Penzance - Penzance

Boshqa maqsadlar uchun qarang Penzance (ajralish).

Penzance
PZHARBOURPANORAMA.jpg
Penzance panoramasi
Penzance Kornuolda joylashgan
Penzance
Penzance
Ichida joylashgan joy Kornuol
Aholisi21,200 (2011)
OS tarmog'iga ma'lumotnomaSW475306
Fuqarolik cherkovi
  • Penzance
Unitar hokimiyat
Tantanali tuman
Mintaqa
MamlakatAngliya
Suveren davlatBirlashgan Qirollik
Pochta shaharchasiPensiya
Pochta indeksiTR18
Kodni terish01736
PolitsiyaDevon va Kornuol
Yong'inKornuol
Tez yordamJanubi-g'arbiy
Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti
Veb-saytwww.penzancetowncouncil.co.uk
Joylar ro'yxati
Buyuk Britaniya
Angliya
Kornuol
50 ° 07′08 ″ N. 5 ° 32′13 ″ V / 50.119 ° N 5.537 ° Vt / 50.119; -5.537Koordinatalar: 50 ° 07′08 ″ N. 5 ° 32′13 ″ V / 50.119 ° N 5.537 ° Vt / 50.119; -5.537

Penzance (/pɛnˈzæns/ qalamZANSS; Korniş: Penenslar)[1] shaharcha, fuqarolik cherkovi va port ichida Penwith tumani Kornuol, Birlashgan Qirollik. Bu Kornuolning eng g'arbiy yirik shahri[2] va g'arbiy-g'arbiy-g'arbiy qismdan taxminan 103 mil uzoqlikda joylashgan Plimut va Londonning g'arbiy-g'arbiy qismida 255 milya (410 km). Boshpanasida joylashgan Mount's Bay, shahar janubi-sharq tomonga qarab Ingliz kanali, tomonidan g'arbga chegaradosh baliq ovlash porti Nyulin, fuqarolik cherkovi tomonidan shimolga Madron va fuqarolik cherkovi tomonidan sharqqa Lyudgvan. Fuqarolik cherkoviga Nyulin shahri va qishloqlari kiradi Sichqoncha teshigi, Pol, Gulval va Heamur. Turli xil qirollik ustavlari 1512 yildan boshlab va kiritilgan 1614 yil 9-mayda,[3] 21200 nafar aholi istiqomat qiladi (2011 yildagi aholini ro'yxatga olish).[4]

Penzance sobiq asosiy ko'chasi Chapel Street bir qator qiziqarli xususiyatlarga ega, jumladan Misr uyi, Union mehmonxonasi (shu jumladan, gruzin teatr endi foydalanilmayapti) va mashhur onaning onasi va xolasi bo'lgan Branwell uyi Bronte opa-singillar bir marta yashagan. Regency va Gruzin teraslar va uylar shaharning ba'zi joylarida keng tarqalgan. Yaqin atrofdagi tropik Morrab bog'lari ko'p miqdordagi yumshoq daraxtlar va butalar to'plamiga ega, ularning aksariyati Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqa joylarida ochiq joylarda etishtirilmaydi. Shuningdek, dengiz qirg'og'i ham uning qiziqishi sayr qilish va ochiq dengiz suvi Yubiley Hammom (tirik qolgan eng keksa kishilardan biri Art Deco mamlakatda suzish vannalari).

Penzance - bu asosdir qaroqchilar yilda Gilbert va Sallivan "s hajviy opera, Penzance qaroqchilari. O'sha paytda libretto yozilgan, 1879, Penzance tinch kurort shahri sifatida ommalashgan edi, shuning uchun uni garovgirlar bosib olish g'oyasi zamondoshlarga kulgili edi.

Toponimika

Penzance—Penenslar; "muqaddas bosh" Korniş tili[5][6]- hozirgi kunda cherkov joylashgan joy haqida gap boradi Sent-Entoniniki ming yil oldin Penzance Harborga aylangan g'arbdagi qirg'oqda joylashgan. Sent-Entoniga bag'ishlanganligi haqida hech qanday dastlabki hujjatlar mavjud emas, bu butunlay an'analarga bog'liq va asossiz bo'lishi mumkin.[7] Ushbu ibodatxonadan qolgan yagona narsa - bu cherkovning asl joyi yaqinidagi Sent-Maryam cherkovi cherkovining hovlisida joylashgan "Raffidy" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan, hozirda katta darajada eroziyaga uchragan o'yma shakl.[8] 1930-yillarga qadar ushbu tarix ham tanlangan belgi shahar uchun, kesilgan "muqaddas bosh" Suvga cho'mdiruvchi Yuhanno Jon. Buni hali ham fuqaroga qarash mumkin regaliya ning Shahar hokimi Penzance va boshqa bir qator muhim narsalar diqqatga sazovor joylar shaharchada.

