Satton Koldfild - Sutton Coldfield

Satton Kolfild qirollik shahri
Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi, Satton Koldfild2.jpg
Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi, Satton Koldfild
Satton Kolfildning qirollik shahri G'arbiy Midlend okrugida joylashgan
Satton Kolfild qirollik shahri
Satton Kolfild qirollik shahri
Ichida joylashgan joy G'arbiy Midlend
Aholisi95,107 (2011 yilgi aholini ro'yxatga olish )
OS tarmog'iga ma'lumotnomaSP1395
Fuqarolik cherkovi
  • Satton Koldfild[1]
Metropolitan tumani
Metropolitan grafligi
Mintaqa
MamlakatAngliya
Suveren davlatBirlashgan Qirollik
Pochta shaharchasiSUTTON COLFIELD
Pochta indeksiB72 - B76
Kodni terish0121
PolitsiyaG'arbiy Midlend
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Tez yordamG'arbiy Midlend
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52 ° 33′47 ″ N. 1 ° 49′19 ″ V / 52.563 ° N 1.822 ° Vt / 52.563; -1.822Koordinatalar: 52 ° 33′47 ″ N. 1 ° 49′19 ″ V / 52.563 ° N 1.822 ° Vt / 52.563; -1.822
Satton Koldfildning yangi zali
Urush yodgorligi - King Edward Square, Satton Coldfield - Royal Satton Place va Satton Coldfield Town Hall
Satton Koldfild shahar markazi, Gracechurch savdo markazi

Satton Koldfild, rasmiy ravishda Satton Koldfildning qirollik shahri (/ˌsʌtengˈkɒldfmenald/ Ushbu ovoz haqidatalaffuz (Yordam bering ·ma'lumot )),[2][3] a fuqarolik cherkovi va shahar atrofi Birmingem, Angliya. Shahar shimoli-sharqdan taxminan 11 milya uzoqlikda joylashgan Birmingem shahar markazi va chegaralar Staffordshire tumani Lichfild va shimoliy Birmingem atrofi Erdington. Tarixiy jihatdan yilda Warwickshire, Birmingem va yangi tarkibiga kirdi G'arbiy Midlend metropolitan okrugi 1974. 2015 yilda shaharcha o'zining so'nggi tarixida birinchi marta Parish / Shahar Kengashini sayladi.

Tarix

Etimologiya

The etimologiya Satton ismining nomi "South Town" dan bo'lgan ko'rinadi.

"Satton Koldfild" nomi shu paytdan boshlab paydo bo'lib, "janubiy shaharcha" (ya'ni Tamvort va / yoki Lichfilddan janubda) "kol maydonchasi" ning chetida joylashgan. "Kol" odatda "ko'mir" dan olinadi, ko'mir yoqish moslamalari bu hududda faol bo'lishi mumkin.[4]

Tarix

Satton Koldfildda odamlarning mavjud bo'lishining eng dastlabki belgilari 2002-2003 yillarda shahar chegaralarida topilgan.[5] Qurilishiga tayyorgarlik jarayonida olib borilgan arxeologik tadqiqotlar M6 pullik yo'l isbotlangan Bronza davri kuygan tepaliklar Langley Mill Farm yaqinida, Langley Brukda. Bundan tashqari, bronza davri qabristonining dalillari topildi, Birmingemdagi ikkitadan bittasi, ikkinchisi esa joylashgan Qirollik. Qazish ishlari natijasida an Temir asri miloddan avvalgi 400 va 100 yillarga oid turar-joy,[6] ariqlar bilan o'ralgan kamida uch faza ustida qurilgan dumaloq uylardan iborat.[7][8] Langli Brukga yaqin (ning irmog'i Tame daryosi ), qazish ishlari natijasida xuddi shu davrga oid xandaklar bilan o'ralgan bitta dumaloq uyning qoldiqlari topildi.[6]

Langli tegirmoni fermasining yonida Fox Hollies joylashgan bo'lib, u erda arxeologik tadqiqotlar natijasida toshlar toshlari topilgan. Yangi tosh asri. Mintaqadagi topilmalar orasida chaqmoqtosh pichoq bilan qayta ishlangan yadrolar va chaqmoq tosh qirg'ich. Flint yadrolari mavjudligi, bu joy asbob ishlab chiqarish uchun ishlatilganligini va aholi punkti yaqin joyda ekanligini taxmin qiladi. Bundan tashqari, ushbu hududda bronza davrida yoqib yuborilgan tepalik ham topilgan.[9]

Uning ichida Birmingem tarixi, 1782 yilda nashr etilgan, Uilyam Xatton Satton Koldfildning chekkalarida Chester Yo'liga tutash uchta uchta tepalik borligini tasvirlaydi (garchi hozir shaharning zamonaviy chegaralaridan tashqarida bo'lsa ham).[10] Bourne Poolning janubi-g'arbiy qismida joylashgan joy (Xutton tomonidan "Bowen Pool" deb nomlangan)[10]), Loaches Banks deb nomlangan va 1752 yildayoq doktor Uilks tomonidan xaritaga kiritilgan Willenhall. Xatton tuproq ishlarini saksonlarning istehkomi deb talqin qildi, ammo keyingi arxeologik ishlar, hozirgi Birmingem shahar kengashining rejalashtirish arxeologi, doktor Mayk Xodder bu erni temir asri tepalik yonbag'rida joylashgan deb o'ylashiga olib keldi. Quruqlikda olib borilgan asrlar davomida olib borilgan dehqonchilik xususiyatlari ko'rinishiga jiddiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi, tuproq ishlari endi faqat aerofotosuratda aniq ko'rinib turardi.[11]

Rimgacha bo'lgan odamlar yashaganligi haqidagi yana bir dalillar saqlanib qolgan Satton Park. 1926 yilda parkda sodir bo'lgan katta yong'inda Streetly Lane yaqinida yana oltita tepalik aniqlandi, ularning qazish paytida ular ichidagi tosh va yorilgan toshlar va ikkita eng katta tepalik ostidagi chuqurlar topildi.[12] Ularning kelib chiqish tarixi noma'lum bo'lsa-da, ularning bronza davridan kelib chiqqanligi haqidagi da'volar rad etildi.[13] Hozir tepaliklar qo'pol Heathland bilan qoplangan.[14] Rovton qudug'i atrofidagi toshloq toshlar kabi ko'plab arxeologik kashfiyotlarning manbai bo'lgan va 18-asrda quduq yonida ishlangan yog'ochlar topilgan bo'lib, bu temir davri yog'ochini taxmin qilmoqda. yo'l mamlakatning boshqa joylarida kashf etilgan boshqalarga o'xshash nam erlar bo'ylab qurilgan.[12] Shuningdek, yonib ketgan tepalik topilgan Yangi zal vodiysi.[15]

Rim davri

Mavjudligi Rimliklarga Ushbu hudud Sutton Parkda ko'proq ko'rinadi, u erda 1,5 mil (2,4 km) uzoq saqlanib qolgan qism Iknield ko'chasi orqali o'tadi. Yo'l oxir-oqibat Gloucestershire-ni Janubiy Yorkshir bilan bog'laydigan bo'lsa-da, bu yo'l ulanish uchun muhim edi Metchley Fort yilda Edgbaston bilan Letotsetum, hozir Devor, yilda Staffordshire. Yo'l Thornhill yo'lidagi piyodalar darvozasi yaqinidan (OS Grid Reference SP 08759 98830) eng yaxshi ko'rinib turadi, bu erda yo'lning sirtini tashkil etgan kengligi 8 m (26 fut). Yo'lda olib borilgan qazishmalar shuni ko'rsatdiki, u hech qachon asfaltlanmagan, shag'aldan ishlangan. Rim muhandislari tomonidan belgilangan har ikki tomonning oralig'ida xandaklar bor va ularning tashqarisida yo'lning sirtini hosil qilish uchun shag'al qazilgan bo'shliqlar mavjud.[12] Iktonel ko'chasi bo'ylab Satton Park orqali kamida uchta Rim tangalari topilgan,[16] shuningdek, shaharning boshqa joylarida Rim idish-tovoq pechi.[17]

Langli Brukdagi temir davri mulkining yonida yog'och bino va dala tizimining qoldiqlari topildi. Ushbu saytdan topilgan sopol idishlar II va III asrlarga tegishli bo'lib, bu Rim xo'jaliklarining mavjudligini ko'rsatmoqda.[6]

