1844 yildan beri Worcestershire County chegaralari evolyutsiyasi - Evolution of Worcestershire county boundaries since 1844 - Wikipedia

Shuningdek qarang: Worcestershire tarixi
Worcestershire okrugi
Worcestershire okrugi: o'tmish va hozirgi. Zamonaviy Worcestershire 1844 yildan beri atrofdagi yoki yangi okruglarga berilgan hudud fonida joylashgan (Rasmga atrofdagi okruglardan 1844 yildan beri qo'lga kiritilgan hudud kiradi).

The Worcestershire-ning ma'muriy chegaralari, 1844 yildagi birinchi katta o'zgarishlardan beri Angliya 150 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida suyuq bo'lib kelgan. Ularning ko'pgina ajralgan qismlari bo'lgan Vorsestershire atrofdagi okruglarda va aksincha Vorestershirda boshqa okruglarning orollari bo'lgan. 1844 yil Grafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun bularni yo'q qilish jarayonini boshladi, ammo bu jarayon 1966 yilgacha tugamadi Dadli ichiga singib ketgan Staffordshire.

Ning kengayishi Birmingem va Qora mamlakat paytida va undan keyin Sanoat inqilobi shuningdek, tuman xaritasini sezilarli darajada o'zgartirdi. Mahalliy hukumat tuzilmalarini o'zgartirishni tavsiya etish uchun mahalliy hukumat komissiyalari tuzildi va 1945 yildayoq Worcestershire-ni birlashtirish bo'yicha tavsiyalar berildi. Herefordshire. Oxir-oqibat, 1974 yilda ushbu tavsiyanomaning bir shakli amalga oshirildi, Vorsesterning ko'p qismi Herefordshir bilan birlashib, yangi graflikni tashkil etdi. Hereford va Worcester, Vorsestershirning shimolidagi Qora-mamlakat shaharlari va qishloqlari, shuningdek, Staffordshir va unga qo'shni hududlar. Warwickshire, ning yangi ma'muriy okrugini tashkil etdi G'arbiy Midlend.

Hereford va Worcester 1998 yilda Herefordshire va Worcestershire-ning alohida okruglariga qayta bo'lingan. O'sha vaqtdan beri Worcestershire chegaralari o'zgarmagan. Redditch ga qo'shilishni tanladi G'arbiy Midlend birlashgan ma'muriyati 2015 yil oktyabr oyida "nodavlat" a'zosi sifatida, ammo bu Worcestershire-dagi mavqeiga ta'sir qilmaydi.

1844 yilgacha bo'lgan chegaralar

Vorsestershire davomida tashkil etilgan geptarxiya, X asr boshlarida ma'muriy va mudofaa birligi sifatida.[1] Uning maqsadi tarixiy shimoliy hududdagi mulklarni hisobga olish va himoya qilish edi Worcester qarang tomonidan o'tkazilgan Episkopus Hvicciorum va Worcester Priory, Abbeylar bilan birga Pershore va Evesham.[2] VIII-XIII asrlar oralig'ida hududda o'n uchta monastir asoslari mavjud edi.[3] Vester o'zi X asrda ikkita monastirni o'z ichiga olgan; SS ga bag'ishlangan asl episkop o'rindig'i. Piter va Pavlus va yangisi Priory Aziz Maryamga bag'ishlangan.[4] "Proto-shire" okrug tashkil etilishidan oldin mavjud bo'lib, uning markazi mustahkamlangan burx.[5] Ushbu "proto-shire" ning chegaralari (va erta tashkil etilgan okrug) noma'lum, garchi Worcester qarorgohi allaqachon katta miqdordagi er maydoniga ega edi. Burhlar himoyalangan edi devor bilan o'ralgan shaharlar tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Buyuk Alfred, rivojlanishidan himoya qilish Buyuk Heathen armiyasi. Worcester-ning to'lqinli tekislikdagi strategik ustun mavqei Severn daryosi, cherkov markazi sifatida muhim rol o'ynaydi, shuningdek, savdo va harbiy aloqalarning asosiy nuqtasi Angliya-sakson va Uels qirolliklari,[6] burga xizmat qilish uchun uni mantiqiy joylashuvga aylantirdi.[7] Voresterni mustahkamlash, 872-899 yillarda sodir bo'lgan MercMerkiya oilasi, qirol Alfred va Mercian Witan. The shires va uning yuzlab, har bir burning chekka mulklari resurslarini boshqarish uchun asos yaratdi.[5]

Davomida Yong'oq ning fathi Angliya-sakson Angliya 1015-16 yillarda; Mercia notinch edi va asosan bosqinchi edi Vikinglar, "zo'ravonlik va firibgarlik va dunyoviy hokimiyat orqali" hududni egallab olgan. Ushbu notinchlik mavjud bo'lgan anglo-sakson janoblarini (va Knut bilan ittifoqdoshlarni ham) rag'batlantirdi Wessex ) o'z xohishiga ko'ra hududni egallash. 1016 yilda; Yopiq va Tardebigge "Æfic" tomonidan olib qo'yilgan yoki "etishtirilgan" - Staffordshire sherifi,[8][5] shunday bo'lish eksklavlar ning Kingswinford Manor. Keyingi o'n yilliklar ichida cherkovlar va manorlar fath yoki sovg'a sifatida qo'llarini o'zgartirdi; ba'zilari qo'shni yurisdiktsiyalar ichida anklavga aylanadi. Oqibatlari Angliyaning Norman bosqini 1066 yilda er sovg'alarini va unvonlarini ko'rdi Uilyam Fath uning ittifoqchilari va do'stlariga. Ga ko'ra Domesday kitobi; Qirol Uilyam Dadli va boshqa manorlarni berdi Selly Oak, Bartli Grin, Shimoliy maydon, Frankli va Bromsgrove (Willingwick) ga Ankulf de Pikviniya - Bukingemshir sherifi,[9] va Xala ga Rojer de Montgomeri, kim bo'ldi Shrewsbury grafligi.[10] Hozirda Doddingtree Yuzga sovg'a qilingan Tosnidan Raul II, seigneur de Conches-en-Ouche,[11] Ranulf de Mortimer va Osbern Fits Richard. Norman fathiga qaramay; Qolgan okrug ham Pershore va Evesham Abbeylari tomonidan ushlab turilgan edi Worcester episkopi va Priory.

Worcestershire ning yuzlab

Shakl 1. Vorestestirning Domesdaydan keyingi yuzlab asarlari talqini (1086). Halfshir yaratilmagan, garchi Osvaldslov allaqachon mavjud bo'lgan va Yopiq, Xala va Tardebigge tumandan olib tashlanganiga qaramay, Worcestershire ostida surishtirildi.

Worcestershire-ning dastlabki o'n ikki yoshidagi dastlabki hikoya yuzlab - "Keldim", "Klent", "Kresselau", "Ketburgelo" (Kutbergexlave), "Doddingtree", "Esch", "Fishborough" (Fisseberge), "Pershore" (bilan birga Vestminster Abboti noma'lum ikki yuzlab ko'chirilgan erlar[12]), "Winburgetreow" va "Wulfereslaw" asosan noma'lum, ular qachon tashkil etilganligi ham.[13] Ketburgelo, Uinburgetreu va Vulfereslav uch yuzga aylanishdi Osvaldslov, 1086 yilga kelib,[14] Vorestr va Priori yepiskopi tomonidan uzoq vaqtdan beri saqlanib kelinayotgan erlarni boshqarish.[15] Pershore erlari Vestminster Abbotiga hukmronlik davrida berilgan edi Edward Confessor Shunday qilib, uch yuzga aylanish.[16] Halfshir yoki Dimidii Comitatus de Wych[17][18] (Wych (e) ning yarmi) 1175-6 yilgacha shakllangan;[19] Came, Esch (Blakenxerst tarkibiga kirgan Evesham Abbey mulki bundan mustasno) va Klentning qoldiqlari birlashuvidan va asosan erlarga tegishli erlardan iborat edi. Toj va Ansulf de Pikvinining vorislari. Halfshir, shuningdek, 1275 yilda Dadli yuzi sifatida tanilgan.[20][21] Doddingtree ham tojga tegishli edi,[22] Fishborough / Fisseberge Blakenxerst nomi bilan tanilgan, u o'z erlarini o'g'irlik va bosib olishdan saqlab qolish uchun doimiy kurash olib borgan.[23] Shiresning ettitasida o'n ikki yuz; toj va uning tayinlangan rasmiy vakili - Vorsester shtatining yuqori sherifi hech qanday vakolatga ega emas edi. Crown vakolatining o'rnini Vorsester episkopi va Pershore, Westminster va Evesham shaharlaridagi abbatlar egalladi.[24] Ushbu holat qonunchilik doirasidagi qiyinchiliklarni keltirib chiqardi va tajovuzkorlik sifatida erni zo'rlik bilan tortib olish yoki o'g'irlik.[25][26] Dastlabki o'n ikki yuz kishining bosqichma-bosqich birlashishi, shuningdek, asrlar davomida cherkovlar va manorlarning o'zgaruvchan egaligi juda singan tartibni yaratdi. [27][28] Osvaldslov va Pershore okrugning katta qismlarida parchalanib ketishgan, shuningdek Glouzestershir va Uorvikshirda tarqalgan ko'plab eksklavlar bo'lgan.[29][30]