Tarix

Ilk o'rta asrlarga qadar bo'lgan tarix

Taxminan 400 ta tarixiy tosh o'qlari, 1-guruh o'qlari sifatida tanilgan va ulardan yasalgan yashil tosh, butun Britaniyada topilgan, qaysi petrologik tahlil g'arbiy Kornuoldan kelgan ko'rinadi.[9] Karer aniqlanmagan bo'lsa-da, deb taxmin qilingan Vites, Penzance shahridagi qirg'oqdan yarim mil narida cho'kib ketgan tosh, bu joy bo'lishi mumkin. Savdoning sezilarli miqdori Buyuk Britaniyaning boshqa joylarida topilgani kabi ko'rsatiladi.[8] Penzance-ga joylashishning dastlabki dalillari Bronza davri. Kabi bir qator bronza asboblar palstave, nayza boshi, a pichoq va pinalar, Alvertonning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Tredarva shahrida yangi turar-joy massivini qurishda ko'plab sopol idishlar va ko'p miqdordagi ko'mir topilgan.[10] Deb nomlanuvchi mudofaa tuproq ishlari Lescudjack qal'asi qazib olinmagan, ammo deyarli aniq tegishli Temir asri.[11] Bitta devor uch gektar tepalikni o'rab olgan va sharqdan maydonga yaqinlashishda ustunlik qilgan bo'lar edi. Xabar bergan qo'shimcha devorlarning alomatlari yo'q Uilyam Xals taxminan 1730 yilda,[8] va sayt endi ajratilgan uy-joy bilan o'ralgan. 2008 yilda qazish ishlari, g'arbdan 1 km (0,62 milya) da Penwith kolleji yashaydigan joyni bildiruvchi xandaq va sopol idishlar va rivojlangan dala tizimi, xandaklar va o'zaro bog'langan chuqurliklar bilan suvdan foydalanishni taklif qildi.[12] Misr tog'ida Penzansening g'arbiy qismida devor va xandaq izlari bor va an Lesingeydagi oval devor va xandaq yuqorida St Just Lescudjack bilan birgalikda Penzance va Newlyn qirg'oqlariga e'tibor bermaydigan yo'l.[13]

So'nggi paytgacha Rimning Kornuoll shahrini bosib olishidan boshqa hech qanday dalil yo'q edi va shu paytgacha Penzansada faqat uchta topilma bo'lgan. 1899 yil avgustda ikki tanga Vespasian (Mil. 69-79) Penzance qabristonidagi qadimiy xandaqdan topilgan.[14][15] Tangalar sigir suyaklari bilan birga erdan sakkiz metr pastroq bo'lgan va hozirda Penlee uy muzeyi. 1934 yilda Alverton hududidan topilgan yana bir tanga tasvirlangan Chap, Rim quyosh xudosi.[16] Bu ″ deb ta'riflanadiBuyuk Konstantin hukmronligining tanga″, Shuningdek, muzeyga topshirildi.[16] 30 mm (1 3/16 dyuym) sestertius taxminan o'n yil oldin Penzance yoki uning atrofidagi qurilish maydonchasida topilgan va taqdim etilgan Kornuol Qirollik instituti.[17] Yaqin atrofda Rim tangalarining katta miqdori topilgan Marazion Marsh va Kerris Pol cherkovida, ammo yaqin atrofdagi qishloqlar kabi bo'lsa-da, bu hududda biron bir Rimning turar-joyi haqida hech qanday dalil yo'q Chysauster bu vaqtda ishg'ol qilingan.[18][19]

The Yuz ning Penwith qadimiy markazi bo'lgan Konnerton, endi Gvitian Towans qumlari ostiga ko'milgan Gvitian.[20] Yuz edi a Saksoniya bo'linadigan ma'muriy birlik o‘nlik.[21] The Alverton manbai, 64 Kornish gektar maydoniga ega, Penvitdagi ikkinchi o'ndan biriga o'z nomini berdi. Manor tarkibiga Penzance, shuningdek Madron, Pol, Sent-Buryan va Sancreed qismlari kiritilgan.

Penzance tadqiqot hujjatida ko'rsatilmagan bo'lsa ham Domesday kitobi, ehtimol bu maydon qo'shilgan bo'lar edi. Domesday 1066 yilda Alvartonning Manorini Alvard egalik qilganligini va u egalik qilganligini yozadi Robert, Morteyn grafigi, ning birodari Uilyam Fath.[22] Alward nomi tun, shahar yoki turar-joy qo'shimchasi bilan birlashtirilgan shaxsiy ism, saksonlarning erga egaligini ko'rsatadi. Kornuolda tun kabi yodgorlik markazini bildiradi Xelston yoki Connerton. 1066 yilda mulk egasining o'zgarishi bir begona uy egasidan boshqasiga o'zgarishi edi va Alverton nomi Penzansning g'arbiy qismida Sent-Jon Xolldan, Laregan daryosining g'arbiy qismida joylashgan uy-joygacha yashaydi.[8]