Angliya-sakson tashkiloti, v. 600–1135

Ustiga Rimlarning Britaniyadan chiqib ketishi himoya qilish Rim imperiyasi 5-asrda qit'ada Satton Koldfild maydoni hali ham o'zlashtirilmagan bo'lib o'tdi Anglo Sakson qirolligi Mercia. Aynan shu davrda Satton Koldfild a sifatida paydo bo'lgan bo'lishi mumkin qishloq, kabi ov uyi Merey rahbarlari uchun Maney tepaligida qurilgan.[18] Xizmat qilgan kiyiklar bog'i Sutton bog'ida hali ham ko'rinib turibdi, xandaq va qirg'oq chegarasi Xolli Xestning g'arbiy chegarasini tashkil qiladi, so'ng Quyosh Nuturst orqali Keepers vodiysidan o'tib, Blackroot hovuzining janubida davom etadi. Blackroot vodiysidagi botqoqli er tufayli, ehtimol, kiyikni o'z ichiga oladigan panjara qurilgan va xandaq va qirg'oq chegarasi yana sharqiy tomondan, Xolli Knolga qarab boshlanadi.[14]

Bu Sautun yoki Satton deb nomlandi; "tonna" janubda joylashgan shaharni anglatadi Tamvort, Mercia poytaxti. Midlton ikkalasi o'rtasida joylashgan. "Koldfild" ob-havo ta'sirida bo'lgan tepalik yonidagi er maydonini bildiradi. Shuningdek, bu joyni ko'rsatishi mumkin ko'mir yonish sodir bo'ldi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sutone, manor ma'lum bo'lganidek, tomonidan o'tkazilgan Edvin, Merkiya grafligi, hukmronligi davrida Edward Confessor. 1071 yilda Edvin vafotidan so'ng, manor va boshqa Merkiya Crown mulkiga o'tib, keyin boshqarilgan. Uilyam Fath, natijada Satton Chase a ga aylandi Qirol o'rmoni.[19]

Sutonening manori haqida eslab o'tilgan Domesday kitobi 1086 dan, u sakkizga baholandi yashiradi, uni ishlov beriladigan erlar bo'yicha atrofdagi barcha qishloqlardan kattaroq qilib.[20]

Dastlabki rivojlanish, v. 1135–1499

Manorga egalik qilish

Manor 1135 yilgacha toj mulkida qoldi,[20] qachon Qirol Genrix I uni manorlariga almashtirdi Xokxem va Langxem yilda Rutland, bilan Rojer de Bomont, Uorvikning ikkinchi grafligi.[19] Manor ko'p istisnolardan tashqari 300 yil davomida Uorvik guldastasi tasarrufida bo'lgan.[20] Satton o'rmoni endi Crown egasida bo'lmaganligi sababli, u Satton Chase bo'ldi.

1242 yilda manor Eva Longpesiga, beva ayolga topshirilganda Tomas de Bomont, Uorvikning 6-grafligi, u Satton-in-Koldfild deb nomlangan va yana 1265 yilda Ela ikkinchi eriga uylanganda shunday qayd etilgan. Filipp Basset. Sutton-in-Koldfilddagi manor yana Uorvikning guldastasi egasi edi, Ela uni almashtirganda Uilyam de Boshamp, 9-Uorvik grafligi, Spilsberi manori uchun Oksfordshir.[19] Satton manoriga biriktirilgan manor uyi haqida birinchi eslatma 1315 yilda cherkov cherkovining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Manor tepaligi nomli saytda eslatilgan.[19]

XV asr davomida Satton Koldfild qisman Uorvik graflari bilan turbulent yurishlar va ularning manor uyiga egalik qilishi sababli o'zgarish jarayonini boshdan kechirdi. 1397 yilda, Tomas de Bomamp, Uorvikning 12-grafligi, Qirol tomonidan jazolandi Richard II a'zosi bo'lganligi uchun Lordlar apellyatsiyasi. Uning barcha mol-mulki musodara qilindi, shu qatorda Sattondagi ko'chib o'tgan er Tomas Golland, 3-chi Kent grafligi. 1400 yilda qirol Richard II vafot etgach, Tomas de Bomamp mollarini qaytarib berdi, garchi u keyingi yili vafot etdi. 1446 yilda, Genri de Bomamp, Uorvikning 14-grafligi, vafot etdi va quloqchin uning ikki yoshli qiziga topshirildi Anne; ammo, qirol Genri VI Anne bolaligida erning foydasini yig'di. Anne 1448 yilda vafot etdi va mulk va daromad uning xolasiga o'tdi Anne Nevill, garchi bu uning uchta katta singillari tomonidan bahs qilingan bo'lsa-da. Uning ichida Yo'nalish, Jon Leland buni eslatib o'tadi Richard Nevill, 16-Uorvik grafligi, va uning rafiqasi Anne Nevill yog'och ramka qurilishining yangi manorini qurgan, deb ishonishadi, 1460 yilda qirol Genri VI tomonidan Edvard Maunfortga ijaraga berilgan, bu manorni keyinchalik Mountfort oilasi egallagan deb taxmin qiladi.[19]

Richard Nevill Mountfort oilasi tomonidan ishg'ol qilinishiga qaramay, o'z kuchini va erini qayta tikladi, ammo 1471 yilda vafot etdi. Odatda bu er uning xotiniga tegishli bo'lib qolishi kerak edi, aksincha ular uning ikki qizi va ularning erlariga berilgan edi. Biroq, to'ng'ich qizi Izabella bahslashdi va qolgan qiziqishlarini singlisidan oldi. Izabella 1476 yilda vafot etdi, manorni erining ixtiyorida qoldirdi, Jorj Plantagenet, Klarensning 1 gersogi. Biroq, 1478 yilda u edi ifloslangan va qatl qilingan, ya'ni manor uning omon qolgan yagona o'g'liga berilgan, Edvard Plantagenet, hali ham go'dak edi. Crown Edwardning yoshi tufayli erlarni egallab oldi, ammo 1487 yilda erlarni qaytarib berdi Anne Nevill, Uorvikning 16-grafinyasi, chunki uning ikkala qizi ham o'lgan edi. U darhol erlarni qaytarib berdi; ammo, Satton va boshqa manorlar unga 1489 yilda qaytarib berildi. U 1492 yilda vafot etdi, hamma erlar toj egaligiga qaytarib berildi va u 1528 yilda qo'shilguncha u bilan qoldi.[19]

O'sish va harbiy ta'sir

Sattonning manori, Sattonning ichidagi yagona manor uyi emas edi Langley manbai 13-asr o'rtalarida Vishavoning de Bereford oilasiga tegishli bo'lganligi qayd etilgan. Yangi Hall Manor XIII asrga ham tegishli deb aytilgan va 1327 yilda Uilyam de Sattondan Robert de Sattonga o'tganligi haqida eslatib o'tilgan. Dastlab u ov uyi bo'lgan deb taxmin qilinadi. 1281 yilda, Peddimor zali birinchi marta Tomas de Arden tomonidan Xyu de Venaga sotilganida eslatilgan. Taxminlarga ko'ra, erni Ardenlar oilasiga Uorvik graflaridan biri bergan.[19]

Satton qishlog'i qachon rivojlana boshlaganligi aniq emas, ammo 1300 yilda, Gay de Bomamp, Uorvikning 10-grafligi, a berildi nizom King tomonidan Edvard I ushlab turmoq bozor har seshanba kuni va qishloqda Muqaddas Uch Birlik arafasida yillik yarmarka. Satton o'zini a bozor shaharchasi kabi Birmingem bunga qodir edi va bozor foydalanishdan chiqib ketganga o'xshaydi, chunki keyinchalik yangi nizom berildi Tomas de Bomamp, Uorvikning 11-grafligi, xuddi shu kuni o'tkaziladigan bozor uchun, shuningdek Muqaddas Uch Birlik va Aziz Martin arafasidagi yarmarkalar.[19]

12-13-asrlar davomida bepul cherkovda diniy faoliyat olib borilgan Sent-Blez, Satton qasr maydonida qurilgan. 1200-yillarning oxirlarida shahar o'zining birinchi cherkovi 1305 yilda tayinlangan o'zining cherkov cherkovini qurdi. Keyinchalik bu bo'ldi Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi va asl cherkovning qolgan yagona xususiyatlari sharqiy deraza ostida saqlanib qoladi, bu erda yopishtiruvchi tirgaklar ko'rinadi, bu 13-asr o'rtalaridan boshlab qurilish usuli.[21]

