Casuariiformes - Casuariiformes - Wikipedia

Casuariiformes
Vaqtinchalik diapazon: Miosen - hozirgi Miosen taqdim etish Mumkin Paleotsen tashqi ko'rinish.
Darica Cowowary 00975.jpg
Janubiy cassowary
Ilmiy tasnif e
Qirollik:Animalia
Filum:Chordata
Sinf:Aves
Infraklass:Paleognata
Klade:Notopalaeognata
Klade:Novaeratitae
Buyurtma:Casuariiformes
(Sklater, 1880) Forbes, 1884 yil[1]
Oilalar

Casuariidae
Dromaiidae

Turli xillik
2 ta oila, 4 ta nasl (shu jumladan 2 ta yo'q bo'lib ketgan),
11 tur (shu jumladan 6 qirilib ketgan)
Sinonimlar[2]
  • Casuarii Sklater, 1880 yil

The Casuariiformes /kæsjuːˈærmen.ɪf.rmiːz/ tirik qolgan to'rt a'zosi bo'lgan uchib ketmaydigan katta qushlarning buyrug'i: uchtasi turlari ning kassa va qolgan yagona turlari emu. Ular bitta oilaga bo'lingan, Casuariidae, yoki odatda ikkitasi, emu o'z oilasi Dromaiidae-ga bo'linishi bilan.

Tirik a'zolarning to'rttasi ham mahalliy Avstraliya-Yangi Gvineya,[3] ammo yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin bo'lgan taksonlar boshqa quruqliklarda sodir bo'lgan.

Sistematika va evolyutsiya

Emu

Emus yugurish uchun moslashtirilgan oyoqlari bilan ajralib turadigan alohida oilani tashkil qiladi. Tasvirlangan kassovar turlarining umumiy soni, kaska shakli va rang turlarining kichik farqlariga asoslanib, ilgari to'qqiztaga etgan.[4] Ammo hozirda faqat uchta tur tan olingan, aksariyat vakillar esa oz sonini tan olishadi pastki turlari yoki umuman yo'q.

Kasuariformalarning qoldiqlari qiziqarli, ammo unchalik keng emas. Qazilma turlari haqida Dromaius va Kasuarius, ularning sahifalarini ko'ring. Hammada bo'lgani kabi ratitlar, ularning evolyutsiyasi va munosabatlariga oid bir nechta bahsli nazariyalar mavjud.

Dastlab emusga tegishli deb hisoblangan ba'zi Avstraliya qoldiqlari alohida naslni ifodalaydi, Emuarius,[a] kassaga o'xshash bosh suyagi bo'lgan va suyak suyagi va emuga o'xshash pastki oyoq va oyoq. Bundan tashqari, birinchi tosh qoldiqlari mihirunglar dastlab ulkan emusdan ekanligiga ishonishgan,[b] ammo bu qushlar umuman aloqasi yo'q edi.

Bu taklif qilingan[JSSV? ] bu Janubiy Amerika tur Diogenornis a'zosi o'rniga casuraiiform qush edi reas, ulkan qushlarning hozirgi Janubiy Amerikadagi nasablari. Agar shunday bo'lsa edi, bu naslning qoldiqlarini nafaqat keng mintaqaga, balki ko'proq vaqt oralig'iga ham kengaytirishi mumkin edi, chunki Diogenornis kech sodir bo'ladi Paleotsen va eng qadimgi taniqli ratitlar qatoriga kiradi.[5] 19-asr oxirida qazilma kazuariid (Gipselornis ) bitta barmoq suyagi asosida Hindistondan nomlangan, ammo keyinchalik u timsohga tegishli ekanligi ko'rsatilgan.[6]

Ushbu buyurtma bilan bog'liq juda qiziq savol - bu emus yoki kassarlar eng ibtidoiy shaklmi yoki yo'qmi. Emus odatda ko'proq narsani saqlab qoladi deb taxmin qilinadi ajdodlar xususiyatlari, qisman ularning mo''tadil ranglari tufayli, lekin bu albatta shunday bo'lishi shart emas. Kasuariiform qoldiqlari bir xil emas va ularning hozirgi ma'lumoti genom har tomonlama tahlil qilish uchun etarli emas. Klasistik muammolarni hal qilish uchun ushbu yondashuvlarning birlashtirilishi, hech bo'lmaganda qo'shimcha ko'rib chiqilishi kerak plitalar tektonikasi.