Yuqori va oxirgi o'rta asrlar

St Raffidy nomi bilan tanilgan cherkov hovlisidagi tosh

Pensans ismining birinchi eslatmasi Assize SUM 1284,[23] Penzance nomini bergan haqiqiy cherkovning birinchi eslatmasi 1750 yilda Uilyam Borlase tomonidan yozilgan qo'lyozmada: ″ Penzans shahriga tegishli qadimiy ibodatxonani baliq qabrida, kalit yaqinida ko'rish mumkin; u kichkina va esimda, Bibi Maryamning tasviri bor edi.[24] Cherkov qurilgan yashil tosh va uzunligi taxminan 30 fut, kengligi esa 15 fut joyida. Taxminan 1800 yilda cherkov baliq qabriga aylantirildi. "Ludgvan granitidagi" o'yma Sent-Entoni Taxminan 1830 yilda olib tashlangan va 1850 yilda "begona odam ... toshbo'ron ko'rinishga va qo'pol qo'llarga xayol olib, ularni sindirib, yodgorlik sifatida olib ketishganida" vandalizatsiya qilingan cho'chqa sti devorida ishlatilgan. ". Vandalize qilingan qoldiqlarning qoldiqlari Mason janob Millettga "St Raffidini aravachaga tashlab, cherkov hovlisiga tashlab qo'yganini" aytgan mason tomonidan Sent-Meri cherkovining hovlisiga olib borilgan.[25] Bu o'yma Sent-Meri cherkovida saqlanib qolgan va prof Charlz Tomas XII asr boshlarida. Sent-Entoniga bag'ishlanish haqida hech qanday dastlabki hujjatlar mavjud emas; bu butunlay an'analarga bog'liq bo'lib tuyuladi va asossiz bo'lishi mumkin. Chapelda Ilohiy xizmat uchun litsenziya Aziz Gabriel va Sent-Rafael 1429 yilda berilgan, ammo bu ibodatxonadan boshqa hech narsa ma'lum emas, ehtimol 1850 yilda "Raffidiy" ni eslatib o'tgan masondan boshqa narsa emas. Chapelga tutashgan 1933 yilda nomlangan va o'z ichiga olgan archa yo'lini o'z ichiga olgan Sent-Entoni bog'lari joylashgan. cherkov sayti.[8]

Sankt-Maryamning hozirgi cherkovi portning yuqorisidagi ustunlikda hukmronlik qilmoqda. Sent-Meri ibodatxonasi 1548 yilgi hujjatda eslatilganki, unga Alverton manori lordi Ritsar Ser Genri Tays asos solgan va u 4 funt sterling bergan. stipendiya ruhoniy uchun.[26] Bishop Brantyngham "Pensandening muborak Maryam ibodatxonasi" xizmatiga litsenziya olgan 1379 yildagi avvalgi hujjat mavjud.[27] Ushbu sanada u a sifatida ishlatilgan bo'lishi mumkin qulaylik cherkovi va yakshanba kuni xizmatlarida foydalanilmadi, bu Madrondagi Parish cherkoviga tashrif buyurishga ta'sir qiladi.[8] Ushbu davrga oid tarixiy joylashuvga oid yana bir dalil shaharning Sent-Kler hududida bo'lib, u erda St Kler yoki Kleerda cherkov mavjud edi. Dastlabki ma'lumot 1584 yilgi ijara shartnomasi: "... ma'lum bir cherkov Pensauns va Maddern o'rtasidagi katta yo'lning tagida joylashgan".[28] XIX asrning boshlarida ibodatxona deyilgan binoning poydevori topilgan va bino shaklini ko'rsatish uchun etarli darajada fosh etilgan.[29] Ushbu cherkov uchun episkopal litsenziyani topish mumkin emas.[8] Sankt-Kler nomi Pensansdan Madrongacha bo'lgan yo'lning bir qismi bo'lgan "Sent-Kler ko'chasi" deb nomlanadi va tepalikning tepasida joylashgan St-Kler kriket maydonchasi.