XV asr davomida Satton Koldfild qisman Sir tufayli harbiy aloqani rivojlantirdi Ralf Breysbridj Uorvik Grafidan Manton va Satton Koldfildni ta'qib qilish uchun umr bo'yi ijaraga olgan. Buning evaziga Bracebridge Grafga to'qqiz kishi bilan yordam berishi kerak edi to'rt tiyin va kuchaytirishda o'n ettita kamonchi Calais Frantsiya hujumidan.[22] Natijada, Satton Koldfild o'rtasidagi urushlar paytida ingliz askarlari uchun muhim mashg'ulot joyiga aylandi Angliya va Frantsiya. Tugmalar kamondan o'q otish uchun shahar ichkarisida yig'ilgan va Koleshill ko'chasidagi 3-sonli qumtosh devorida kamonchilar o'qlarini keskinlashtirgan joylarida izlar bor. Coleshill 3 ko'chasi gruzin fasadiga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, o'rta asrlardan kelib chiqqan deb ishoniladi. Bracebridge damlangani kabi esga olinadi Ebruk hozirda u baliq ovlash uchun ishlatgan Satton Parkida joylashgan Bracebridge hovuzini yaratish uchun.[23]

Tudor Satton Koldfild, v. 1500–1598

Bishop Veseyning ta'siri

XVI asrning boshlarida Satton Koldfild shahri natijasida parchalana boshladi Atirgullar urushi. Bozorlar tashlab ketilgan va manor uyning o'zi xarob bo'lib qolgan. Taxminan 1510 yilda manor uyi ofitser tomonidan vayron qilingan, u foyda olish uchun yog'ochlarni sotgan. Tomas Grey, Dorsetning ikkinchi markasi, ularni qurishda kim ishlatgan Bredgeyt uyi yilda Lestershir.[24] Parchalanish davrida Jon Xarman o'sdi, Satton shahridagi Mur Hall fermasida ishladi va keyin o'qidi. Magdalen kolleji, Oksford. U bilan do'stlik aloqalarini o'rnatdi Tomas Volsi va cherkovda kariyerasini 1495 yilda tug'ilgan shahri Sankt-Blezning bepul cherkoviga ruhoniy etib tayinlanishidan boshlagan.[25] Xarman o'z lavozimini ko'tarishni davom ettirdi va kapellen bo'ldi Qirol Genrix VIII, u bilan do'st bo'lgan. 1519 yilda Xarman tayinlandi Exeter episkopi va o'z familiyasini Veseyga o'zgartirdi va shunday bo'ldi Jon Vesi.

Vesining cherkov ichidagi obro'li mavqei va Vesey boshchiligidagi Satton Koldfild uchun jonlanish boshlanishiga asos bo'lgan qirol bilan do'stligi edi. U 1524 yilda onasini dafn etish uchun shaharga qaytib kelib, shaharni yanada yomonlashdi. U yana shaharda yashash joyini tashkil etishga qaror qildi va 1527 yilda Moor Yards va Heath Crofts nomli ikkita er maydonini hamda 40 gektar maydonni (160,000 m) oldi.2) unga Mur Hall deb nomlangan o'z uyini qurish uchun er. Xuddi shu yili u cherkov cherkovining janubi-g'arbiy qismida gimnaziya maktabini tashkil qildi, u erda 21 kishini binoga xizmat ko'rsatish va o'qituvchini ish bilan ta'minlash uchun ishonchli shaxslar tayinlandi. 1528 yil 16-dekabrda Vesining manfaatlari orqali Genri VIII Satton Koldfildga a Ta'sis ustavi, Satton Koldfild qirollik shahri boshqaruvchisi va jamiyati deb nomlangan shahar uchun yangi boshqaruv shaklini yaratdi.[19] Jamiyat 25 nafar eng taniqli mahalliy aholidan iborat bo'lib, ular o'zlaridan yangi Boshliqni sayladilar. Vesining qaynonasi Uilyam Gibbons birinchi qo'riqchi bo'ldi.[19] Shaharning 22 yoshdan oshgan barcha aholisiga Jamiyat a'zolarini saylash huquqi berildi.[26] Xartiya, shuningdek, aholiga manor maydonchasida erkin ov qilish va baliq ovlash, shuningdek manor hududida 60 gektar (24 ga) ga qadar uy qurish uchun ruxsat bergan.[19] Jamiyat mavjud bo'lgan butun davr mobaynida u shahar aholisining korruptsiya va qonunbuzarlik to'g'risidagi da'volari ostida bo'lgan.[19]

Qirol Genrix VIII tomonidan ov qilingan erning shahar aholisiga bergan xayr-ehsoni hozirgi kunda ma'lum bo'lgan hududni saqlab qolish uchun asos yaratdi. Satton Park. Vese aholining oz miqdordagi haq evaziga mollarini boqishlariga imkon berish uchun katta maydonlarni daraxtlardan tozaladi. Keyin u er ichidagi o'rmonzorlarni yopib qo'ydi, bog 'atrofiga darvoza va to'siqlar qo'shib qo'ydi va keyin otlarni o'z hisobidan parkga ko'chirishni tashkil qildi. Bishop Vesey, shuningdek, butun shaharchani asfaltlash uchun pul to'lagan va bu o'z navbatida bozorlarni tiklashga yordam bergan. 1527 yilda u Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi ustida ishlashni boshladi, 1530 yilda bir organni ehson qildi va undan keyin 1533 yilda ikkita yangi yo'lak qurilishi uchun pul to'ladi. 1540 yilda u gimnaziya nazoratini nazoratchi va jamiyat tasarrufiga o'tkazishni ma'qulladi va keyingi yil maktabning yer maydonini o'z foydalanishi uchun berdi. Shaharni kengaytirish va uning ekstremal qismlarini himoya qilish uchun u 51 ta kambag'allar uchun kotteclar qurdi, shu jumladan, Kotti-Moordagi uylar, bu yo'llardan foydalanayotgan odamlarni talon-taroj qilish joyi edi. Ko'prik qurilishiga ko'maklashish uchun sobiq manor uyning tosh devorlari olib tashlandi Suv Orton va boshqasi Kervuort, o'z hisobidan. 1547 yilda u Koventri va Lichfild yepiskopidan, 1549 yilda esa tojdan ko'plab cherkov mulklarini, shu jumladan Satton Koldfildning ashula joylarini va Deritend, Birmingem, 1555 yilda Mur Hallda o'lishdan oldin.[25] Vesining merosi bugungi kunda yaqqol ko'zga tashlanmoqda, Satton parki uning yopilishidan beri deyarli o'zgarmagan, ba'zi tosh uylar qolgan va u tashkil etgan gimnaziya hanuzgacha nomi ostida faoliyat yuritmoqda. Bishop Veseyning grammatika maktabi. Uning Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovidagi qabri Vesey bog'lari nomli cherkovning g'arbidagi yodgorlik bog'lari bilan birga.

Mur Xol, episkop Vesining qarorgohi, Vesi vafotidan keyin uning jiyani Jon Xarmanga meros bo'lib qolgan. U 1584 yilda vafot etgan, go'dak o'g'lini qoldirib, Jon Richardsonga qasrni sotgan.[19] Basseyn zali nomli manor birinchi marta 1581 yilda shaharchada bo'lganligi haqida eslatib o'tilgan va keyingi yilda Uilyam Charnells uni 20 yilga ijaraga olgan Genri Guderega huquqini o'tkazgan. Jon Aylmer, 1583 yilda London yepiskopi. 1594 yilda Aylmer vafot etgach, manor uning o'g'illariga o'tqazildi, ular 1598 yilda Robert Burdettga sotdilar.[19] Birmingem yo'lidagi 62 va 64-uylarning binolari 1530 yil atrofida qurilgan deb ishoniladi, bu shaharning omon qolgan eng qadimgi binolaridan biriga aylanadi.[27] Yaqin atrofdagi 68 Birmingem yo'li 1500-yillarning oxiriga to'g'ri keladi.[28]

Sanoatning paydo bo'lishi

XVI asrda Satton ichidagi suvlar va hovuzlar sanoat maqsadlarida ishlatilgan va Vesi vafotidan keyin shahar gullab-yashnashi va kengayishi davom etgan. 1510 yilda Uilyam Ueston egaligidagi ikkita suv tegirmoni qayd etildi va park tashkil etilgandan so'ng u ularga ijara haqini to'lashga majbur bo'ldi. Yana uchta tegirmon 1576 yilda, ismlari aytilmagan mahalliy erkaklarga sotilgandan keyin qayd etilgan. 1585 yilda Jon Bull suv bilan to'ldirilgan tegirmonni va ikkita pichoq tegirmonini Edvard Sprotga sotdi. 1588 yilda to'rtta qo'shimcha tegirmon, 1595 yilda yana ikkita tegirmon qayd etilgan.[19] 1597 yilda Bracebridge Pool-da pichoq tegirmoni hozirda Park House joylashgan joyda qurilgan.[14] Bu erda sanoatning o'sishiga qaramay, XVI asrda jami beshta hovuz quritilgan, ammo keyinchalik ba'zi birlari qayta tiklangan, shu jumladan Bracebridge Pool va Keeper's Pool.[19]