Uorli Vigorn, Kredli va Bevdli

Old Worcestershire-Shropshire chegarasi - Lutli - geograph.org.uk - 961083

XI asrdan; Halesowen Parish sovg'a qilindi Shrewsbury grafligi Shunday qilib, ning anklavini (yoki eksklavini) yaratish Salop, Worcestershire shimoliy chegarasi va Staffordshirning janubiy chegarasi o'rtasida joylashgan. Cherkovning shimoliy sharqiy qismi ikki bo'lakka bo'lingan; Uorli Vigorn qolgan qismi esa Vorestershirda qoldi Uorli Salop.[31]Uorli Vigorn singari cherkov bo'lib, uning hududi o'n etti alohida erga bo'lingan edi,[32] eksklav ichidagi eksklavlarni shakllantirish. Hurst Green, Langli Yashil, Londonderri va Rood End Uorli Vigornning yirik aholi punktlaridan biri edi.[33] Kredli bilan birga Worcestershire tomonidan saqlanib qolgan qishloq ning Lutli tomonidan o'tkazilgan ""Vulverhempton" ning kanonlari ".[34][35] Boshqa anomaliyalar holatini o'z ichiga oladi Bevdli; rasmiy ravishda 15-asrda Vorestershirda yoki Salopda bo'lmagan (14-asrda Vorsestershire tarkibiga kiritilganiga qaramay), shu tariqa ikkala okrugda ham adolatdan qochgan jinoyatchilar diqqat markaziga aylangan. 1544 yilda; Bewdley rasmiy ravishda Worcestershire tarkibiga kiritilgan edi.[36][37]

Evolyutsiya va inqilob

Shahar va tuman shaharlari bilan kelishmovchilik yuz berayotgan edi. Worcester avtonom bo'ldi tuman korporativ 1622 yilda va Vorestershirdan alohida sifatida qabul qilingan.[38] Kattaroq shaharchalar berildi tuman 1307-1660 yillardagi holat (Bewdley, Pershore, Kidderminster, Droitvich va Evesham) va asosan tasdiqlangan shahar tumanlari 1835 yildan boshlab, Dadli bilan (a yodgorlik tumani[39]) 1865 yilda quyidagi kostyum.[40] Yuzlab odamlarning aksariyati boshqarish uchun juda mashaqqatli bo'lib, odatda tumanning turli qismlarida joylashgan "Divizionlar" ga bo'lingan. Quyidagi jadval va 2-rasmdan ko'rinib turibdiki, ushbu cherkovlarning ba'zilari boshqa yuzlab odamlar bilan o'ralgan orollar edi. Bir necha cherkov o'z chegaradosh hududining bir qismi sifatida okrug chegarasi bo'ylab cho'zilgan; Eski Svinford cherkovi kiritilgan Amblecot masalan, Staffordshire dan.[41] 19-asrga kelib; sanoat inqilobi Staffordshire-dagi qo'shni jamoalar bilan ba'zi Vorestershir shaharlari va qishloqlarining iqtisodiy, ijtimoiy va jismoniy integratsiyalashuv jarayonini boshladi. Qora mamlakat.[42] Mahalliy hokimiyatning roli sezilarli darajada o'zgardi va yangi yagona maqsadli bo'linmalar paydo bo'ldi, masalan kambag'al huquq birlashmalari va sanitariya tumanlari.[43] Tuman darajasida; Worcestershire ma'muriyati tomonidan amalga oshirildi Chorak sessiyalar sudlari, qonun va tartib, fuqarolik yurisdiksiyasi va ma'muriy funktsiyalar uchun mas'ul bo'lganlar. Ushbu rollarga alehouselarni litsenziyalash kiradi, politsiya, og'irliklar va o'lchovlar, avtomobil yo'llari va ko'priklarni qurish / ta'mirlash, qonun bilan bog'liq yomon tortishuvlar va soliqlarni belgilash.[44]

Yuzning ismiBo'limlar soniParish / Placename
Blakenxerst2Badsi, Bretforton, Evesham, Honeybourne, Lenchvik, Shimoliy va O'rta Littlton, Offenxem, Oldberrow, Ombersli, Janubiy Midlton, Vikemford
Doddingtree2Abberli, Astli, Alfrik, Bevdli, Dunli, Klifton-on-Teme, Kotidj, Martli, Suckley, Tenberi
Halfshir2Belbroughton, Bromsgrove, Chaddesli Korbett, Cherkov Lench, Cofton Hackett, Kredli, Doverdeyl, Droitvich, Dadli, "Fekkenxem", Frankli, Xagli, Kidderminster, Shohlar Norton, Netherton, Shimoliy maydon, Qadimgi Svinford, Pedmore, Salvarpe, Sturbridj, Uorli Vigorn
Osvaldslov3Alvechurch, Blekvell, Blockli, Broadwas, Klaynlar, Kroptorn, Kroul, Elmi qasri, Evenlode, Fladberi, Taqdirlash, Xartleberi, Xarvington, Ximbleton, Hindlip, Icomb, Inkberrow, Kichik Malvern, Overberi, Sedgeberrow, Shipston-on-Stur, Bedvardinadagi Seynt Jon, Stok oldin, Tibberton, Tredington, Uorndon, Velland, Vichenford
Pershore2Alderminster, Broadway, Kastlemorton, Ekkington, Flyford Flavell, Xenli qal'asi, Ley, Martin Xussingtri, Newland, Peopleton, Pershore, Pinvin, Pauik. Severn Stok, Strensham, Upton Snodsbury, Vayr Piddl, Yardli

Bedvardin cherkovidagi Seynt Jonning asosiy shaharcha qismi 1837 yilda Vorester shahriga kiritilgan.[45]

Eksklavlar va anklavlar

Avval aytib o'tganimizdek; Worcestershire 1844 yilgacha yaqin atrofdagi okruglar ichida juda ko'p sonli eksklavlarga ega edi (2-rasmga qarang). Qo'shni okruglar bilan bo'lgan munosabatlar Vorestestirning yuzlab qismidagi cherkovlarning chalkash va tarqoq tartibini aks ettirdi (Quyidagi rasm va jadvalga qarang). Ayni paytda; Herefordshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire va Shropshire ning Worcestershire asosiy qismida o'zlarining eksklavlari bor edi. Rochford,[46] Brom,[47] Yopiq,[48] Tardebigge (Tutnall va Kobli )[49] va Halesowen navbati bilan. Tardebigjning okrugdan tashqaridagi tarixi yanada rang-barang bo'lib, asrlar davomida turli davrlarda Vorsestershirega qaytib kelguniga qadar Vorsestershire-dan Staffordshire va Warwickshire-ga qo'llarini o'zgartirgan.[50]

  • Worcestershire eksklavlari va anklavlari

  • Shakl 2: Vorestershir grafligi (1832)