O'rta asr iqtisodiyoti

Bozorlar har hafta belgilangan kunda, yarmarkalar esa har yili belgilangan kun (lar) da o'tkazilardi. Ikkisini olish uchun, manorial lord a uchun murojaat qilishi kerak edi qirol nizomi. Har chorshanba kuni bozorni o'tkazish huquqi berilgan Qirol Edvard III Lord32 Taysning singlisi va Varin Lissening bevasi Elis de Liselga 1332 yil 25-aprelda; Sankt-Peter bayramida etti kun davom etadigan yarmarka reklama Vincula 1 avgustda; va 24 avgust kuni Mousehole-da Sent-Bartolomey bayrami uchun etti kunlik yana bir yarmarka - keyinchalik Penzance shahrida bo'lib o'tdi. Haftalik chorshanba kuni bozor tomonidan tasdiqlanganligi sababli, aholi punkti ahamiyati oshib bordi Qirol Genrix IV va har ikki kunning uchta yarmarkasi 1404 yil 8-aprelda o'tkazildi. Ular Bokira Maryam kontseptsiyasi bayramida (8-dekabr), St Peter Katedrada (22 fevral) va Bibi Maryamning tug'ilishi (8 sentyabr).[8]

Penzance-da kvota qachon qurilganligi noma'lum, chunki grant yoki litsenziya yo'q, ammo 1322 yilda Alverton Manoriga oid so'rovda sakkizta baliqchi qayiqning har biri 2 tillindan, sichqonchaning aniqlanmagan soni esa har biri 12 tilla to'laganligi qayd etilgan. . Shuningdek, ijara haqi uchun 8 shilling to'lovi amalga oshirildi logii (kulbalar yoki shiyponlar) xorijiy baliqchilar, ya'ni manor tashqarisida bo'lganlar. 1327 yildagi ikkinchi tergovda ularning soni Penzanceda 13 taga etdi; Mousehole-da 16 ta ro'yxatdan o'tgan va ikkalasi ham har biri faqat 1 shillingdan to'laydilar: umumiy ijara haqi logii 8s 6d (42½p) edi, 17 ta ijarachining har biri 6d (2½p) to'lashdi. Ikkala so'rovda ham 29 ta qayd etilgan burgesslar Penzance-da va 40-ni Mousehole-da. Burger o'z ijarasini shaxsiy xizmatlar bilan emas, balki pul bilan to'lagan va bu Penzance va Mousehole shaharlari hisoblanganligini ko'rsatadi.[30] G'arbiy Kornuoldagi aholi punktlarini taqqoslash baliq ovi qayiqlari soniga qarab yillik to'lovlar bilan amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Kornuol gersogligi 1337 yilda: Porthia (Sent-Ives) 6 funt; Mosehole (Sichqoncha teshigi) 5 funt; Marcasion (Marazion) 3 funt; Penenslar (Penzance) 12s (60p); Londeseynde (Land's End), (Sennen Cove) 10s (50p); Nyuvelin (Nyulin) 10 yosh; va Portmynster (Porthminster, St Ives) 2s (10p).[8] 1425 yilda Penzansedagi 1432 va 1440 kemalar ziyoratchilarni ziyoratgohga olib borish uchun litsenziyaga ega bo'ldilar Kompostelladagi Sent-Jeyms, shimoli-g'arbiy qismida Ispaniya.[31]

O'rta asrlarda va undan keyin Penzance "turk qaroqchilari" tomonidan tez-tez bosqin qilinib turilgan Barbary korsalari.[32] Penzans 1614 yilda tuman maqomini olganidan oldingi davr mobaynida qishloq va uning atrofidagi joylar Alverton Manorining nazorati ostida bo'lib kelmoqda va manorning soliqqa tortish rejimiga bo'ysungan.

Dastlabki zamonaviy davr

Tudor davri

1578 yil yozida Penzansga vabo. Madronni dafn qilish registrlari (Penzansda tug'ilganlar, o'limlar va nikohlar qayd etilgan) 1578 yilda o'limning o'tgan yil 12 dan 155 gacha bo'lgan darajada ko'payganligini ko'rsatmoqda. Bu taxminlarga ko'ra qishloq aholisining taxminan 10%. vaqt. Vabo 1647 yilda ham qaytgan va registrlar yana 22 yilda dafn etilganlardan 217 taga ko'paygan.[33]

Kornuolning g'arbiy qismida joylashgan Penzance va uning atrofidagi qishloqlar xorijiy flotlar tomonidan ko'p marta ishdan bo'shatilgan. 1595 yil 23-iyulda,[34] dan bir necha yil o'tgach Ispaniya Armada 1588 yil, 400 ta arquebusiersni tashiydigan to'rtta galleyli ispan kuchlari Don Karlos de Amesquita Kanalni qo'riqlab kelgan qo'shinlar qo'nishdi Kornuol. Hujumga qarshi choralarining asosini tashkil etgan va bir necha yuz kishidan iborat bo'lgan mahalliy militsiyalar qurollarini tashlab, vahima bilan qochib ketishdi. Faqatgina Kornuoll leytenantining o'rinbosari Frensis Godolfin va militsiya qo'mondoni va uning 12 nafar askari qandaydir qarshilik ko'rsatishga turishdi. Amesquitaning kuchi materiallarni tortib oldi, bosqinchi va yoqib yuborilgan Penzance va uning atrofidagi qishloqlar ommaviy yig'ilishdi va muvaffaqiyatli qatnashish va 46 ta kemadan iborat Gollandiyalik eskadronni tark etish uchun suzib ketishdi.[35]