17-18 asrlar

Fuqarolar urushi, tartibsizlik va boshqaruv

Ning tarqalishi Ingliz fuqarolar urushi 1642 yilda ko'rgan Kemp Xill jangi yaqinidagi Birmingemda, buning natijasida Birmingem qirollik kuchlari tomonidan o'ldirilgan. Yaqin atrofdagi harakatlarga qaramay, Satton Koldfild zarar ko'rmasdan paydo bo'ldi, garchi unga parlament va qirollik askarlari tashrif buyurgani ma'lum bo'lsa ham.[29] 1646 yilda Angliyadan qochib qutulish paytida, Charlz II bir kecha qoldi Yangi Hall Manor.[30]

1664 yil 26-iyulda qirol Charlz II Satton Koldfild uchun qirollik xartiyasini yangilab, jamiyatning ikki a'zosini poytaxt etib tayinlash uchun qo'shimcha qoidalar kiritdi. burgesslar va shuningdek tinchlik odillari Nazoratchi bilan birga.[19][31]

Uning sud jarayoni va zo'ravonlik bilan voizlik qilishdan uch yilga to'xtatib qo'yilgandan so'ng anti-presviterian Genri Sacheverell bir vaqtlar chetlatilgan birinchi amakivachchasi Jorj Sacheverellning uyi bo'lgan Nyu Xolda nafaqaga chiqqan.[32] Genri Sacheverell 1714 yil 17-oktabr, yakshanba kuni Satton cherkovida vitriolik xutbasini o'qidi, bu esa yoqib yubordi Birmingemniki keyingi chorshanba kuni butun mamlakat bo'ylab qo'zg'olonga hissa qo'shdi Shoh Jorj I toj kiydirish. Bundan tashqari, u Nyu-Hallda istiqomat qilar ekan, u fermentatsiyaga yordam bergan anti-presviterian Muxbirining so'zlariga ko'ra, 1715 yil iyuldagi "cherkov xavf ostida" tartibsizliklar Jorj Berkli, Birmingemda yig'ilgan 4000 nafargacha tartibsizlar, yigirma sakkizta tartibsizlar vafot etdi va uchtadan ko'p bo'lmagan Dissenters ' yig'ilish uylari omon qoldi Birmingem, Vorsestershire va Staffordshire.[33] Shahar 1791 yilda "vaqtincha boshpana bo'ldi"Priestleydagi tartibsizliklar "Birmingemda. Uilyam Xatton Masalan, uyi namoyishchilar tomonidan hujumga uchragan bo'lsa, yozni Sattonda o'tkazishga qaror qildi. Biroq, mahalliy aholining yanada tartibsizliklardan qo'rqishgani uni doimiy ravishda ko'chib o'tishga majbur qildi Tamvort.[34] Jozef Priestli uning uyi vayron qilinganidan keyin "Uch tun" da qolganligi aytilmoqda tartibsizliklar va Xit-forgega birinchi parvozi, Vomborn.[20]

Sanoatning o'sishi

Pichoqlar, miltiq bochkalari, belkuraklar va belkurak tutqichlarini ishlab chiqarish, shuningdek, pichoqlar, nayzalar va boltalarni maydalash, asosan Satton Parkidagi hovuzlarda va Ebrook qirg'og'ida qurilgan tegirmonlarda shaharning muhim hissasiga aylandi. 17-asrda iqtisodiyot. Bracebridge Pool-dagi pichoq tegirmoni 1678 yilga kelib ishdan chiqqan va yo'q qilingan; ammo, u 1729 yilgacha qayta qurilgan.[14] Longmoor vodiysidagi Longmoor Brukni to'sib qo'yishi natijasida Longmoor hovuzini yaratish 1733 yilda ma'qullangan va 1754 yilda o'z ijarachisi bilan u erda tegirmon qurgan Jon Riland tomonidan olib borilgan.[19] tugmachalarni ishlab chiqarish uchun.[35] Blackroot Pool shuningdek 1757 yilda Edvard Gomer va Jozef Dunkomb tomonidan qurilgan. 1772 yilda shaharning noziri va jamiyati hovuzda Tomas Ingramga 30 yil ijaraga berdi.[19] Blackroot Pool-dagi tegirmon dastlab charmdan kiyinish uchun ishlatilgan, ammo keyinchalik a arra zavodi.[35]

Pauell Basseyn 1730 yilda Pauell Basseyn Tegirmoni uchun po'lat quyish korxonasi uchun tegirmon sifatida yaratilgan.[36] 1733 yilda paxta yigiruvchi mashina tomonidan fabrikada sinovdan o'tkazildi Jon Vayt yordamida Lyuis Pol, 18-asrda Buyuk Britaniyaning paxta sanoatini yaratishni boshlashga yordam beradi.[37] Umuman olganda, Satton Koldfildda 15 ta suv tegirmoni bo'lgan, ulardan 13 tasi Plants Bruk tomonidan quvvatlangan, qolgan ikkitasi esa mustaqil suv ta'minotidan foydalangan. Shuningdek, shaharda Maney Xill va Langlida ikkita shamol tegirmoni bo'lgan.[37]

Kuchli bo'ron Uindli Basseyn suvlarini ushlab turuvchi to'g'on qulab tushishiga sabab bo'ldi,[38] 1668 yil iyul oyida Mill Street-da Mill Poolning qirg'og'ini buzib tashlagan va keyinchalik Satton Koldfilddagi ko'plab uylarni suv bosgan va vayron qilgan.[32] Bracebridge hovuzi ham 24-iyul kuni sodir bo'lgan bo'ron natijasida banklarini sindirib, kamroq zarar etkazdi. Keyinchalik Wyndley hovuzi quritildi, garchi Satton Parkda xuddi shu nom bilan boshqa hovuz mavjud.[20]

Satton Koldfilddagi to'siqlarning aksariyati shahar ichidan tosh va shag'al toshlari yordamida amalga oshirildi. Ushbu karerlar, shuningdek, shaharning boshqa joylarida qurilish uchun tosh etkazib berdilar, bu ayniqsa foydali ekanligini isbotladi. 1759 yilda Blackroot hovuzini qurish uchun material etkazib beradigan karer 1914 yilgacha ishlatilgan.[14]

Moliyaviy farovonlik va shaharning o'sishi

17-18 asrlarda shahar sanoatning o'sishi bilan rivojlandi va bu aholining hayot sifatini yaxshilashga olib keldi. Endi ular dengiz mahsulotlari kabi yangi hashamatlarni boshdan kechirishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi. Satton Koldfildda mahsulotlar qo'shni shahar va qishloqlarga qaraganda 10 foizga qimmatroq edi. Shahar, shuningdek qisman Birmingemning boy sanoatchilari Satton Koldfildni katta shaharning ifloslanishidan uzoqda, o'zlarining qishloq uylari uchun qulay joy sifatida ko'rishlari sababli o'sdi.[39] 1630 yilda cherkovda o'tkazilgan so'rovda 298 ta uy borligi va 1698 yilda yana bir tadqiqot o'tkazilganda bu raqam 310 ga ko'payganligi xabar qilingan.[40] Ushbu uylardan 1675 yil atrofida qurilgan 20 ta yuqori ko'cha bo'lishi mumkin edi.[41] 1721 yilda cherkovda o'tkazilgan so'rovda Satton Koldfilddagi uylar soni 360 taga ko'paygani ta'kidlangan.[40] 1636 yilda, Qirol Charlz I majburiy pul jo'natish shahar uchun 80 funt soliq, Birmingem va Uorvik uchun 100 funt, Koventri uchun 266 funt va Stafford uchun 50 funt, bu shaharning o'sha paytdagi boyligini aks ettiradi.[42] 1663 yilda "Yurak burchini" buyurtma qilish va yig'ish uchun Qonun qabul qilindi, buning natijasida mamlakatdagi barcha uylar o'rganilib, o'choqli va pechka bilan jihozlangan barcha xususiyatlar qayd etildi. Satton Koldfildda o'tkazilgan so'rovnomada 67 ta o'choq va pechka borligi aniqlandi, ulardan 30 tasi Uillobi oilasiga tegishli ikkita uyga tegishli edi.[43]

Satton Koldfildning ba'zi taniqli binolari shu vaqt ichida qurilgan yoki o'zgargan. Masalan, oqim Peddimor zali tomonidan loyihalashtirilgan 1659 yilda Uilyam Vud tomonidan qurilgan Uilyam Uilson, shaharda yashashni boshlagan va 1681 yilda beva er egasi Jeyn Pudsiga uylangan.[44] Uning qizlari bu munosabatlarni ma'qullamadilar va u Langli Xolldagi uyidan chiqib ketishga majbur bo'ldi, natijada Uilson qurilish olib bordi Moat House 1680 yilda er-xotin uchun.[45] Shaharda uning yana bir ishi - bu uchun mo'ljallangan Four Oaks Hall Genri Folliott, 1-baron Folliott, Uilsonning o'gay qizining eri bo'lgan. Lord Folliott zal bilan birga 60 gektar (24 ga) o'rmonzorni o'rab oldi.[46]