  • Shakl 2A: Shimoliy G'arbiy Vorsestershire

  • Shakl 2B: Shimoliy Vorsestershir

  • Shakl 2C: Janubiy va Janubi-Sharqiy Worcestershire

AnjirEksklav / anklavOkrug (1844 yilgacha)O'tkazilgan yili va tumaniHukumat qonunchiligi
2CAlderminsterVorsestershire1931 yil - UorvikshirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2CTosh, shu jumladan AldertonVorsestershire1844 yil - GlouzestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2CBlockli, shu jumladan Paxford va Aston MagnaVorsestershire1931 yil - GlouzestershirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2BBromStaffordshire1844 yil - VorsestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2BYopiqStaffordshire1844 yil - VorsestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2CCutsdeanVorsestershire1931 yil - GlouzestershirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2CDaylesfordVorsestershire1931 yil - GlouzestershirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2BDadli, shu jumladan NethertonVorsestershire1966 yil - StaffordshirG'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil
2AEdvin LoachVorsestershire1893 yil - HerefordshirBo'lingan Parijlar va kambag'al qonunga o'zgartirishlar kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun 1882 y
2CEvenlodeVorsestershire1931 yil - GlouzestershirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2BHalesowen, shu jumladan Xannington, Illey, Oldberi, Ridgakr, Romsli va Uorli Salop †Shropshir1844 yil - VorsestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2CIcombVorsestershire1844 yil - GlouzestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2ARochfordHerefordshire1844 yil - VorsestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2CShipston-on-SturVorsestershire1931 yil - UorvikshirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2BTardebigge (Tutnall va Kobli )Warwickshire1844 yil - VorsestershirGrafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil
2CTidmingtonVorsestershire1931 yil - UorvikshirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2CTredingtonVorsestershire1931 yil - UorvikshirVaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.
2BUorli Vigorn †VorsestershireYo'qYo'q

† - Uorli Vigorn va Uorli Salop birlashib, yangi cherkovni tashkil qilishdi Uorli (1884 - 1908).

Grafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil

The Grafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1844 yil edi Parlament akti bu Angliya va ko'plab okruglarning eksklavlarini bekor qildi Uels.[51] Ushbu qonunchilikning kashf etuvchisi Islohot to'g'risidagi qonun 1832 va Parlament chegaralari to'g'risidagi qonun 1832, bu parlament a'zolari uchun chegaralarni qayta belgilab berdi.[52] Ushbu xatti-harakatlar ko'plab "eksklavlar" va "anklavlar" holatini o'zgartirib, ushbu "chet ellarni" o'z atrofidagi okrugga qo'shish jarayonini boshladi. Parlamentning ushbu qonuni "orollar" yoki "eksklavlar" masalasini yo'q qilish uchun ishlab chiqilgan edi, ammo ko'p sonli eksklavlar Vorestershirning tarkibida bo'lib, u Vaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.. Dudli Vorestershirning so'nggi eksklavi edi; u tomonidan Staffordshire-ga 1966 yilda G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil.[53]

Fuqarolik parijlari

Tarixiy jihatdan; qadimiy cherkovlarga bo'linish bilan bog'liq edi yodgorlik tizimi, cherkovlar va manorlar ko'pincha bir xil chegaralarni baham ko'rishadi.[54] Ammo Yomon qonunga o'zgartirishlar kiritish to'g'risidagi qonun 1866 yil tarixiy cherkov va mahalliy ma'muriy funktsiyalar o'rtasidagi farqni e'lon qildi va shu bilan yaratdi fuqarolik cherkovlari. Ushbu ma'muriy birliklar Angliya tarkibida mahalliy hokimiyatning quyi qatlamini tashkil qildi va 1866 yildan tashkil topdi.

Siyosiy islohot

Shakl 3. Bekor qilingan 1888 chegara takliflari tasvirlangan xarita

1880-yillarga kelib ingliz grafliklarining tuzilishini isloh qilish uchun bosim kuchayib bordi va okrug hukumati masalasi asosiy siyosiy masalaga aylandi. Ikkalasi ham Liberal va Konservativ uchun partiya manifestlari 1886 yilgi umumiy saylovlar saylangan mahalliy hokimiyat organlarini joriy etishga va'da bergan.[55] The Mahalliy hukumat (chegaralar) to'g'risidagi qonun 1887 yil qabul qildi Royal Assent 1887 yil sentyabrda va "Chet el komissiyalari" dan tashqari, mavjud tuman chegaralarini ko'rib chiqish uchun Chegara komissarlarini tayinladi. 3-rasm shuni ko'rsatdiki, Worcestershire okrug ma'muriyati tashkil topgan va Yardli, Shipston-on-Stur va Tredington Uorvikshirga yutqazgan.[56] Qonun, shuningdek, Dadli uchun boshqa okrug bilan birlashishni qonun orqali o'tkazib yuborish orqali amalga oshirdi Rouli Regis va Kredli Xit Staffordshire dan. Takliflar ham ko'rgan bo'lar edi Semvik Worcestershire-ga qo'shiling, shuningdek Burford (barchasini birlashtirgan Tenberi qishloq sanitariya okrugi bitta okrugga), Ipsli, Yuqori Arley, Pebvort va G'arbiy Malvern. Glousestershire, Warwickshire va Herefordshire bilan chegaralar taklif qilinib, parislarning katta almashinuvini amalga oshirgan bo'lar edi, shuning uchun Worcestershire-ning barcha eksklavlari / anklavlari yo'q qilindi.[57] Ushbu Qonun alternativa foydasiga bekor qilindi 1888 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun. Bekor qilingan Qonunning takliflari keskin edi va okrugni sezilarli darajada o'zgartirishi mumkin edi, ammo keyingi qonun hujjatlarida ushbu takliflarning aksariyati amalga oshirildi, ammo bosqichma-bosqich.

1888–1958

Worcestershire County Council yoki ma'muriy okrug Worcestershire quyidagi narsalarga asoslanib vujudga keldi 1888 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun va darajasi edi Angliyaning submilliy bo'linishi 1889 yildan mahalliy boshqaruv maqsadlarida foydalanilgan. Ushbu yangi tuzilma Vorestershirning chorak sessiyalari tomonidan amalga oshirilgan ko'plab ma'muriy funktsiyalarni almashtirdi yoki "almashtirdi".[58] Ma'muriy okrug qamrab olgan tarixiy shira Worcestershire-dan, yangi tayinlangan ikkitadan tashqari tuman tumanlari da Dadli va Worcester (Vuster shahar va okrugi).[59] "Tuman okrugi" "bitta darajali" hokimiyat bo'lib, uning ichida ko'rib chiqilgan 1888 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun okrug kengashining yurisdiksiyasidan yoki "o'zi uchun ma'muriy okrug" dan mustaqil ravishda. Bunga umumiy aholi soni yoki "Mamlakatlar korporativ" sifatida tarixiy maqomi sabab bo'lgan.[60] Qonun, shuningdek, Worcestershire-ning "ma'muriy bo'lmagan maqsadlar" deb tasniflangan chegaralari ma'muriy okrug (shu qatorda okrug tumanlarini ham o'z ichiga olgan) bilan mos kelishini ta'minladi. Ma'muriy bo'lmagan maqsadlar ko'rsatilgan "sherif, leytenant (custos rotulorum ), sudyalar, militsiya, tergovchi yoki boshqa ".[61] Shunday qilib, zamonaviy funktsiyalarga o'xshash tantanali okruglar.

1894 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun

Yuz kishining o'rnini ikkalasining ham yangi tuman kengashi tuzilishi egalladi shahar yoki qishloq tumanlari amalga oshirilgandan so'ng 1894 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun. Ushbu yangi "tumanlar" okrug kengashi yurisdiktsiyasida bo'lgan "ikkinchi darajali" ma'muriy birliklar edi, ammo "bitta darajali" hokimiyat bo'lgan tuman okrugining bir qismini tashkil qilmadi. Ushbu Qonunda yuzlab kishilarni bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun hujjati yo'q edi, ammo ularning qolgan vakolatlari yangi tuman kengashlariga berildi.[62] Tuman kengashi chegaralari, shuningdek, bitta ma'muriy okrugda qonunchilikka binoan o'z-o'zini qamrab olgan va shu sababli, ba'zi oldingilaridan farqli o'laroq, tashqi shira chegaralaridan adashmagan. Masalan, sobiq Kambag'al Qonun Ittifoqi Alcester Warwickshire-ga kiritilgan Abbots Morton 1894 yilgi o'zgarishlarga qadar Fekkenxem, Inkberrow va Oldberrow.[63] Qonun shuningdek fuqarolik cherkovlariga tuzilmaviy o'zgarishlar kiritdi, bekor qilindi yeleklar va 300 dan ortiq saylovchilar bilan barcha qishloq jamoatlarida saylangan fuqarolik cherkov kengashlarini tashkil etdi. Bular ularning qishloq tumanlariga birlashtirildi. Parishlarning okruglar o'rtasida bo'linib ketishining oldini olish uchun chegaralar o'zgartirildi.