Penzance 1614 yildan beri shaharcha sifatida

Penzance nisbiy muvaffaqiyatining sababi, ehtimol 15, 16 va 17 asrlarda qirol Genrix IV shaharga 1404 yilda qirollik bozorini bergan paytdan kelib chiqqan.[36] Genri VIII 1512 yilda liman badallarini undirish huquqi berilgan,[37] va Qirol Jeyms I 1614 yilda shaharga Borough maqomini bergan. Xartiya shahar chegaralarini Greenmarketdagi bozor xochidan o'lchangan yarim millik aylana shaklida hosil bo'lgan sun'iy chiziq bilan belgilagan. Borough maqomining berilishi shaharni okrug sudlaridan mustaqil qildi, bu huquq 1888 yilda okrug kengashlari vujudga kelguniga qadar saqlanib turdi. Boshqa imtiyozlarga er va mulkka egalik qilish kiradi; buzganlik uchun jarima solish nizom; 50 funtdan oshmaydigan ishlar bo'yicha vakolatli fuqarolik sudini o'tkazish; va qamoqxonani ta'minlash. Xartiya shuningdek, 1512 yilda ilgari berilgan port huquqlarini tasdiqladi va haftalik ikkita bozorni seshanba va payshanba kunlari o'tkazishga ruxsat berdi; ilgari chorshanba kuni o'tkazilgan yagona bozor o'rnini egalladi. Etti yarmarka o'tkazildi (yoki tasdiqlandi):

  • Korpus Kristi, yakshanbadan keyin Whitsun - hali ham ushlab turilgan
  • Avliyo Endryu kuni oldidan payshanba (30 noyabr)
  • Piter kuni (1 avgust); birinchi marta 1332 yilda berilgan
  • Sent-Bartolomey kuni (24 avgust); dastlab berilgan Sichqoncha teshigi ammo, ehtimol tufayli eskirgan 1595 yildagi Ispaniya reydi
  • Aziz Maryam Bokira kuni (8 sentyabr); 1404 yilda berilgan
  • Aziz Maryamning Bokira kuni kontseptsiyasi (8 sentyabr); 1404 yilda berilgan
  • Katedrada Sent-Piter kuni (22 fevral); 1404 yilda berilgan

Toj 1832 yilgacha to'langan Xartiya tomonidan berilgan huquqlarni tan olish uchun besh marka (3 6s 8d / 3,33 funt) miqdoridagi doimiy ijara haqi to'langan, ammo parlament vakolatxonasi taqdim etgani yo'q.[8]

Penzancening qadimgi qurollari "Yahyo payg'ambarni zaryadlovchi bilan boshqargan" afsonasi bilan "Pensans anno Domini 1614" edi. Bu tumanning qo'llari Arg. Paskal qo'zisi, Malta xochida joylashgan Az. Ikkinchisining o'rtasida joylashgan boshliqda yuqori qismdagi palitralarda ikkita tugmacha yoki Arg juftligi. xanjar bilan Gu tomon pastga qarab zaryadlangan plastinka.[38]

Bir yil ichida yangi Borough a sezilarli darajada erkinlik darajasi dan Alverton manbai keyin Alverton va Penzance deb nomlangan, £ 34 funt sterling va doimiy funt stavkasi oxirgi marta 1936 yilda to'langan.[8] Bozor uyi va Gildxol qurildi va 1615 yilda sotib olingan huquqlar bilan birgalikda ikki asrdan ko'proq vaqt mobaynida barcha tuman daromadlarini ta'minladi.[8] Iskandarning janubiy qo'li 1766 yilda qurilgan va 1785 yilda kengaytirilgan,[39] 1512 yilda qurilgan birinchi iskala qo'shilishi uchun.[40]

Davomida Ingliz fuqarolar urushi Penzance Parlament kuchlari tomonidan ishdan bo'shatildi Ser Tomas Feyrfaks aftidan ko'rsatilgan mehr uchun Lord Goring va Lord Xopton nizo paytida qo'shinlari.[41]

Fuqarolik faoliyatini yanada takomillashtirishga 1759 yilda ko'chadagi jamoat nasoslarini suv bilan ta'minlaydigan suv ombori qurilishi kiradi.[42]1768 yilda Penzance shahrida shaharchadan uch mil uzoqlikda yashovchi 101 a'zosi bo'lgan do'stlar savdogarlar jamiyati tashkil etildi. A'zolar har oyning birinchi dushanba kuni Richard Runnals tomonidan saqlanadigan Qirolning boshida uchrashdilar. Jamiyatning afzalliklari quyidagilardir: kasal, oqsoq yoki nogiron bo'lgan a'zosi haftasiga etti shiling oladi. [podagra va yorilish odatiy hol edi, va «zarurat» bo'lmasa, to'lovdan tashqari. Keksaygan va nogiron a'zolarga haftasiga 3 / 6p ruxsat berildi. Uch funt a'zoning dafn marosimiga va 10 funt beva ayolga yoki bolalarga berildi. Barcha a'zolar dafn marosimida qatnashishlari yoki shillingga jarima solishlari kerak edi. Ushbu uyushma qancha davom etgani noma'lum.[43]