Taksonomiya

Casuariiformes (Sclater, 1880) Forbes 1884 yil[7][8][9]

  • ?†Diogenornis - Alvarenga, 1983 yil (Paleotsen Braziliya )
  • Casuariidae Kaup, 1847 [Casuariinae Reyxenbax, 1849 yil] (emus va cassowaries)
    • †Emuarius Boles, 1992 yil (emuwaries) (Oligotsen oxiri - Miosen oxiri)
      • †E. gidju (Patterson va Rich 1987) Boles, 1992 yil [Dromaius gidju Patterson va boy 1987 yil]
      • †E. guljaruba Boles, 2001 yil
    • Kasuarius (Linnaeus 1758) Brisson, 1760 yil [Sela Oken, 1816 yil; Sela Moehr, 1752 nomidan rad etish; Reya Lasetep, 1800 yil Latham bo'lmagan, 1790 yil; Chelarga Billberg, 1828 yil; Oksiporus Bruks, 1828 yil bo'lmagan (Bourdot & Galzin, 1925) Donk, 1933; Trasys Billberg, 1828 yil; Kassovara Perri, 1811 yil; Hippalektriya Gloger, 1842 yil] (kassaviy)
      • †C. lydekkeri Rotshild, 1911 yil (Pigmiy kassori)
      • C. casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Brisson, 1760 yil [Struthio casuarius Linney, 1758 yil; Casuarius casuarius altijugus (Sklater, 1878); Casuarius altijugus Sklater, 1878 yil; ; Casuarius casuarius aruensis (Schlegel, 1866); Casuarius aruensis Shlegel, 1866 yil; Casuarius australis D'Albertis non Wall, 1854 yil; Casuarius casuarius australis; Casuarius casuarius beccarii (Sclater, 1875); Kasuarius beccarii Sklater, 1875 yil; Casuarius bicarunculatus Sklater, 1860 yil; Casuarius casuarius bicarunculatus (Sklater, 1860); Casuarius bicarunculatus bicarunculatus; Casuarius bistriatus van Oort, 1907 yil; Casuarius casuarius bistriatus van (Oort, 1907); Casuarius casuarius casuarius (Linnaeus, 1758); Casuarius casuarius chimaera Rotshild, 1904 yil; Casuarius bicarunculatus chimaera (Rotshild, 1904); Casuarius casuarius grandis Rotshild, 1937 yil; Casuarius galeatus Bonnaterre, 1790 yil; Casuarius casuarius hamiltoni Metyuz, 1915 yil; Casuarius casuarius intensus Rotshild, 1898 yil; Casuarius bicarunculatus intermedius Rotshild, 1928 yil; Casuarius casuarius intermedius (Rotshild, 1928); Casuarius casuarius johnsonii (Myuller, 1866); Casuarius johnsonii Myuller, 1866 yil; Casuarius casuarius lateralis Rotshild, 1925 yil; Casuarius casuarius salvadorii (Oustalet, 1878); Casuarius salvadorii Oustalet, 1878 yil; Casuarius casuarius sclaterii (Salvadori, 1878); Casuarius sclaterii Salvadori, 1878 yil; Casuarius casuarius tricarunculatus (Beccari, 1876); Casuarius bicarunculatus tricarunculatus (Beccari, 1876); Casuarius tricarunculatus Bekari, 1876 yil; Casuarius casuarius violicollis Rotshild, 1899 yil; Kassovara eksimiyasi Perri, 1811 yil; Hippalectryo indicus Gloger 1842; Hippalectryo casuarius; Casuarius hagenbecki Rotshild, 1904 yil; Casuarius casuarius hagenbecki; Casuarius unappendiculatus hagenbecki (Rotshild, 1904); Casuarius emeu; Casuarius orientalis; Casuarius javanensis] (Janubiy Cassowary)
      • C. unappendiculatus Blyth 1860 yil [Casuarius doggetti Rotshild, 1904 yil; ; Casuarius unappendiculatus doggetti (Rotshild, 1904); Casuarius unappendiculatus mitratus Rotshild, 1904 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus multicolorus Le Souef, 1930 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus suffusus Rotshild, 1904 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus rothschildi (Matschie, 1901); Casuarius rothschildi Matschi, 1901 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus philipi (Rotshild, 1898); Casuarius philipi Rotshild, 1898 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus unappendiculatus; Casuarius unappendiculatus oksipitalis (Salvadori, 1878); Casuarius oksipitalis Salvadori, 1878 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus rufotinctus Rotshild, 1900 yil; Casuarius unappendiculatus aurentiacus Rotshild, 1899 yil; Kasuarius kaupi Rozenberg, 1861 yil; Casuarius laglaizei Oustalet, 1893 yil] (Shimoliy Cassowary)