Birmingem, Oldberrou, Upper Arley va Edvin Loach (1891-1911)

4-rasm: 1895 yilda yuqori Arley chegarasining o'zgarishi xaritasi. Parish Staffordshire'dan Worcestershire-ga ko'chirildi.
5-rasm: Balsall Xit, Kvinton, Yardli va Kings Norton & Nortfildning Vorsesterdan Birmingem, Uorvikshirga ko'chirilishini aks ettiruvchi xarita (1891-1911) Xaritada xuddi shunga o'xshash Warwickshire va Staffordshire chegara o'zgarishlari mavjud emas.

1888 yildagi qonundan so'ng qisqa vaqt ichida Vorsestershayrning shimoliy tashqi chegaralari o'zgarishni boshladi (5-rasmga qarang). Tumani Balsall Xit, dastlab Parish of ning eng shimoliy qismini tashkil etgan King's Norton, tumanning yangi belgilangan hududga qo'shilgan birinchi maydoni edi Birmingem shahri 1891 yil 1 oktyabrda.[64] Buning ortidan kichik orol paydo bo'ldi Edvin Loach yaqin Bromyard, 1893 yilda Herefordshire-ga ko'chirilgan.[65][66] Edvin Loachni yo'qotishidan ikki yil o'tgach, okrug Yuqori Arley cherkoviga ega bo'ldi,[67] u deyarli Worcestershire va Shropshire bilan o'ralgan Staffordshire cherkovi edi (4-rasmga qarang). Shimoliy sharqda Vorestershir chegarasida joylashgan Oldberrow cherkovi ko'chirildi Uorvikshir okrugi kengashi 1896 yil davomida yurisdiktsiya.[68] Stok Bliss 1897 yilgacha Vorestestirga ko'chirilguniga qadar har doim Herefordshire tarkibiga kirgan. Natijada; Acton Beauchamp Herefordshirga ko'chirildi.[69]

Birmingem shahrining doimiy ravishda kengayib borishi Vorsestershirning suyuqlik chegarasidagi o'zgarishlar va uy-joy bilan bog'liq muammolarga katta hissa qo'shdi.[70] Balsol Xitni Birmingemga kuzatib borishdi Kvinton Shahar okrugi 1909 yil noyabrda, so'ngra Yardli qishloq okrugi va uning katta qismi tomonidan King's Norton va Northfield-ning shahar okrugi. Shaharga ushbu so'nggi transferlar bir qismi bo'lgan Buyuk Birmingem qonuni 1911 yil 9-noyabrda shahar atrofidagi tumanlarga ancha kengaygan.[71] Birmingemga o'tish natijasida; bu joylar (va Balsall Xit) Uorvikshirning bir qismi hisoblangan.

Dadli va Smetvikning kengayishi (1926-1928)

Shakl 6: 1926 va 1928 yillarda Staffordshire va Worcestershire o'rtasida Dudley County Borough va Oldbury Urban Districtga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan ikkita chegara o'zgarishini bildiruvchi xarita.

Ning ixcham o'lchamlari Dadli okrugi aholi sonining ko'payishi bilan birga, xarob bo'lgan erlarni qayta tiklashning yuqori qiymati va shoshilinch qashshoq joyni tozalash dahshatli uy-joy va er tanqisligiga hissa qo'shdi. Buning natijasida kengash "qo'shni mahalliy hokimiyat organlaridan er sotib olish" ga olib keldi.[72] Staffordshire hisobiga, Worcestershire 1926 yilda bir oz o'sdi Priory Mulk asosan joylashgan quruqlikda Sedgli. Ushbu chegara o'zgarishlari, shuningdek, shaharni sotib oldi qal'a va priori xarobalari kengash tomonidan, birinchi navbatda, atrofdagi erlarni bo'shatish uchun ijtimoiy uy-joy. Bir necha ming uy (asosan kengashga tegishli ) 1929 yildan 1955 yilgacha Priory nomi bilan tanilgan, Wren's Nest va Old Park Farm mulk.[73]

Yaqin atrofda ham xuddi shunday uy-joy va er tanqisligi mavjud edi Smetvik okrugi tumani Bu ham mahalliy hokimiyatning qo'shni kengash hududlaridan er olishiga olib keldi. 1914 yilga kelib; ning shahar maydoni Bearwood chegarasida allaqachon tarqalib ketgan edi Oldberi shahar okrugi Rathbone Road va Warley Parkgacha.[74] 1928 yilda okrug chegarasini yanada to'g'rilash amalga oshirildi va shu munosabat bilan Staffordshir Uorli Vudsdagi Vorstestshirdan o'z hududiga ega bo'ldi (6-rasmga qarang). Bu Smetvikka Londonderrida va Ratboun Yo'lining g'arbiy qismida yangi turar-joy massivlarini qurish imkoniyatini berdi.[75]

Smetvikdagi uy-joy va er tanqisligi bundan keyin ham davom etdi Ikkinchi jahon urushi, kengashni birinchi navbatda ijtimoiy uy-joy ehtiyojlari uchun o'rta qavatli maisonetlar, kvartiralar va ko'p qavatli minora bloklarini qurishga yo'naltirish.[76]

Vaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y.

7-rasm: 1964 yilda "Yangi shahar" belgilanishidan oldin va keyin, Redditch hududiga ta'sir qiluvchi Vorestershir shtati chegarasining o'zgarishini bildiruvchi xarita.

Grafliklar (alohida qismlar) to'g'risidagi 1844 yilgi qonun dastlab eksklavlar yoki "orollarni" yo'q qilish va atrofni atrofdagi okrug bilan birlashtirish uchun ishlab chiqilgan; Worcestershire, hali ham janubi-sharqda ko'plab "tashqariga" ega edi. Bu qonun qabul qilinishidan oldin bo'lgan Vaqtinchalik buyurtmani tasdiqlash (Gloucestershire, Warwickshire va Worcestershire) 1931 y. Dudlidan tashqari, Vorsestershir orollarini atrofidagi okrugga birlashtirish vazifasini deyarli bajargan.[77] O'sha paytdagi parlament kotibi Bosh prokuror - Uilyam Morrison deputati (Cirencester va Tewkesbury ) keyingi parlament muhokamalarida aytilgan edi Mahalliy boshqaruv to'g'risidagi qonun 1929 yil manfaatdor tuman kengashlarida zaif qonun va sog'liqni saqlash xizmati markazlashganShunday qilib, "chekka" qishloq tumanlarini qiyinlashtirmoqda qo'shni okrugdan ma'lum xizmatlarni olish.[78] Ushbu xatti-harakatlar Blocklini uzatdi, Daylesford Warlickshir Alderminster, Tidmington va Tredingtonni qo'lga kiritdi. Butun Shipston-on-Stur qishloq okrugi[79] Uorvikshirga birlashtirilib, keyinchalik birlashtirildi Brailes qishloq okrugi.[80]

Qonunning bir qismi sifatida chegaralarni qayta belgilash yagona chegaralar emas edi. Worcestershire janubi-g'arbiy uchi Redmarli D'Abitot va Stonton Gloucestershire-ga ko'chirildi,[81] okrug cherkovini qo'lga kiritgan paytda Ipsli Uorvikshirdagi Alcester qishloq okrugidan (7-rasmga qarang), u kengayib borishga qo'shildi Redditch shahar okrugi.[82]

Mahalliy hukumatning chegara komissiyasi (1945–1949)

The Mahalliy hokimiyatning chegara komissiyasi 1948 yil davomida mahalliy hukumat tuzilmalariga tubdan o'zgartirishlar kiritishni taklif qildi. Rejalarga Vorsestershirni Herefordshir bilan birlashtirib, yangi "Stafford South" grafligining tarkibiga kiradigan Dadli va Oldberidan tashqari yangi ma'muriy birlik tuzish kiradi.[83] Vorester va Dudli okrug okruglari bo'lib qoladi, ammo ba'zi xizmatlar tegishli tuman kengashi tomonidan amalga oshiriladi.[84] Komissiya takliflaridan voz kechilgan bo'lsa-da, yigirma yil o'tgach, Herefordshire va South Wucestershire okrugi bo'yicha qayta ko'rib chiqilgan takliflar paydo bo'lishi kerak edi.