1610 yilda New Hall Manorni butun mamlakat bo'ylab taniqli er egalari bo'lgan oilasi Genri Sacheverell sotib oldi. 1620 yilda vafotidan so'ng, zal avval Valens Sacheverellga, so'ngra uning katta o'g'li Jorj Sacheverellga meros bo'lib o'tdi.[19] XVIII asrda shaharda qurilgan taniqli binolar orasida 1750 yillarga to'g'ri keladigan High Street-dagi Royal Hotel mavjud.[20][47] High Street-da joylashgan "Uch tun" jamoat uyi 18-asrning oxiriga to'g'ri keladi, garchi u avvalgi binolarning qabrlari va poydevorlarini saqlab qolgan bo'lsa ham.[48]

Shahar atrofidagi shaharcha, 1800–1900

Munitsipal loyihalar va hukumatni almashtirish

1800-yillar shaharcha uchun yana bir asrlik katta o'zgarish bo'lib, u avvalgi yillarda ishlab chiqarilgan boylik va Satton Koldfild korporatsiyasi ega bo'lgan kuchga asoslangan edi. O'sib borayotgan shahar bilan muomala qilish, ular aholining hayot sifatini yaxshilashga intilishdi. Korporatsiya shahar ichidagi daraxtlarni ag'darishga va yog'och va maktablarni qurishni moliyalashtirish vositasi sifatida sotishga majbur bo'ldi. 1826 yilda 1,116 funt sterlingga teng bo'lgan yog'och 3s. sotildi.[19] Ushbu maktablarning birinchisi 1820-yillarda tashkil etilgan. Shuningdek, korporatsiya ikkitasini qurdi almshouslar 1828 yilda Walmleyda va 1863 yilda yana ikkita qo'shni.[49] 1837 yilga kelib, cherkov tarkibida korporatsiya mulki ostida o'nta almushlar bor edi, boshqalari xayriya tashkilotlari tomonidan boshqarilardi.[50]

1849 yilda asl qirollik ustavlari Londonga lotin tiliga tarjima qilish uchun yuborilgan, chunki ular yozilgan terilar yomonlasha boshladi.

Mill ko'chasining yuqori qismidagi shahar zali 1800 yillarda buzila boshlagan va uni 1854 yilda buzish to'g'risida qaror qabul qilingan. Yaqin atrofdagi ishxona va gazbeton yangi shahar idoralari bo'lish uchun ta'mirlangan va 1858 yilda 1859 yilgacha rekonstruksiya qilingan. uning maqsadiga muvofiq. Yangi ofislar G. Bidleyk tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan.[51] Shuningdek, Mill ko'chasidan pastga o't o'chirish punkti qurilgan.[51]

1830-yillarda munitsipal korporatsiyalar ichidagi korruptsiya amaliyotlari tufayli tekshirildi Jamiyat palatasi. Ushbu so'rovlar o'tib ketishiga olib keldi 1832 yilgi islohot to'g'risidagi qonun va 1835 yildagi munitsipal korporatsiyalar to'g'risidagi qonun respublika miqyosida tumanlarni isloh qilgan. Havoriylar tomonidan kiritilgan tub o'zgarishlarga qaramay, Satton Koldfild korporatsiyasi daxlsiz qoldi.[39] Natijada 1882 yil apreligacha bo'lgan 1882 yildagi munitsipal korporatsiyalar to'g'risidagi qonun, Satton Koldfild munitsipal tumanga aylangan. Eski Korporatsiya shahar hokimi, oltita aldermen va o'n sakkizta saylangan maslahatchidan iborat yangi tuzilma bilan almashtirildi. Okrugda oltita palata - Muqaddas Uch Birlik, Xill, Boldmere, Uild Grin, Meni va Uolmli tashkil etildi - ulardan uchta maslahatchi saylandi.[19]

Temir yo'llarning kelishi

XIX asrning aksariyat qismida odamlar Birmingem va Satton Koldfild o'rtasida otli aravada sayohat qildilar, bu sayohat taxminan 80 daqiqa davom etdi.[51] Birmingem o'zining birinchi temir yo'lini 1837 yilda Voksxoll stantsiyasida qabul qilib oldi Duddeston temir yo'l stantsiyasi. 1859 yilda Birmingemni Erdington orqali Satton Koldfild bilan bog'laydigan temir yo'l liniyasini qurish to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi.[52] Vauxxoll stantsiyasidan o'tgan liniyada qurilish 1860 yilda boshlangan, garchi bu vaqtga qadar u faqat tovar stantsiyasi sifatida ishlatilgan. Chiziq 1862 yil 2 iyunda ochilgan Satton Koldfild temir yo'l stantsiyasi terminus bo'lish. Uchun temir yo'lni davom ettirish uchun parlament akti Lichfild 1874 yil 23 iyunda qabul qilindi, qurilishi 1881 yil oktyabrda boshlandi[43] va xizmatlar 1884 yildan boshlangan.[53] Qator uzaytirildi Lichfild Trent vodiysi temir yo'l stantsiyasi 1888 yil 28-noyabrda.[54]

Vulverxempton, Uolsoll va Midland Junction Railway Company tomonidan Satton Coldfield orqali qurilishi rejalashtirilgan ikkinchi temir yo'l liniyasi Satton Parki orqali yo'lni kesib tashlashdan xavotirda bo'lgan aholining qarshiliklariga duch keldi. Ushbu taklifga qarshi bo'lgan yig'ilish 1872 yil 15 aprelda bo'lib o'tdi,[43] ammo, o'sha yilning 6 avgustida qurilishga ruxsat berildi. WWMJR kompaniyasi birlashdi Midland temir yo'li 1874 yilda va qurilish ko'p o'tmay boshlangan. Aholining e'tirozlarini tinchlantirish uchun Midland temir yo'li arzon mahalliy ko'mirni va'da qildi va Satton parki bo'ylab 3,2 km masofani bosib o'tishi uchun 6500 funt to'ladi.[55] Yo'lda xizmatlar 1879 yil 1-iyulda boshlandi, poezdlar to'xtab qolishdi Pensn (Uolmli), Satton Koldfild Taun va Satton Park shaharchada, shuningdek Ko'chada, Aldrij va Volsoll. Oxir oqibat, bu chiziq Midland temir yo'lini birlashtirdi "Vulverxempton" va "Volsol" temir yo'llari ularga to'g'ri keladi Birmingem - Derbi chizig'i.[55]

Temir yo'llar tezda Satton Koldfildni Sutton Park landshaftlari uchun shaharning ifloslanishidan qochib, Birmingem aholisi uchun kunduzgi ekskursiyalar va piknik kechalari uchun mashhur joyga aylanishiga olib keldi.[56] 1863 yilgi nashr Bredshuning qo'llanmasi Satton Koldfildni "vaqti-vaqti bilan o'tkaziladigan pik-nicheskiy ekskursiyadan tashqari, juda aniq bir eslatma yo'q joy" deb ta'riflagan.[57] In Oq hafta 1882 yilda Satton Parkiga 19 549 kishi tashrif buyurgan, ularning soni keyingi yilning o'sha haftasida 11 378 ga tushgan. 1884 yilda 17486 kishi tashrif buyurgan, ulardan 14000 nafari dushanba kuni tashrif buyurgan.[43] 1865 yilda Satton Koldfild stantsiyasiga qo'shni bo'lgan kichik balandlikda Royal mehmonxonasi qurilib, shaharning yangi turizm sanoatidan foydalanishga umid qildi. Mehmonxona moliyaviy qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi va 1895 yilda yopilib, qisqa vaqt ichida Satton Coldfield sanatoriyasiga aylandi.[46]

Satton Koldfild sayyohlik markaziga aylanish bilan bir qatorda a shaharcha shaharchasi Birmingemga, chunki ishchilar shaharning ifloslanishidan uzoqroq yashashlari va u erga poezdda sayohat qilishlari mumkin edi.[58] 19-asrning oxirida Satton Koldfildga boy ishlab chiqaruvchilar ko'chib o'tdilar va faqat asrning boshlarida oddiy ishchilar ham ko'chib o'tishga muvaffaq bo'lishdi.[39]

1836 yilda, Jorj Bodington Maneydagi Driffold House (hozirgi Empire kinoteatri) da boshpana va sanatoriya oldi, u erda o'pka kasalligini tadqiq qildi.