      • C. bennetti Gould, 1857 yil [Casuarius westermanni Sklater, 1874 yil; Kasuarius papuanusi Schlegel, 1871 yil; Casuarius goodfellowi Rotshild, 1914 yil; Casuarius foersteri Rotshild, 1913 yil; Casuarius keyseri Rotshild, 1912 yil; Casuarius jamrachi Rotshild, 1904 yil; Casuarius roseigularis Rotshild, 1905 yil; Casuarius rogersi Rotshild, 1928 yil; Casuarius edwardsi Oustalet, 1878 yil; Casuarius claudii Ogilvi-Grant, 1911 yil; Casuarius picticollis Sklater, 1874 yil; Casuarius loriae Rotshild, 1898 yil; Casuarius maculatus Rotshild, 1900 yil] (Mitti kassovari)
        • C. b. westermanni (Sklater, 1874) [Casuarius westermanni Sklater, 1874 yil; Casuarius bennetti westermanni; Kasuarius papuanusi Schlegel, 1871 yil; Casuarius bennetti papuanus (Schlegel, 1871); Casuarius goodfellowi Rotshild, 1914 yil; Casuarius bennetti goodfellowi (Rotshild, 1914); Casuarius papuanus goodfellowi (Rotshild, 1914); Casuarius papuanus shawmayeri Rotshild, 1937 yil; Casuarius bennetti shawmayeri (Rotshild, 1937); Casuarius foersteri Rotshild, 1913 yil; Casuarius bennetti foersteri (Rotshild, 1913); Casuarius picticollis hecki Rotshild, 1899 yil; Casuarius bennetti hecki (Rotshild, 1899); Casuarius keyseri Rotshild, 1912 yil; Casuarius bennetti keysseri (Rotshild, 1912); Casuarius jamrachi Rotshild, 1904 yil; Casuarius casuarius jamrachi (Rotshild, 1904); Casuarius unappendiculatus jamrachi (Rotshild, 1904); Casuarius roseigularis Rotshild, 1905 yil; Casuarius bennetti roseigularis (Rotshild, 1905); Casuarius rogersi Rotshild, 1928 yil] (Papua mitti kassasi)
        • C. b. bennetti Gould, 1857 yil [Casuarius edwardsi Oustalet, 1878 yil; Casuarius bennetti edwardsi (Oustalet, 1878); Casuarius westermanni edwardsi (Oustalet, 1878); Casuarius claudii Ogilvi-Grant, 1911 yil; Casuarius bennetti claudii (Ogilvi-Grant, 1911); Casuarius picticollis Sklater, 1874 yil; Casuarius bennetti picticollis (Sklater, 1874); Casuarius loriae Rotshild, 1898 yil; Casuarius bennetti loriae (Rotshild, 1898); Casuarius maculatus Rotshild, 1900 yil; Casuarius bennetti maculatus (Rotshild, 1900)] (Bennettning kassori)
  • Dromaiidae Xaksli, 1868 yil [Dramaiinae Kulrang, 1870 yil; Dramiceiidae Richmond, 1908 yil; Dramaeidae Nyuton, 1896] (zamonaviy emus)
    • Dromaius Viyillot, 1816 yil [Tachea Fleming 1822 yil; Emou Griffit va Pijon 1829; Peronista Metyu 1912 yil; Metapteryx De Vis, 1892 yil] (emus) (O'rta miosen - So'nggi)
      • †D. ocypus Miller, 1963 yil [Casuarius ocypus (Miller, 1963)]
      • D. novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) Vieillot 1816 yil [Casuarius novae-hollandiae Latham, 1790 yil; †Dromaius gracilipes De Vis, 1892 yil; †Dromaius patricius De Vris, 1888 yil; Metapteryx bifronlari De Vis, 1892 yil] (emu)
        • †D. n. voyaga etmagan Spenser, 1906 yil [Dromaeus minor (sic) Spenser, 1906 yil; Dromaius novaehollandiae ater Viyillot, 1817 yil; Dromiceius spenceri (sic) Mathews, 1912 yil; Dromaeus bassi Legge, 1907 yil; Dromaius ater Viyillot, 1817 yil nomen novum; Peronista spenseri (Metyus, 1912)] (King Island / qora emu)
        • †D. n. baudinianus Parker, 1984 yil [Dromaius baudinianus Parker 1984 yil; Dromaius baudinianus baudinianus; Dromaius parvulus Metyuz, 1901; Dromaius peroni Rotshild, 1907 yil; Dromiceius novaehollandiae gunni Metyus, 1922 yil; Peronista peroni (Rotshild 1907) Metyuz, 1913 yil] (Kenguru oroli / mitti emu)
        • †D. n. diemenensis (Jennings, 1827) Le Souef, 1907 yil [Casuarius diemenianus Jennings, 1827 yil; Dromaeus diemenensis (Jennings, 1827) Le Souëf, 1907 yil; Peronista diemenianus Metyus, 1927 yil] (Tasmaniya emu)
        • D. n. yangixollandiya (Latham, 1790) [Dromaius novaehollandiae rothschildi Metyuz, 1912 yil; Casuarius australis Shou, 1792 yil; Casuarius novaehollandiae Latham, 1790 yil; Dromaeus irroratus Bartlett, 1859 yil; Dromaius novaehollandiae montanus Kempbell, 1939 yil; Dromaius novaehollandiae woodwardi Metyuz, 1912 yil; Dromitsey emu Stephens, 1826 yil; Dromiceius mayor Bruklar, 1830 yil; Tachea novaehollandiae; Struthio novaehollandiae] (Avstraliya emu)