1958 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun

Worcestershire xaritasi (ikkita tuman tumanlarini o'z ichiga olgan holda) - Amalga oshirilishidan oldin "West Midlands Order 1965"
Shakl 8: Shimoliy Vorsestershir va Janubiy Staffordshirdagi mahalliy hukumat tuzilmasi G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil qayta tashkil etish

19-20-asrlar davomida; Birmingem va Qora mamlakat yagona keng ko'lamda birlashdilar bezovtalik, Warwickshire, Staffordshire va Worcestershire bo'ylab tarqaldi. Ushbu kengayish qo'shni shahar va jamoalar bilan yanada iqtisodiy va jismoniy integratsiyani amalga oshirdi. Ushbu jarayon tobora ko'payib borayotgan uy-joy masalalari, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida keng bombardimon qilish, qashshoqlarni tozalash va shaharlarga ko'chib o'tishni davom ettirish tufayli yanada mashhur bo'ldi. Qora mamlakat tarkibida tumanlar, shahar tumanlari, shahar tumanlari va tuman kengashlari (8-rasmga qarang) xizmatlar uchun mas'uliyatni o'z zimmalariga olgan, natijada mahalliy hukumat infratuzilmasi parchalanib ketgan. The 1958 yilgi mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun Londondan tashqaridagi Angliyadagi ma'muriy tuzilmalar va chegaralarni ko'rib chiqish uchun mahalliy hukumat komissiyasini tayinladi. Ushbu Qonunda a West Midlands maxsus ko'rib chiqish maydoni,[85] kimning tavsiyalari oxir-oqibat G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil qonunchilik. Deb nomlanuvchi ikkinchi hisobot West Midlands General Review keng doiradagi ma'muriy organlarga qaradi mintaqa, shu jumladan qolgan Worcestershire.[86]

West Midlands maxsus ko'rib chiqish maydoni

Komissiya o'z hisobotini 1961 yil iyul oyida qildi. Qora mamlakat hududini yirik okruglar tomonidan boshqarishni va qolgan shahar tumanlarini yoki shahar tumanlarini ushbu organlarga birlashtirishni tavsiya qildi. Dastlab tuman kengashining aksariyat hududdagi xizmatlar uchun mas'uliyati qisqartirildi va tarixiy bilan birlashdi shira faqat marosim uchun mo'ljallangan edi. G'arbiy Midlendning maxsus ko'rib chiqish zonasiga Dadli, Oldberi, Sturbridj va Xeysouen kirgan (8-rasmga binoan). Oxirgi ikkita kengash hududi okrug tarkibiga kiritilmagan edi G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil. Xeylsovenni kattalashtirilgan Smetvik okrugi tarkibiga kiritish taklif qilingan edi, ammo "Xeyzowen Mustaqillik Qo'mitasi" deb nomlangan partiyasiz guruh tomonidan uyushtirilgan "Xeylsovenning qo'llari" nomli muvaffaqiyatli kampaniya rejalarni to'xtatishga yordam berdi.[87]

Shu bilan birga, West Midland General Review hududiga ikkinchi hisobot ham 1961 yil iyul oyida topshirilgan va Worcesterga tuman okrugi maqomidan mahrum bo'lish taklifi berilgan.[88] amalga oshirilmadi.[89]

G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil

9-rasm: 1960-yillarda mahalliy hukumat qayta tashkil qilinganidan keyin Janubiy Staffordshir, G'arbiy Uorvikshir va Shimoliy Vorsestershir chegaralari.
Uorli okrugi okrugi - Uorlining chegaralari ko'k rang bilan ko'rsatilgan. Oldbury Urban District, Rowley Regis Urban District va Smetwick County Borough chegaralari qizil rang bilan belgilangan

1966 yil aprel oyida Dudli o'zining tarixiy chegaralaridan tashqariga chiqib, Sedglining atrofidagi Staffordshir tumanlarini egallab oldi,[90] Brierli tepaligi, Kozli[90] va Amblecotning bir qismi.[91] The G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil uning maqomini qayta belgilab oldi va Dudli okrugi shtati Staffordshir tarkibiga kirdi. Worcestershire County Council kengligi Xeyzouen va Sturbridjni saqlab qoldi, ammo Oldberini kattalashtirilgan Smetvik okrugiga topshirdi, u qayta nomlandi. Warley County Borough. Ushbu kengaytirilgan okrug tumani "ma'muriy bo'lmagan maqsadlar uchun" Vorestershirning bir qismi sifatida qaraladi,[92][93] ammo tuman kengashining yurisdiksiyasida emas (9-rasmga qarang). Uorli Oldberi shahar tumanining birlashishi edi, Rouli Regis shahar okrugi va Smetvik, shuningdek Oaxam maydoni Dadli va Tivideyl maydoni Tipton. Keyingi tegishli qonun hujjatlarida West Midlands Constabulary,[94] hududni politsiya qilgan va G'arbiy Midlend yo'lovchi transporti bo'yicha ijro etuvchi.[95]

Amblecote va Redditch yangi shahri

Ushbu qayta tashkil etilish paytida, okrug kengashining hududi faqat Stourbridge ko'pchilik egallagan joyda o'sdi Amblecote Urban District[96] Staffordshire-dan (9-rasmga qarang) va Redditch-ning 1964 yil aprelda "Yangi shaharcha ".[97] Tarixda Redditch okrug chegarasida joylashgan, shuning uchun yangi belgilangan shaharning har qanday kengayishi yoki ostiga tushishi mumkin Yashil kamar shimolga yoki Uorvikshir atrofidagi hududga Matchboro. Binobarin, ikki okrug o'rtasidagi chegara Vorestershir foydasiga amalga oshirildi, natijada Warwickshire va Worcestershire (chegaralari) 1969 yilgi buyruq qonunchilik (7-rasm).[98] Redditch yangi shaharning belgilanishi, asosan, kuchga kirganligi sababli, ijtimoiy uy-joylarni rivojlantirish dasturiga to'g'ri keldi Shaharlarni rivojlantirish to'g'risidagi qonun 1952 yil.[99] Ko'p sonli uy-joy qurilishi okrug bo'ylab sodir bo'ldi, ayniqsa Droitvich, Worcester va Birmingem chegarasiga yaqin Frankli, Xokksli, Kitvell, Rednal, Rubber va Walkers Heath. Ushbu ishlanmalarning aksariyati Birmingem chegaralarida uy-joy va er tanqisligini engillashtirishga yordam berish uchun ishlab chiqilgan.

Redkliff-Mod hisoboti (1966-1969)

Redklif-Mod xaritasi
10-rasm: Redkliff-Mod xaritasi - Vorstestshir va uning atrofida joylashgan Xerfordford va Janubiy Staffordshir atroflari uchun takliflar.