Aholining ko'payishi va jamoat ob'ektlari

Satton Koldfildni birinchi ro'yxatga olish 1801 yilda bo'lib o'tgan. Shaharda 2847 kishi istiqomat qilgani qayd etilgan. 1811 yildagi quyidagi ro'yxatga olish 617 ta uy bilan 2959 ga ko'tarilganligini qayd etdi. Bu qisman Edinburg va Sasseks militsiyalari, 7-Dragun gvardiyasi va artilleriya brigadasini joylashtirish uchun sharqqa barak qurilishi bilan bog'liq edi. 1821 yilga kelib aholi yana ko'payib, 3426 kishiga etdi[59] va keyin 1831 yilda 3684 gacha.[19] 1881 yildagi aholini ro'yxatga olish natijasida aholining 1861 yildagi 4662 kishiga ko'payganligi aniqlandi[60] 7 737 ga.

Satton Koldfild cherkovining tobora ko'payib borayotgan aholisi 19-asr o'rtalarida va yangi yilda tan olingan cherkov cherkovlari Sattonni tashkil etgan jamoalar aholisiga yaxshiroq xizmat ko'rsatish uchun undan yaratilgan. Birinchi cherkov cherkovi 1846 yilda Uolmley tomonidan yaratilgan bo'lib, yaqinda qurib bitkazilgan Avliyo Ioannj cherkovi cherkov cherkoviga aylandi.[61] Xill 1853 yilda navbatdagi cherkov cherkoviga aylandi, uning cherkovi Mere Grindagi Avliyo Jeyms cherkovi edi.[62] Boldmere cherkovi 1857 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, Sankt-Maykl cherkovi uning cherkov cherkoviga aylandi.[63] Muqaddas Uch Birlik cherkovi 1874-9 yillarda shimoliy tashqi yo'lak va yeleklar bilan kengaytirildi.[19]

1892 yilda Shenstone nasos stantsiyasining qurilishi Satton Koldfildga birinchi marta suv bilan ta'minlandi.[64] 1870 yilda V.T.Parsons Satton Koldfildning birinchi gazetasini chiqara boshladi Satton Koldfild yangiliklari.[65]

Eshford - Tornton

Asosiy maqola: Eshford - Tornton

Satton Koldfild 1817 yilda Meri Eshford ismli yosh ayol shaharchada qotillikda topilganida, mamlakatning diqqat markazida bo'lgan. U 1817 yil 26-may kuni kechqurun Erdingtonda bo'lib o'tgan ziyofatda qatnashgan edi.[66] va Meri va Ibrohimni tark etgan Avraam Tornton va uning do'sti Xanna Koks bilan birga ketishdi.[67] Ertasi kuni ertalab uning tanasi Pens Leyn (Erdington) tomonidan suv bilan to'ldirilgan chuqurdan chiqarildi. Tornton tezda qidirib topilgan va qotillikda ayblanib hibsga olingan.[68] Sud jarayonida Tornton taklif qilingan vaqtda Maryamni o'ldirishi mumkin emasligining dalillarini keltirdi.[69] Natijada, hakamlar hay'ati uni qotillikda va zo'rlashda aybsiz deb topdi va suddan ozod yurishga imkon berdi.[70]

Oqlovga jamoatchilikning munosabati g'azablangan va Maryamning ukasi Uilyam Ashford tomonidan chiqarilgan hukmga qarshi xususiy shikoyat qilingan.[71] Tornton Londonga olib ketilgan va u erda qirol skameykasida sud qilingan.[72] Torntonni iltimos qilish uchun chaqirishganida, u javob berdi: "Aybdor emasman; va men o'zimni tanam bilan himoya qilishga tayyorman".[73] Keyin u o'zining advokati Uilyam Reader unga topshirgan charm qo'lqoplardan birini kiydi. Tornton ikkinchisini Uilyam Eshfordni tashlab yubordi va shu bilan Eshford bajarmagan qiyinchilikni qabul qildi. Ashford tomonidan ostidagi da'voni qabul qilmaslik jangovar sinov qonunlar, Tornton ozod qilindi, garchi shu vaqtgacha u taniqli obro'ga ega bo'lsa.[74] 1819 yilda qonun chiqarilib, oqlovdan so'ng xususiy murojaatlarni bekor qilish va jangovar sud jarayonini bekor qilish to'g'risidagi qonun qabul qilindi.

20-asr

20-asrda Satton Koldfild o'sishda davom etdi. Tuman chekkasidagi hududlar oxirigacha qishloq bo'lib qoldi Birinchi jahon urushi. Milliy guvoh sifatida, kabi joylarda uy qurilishi jadal rivojlanmoqda Boldmere, Uolmli, Erdington va To'rt eman. Shunga qaramay, aholi soni tez o'sdi. Davomida Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Sutton Park and areas of Walmley were used as prisoner-of-war camps, housing German and Italian prisoners. After the war, Sutton witnessed a major redevelopment. The Borough Council commissioned Maks qulf and Partners to draw up plans for the redevelopment of the town centre in 1960, with a preliminary report being delivered in May 1961 and a detailed report in 1962.[75] The Parade in the town centre was almost completely demolished for the construction of a large new shopping centre named Gracechurch. In addition, shopping centres in Uild Grin va Faqat yashil were constructed causing considerable objection as many local landmarks were lost to the developers.

Merging into Birmingham

In 1974, Sutton Coldfield became part of Birmingham when the metropolitan county of the West Midlands shakllandi. More recently, Sutton Coldfield has undergone changes. Areas of the town centre have been pedestrianised and the Gracechurch Centre has been improved.

Plans for the proposed construction of five tower blocks for pensioners at Brassington Avenue in the town centre were abandoned in November 2015.[76]

On 1 March 2015, a new Sutton Coldfield parish council was formally incorporated. This gave the town more powers from Birmingham City Council.

Boshqaruv

The sign when entering The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield

In 1528, a charter of Qirol Genrix VIII gave the town the right to be known as "The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield" and to be governed by a warden and society. The charter was secured by Bishop John Vesey. Bu unreformed corporation survived until 1885, when it was replaced by a shahar tumani. Although the title "Royal Town" was still used, the municipality created in 1885 was not itself a Qirol tumani. However, the townspeople sometimes still use its historic 'Royal' title. This was confirmed to be allowed in 2014 after a two-year campaign by a local newspaper, the Satton Koldfild kuzatuvchisi, Endryu Mitchell MP, the Sutton Coldfield Civic Society and various local residents. On Thursday, 12 June 2014 government minister Greg Klark confirmed during a special adjournment debate in the Jamiyat palatasi that "there is no statutory ban to the continuance of historic titles for other [non-governance] purposes" in the absence of a local governing structure using a historic name, and thus the use of the Royal title is not prohibited (although any such usage has a "lack of technical legal effect").[2][3] Following that confirmation, the newspaper renamed itself the Royal Sutton Coldfield Observer.

The town and borough were ceremonially part of Warwickshire until 1974, when it was amalgamated into the City of Birmingham and the poytaxt okrugi ning G'arbiy Midlend. Rasmiy Mayoral chains of office are now on display in Birmingem Kengashi uyi.

Sutton Coldfield constituency shown within Birmingem

Sutton Coldfield forms the Sutton Coldfield parliamentary constituency, the largest Parliamentary Constituency in Birmingham whose Parlament a'zosi since 2001 has been Endryu Mitchell (Konservativ ). Within the City of Birmingham metropolitan borough, it comprises the wards of Satton Four Oaks, Satton uchligi, Satton Vesi va Satton yangi zali. Palatasi Erdington ceased to be part of the constituency in 1974 due to the Local Government Act of 1972. Sutton Trinity ward was created in June 2004, at which time the other three wards' boundaries were changed. From 5 April 2004, it has been a kengash saylov okrugi, with many local services managed by a tuman qo'mitasi made up of all Sutton's councillors.

In 2015 the eligible electorate within the Royal town's boundary were asked whether they wished to be governed by an independent Town council. The result of the election was that almost 70% were in favour of a Sutton Coldfield Town Council. Work is now ongoing in the Birmingem shahar kengashi to create a new council and decide which powers to transfer.[77] The first parish council election took place on 5 May 2016.[78]

Geografiya

Areas of Sutton Coldfield include:

Sutton Coldfield borders Yangi Oskott, Erdington, Ko'chada, tumani Shimoliy Warwickshire , Aldrij va Tamvort yilda Staffordshire. The area in general is regarded by its own populace as one of the most prestigious locations in the Birmingem area and even in Central England; a 2007 report by the website Mouseprice.com placed two Sutton Coldfield streets amongst the 20 most expensive in the United Kingdom.[79][80][81]

The northern stretch of the Birmingham city qumtosh ridge culminates at Sutton Coldfield. O'simliklar Brook rises in the area of Streetly and flows through Sutton Park and directly beneath the town centre, then Plants Brook briefly flows through Erdington, ayniqsa Pype Hayes Park before returning to Sutton and culminating at Plantsbrook Nature Reserve on the Erdington / Uolmli border at Eachelhurst Road.