Penzance mahalliy cherkov bilan uzoq yillik aloqaga ega Madron. Madron cherkovi aslida shaharda 1871 yilgacha eng diniy faoliyat markazi bo'lgan,[44] qachon Aziz Maryam cherkovi (shu davrgacha a qulaylik cherkovi ) cherkov ma'murlari tomonidan cherkov maqomi berilgan, ammo 1832 yilda yangi cherkov qurilganidan beri ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[45]

1755 yil

1755 yil 1-noyabrda Lissabon zilzilasi sabab bo'lgan seiching, shakli turgan to'lqin yopiq yoki qisman yopiq suv havzasida, Kornish qirg'og'i bo'ylab, xususan, dengizga chalinishga moyil bo'lgan Tog'ning ko'rfazida. Kechki soat 2:00 atrofida dengiz Penzanceda sakkiz metr ko'tarilib, katta tezlikda kirib keldi va xuddi shu tezlikda qulab tushdi. Kichik zarar qayd etildi.[46]

19-asr

1801–1848

Misr uyi

19-asrning boshlarida (1801) shaharchada 2248 kishi istiqomat qilgan. Har o'n yilda bir marta o'tkaziladigan aholini ro'yxatga olish 1861 yilda 3,843 kishidan iborat bo'lib, aholi soni eng yuqori ko'rsatkichni qayd etgan, ammo keyinchalik, Kornuolning aksariyat qismida bo'lgani kabi, asrning qolgan davrida ham kamayib, 1901 yilda atigi 3088 kishi bo'lgan.[47]

Vaqtiga qadar Qirolicha Viktoriya taxtga 1837 yilda kelgan, Penzance o'zini muhim mintaqaviy markaz sifatida ko'rsatgan. The Kornuol qirollik geologik jamiyati shaharchada 1814 yilda tashkil etilgan[48] va taxminan 1817 yil konchilarni o'ziga tortadigan xavfsizlik tamping barini kiritish uchun javobgardir Shahzoda Regent uning homiysi bo'lish.[49]

Birinchi qutqaruv qayig'i Kornuolda Penzance aholisi tomonidan 1803 yilda sotib olingan, ammo uni ishlatish uchun mablag 'etishmasligi sababli 1812 yilda sotilgan.[50] 1812 yilda iskala yana uzaytirildi va Jon Metyus 1814 yilda kichik quruq dok ochdi Janubi-g'arbiy. 1840 yilda Nikolas Xolman St Just qirg'oq bo'yida quyish biznesining filialini ochdi.[51] Ushbu uskunalar yaqinda portga ko'p sonli qo'ng'iroq qilayotgan paroxodlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashda muhim ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi.

Gazli yoritish 1830 yilda joriy qilingan va 1836 yilda eski Bozor uyi buzilgan. Uning uyi almashtirish, W. Harris tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan Bristol, Market Yahudiy ko'chasining yuqori qismida 1838 yilda qurilgan. (Bozor yahudiy nomi Korniş tili Marghas Yow, ma'no Payshanba bozori, yaqin atrofdagi qishloq nomi endi singib ketgan Marazion, Market yahudiy ko'chasi olib boradigan.[52]) Penzance siluetining yana bir taniqli xususiyati bo'lgan Sent-Meri cherkovi 1836 yilda qurib bitkazilgan, a Rim katolik cherkov 1843 yilda qurilgan. Bu davrdan yana bir tanish bino eksantrikdir Misr uyi Chapel ko'chasida, 1830 yilda qurilgan. Dengiz jabhasi bo'ylab sayohat qilishning birinchi qismi 1844 yilga to'g'ri keladi.

1849–1900

O'tgandan keyin Sog'liqni saqlash to'g'risidagi qonun (1848), Penzance a tashkil etish to'g'risida iltimos qilgan birinchi shaharlardan biri edi mahalliy sog'liqni saqlash kengashi, shu yilning sentyabr oyida buni amalga oshirdi.[53] Fevral oyida hukumat inspektorining hisobotidan so'ng, Kengash 1849 yilda tashkil etilgan bo'lib, u sog'liqni saqlashni yaxshilash uchun ko'plab muassasalarga olib keldi. Hisobot[54] aksariyat ko'chalar bo'lganligini ko'rsatadi makadamizatsiya qilingan yoki ba'zan asfaltlangan bo'lib, shahar har yili oktyabrdan martgacha 121 ta gaz chiroqlari bilan yoritilgan, garchi ular to'lin oy bo'lganda yoqilmagan. Suv 6 ta umumiy nasosdan ta'minlandi va yana 53 ta xususiy quduq bor edi. O'sha paytda kanalizatsiya quvurlari yo'q edi, chiqindilar asosiy ko'chalardan chiqindi aravachasi bilan yig'ilardi.

