimi Roberta Martin milliy ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritilmagan holda, Chikagoda 50,000 kishi qatnashadi; ushbu voqea "qora xushxabar musiqasining Amerika hayotidagi o'rni ramzi: qabul va qorong'ulik aralashmasi" sifatida qaralmoqda.[320]
The Stounewall tartibsizliklari amerikaliklarni gomoseksualizm mavjudligini tan olishga majbur qiladi va gomoseksual erkaklar musiqiy "ta'sirni yaqin jamoalaridan tashqarida" qilishni boshlaydilar, ayniqsa diskoteka.[321]
Edvin Xokkins ' "Oh muborak kun "bu ajablantiradigan krossover xushxabaridir," 1969 yil bahorida statik va havo to'lqinlarini kesib o'tgan energiya chayqalishi ".[322] U "zamonaviy xushxabar davrini ochdi" va shoxlar, bongolar va Qo'rqinchli bosh.[82][107] Qo'shiq ritm va blyuz va xushxabarning birinchi haqiqiy gibrididir.[117]
Ovatsiya plastik asosli akustik gitara kuchaytirilishini qo'shib, kashshof elektr-akustik gibrid gitara yaratadi.[36]
Phyl Garland "s Qalb sadosi afroamerikalikning paydo bo'lishi va qabul qilinishi ortidagi ijtimoiy kontekstga e'tibor qaratadigan nufuzli nashrdir ruhiy musiqa Qo'shma Shtatlarda.[198]
The Jazz tadqiqotlari instituti nashr eta boshlaydi Jazzforschung/Jazz tadqiqotlari, nemis va ingliz davriy nashri va eng mashhur musiqiy jurnallardan biri.[327]
Phyl Garland "s Qalb sadosi qalb musiqasi bo'yicha akademik tadqiqotlarning kelajagini shakllantiradigan afro-amerikalik musiqaning nufuzli tadqiqotidir.[240]
Bogdanov, Vladimir (2003). Mamlakat uchun barcha musiqiy qo'llanma: Mamlakat musiqasi uchun aniq qo'llanma. Orqaga o'tish kitoblari. ISBN0-87930-760-9.
Hansen, Richard K. (2005). Amerika shamol guruhi: madaniy tarix. GIA nashrlari. ISBN1-57999-467-9.
Xinkl-Tyorner, Yelizaveta (2006). Qo'shma Shtatlardagi bastakorlar va musiqa texnologiyalari: chegarani kesib o'tish. Ashgate nashriyoti. ISBN0-7546-0461-6.
Hitchcock, H. Wiley; Stenli Sadi (1984). Amerika musiqasining yangi Grove lug'ati, II jild: E - K. Macmillan Press.
"Millatning 50 flagmani davlat universitetlarida birinchi qora fakultet a'zolari". Oliy ta'limdagi qora tanlilar jurnali. JBHE jamg'armasi (39): 118–126. 2003 yil bahor.
Komara, Edvard M. (2006). Ko'klar ensiklopediyasi. Yo'nalish. ISBN0-415-92699-8.
Koskoff, Ellen (tahr.) (2000). Garland Jahon musiqasi entsiklopediyasi, 3-jild: AQSh va Kanada. Garland nashriyoti. ISBN0-8240-4944-6.CS1 maint: qo'shimcha matn: mualliflar ro'yxati (havola)
Koskoff, Ellen (2005). Qo'shma Shtatlardagi musiqiy madaniyatlar: kirish. Yo'nalish. ISBN0-415-96589-6.
Mitchell, Gillian (2007). Shimoliy Amerika xalq musiqasining tiklanishi: Qo'shma Shtatlardagi millat va shaxsiyat. Ashgate nashriyoti. ISBN0-7546-5756-6.
Peraino, Judit Ann (2005). Sirenalarni tinglash: Queer identifikatsiyasining musiqiy texnologiyalari. Kaliforniya universiteti matbuoti. ISBN0-520-21587-7.
Myurrey, Charlz Shaar (2002). Boogie Man: Jon Li Xukerning Amerikaning yigirmanchi asrdagi sarguzashtlari. Makmillan. ISBN0-312-27006-2.
Jon Shepherd; Devid Xorn; Deyv Laing; Pol Oliver; Piter Vik, eds. (2003). Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi muttasil ensiklopediyasi, 1-jild: OAV, sanoat va jamiyat. London: doimiylik. ISBN0-8264-6321-5.
^ abvLivingston, Tamara E. va Ketrin K. Preston, "Oniy tasvir: musiqa va sinfning ikki ko'rinishi", 55-62 betlar, Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^ abvVulf, Charlz K. va Jaklin Kogdell DjeDje, "Oniy tasvir: Musiqa, irq, etnik va millat haqidagi ikki ko'rinish", 76–86-betlar, Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^ abvRycenga, Jennifer, Denise A. Seachrist va Elaine Keillor, "Oniy tasvir: musiqa va dinning uchta ko'rinishi", 129-139-betlar, Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^ abvLoza, Stiven. "Lotin Karib dengizi". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 790-801 betlar.
^ abvZheng, Su. "Xitoy musiqasi". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 957-966 betlar.