Ostida 1964 yildan 1970 yilgacha bo'lgan mehnat hukumati; The Redkliff-Mod hisoboti (Cmnd. 4040) barcha mavjud tuman, tuman okrugi, tuman, shahar okrugi va qishloq okruglarini tugatishni va yangi hokimiyatlar bilan almashtirishni tavsiya qildi. Ushbu yangi unitar (ya'ni bir darajali) hokimiyat asosan mintaqaviy bandlik, savdo, ijtimoiy va dam olish markazlari vazifasini bajaradigan va mahalliy transport infratuzilmasi va sayohat tartiblarini hisobga olgan yirik shaharlarga asoslangan edi.[100]

Graflik bo'yicha takliflar, 10-rasmga binoan, "West Midlands Metropolitan Area" ga hududni sezilarli darajada yo'qotishini o'z ichiga olgan. Stourbridge Dudley rejalashtirilgan Metropolitan okrugiga kiritilgan. Vest Bromvich-Uorli sifatida tanilgan Halesowen va tumanlarini qo'shishni taklif qildi Shimoliy Vorsestershir Bewdley, Bromsgrove, Kidderminster, Redditch va Stourport-on-Severn. Markaziy va janubiy Vorestershirning qolgan qismi (shu jumladan Vorester), yangi ma'muriy birlikni tashkil etish uchun Herefordshir bilan birlashtirilishi kerak edi. Bu joylarning barchasi a mintaqani qamrab oluvchi "G'arbiy Midlend viloyat kengashi" ostida mavjud bo'lar edi topshirildi imkoniyatlar.[101] Konservativ partiya g'alaba qozondi 1970 yilgi umumiy saylov va mahalliy boshqaruvda ikki pog'onali tizimga sodiq qolishdi. 1971 yilda "Oq kitob" deb nomlangan Angliyada mahalliy hokimiyat: qayta tashkil etish bo'yicha hukumat takliflari (Cmnd 4584), bu oxir-oqibat 1974 yil qayta tashkil etish Redkliff-Modning juda ko'p tavsiyalarining bekor qilinishini ko'rdi.

Xeylsuen, Sturbridj va Malvernshir (1971-1974)

The Angliyada mahalliy hukumat: qayta tashkil etish bo'yicha hukumat takliflari (Cmnd 4584) 1971 yil Oq qog'oz va Bill, oxir-oqibat Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1972 yil, Redkliff-Mod hisobotiga qadar bormadi. Xerefordshir, Vorester va Vosteresterning aksariyat qismlarini birlashtirish rejalari saqlanib qoldi, faqatgina Xeylsoven, Sturbridj va Uorli bundan mustasno.[102] Ushbu uch yo'nalish taklif qilinganlarga qo'shilishadi poytaxt okrugi Dadli bilan birga. The G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil va tegishli qonunchilik (ya'ni G'arbiy Midlend konstitutsiyasining shakllanishi) G'arbiy Midlend konursatsiyasida mahalliy hukumatning katta darajadagi integratsiyasini qo'zg'atdi, ammo bu 1889 yildan beri mavjud bo'lgan tuman okrugi tizimi ostida amalga oshirildi.[103]

Sturbrid kengaytirilgan Dudli ma'muriy bo'linmasiga kiritilishi kerak edi, shuningdek Xeylsoven Uorli va Vest Bromvichga qo'shiladi. Mahalliy boshqaruv to'g'risidagi qonun loyihasi bilan bog'liq munozaralar paytida, Terri Devis deputati (Bromsgrove) 73, 74 va 100-sonli o'zgartirishlar jadvalini tuzdi, ular Vorsestershire va Herefordshirni alohida okruglar sifatida saqlashni taklif qildilar. U, shuningdek, qonun loyihasini ta'kidladi "Xeyzouen yoki Sturbridjda yoki umuman okrugda kutib olinmaydi". va "Shuning uchun Vorsestershayrda vaziyat istaksiz qabul qilindi va ushbu tuzatishlar guruhi Billning ushbu qismini o'zgartirmaydi". Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, Vorester uchun kelishuv mavjud edi "Vorestershir okrugiga kiritilgan", Herefordshire bilan birlashish bo'ldi "juda mashhur bo'lmagan", ayniqsa qo'shni okrug ichkarisidan.[104] Doktor Jon Gilbert MP (Dadli) kelajagi bilan bog'liq tuzatishlar munozarasida aytdi Seysdon qishloq okrugi Dadli bor ekan "hech qanday imperialistik ambitsiyalar yo'q ... Bizda Shturbridj va Xeyzovenni engib o'tishni xohlamaymiz. Garchi birlashish muammosiz kechayotgan bo'lsa-da, barcha mahalliy hokimiyat idoralari tomonidan va ular orasida va ichkarida xushmuomalalik va hamkorlik amaliyoti natijasida. barcha siyosiy partiyalar ... ".[104] Ushbu o'zgartirishlar kelgusi "Hereford & Worcester" ga yo'l ochib bergan ovoz berishda mag'lubiyatga uchradi, shuningdek 294 va 295-sonli o'zgartirishlar kiritilgandek, ular o'zgarishga rozilik bergan bo'lar edi. Kinver Staffordshire shtatidagi Seisdondan Parish, yangi birlashtirilgan Herefordshire va Worcestershire hokimiyatiga.[104] Bilan birga bo'lgan munozaralarda Lordlar palatasi, Worcestershire Tengdosh Lord Sandys Stourbridge va Halesowenning tegishli tuman kengashlari, "tegishli ravishda saylanganlar, konkuratsiyaga qo'shilishga mutlaqo qarshi". U buni aytib davom ettirdi "Halesoven va Shturbridj tumanlarini konkuratsiyaga qo'shilishga qarshi chiqishlari uchun chin yurakdan qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan okrug kengashini qo'llab-quvvatlashining sababi bu savol. Yashil kamar." kelajakdagi rivojlanish tahdidiga tushib qolishi mumkin.[105]

Dastlab birlashgan hokimiyat Malvernshir deb nomlanishi kerak edi va bu atama mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi dastlabki qonun muhokamalarida va statistik ma'lumotlarda ishlatilgan.[106][107] Bill qonun qabul qilingan paytga kelib, yangi ma'muriy birlik paydo bo'ldi Xerford va Vorester.[108]

Worstesthire tarkibidagi mahalliy hukumatning funktsiyalari to'g'risida "1972 yil mahalliy ma'muriyat to'g'risidagi qonun" yangi "Herford va Vorestr" yoki "G'arbiy Midlend" ma'muriy okruglariga ko'chirilishi kerak edi. Ammo; Ushbu Qonunda (va undan keyingi mahalliy hukumat qonunchiligi) tarixiy Vorestershir grafligini bekor qilish emas, balki faqat o'z vazifalarini voris organlariga topshirish kerak edi.[109]

West Midlands okrugi

West Midlands okrugi
Shakl 11: West Midlands County xaritasi - Dudli County Borough, Halesowen Municipal Borough, Stourbridge Municipal Borough and Warley County Borough

The West Midlands maxsus sharhi va keyingi G'arbiy Midlend buyrug'i 1965 yil qonunchilik hukumat tomonidan okrug okrugi tizimi ostida bo'lsa ham, ma'muriy maqsadlar uchun birlashgan Qora mamlakatni yaratishga qaratilgan birinchi haqiqiy urinish sifatida ta'riflanishi mumkin. 9-rasm - a ekanligini namoyish etadi Proto - G'arbiy Midlend okrugi metropoliten okrugi tashkil topganidan sakkiz yil oldin, agar Birmingem va Solihull ham hisobga olingan bo'lsa, paydo bo'lgan. Garchi G'arbiy Midlend konursatsiyasining barcha hududlari tuman okrugiga qo'shilmagan bo'lsa ham. The Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1972 yil nomi bilan tanilgan yangi metropoliten ma'muriy birligi uchun qonun chiqarildi West Midlands okrugi,[110] Shimoliy G'arbiy Uorvikshir, Janubiy Staffordshir va Shimoliy Vorsestershir chegara zonasini o'z ichiga olgan. Qonun, shuningdek, yangi okrugning quyi qismlarga bo'linishini qonuniylashtirdi metropoliten tumanlari,[111] garchi aksariyat tumanlar bo'ldi poytaxt tumanlari berilgandan yoki qaytarilgandan keyin Qirollik ustavlari ularga berish tuman maqomi.[112] G'arbiy Midlend asosan Birmingem va Qora Kantlar okruglari markazida joylashgan bo'lishi kerak edi, ammo 11-rasmga binoan G'arbiy Midlend konursatsiyasiga to'g'ri keladigan chegara bilan. Meriden Gap Warwickshire-ga kiritilgan, imkon beruvchi Koventri yangi tuzilishga kiritilishi kerak.[113] Ushbu yangi vakolat doirasida; Dudli okrugi Shturbridj va Xeysouen bilan birgalikda tashkil etildi Dadli Metropolitan tumani (keyinchalik "Dadli Metropolitan Borough" ga aylandi), Warley County Borough esa "West Bromwich" bilan birlashganda Sandwell. Redklif-Mod tomonidan taklif qilingan qishloqlarning aksariyat qismi tashlangan; thus permitting Bewdley, Bromsgrove, Kidderminster, Redditch and Stourport-on-Severn to become part of the new Hereford & Worcester authority. On 1 April 1974; (the day of local government reorganisation) an article in The Times quoted an unnamed 'Department of the Environment' official who said "The new county boundaries are solely for the purpose of defining areas of first-level government of the future: They are administrative areas and will not alter the traditional boundaries of counties, nor is it intended that the loyalties of people living in them will change"[114] The Uy-joy, kommunal va mahalliy boshqaruv vazirligi 's guidance entitled 'Celebrating the historic counties of England' stated "The Act did not specifically abolish historic counties, but they no longer exist for the purposes of the administration of local government, although some historic county areas may be coterminous with non-metropolitan county areas established by the 1972 Act".[115]