Izohlar

  1. ^ "Emuarius" "Emu" dan + "Kasuarius". Describer W.E. Boles odatda" emuwaries "yoki" cassomus "deb nomlanadi.
  2. ^ Xalq tilidagi "mihirung" nomi kelib chiqqan mihirung paringmal, bu Chaap Wuurong tilida "ulkan emu" degan ma'noni anglatadi.

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Brend, S. (2008)
  2. ^ Brodkob, Pirs (1963). "Qazilma qushlar katalogi 1- Ardeeopes orqali Archaeopterygiformes". Biologiya fanlari, Florida shtat muzeyining byulleteni. 7 (4): 180–293. Olingan 30 dekabr 2015.
  3. ^ Clements, J (2007)
  4. ^ Lokyer, Norman (1875 yil 14-oktyabr). Tabiat. 12. London, Buyuk Britaniya: Macmillan and Co. pp. 516–517.
  5. ^ Alvarenga, H. (2010). "Diogenornis fragilis Alvarenga, 1985, qayta o'rganilgan: Casuariidae bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lgan Janubiy Amerika ratitasi". [jurnal keltirilmagan].[to'liq iqtibos kerak ]
  6. ^ Lou, P. R. (1929). "Ba'zi eslatmalar Gipselornis sivalensis Lydekker "deb nomlangan. Ibis. 71 (4): 571–576. doi:10.1111 / j.1474-919X.1929.tb08775.x.
  7. ^ Mikkoning Filogeniya arxivi [1] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "PALEOGNATHIA - paleognatus zamonaviy qushlar". Olingan 30 dekabr 2015.
  8. ^ Paleofile.com (aniq, ma'lumot) "Arxivlangan nusxa". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016-01-11. Olingan 2015-12-30.CS1 maint: nom sifatida arxivlangan nusxa (havola). "Taksonomik ro'yxatlar - Aves". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 11 yanvarda. Olingan 30 dekabr 2015.
  9. ^ [2] Arxivlandi 2016-10-05 da Orqaga qaytish mashinasi Perron, Richard (2010). "Kasuarius turkumining taksonomiyasi". Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2016 yil 5 martda. Olingan 30 dekabr 2015.

Adabiyotlar

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