^Sanjek, Devid va Uill Stro, "Musiqa sanoati", 256-267 betlar, yilda Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^ abvdCornelius, Steven, Charlotte J. Frisbie and John Shepherd, "Oniy tasvir: musiqa, hukumat va siyosatning to'rtta ko'rinishi", 304–319-betlar, Jahon musiqasi Garland entsiklopediyasi.
^ abvdefghmenjklmnXo, Fred, Jeremi Uolach, Beverli Diamond, Ron Pen, Rob Bowman va Sara Nikolson, "Oniy tasvir: beshta termoyadroviy", 334–361-betlar, Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^Kiling, Richard. "Kaliforniya". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 412-419 betlar.Gertsog, Jorj (1928). "Yuman musiqiy uslubi". Amerika folklor jurnali. 41 (160): 183–231. doi:10.2307/534896. va Nettl, Bruno (1954). Shimoliy Amerika hind musiqa uslublari. Filadelfiya: Amerika folklor jamiyati.
^ abvdLoza, Stiven. "Ispaniyalik Kaliforniya". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 734-753 betlar.
^ abvdefPost, Jennifer C., Neil V. Rozenberg va Xolli Kruz, "Oniy tasvir: qanday musiqa va qanday qilib o'zaro bog'liqlik", 153–172-betlar, Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi
^ abvdKassabian, Anohid, "Film", 202–205 betlar, yilda Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^Levin, Viktoriya Lindsay; Judit A. Grey. "Musiqiy o'zaro ta'sirlar". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 480-490 betlar.,Xovard, Jeyms H. (1955). "Oklaxomaning Pan-Hindiston madaniyati". Ilmiy oylik. 18 (5): 215–220.
^Reys, Adelaida. "Shaxsiyat, xilma-xillik va o'zaro ta'sir". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 504-518 betlar.Beyker, Teodor (1881). Über die Musik der nordamerikanischen Wilden. Leypsig: Breitkopf u. Härtel.
^ abShox, Dovud. "Tarixlar". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 31-38 betlar.
^ abvdeSheehy, Daniel; Stiven Loza. "Umumiy ma'lumot". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 718-733 betlar.
^Miller, bet 145–146. Miller "bu o'spirin pop-tinglovchilar ... televizion dasturlar uchun" degan gapni "ABC dasturlash bo'yicha vitse-prezident Ted Fetter" bilan bog'laydi.
^ abRiis, Tomas L. "Musiqiy teatr". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 614-623 betlar.
^ abKolduell Titkomb (1990 yil bahor). "Qora torli musiqachilar: Taroziga ko'tarilish". Qora musiqa tadqiqotlari jurnali. Qora musiqa tadqiqotlari markazi - Chikagodagi Kolumbiya kolleji va Illinoys shtati universiteti. 10 (1): 107–112. doi:10.2307/779543. JSTOR779543.
^ abvMaultbi, Portia K.; Ishoq Kalumbu. "Afro-amerikalik tadqiqotlar". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 47-54 betlar.
^Nil, Mark Entoni. "Qora tadqiqotlar". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 56-59 betlar.
^ abLindberg, Ulf; Gestur Gudmundsson, Morten Mishelsen va Xans Vaysethaunet. "Ommabop musiqiy tanqid". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 304-308 betlar.
^Slobin, Mark. "Yahudiy musiqasi". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 933-945-betlar.
^Krouford, 825–826-betlar; Iqtibos keltirilgan Filipp Shisha dan Dakvort, Uilyam (1995). Gapiradigan musiqa: Jon Keyj, Filipp Glas, Lori Anderson va Amerikaning besh avlod eksperimental kompozitorlari bilan suhbatlar. Nyu-York: Shirmer.
^Jon Shepherd va Devid Bakli, Janet. "Guruhlar". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 237-238 betlar.
^Maultbi, Portia K. "Funk". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. p. 681. Iqtibos Fred Uesli, Britaniya televidenie maxsus chiqishida, Lenni Genri En De Fank
^Deyli, laing. "Bootleg". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. p. 481.
^Cowdery, Jeyms R. va Anne Lederman, "Ijtimoiy va musiqiy identifikatorlar chegaralarini xiralashtirish", 322-333-betlar, Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi.
^Levin, Viktoriya Lindsay. "Janubi-sharqiy". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 466-471 betlar.
^Fikentscher, Kay. "Disko va uy musiqasi". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 687-691 betlar.
^ abAverill, Geyg. "Gaiti va Franko-Karib musiqasi". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 802-807 betlar.
^Gertzen, Kristofer. "Ingliz va Shotlandiya musiqasi". Garland Jahon musiqasi ensiklopediyasi. 831-841 betlar.
^Koen, Sara; Marion Leonard. "Feminizm". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 74-76 betlar.
^Leyshon, Endryu. "Geografiya". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 78-80 betlar.
^Leonard, Marian; Robert Strachan. "Haqiqiylik". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 164–166 betlar.
^Cho'pon, Yuhanno; Franko Fabbri va Marion Leonard. "Uslub". Dunyoning mashhur musiqasi davomiy ensiklopediyasi. 417-419 betlar.
^Keytli, Keyr. "Albom muqovasi". Ommabop musiqa muttasil ensiklopediyasi. 613-614 betlar.