The G'arbiy Midlend okrugi kengashi existed for only a short period before abolition in April 1986 via enactment of the Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1985 yil,[116] bekor qilingan Metropolitan County Councils va Greater London Council. The individual metropolitan boroughs resumed most services which were provided at county level[117] or through joint bodies such as the West Midlands Passenger Transport Authority.

Hereford and Worcester (1974–1998)

Dan qonunchilik Mahalliy hokimiyat to'g'risidagi qonun 1972 yil came into force on 1 April 1974, which saw most of the county amalgamated with Herefordshire and Worcester City to form a single metropoliten bo'lmagan okrug of "Hereford and Worcester".

Fig 12: The new county was divided into nine tumanlar:

XaritaYo'qTumanTarkibi
HerefordWorcester 1974 Numbered.png1Vayr o'rmoniWorcestershire: Bevdli, Kidderminster, Stourport, Kidderminster RD
2BromsgroveWorcestershire: Bromsgrove, Bromsgrove RD
3RedditchWorcestershire: Redditch
4WychavonWorcestershire: Droitvich, Evesham, Evesham RD, aksariyati Droitwich RD, aksariyati Pershore RD
5VesterWorcestershire: Worcester okrugi okrugi, Uorndon dan Droitwich RD, St Peter the Great County dan Pershore RD
6Malvern-XillzWorcestershire: Malvern, Martley RD, Upton RD

Herefordshire: Bromyard RD, Ledbury RD

7LeominsterWorcestershire: Tenbury RD

Herefordshire: Kington, Leominster, Kington RD, Leominster and Wigmore RD, Weobley RD

8HerefordHerefordshire: Hereford
9Janubiy HerefordshirHerefordshire: Ross-on-Vye, Bore and Bredwardine RD, Hereford RD, Ross and Whitchurch RD
Hereford va Worcester chegara belgisi
Hereford & Worcester boundary sign on the A449 road.

Ayni paytda, Angliya uchun mahalliy hukumat chegara komissiyasi started its periodic structural reviews and looked at all administrative areas on an individual basis. Leominster District Council proposed a boundary change at Burford,[118] yaqin Tenbury Uells to incorporate the area into Hereford & Worcester from Shropshire during 1987/1988. This proposal was rejected by the LGBCE as well as a minor adjustment at Upper Arley. The commission also investigated splitting Hereford & Worcester in 1990,[119] following submissions by Hereford shahar kengashi and the "Herefordshire Action Committee", although the proposals were rejected at that time. Boundary changes between Hereford & Worcester and Warwickshire at Mappleborough Green, Pebvort, Uzoq Marston va Studli were also proposed, and some were accepted resulting in minor changes to both counties.[120][121] In 1993 there were more minor adjustments of the county boundary, this time between Bromsgrove and Dadli Metropolitan Borough ga yaqin Vullescote[122] va Solihull Metropolitan Borough yaqin Xokli Xit.[123]

Review of the West Midlands (City of Birmingham) Boundaries with Bromsgrove (Hereford and Worcester)

Fig 13: "Review of the West Midlands (City of Birmingham) Boundaries with Bromsgrove (Hereford & Worcester)" (Report No. 629) 9 January 1992 – Map showing the proposals transferring territory between Hereford & Worcester and the West Midlands.

The most recent transfer of territory between the West Midlands County and Hereford & Worcester or Worcestershire occurred along sections of the Birmingham and Bromsgrove district boundary.[124] The draft proposals and final report of the LBGCE Review of the West Midlands (City of Birmingham) Boundaries with Bromsgrove (Hereford & Worcester) proposed that Frankley, Kitwell Estate, Rednal, Rubery, Walkers Heath and the remainder of Bartley Reservoir transfer to Birmingham, as per Fig 13. These changes were intended to unify several housing estates built and maintained by Birmingham City Council under the Town Development Act 1952, but which fell within the Bromsgrove boundary.[125] Frankley was split into two parts with Nyu-Frankli and the area around Bartley Reservoir transferred from Bromsgrove to Birmingham in April 1995. The small village of Frankley remained in Hereford & Worcester and formed a new Fuqarolik cherkovi xuddi shu nom ostida. Xopvud 's surrounding areas were transferred from the city to Bromsgrove. Rubery remained within Hereford & Worcester and also Worcestershire after the county was recreated in 1998, contrary to the LGBCE final proposal.[126]

These boundary changes were relatively minor in comparison to previous transfers.

Local Government Act 1992

Keyingi Local Government Act 1992 qonunchilik; the LGBCE was once again charged with examining all English non-metropolitan counties, but was given authority to recommend proposals that would significantly alter or abolish administrative areas. Accompanying legislation known as the Local Government Changes for England Regulations 1994 also established a new single-tier form of administrative unit known as a 'Unitar hokimiyat '. These new councils would be responsible for all services carried out by non-metropolitan district and county authorities within their area,[127] thus resembling county boroughs. The county of Hereford & Worcester was to be reviewed again, despite an earlier structural review which recommended no change to the county.

Various options were put to consultation, including:

KontseptsiyaTavsif
Six Unitary AuthoritiesA single unitary authority for Herefordshire and five Worcestershire unitary authorities based on the District Council boundaries. Preference of Hereford & Worcester Association of District Councils
Three RidingsThree unitary authorities in Herefordshire, North Worcestershire (Bromsgrove, Redditch & Wyre Forest) and South Worcestershire (Malvern, Worcester, Wychavon). This idea was supported by Wychavon D.C.
Alternative Three RidingsThe 'Greater Herefordshire' idea of a Herefordshire unitary authority, complete with Malvern Hills and Leominster districts in their entirety and two Worcestershire unitary authorities based on the North (Bromsgrove, Redditch and Wyre Forest) and South (Worcester and Wychavon). Preference of Malvern Hills District Council and supported by Leominster District Council.
GibridA unitary Herefordshire and two tier Worcestershire, based on pre-1974 boundaries (excluding Stourbridge & Halesowen). Recommended by Hereford & Worcester County Council
Two Unitary AuthoritiesA unitary authority for both Herefordshire and Worcestershire. This was put forward by the commission as an alternative structure to the final recommendation

Other ideas put forward and discounted before the consultation stage included a complete restoration of the pre-1974 Worcestershire county boundary. This option included Stourbridge and Halesowen, as they were under the jurisdiction of Worcestershire County Council until 1 April 1974. The LGBCE deemed that this Local Government review did not include metropolitan counties (except a one-off review of Sefton kuni Mersisayd[128]), so there would be no change to the boundaries of Dudley Metropolitan Borough.

The Local Government Boundary Commission recommended that Hereford & Worcester should be split into three unitary authorities centred on Herefordshire, North Worcestershire and South Worcestershire.[129] However, Parliament chose the hybrid unitary and two-tier option instead, resulting in the abolition of the county of Hereford & Worcester.[129]

New Worcestershire (1998 to present)

'1998 yildan keyingi' Worcestershire va Buyuk Britaniyaning joylashuvi xaritasi
Fig 14: Map of 'Post-1998' Worcestershire and UK location

Xerford va Vorsester okrugi kengashi ceased to exist on 1 April 1998[130] and was replaced by the new non-metropolitan, administrative and ceremonial county of Worcestershire. The new county regained its historic border with Herefordshire, which became a unitary authority.