Temir yo'l stansiyasi

Penzance temir yo'l stantsiyasi, ning terminusi G'arbiy Kornuol temir yo'li, 1852 yil 11 martda ochilgan[55] portning sharqiy tomonida, garchi poezdlar faqat yugurishgan bo'lsa Redruth boshida. 1852 yil 25-avgustdan boshlab chiziq uzaytirildi Truro, lekin Kornuol temir yo'li bu joyni bilan bog'lash Plimut 1859 yil 4-maygacha ochilmadi. Yo'lovchilar va mollar Truroda poezdlarni almashtirishlari kerak edi, chunki G'arbiy Cornwall 4 fut8 1⁄2 yilda (1,435 mm) standart o'lchov, lekin Kornuol temir yo'li qurilgan 7 fut (2,134 mm) keng o'lchovli. G'arbiy Kornuol temir yo'l to'g'risidagi qonunda u boshqa keng yo'lga ulangandan so'ng, uni keng o'lchovli transport vositasiga aylantirish to'g'risida band bor edi, ammo kompaniya buning uchun mablag 'to'play olmadi.

Chiziq Buyuk G'arbiy temir yo'l va uning "Assotsiatsiyalangan kompaniyalari" (the Bristol va Ekseter temir yo'li va Janubiy Devon temir yo'li ) 1866 yil 1-yanvarda. Yangi egalar qatorni tezda o'zgartirdilar aralash o'lchov ikkala keng va "tor" poezdlarning ishlashi uchun uchta relsdan foydalanish. Keng o'lchovli tovarlar poezdlari yo'lovchi poezdlari orqali yurish bilan o'sha yilning noyabrida yurishni boshladi London Paddington 1867 yil 1 martdan.[56] Oxirgi keng temir yo'l poezdi o'sha kuni ertalab soat 10.15 da London Paddingtondan chiqib, 1892 yil 20-may kuni soat 20.49 da etib keldi. Ikki lokomotiv, raqamlar 1256 va 3557, vagonlarni olib ketdi Svindon ishlaydi soat 21.57 da va bundan buyon barcha poezdlar standart o'lchovdir.[57]

Temir yo'lning yangi mahsulotlarni uzoq bozorlarga etkazib berish qobiliyati Bristol, London va "Manchester" mahalliy fermerlar va baliqchilarga ko'proq mahsulot va arzon narxlarda sotish imkoniyatini berdi. Tez orada maxsus "tez buziladigan" poezd tezyurar qo'shimcha yuk poezdlari bo'lgan temir yo'lning o'ziga xos xususiyati bo'ldi kartoshka, brokkoli yoki mavsumga qarab baliq. 1861 yil avgustda stantsiyadan 1787 tonna kartoshka, 867 tonna brokkoli va 1063 tonna baliq jo'natildi.[58] Meva va gullar ham olib yurilgan; Penzance atrofidagi yumshoq iqlim va Scilly orollari ular bozorga oldinroq tayyor bo'lishlarini va yuqori narxlarga amr berishlarini anglatardi.

Kornuol orqali temir yo'l qurib bitkazilishi sayyohlar va nogironlarga Penzansening yumshoq iqlimidan zavqlanishni osonlashtirdi. Hammom mashinalari 1823 yilgi plyajda ijaraga berilishi haqida e'lon qilingan edi,[40] va shahar allaqachon "o'z ahvolining yoqimli ekanligi, havosining xushbo'yligi va mahalliy aholining go'zalligi bilan ajralib turardi".[59] Shaharning birinchi rasmiy qo'llanmasi 1860 yilda nashr etilgan va keyingi yili qirolicha mehmonxonasi dengiz bo'yida ochilgan. Bu shunchalik muvaffaqiyatli ediki, u 1871 va 1908 yillarda uzaytirildi.

Makoni
Penzance Makoni.
Qadimgi iskala 1853 yilda kengaytirilganligini ko'rsatuvchi plaket bilan iskala boshi yoritgichi.