Chakana savdo

The main shopping centre is the Gracechurch Centre, built in 1974. For a number of years this centre was called The Mall. The complex includes a multi-storey car park. As a result of investment, the appearance of the shopping centre was improved in 2006 which included the installation of a glass roof above one of the walkways and the removal of a public square to form a cafe and extra retail units. There are now plans to construct a food court above Bishop's Court in the shopping centre.[82] The shopping centre was formerly home to three bronze sculptures that depict, respectively, a boy and a girl on rollerskates, a boy with a dog, and a boy and a girl playing leapfrog, which have been moved to Rectory Park.[83]

A second shopping centre was named the Sainsbury Centre until Sainsbury's closed their store;[84] the name was later changed to "The Red Rose Centre". The centre has its own ko'p qavatli avtoturargoh with access from Victoria Road.

Walmley Court in Walmley

Sutton Parade is a continuation of Birmingham Road and Lichfield Road (though there is a bypass for traffic). New Hall Walk is a row of shops built behind The Parade in the late 1990s. The company that manages the site also manages several of the shops on the Parade built at the same time. It has its own large outdoor car park. Opposite the Red Rose Centre, behind New Hall Walk, is a single floor, indoor market facility known as the In Shops.[iqtibos kerak ]

There are several local shopping parades serving the suburbs of Sutton, including "The Lanes" Shopping Centre in Wylde Green, at Walmley, and at Boldmere Road.

Sport

Regbi ittifoqi mintaqada ommabop sport turi hisoblanadi. Two clubs currently represent the area; Sutton Coldfield RFC founded and based on the Walmley Road in 1924, while Spartans RFC (founded 1960) is located at Coppice Lane. A friendly rivalry exists between the two amateur clubs with the former sporting a slight advantage in member numbers.

Football-wise, Sutton Coldfield is represented by Satton Koldfild Taun, which was founded in 1879 and also to Paget Reynjers who share their ground at Coles Lane. Golf is a major sport in the town, which is home to numerous golf clubs and courses. In the south of Sutton Coldfield is Walmley Golf Club and Payp Xeys Golf kursi. There are also Aston Wood Golf Club, Moor Hall Golf Club, Sutton Coldfield Golf Club, Little Aston and Boldmere Golf Club. Yaqin atrofda Belfri, a hotel with a renowned golf complex whose Brabazon course has hosted the Rayder kubogi ko `p marotaba.

Sports facilities, including suzish havzasi va 400m yengil atletika, are located at Wyndley Leisure Centre, on the edge of Satton Park. This was opened in 1971 by Ethel E. Dunnett. The nearby youth centre was opened in September 1968. Parts of Rectory Park is leased to Sutton Coldfield Hockey Club, Sutton Coldfield Cricket Club and Sutton Town Football Club.

A number of local cricket clubs play in the Sutton Coldfield area. Walmley, Sutton Coldfield and Four Oak Saints.

Qiziqarli joylar

Listed residential properties at the top of Coleshill Street.

Parkland

Hudud uy Satton Park, one of the largest urban parks in Angliya. It has an area of 2,224.2 acres (9.001 km2) and is used as part of the course for the Great Midlands Fun Run, sponsored by the Sutton Coldfield Observer. Park a milliy qo'riqxona va a Maxsus ilmiy qiziqishlar sayti. New Hall Valley, which separates Walmley and Maney, is the location of Yangi Hall Valley Country Park which was opened formally on 29 August 2005. It has an area of 160 acres (0.65 km2) and within it is New Hall Mill which is one of only two working watermills in the West Midlands.

The mill is privately owned but is open to the public several times a year. Bundan tashqari, bir nechtasi bor qo'riqxonalar shu jumladan O'simliklar Brook Nature Reserve, in Walmley, and Hill Hook Nature Reserve. On the border between Sutton Coldfield and Erdington is the extensive Pype Hayes Park and adjacent golf course, with the park falling within Tyburn palatasi but the golf course in Satton yangi zali.

Tarixiy uylar

Sutton Coldfield has been an affluent area in the past leading to the construction of manorlar and other large houses. Several have been renovated into hotels such as the New Hall Hotel, Moor Hall Hotel, Moxhull Hall Hotel va Ramada Hotel and Resort Pens Hall. Peddimor zali, a Rejalashtirilgan qadimiy yodgorlik near Walmley, is a double-moated hall used as a private residence. Demolished manor houses include Langli zali, sobiq qarorgohi Uilyam Uilson and Four Oaks Hall, designed by William Wilson. William Wilson is also known to have designed Moat House and lived in it with his wife, Jane Pudsey. Bu II daraja * berilgan.[85]

Tabiatni muhofaza qilish joylari

Lichfield Road from Vesey Gardens looking west into the High Street conservation area.

Ikki bor tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonalari in Sutton Coldfield. The High Street, King Edward's Square, Upper Clifton Road, Mill Street, and the northern end of Coleshill Street are protected by the High Street conservation area, which is part covered by an 4-modda Yo'nalish. At the centre of the conservation area is Holy Trinity Church, which is fronted by the Vesey Memorial Gardens, created in memory of Bishop John Vesey. The High Street conservation area was designated on 28 November 1973 and extended on 6 February 1975, 14 August 1980 and again on 16 July 1992. It covers an area of 16.95 square kilometres (41.87 acres).[86]

Beyond the railway bridge, which crosses the Sutton Park Line and separates the Lichfield Road and High Street, is the Anchorage Road conservation area which protects buildings such as Moat House tomonidan Uilyam Uilson. The conservation area was designated on 15 October 1992 and covers an area of 17.57 square kilometres (43.41 acres).[87]

Diniy binolar

Holy Trinity Church on Trinity Hill north of Sutton town centre

Holy Trinity Church is one of the oldest churches in the town, having been established around 1300. The church has been expanded over time, notably by Jon Vesi, Bishop of Exeter who built two aisles and added an organ.[88] His tomb is located within the church.[89] Outside of Sutton town centre, there are numerous other churches, many of which are listed buildings.

In Four Oaks is the Church of All Saints which is a Grade B mahalliy ro'yxatga olingan bino. It was built in 1908 and designed by Charlz Beytmen, kimning San'at va qo'l san'atlari are seen in the building.[90] Another church in Four Oaks which is of a mixed Arts and Crafts-Gothic style is Four Oaks Methodist Church, built between 1907 and 1908 to a design by Crouch and Butler. Bu II daraja.[91] The Methodist Hall attached to it is also Grade II listed.[92]

St Chad's Church near Walmley.

In Mere Green is the Church of St Peter, also by Charles Bateman, which was built between 1906 and 1908. The building is Grade II listed.[93] Also designed by Charles Bateman is the Church of St Chad near Walmley. This was built between 1925 and 1927. The side chapel was built in 1977 to a design by Erie Marriner. Bu II daraja.[94] St Johns Church, built in 1845 to a design by D. R. Hill, is located on the Walmley Road in Walmley. It is the parish church for Walmley and is of a Norman architectural style. It is Grade C locally listed.[95]

In Maney, near Walmley, is St Peter's Church which began construction in 1905, although the tower, which was designed by Cossins, Peacock and Bewley, was constructed in 1935 and the building is Grade II listed.[96] Located on the border of Sutton town centre is Church Hall, a former Roman Catholic Chapel, built around 1834. The building is now used for offices and is Grade II listed.[97]

The Green Belt

Birmingham has 4,153 hectares of Green Belt, about 15% of the city's land area. The majority of this is in the north of the city, particularly to the north and east of Sutton Coldfield.[98] The current Green Belt within Birmingham was initially installed in place in 1955 and was last reviewed around 20 years ago, since then the boundaries have remained unchanged.

Jamoat ob'ektlari

The Hokimiyat, a relic of Sutton Coldfield's former status as a municipal borough, now serves as a theatre, conference, and function venue.

In the town centre is Sutton Parade which is a pedestrianised shopping area. Sutton Coldfield Library, opened in 1974, is located near Sutton Parade above the Red Rose Centre. It also contains the Sutton Coldfield Reference Library, which holds a large collection of newspapers and magazines with all Sutton Coldfield based publications such as Satton Koldfild yangiliklari and Sutton Coldfield Observer being held permanently.[99] The Library closed in May 2010 due to the discovery of disturbed asbestos and reopened in May 2013. There are many branch libraries in Sutton Coldfield and there is also a good avtobus xizmati from Sutton Parade to Birmingem shahar markazi va Birmingem markaziy kutubxonasi, The Central Library and the terminus of busses from Sutton Coldfield are both within the Shahar markazining yadrosi and in walking distance of each other.