The former "Hereford & Worcester" districts of Redditch, Worcester, Bromsgrove, Wychavon va Vayr o'rmoni were retained with little or no change. The Leominster and Malvern Hills districts crossed over the historic border, so a new Malvern-Xillz district was created from the parts of those two districts within the restored Worcestershire boundaries. The external boundaries of the new county are shown in Fig 14; they have not altered since the 1998 split.

Following the abolition of the county of Hereford & Worcester some cross-boundary organisations and resources remain shared by the two counties. These include waste management, the youth offending service, Hereford & Worcester Fire & Rescue Service va radiostansiya BBC Hereford va Worcester. Ayni paytda, BBC "s tijorat radiosi hamkasb; Bepul radio (formerly Radio Wyvern) broadcasts to the two counties and is regarded as a single licence area[131] tomonidan Aloqa idorasi. G'arbiy Mercia politsiyasi is still shared with Herefordshire, Shropshire and Telford va Rrekin. The Hereford & Worcester Ambulance Service was merged into the wider West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust in 2006. In April 2020; to'rttasi NHS Klinik ishga tushirish guruhlari of Herefordshire and Worcestershire were merged into one organisation.[132]

The G'arbiy Midlend legally exists to this day as a metropoliten and ceremonial county, with countywide functions such as G'arbiy Midlend politsiyasi, West Midlands o't o'chirish xizmati va West Midlands uchun transport. All of the original metropolitan counties are now birlashgan hokimiyat,[133] which are 'top tier' statutory bodies resembling the former metropolitan county councils. However 'Non-Metropolitan Authority' groupings are also becoming involved with the combined authority process.[134]

Devolyutsiya

Black Country Flag

There has been intense media debate and discussion throughout 2014 and 2015 about possible 'Combined Authorities' within the West Midlands region.[135][136][137][138][139][140] The new body became known as the G'arbiy Midlend birlashgan ma'muriyati[141][142] and was formally established on 17 June 2016.[143] The Local Government Chronicle stated that Bromsgrove, Redditch and Wyre Forest have been invited to form part of the combined authority, because of their membership of the 'Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership'.[142][144][145][146] So far; Redditch is the only Worcestershire authority to join the new combined authority as an associate 'non-constituent' member,[147][148] while Bromsgrove and Wyre Forest opted not to join "at this time".[149] Councillor Simon Geraghty (current leader of Worcestershire County Council) also stated that the county has no plans to join the combined authority,[150] but previously refused to rule out a change of consensus, if it is felt that Worcestershire is getting left behind.[151]

The possibility of a Worcestershire combined authority, focusing on four key areas of "transport, infrastructure planning, skills development and land planning" has been mooted by local media and politicians,[152][153][154][155] but has yet to be ratified by government or established.[150]

Historic county revival

Worcestershire bayrog'i
Worcestershire bayrog'i

Alohida ravishda Jamiyat va mahalliy boshqaruv bo'yicha davlat kotibi kuni e'lon qilindi Aziz Jorj kuni 2013 in a symbolic move that England's historic and traditional counties still exist. Ular hozir recognised by the government, who will now encourage the marking and continued use of such traditional county names by the existing tiers of local government and residents.[156] A follow up announcement in April 2014 put forward an initiative in changing planning regulations, stating that 'traditional county' names can be placed on roadsigns.[157] The same Government department also published an online map comparing the current and historic counties.[158] The main body of the pre-1889 boundaries appear to be acknowledged, but Worcestershire's islands including Dudley and Shipston-on-Stour are omitted. Guidance released by the Uy-joy, kommunal va mahalliy boshqaruv vazirligi in 16 July 2019 sought to bring all of these aspects together into one document - 'Celebrating the historic counties of England'.[159] One of the important aspects of the recent guidance has been recognition by government that historic counties still exist,[160] and how they differentiate from 'administrative counties'. The phrase 'historic county' is also used extensively by Britannica entsiklopediyasi, where the main Worcestershire article[161] includes descriptions of both the administrative and historic boundaries in the present-tense.

As part of the growing recognition of historic counties in recent years, a bayroq for Worcestershire was created and registered with the Bayroq instituti in April 2013 following a competition held by BBC Hereford & Worcester.[162][163]

A unitary future?

Keyingi local government restructuring in April 2009 and 2019-2021, which abolished more two-tier counties (including Shropshire, Bukingemshir, Dorset va Cheshir ) did not affect Worcestershire. The county still maintains a two-tier administrative system as per the Local Government Act 1992, although Lord Heseltine "s No stone unturned: in pursuit of growth review for the Department of Business, Innovation & Skills suggested that all English local authorities should be unitary or combined authority models similar to the existing structures in Shotlandiya va Uels.[164] As of 2014, conversations are taking place within the local media about the positives and negatives of a possible unitary council structure within Worcestershire.[165][166][167][168][169] Possibilities being put forward in these discussions are broadly similar to the Angliya uchun mahalliy hukumat chegara komissiyasi proposals prior to the 'Hereford & Worcester' abolition. These ideas consist of either two unitary authorities based in Shimoliy Vorsestershir (Bromsgrove, Redditch, Wyre Forest) and Janubiy Vorsestershir (Malvern Hills, Worcester, Wychavon) or a single countywide council as per Herefordshire. Already the three district councils in the south of the county have successfully worked together to produce the South Worcestershire Development Plan,[170] which replaced the existing Local Plans of these three partner councils when it was adopted in February 2016; it also superseded elements of Worcestershire County Council's County Structure Plan.[171] There are also joint service provisions between the North Worcestershire districts including building control shared services, economicdevelopment and regeneration, water management and the emergency planning and business continuity service.[172]

Statistika

The table below features official statistics from the Birlashgan Qirollikni ro'yxatga olish relating to Worcestershire's size and population from 1801 onwards.[173] The statistics are compiled across England and Wales on a o'n yillik basis by the Milliy statistika boshqarmasi (ONS). The population of Worcestershire increased over five-fold between 1801 and the 1971 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish,[174] reaching a peak of 693,253 people. According to the 1971 survey; Warley County Borough accounted for 163,567 people,[175] Worcester with 73,456,[176] while the remaining 456,230 resided within the administrative county area. However this survey was based on different external boundaries as opposed to the present county.

The current population of Worcestershire is estimated at 566,200 people, according to the 2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish.[177]

Aholini ro'yxatga olish yiliWorcestershire area size (Ac/km²)Aholining umumiy soniJami erkakJami ayol
1801Yo'q139,33367,63171,702
1811Yo'q160,54678,03382,513
1821Yo'q184,42490,25994,165
1831459,710 (1,860.4)211,365103,383107,982
1841459,710 (1,860.4)233,484114,753118,731
1851472,165 (1910.8)276,926136,956139,970
1861472,165 (1910.8)307,397150,997156,400
1871472,453 (1,910.78)338,837164,732174,105
1881472,453 (1,910.78)380,283184,205196,078
1891480,560 (1944.8)385,309184,180201,129
1901480,059 (1942.7)453,734216,680237,054
1911479,218 (1939.3)526,087250,446275,641
1921458,352 (1854.9)405,842192,938212,904
1931447,678 (1811.7)420,056201,115218,941
1941†Yo'qYo'qYo'qYo'q
1951447,943 (1812.8)524,783254,607270,176
1961447,943 (1812.8)569,957278,046291,911
1971450,535 (1823.3)693,253340,645352,608
1981‡970,238 (3926.4)631,756309,454322,302
1991‡969,487 (3923.4)676,747330,646346,101
2001[178]430,209 (1,741)542,107265,887276,220
2011[177]430,209 (1,741)566,200278,800287,400

† – No census taken due to World War II

‡ – Statistics for the county of Hereford & Worcester, no individual statistics available for Worcestershire

Shuningdek qarang

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Koordinatalar: 52 ° 04′N 1 ° 36′W / 52.06 ° N 1.60 ° Vt / 52.06; -1.60