Also in the Town centre is Satton Koldfild temir yo'l stantsiyasi which is part of the Birmingham Shaharlararo yo'nalish, nearby is the Town Gate entrance to Satton Park fairly close to the Sutton Park Visitor's Centre.

Sutton Coldfield has four Community Centres and a number of smaller Community Halls all offering classes and events in a wide variety of subjects and interests -

  • Mere Green Community Centre
  • Falcon Lodge Community Centre
  • Banners Gate Community Hall
  • Brampton Hall Community Centre

Yaxshi umid kasalxonasi provides main hospital services to the town, including baxtsiz hodisa va favqulodda vaziyat inshootlar. Another hospital in Sutton Coldfield is Sutton Cottage Hospital, which is operated by the Birmingemning Sharqiy va Shimoliy birlamchi tibbiy yordami.[100] It opened in 1908 and the buildings were designed by Gerbert Tudor Baklend va Edward Haywood-Farmer.[101]

On Lichfield Road, Sutton Coldfield is served by a police station, magistrates court (both opened in 1960, the court now closed) and fire station (opened 1963). On the opposite side of the road is Satton Koldfild kolleji, bu asosiy narsa kollej ning qo'shimcha ta'lim maydon uchun. Also located on the north-eastern outskirts of the area is Satton Coldfield uzatuvchi stantsiyasi, the first television transmitter to broadcast outside the London area.

Transport

The former Sutton Town railway station on Midland Drive. The station opened in 1879 and closed in 1924, and is now converted to offices. The adjacent railway line is still in use by yuk faqat xizmatlar.

Linked by frequent and fast services from Satton Koldfild temir yo'l stantsiyasi ustida Shaharlararo yo'nalish to the centre of Birmingham, Sutton is mostly a commuter dormitory town for people who work in Birmingham. 1955 yil Satton Koldfilddagi temir yo'l halokati occurred here, when an express train entered the very tight curve through the station much faster than the speed limit of 30 mph (48 km/h). The Satton Park Line also crosses the town roughly perpendicular to the cross-city line (crossing at a point out of easy sight near the former Midland Road station), but lost its passenger services and stations in the 1964 "Beeching Axe ". It retained a loading bay at the adjacent Clifton Road Royal Mail sorting office for a time, but now remains as a freight only line.

The Rim yo'li Iknield ko'chasi kesadi Satton Park shaharning g'arbiy qismida. The town is bypassed to the north by the M6 pullik, the first toll motorway in the UK, accessible from Sutton by junction T2 at Minworth (co-located with the M42 junction), T3 and T4 (interchanging with the A38 at the south and north ends of their 5-mile (8.0 km) parallel run), and T5 at Shenstone. Bundan tashqari, ga oson kirish imkoniyati mavjud M6 to the South, via junctions 5 (Castle Bromwich), J6 (Gravelly Hill, or "Spagetti kavşağı" ) and J7 at Great Barr; va shuningdek M42 in the east, via junction 9 near Minworth.

The A38 itself used to run through the centre of the town (literally, using the since-pedestrianised line of the Parade), but now uses the dual carriageway bypass to the east. The former route of the A38 is now the A5127 Lichfield Road, branching from the southern end of the Aston Expressway on the Birmingham Middleway ring road, and continues to provide a major connective route running between and on slightly altered paths through the centres of Erdington, Sutton and Lichfield.

The Parade in the town centre is the main destination and terminus for numerous National Express West Midlands bus services in and through Sutton Coldfield. Such routes as 'Sutton Lines' (X3, X4, X5, X14) to Birmingham, 77 to Walsall and 5 to West Bromwich; to name just a few routes. There is also a half-hourly service X3 to Lichfild operated by National Express West Midlands. This partially replaced service X12 to Berton-apon-Trent which was run by Midland Classic. Arriva Midlands operate service 110 up to every 15 minutes between Birmingham and Tamworth.

Ta'lim

Fairfax maktabi is on Reddicap Heath Road in the east of the town. Opposite the school is The John Willmott maktabi. Satton Koldfild qizlar uchun grammatika maktabi is on Jockey Road (A453 ). Bishop Veseyning grammatika maktabi, its male equivalent, is on Lichfield Road (A5127 /A453) in the centre of the town adjacent to Birmingem Metropolitan kolleji. Artur Terri maktabi is on Kittoe Road in To'rt eman in the north of the town near Butlers Lane station. The Plantsbruk maktabi (formerly The Riland Bedford School) is on Upper Holland Road near the centre of the town in Meni. The Yepiskop Uolsh katolik maktabi is next to the Satton Park Line va Yangi Hall Valley Country Park; the school is 10 minutes from Uild Grin. All these schools are for ages 11–18. However, from September 1972 until July 1992, schools in the Sutton Coldfield area were divided into first school for pupils aged 5–8 years, middle schools for pupils aged 8–12 years, while the entry age for secondary school was set at 12 years.

There are also a number of primary schools located in the town including:

  • St Joseph Catholic Primary School,
  • Whitehouse Common Primary School,
  • Deanery Primary School,
  • Banners Gate Primary School,
  • Holy Cross Infant and Junior Catholic Primary School
  • Walmley Primary School
  • Moor Hall Primary School in the Mere Green area.
  • The Shrubbery School, established in 1930, is a private primary school located on the fringes of Walmley and Hollyfield primary located on Hollyfield Road, founded in 1907. O
  • Four Oaks Primary,
  • New Hall Primary and Children's Centre, Little Sutton, Coppice Primary, Hill West and Mere Green Combined.

Highclare School, founded in 1932, is a primary and secondary school located on three sites in the Birmingham area. Two of the sites are located in Sutton Coldfield, with the other being located in nearby Erdington. The Sutton Coldfield facilities are on Lichfield Road in the Four Oaks area and in the Uild Grin area to the south, which houses the nursery.

St Nicholas Catholic Primary School in Jockey Road is a ixtiyoriy yordam Katolik boshlang'ich maktab. Established in 1967, there are currently about 210 o'quvchilar. Maktab ortiqcha obuna qilingan.[102][103]

Sutton Coldfield in literature

The town is mentioned in Shakespeare's Genri IV, 1-qism, Act 4, scene 2. Falstaff, "on a public road near Coventry", who is leading a band of conscripted men on the way to what will be the Shrewsbury jangi, tells Bardolph of his determination to march from Coventry to Sutton that evening:

Falstaff: Bardolph, get thee before to Coventry; fill me a bottle of sack: our soldiers shall march through: we’ll to Sutton-Co’fil’ to-night.

Sutton Coldfield, specifically the aforementioned Sutton Park, is a pivotal location in Hekla's Children by James Brogden. Sutton Park was the site of a portal between the physical world and the spirit world of Un.[104]

San'at

Sutton Coldfield has a very active arts community with numerous local amateur dramatic groups, musical theatre companies, orchestras and dance schools. The Royal Sutton Coldfield Orchestra was founded in 1975 and regularly arrange public concerts, often featuring guest professionals. 2011 yil aprel oyida Birmingem shahar kengashi provided seed funding for the creation of "Made in Sutton", a local arts forum which aims to bring together local arts organisations and champion arts activity across the town.[105] Made in Sutton is coordinated by The New Streetly Youth Orchestra.[106] The Royal Sutton Coldfield Concert Orchestra (RSCCO) hold regular local concerts and is a registered charity. There are two major amateur theatres in the Sutton Coldfield area; Highbury Theatre and Sutton Arts Theatre, both have been established since the 1930s and are very popular with the residents of both Sutton and the neighbouring Boldmere tuman.

Taniqli aholi

The notable people who were born or have lived in Sutton Coldfield include:

Shuningdek qarang

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • "Janoblar jurnali" (Vol. XXII), page 270, Silvanus Urban, 1790
  • Sutton Coldfield, 1974-84: The Story of a Decade: a Look at Life and Events in the Royal Town, Douglas V. Jones, 1984, Westwood Press Publications (ISBN  0-948025-00-X)
  • Sutton Coldfield: a history & celebration, Alison Reed; Francis Frith Collection, 2005 (ISBN  1-84589-218-6)
  • Sutton Coldfield under the Earls of Warwick, Christine Smith, 2002, Acorn (ISBN  1-903263-71-9)

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Manbalar

  • Satton Koldfildning qirollik shahri: esdalik tarixi, Duglas V. Jons, 1984, Westwood Press nashrlari (ISBN  0-9502636-7-2)
  • Satton Koldfildni va shaharni ta'qib qilishning qisqa tarixi, V. Midgli, 1904, Midland grafligi Herald
  • Chisholm, Xyu, nashr. (1911). "Satton Koldfild". Britannica entsiklopediyasi. 26 (11-nashr). Kembrij universiteti matbuoti.

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