Temir yo'l qurilishi bilan bir vaqtda, portga ko'proq obodonlashtirish ishlari olib borildi, portning sharqiy qismida joylashgan ikkinchi pog'ona - Albert Pier, 1853 yilda yuk tashish uchun yanada yaxshi boshpana bilan ta'minlandi.[39] Shu bilan birga Eski Pier ham uzaytirildi va a dengiz chiroqi 1855 yilda foydalanishga topshirilgan (avvalgi chiroq o'rnini bosuvchi) uning ustiga qurilgan. Dengiz chiroqi (dastlab moyli chiroq yonib turgan beshinchi darajali Frenel linzalari ) Sandys & Co. tomonidan qurilgan. ning Xeyl va to'lqin balandligiga qarab sobit qizil yoki yashil chiroqni ko'rsatdi.[60] U yonib-o'chib turishini ko'rsatib, ishlaydi sektor nuri dengizdan 17 nmi (31 km; 20 milya) gacha ko'rinib turadi.[61]

Scilly Isles Steam Navigation Company 1858 yilda tashkil topgan va marshrutda birinchi bug 'kemasini xizmatga bergan, SS Little Western. 1870 yilda yangi West Cornwall Steam Ship kompaniyasi marshrutga qo'shilib, keyingi yil Scilly Isles Company kompaniyasini egallab oldi.[62]

1853 yilda Qirollik Milliy qutqaruv instituti shaharda o'zlarining qayiqlaridan birini, 1812 yildan beri birinchi bo'lib joylashtirdilar va 1908 yilga qadar Watson Classgacha bu erda stantsiyani saqlab turishdi. Elizabeth Blanche o'rnatish uchun birinchi qadam sifatida Newlyn-ga o'tkazildi Penlee qutqaruv stantsiyasi. RNLI hanuzgacha o'z faoliyatini targ'ib qilish uchun 1884 yilda Promenade yaqinidagi Jennings ko'chasida qurilgan qayiq uyidan foydalanadi.[50]

Penzance, quruq dok va muhandislik inshootlari bilan g'arbiy ombor sifatida tanlangan Trinity House barcha dengiz chiroqlariga xizmat ko'rsatgan va chiroqlar dan Boshlanish nuqtasi ga Trevoz boshi. U 1866 yil oktyabr oyida ochilgan[63] portga qo'shni va Buoy Do'kon 2005 yilgacha Trinity House milliy dengiz chiroqlari muzeyiga aylandi Trinity House muzeyni yopdi.

Yaxshilash
Yangi temir yo'l stantsiyasining ichida. taxminan 1915 yilda olingan

1875 yilda mahalliy gazeta temir yo'l stantsiyasini quyidagicha ta'riflagan eng yoqimsiz va qurigan turdagi katta itning uyi[58] ammo bir qator ishlar 1880-yillarda shaharning ushbu qismini yaxshilandi. Asl temir yo'l stantsiyasi hozirgi binolar bilan qayta qurilgan va poezd saroyi platformalar orqali (1880). Market yahudiy ko'chasining pastki uchi kengaytirildi va stantsiyani Ross ustidagi port bilan bog'laydigan yangi yo'l qurildi Swing ko'prigi (1881) (nomi bilan nomlangan Charlz Kempbell Ross ),[64] ostidan tegishli kanalizatsiya qurilishiga imkon berish. Kattaroq quruq dok Metyusning asl inshootini almashtirdi (1880) va suzuvchi port qurildi (1884) qulflash past oqimda suvda saqlash uchun eshiklar.

Boshliq atrofida 1887 yilda Promenade-da jamoat hammomlari ochildi va ikki yildan so'ng uning subtropik o'simliklari bo'lgan Morrab bog'lari ochildi. Bog'larga 1897 yilda stend stendi qo'shilgan.[58]

20-asr

1901 yilda shaharchada 3088 kishi istiqomat qilgan. O'n yillik ro'yxatga olish 1921 yilgacha aholining doimiy kamayib borishini qayd etdi, o'shanda atigi 2616 kishi qayd etilgan. Keyin aholi 4888 (1931) ga, keyin 5545 (1951) ga ko'tarildi - bu 30 yil ichida ikki baravar ko'p. Endi u avvalgi har qanday vaqtga qaraganda kattaroq edi.[47] (1981 yilda ro'yxatga olish chegaralari o'zgargan, shuning uchun bu ko'rsatkichlar hozirgi aholi uchun ko'rsatilgan ko'rsatkichlar bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri taqqoslanmaydi).

Tavsiya etilgan elektr tramvay yo'li Promenade bo'ylab Nyulin kabi davom etgan bo'lar edi engil temir yo'l ga St Just, 1898 yilda avtorizatsiya qilinmadi. Buning o'rniga avtobuslar 1903 yil 31 oktyabrda foydalanishga topshirildi.[65] Bular Penzance bilan bog'langan Marazion va tomonidan boshqarilgan Buyuk G'arbiy temir yo'l, temir yo'lning kashshoflik xizmatidan atigi 11 hafta o'tgach amalga oshiriladi Xelston va Kertenkele. Ular yil oxiriga qadar 16,091 yo'lovchini tashiydiganlar muvaffaqiyatli deb hisoblanishdi, shuning uchun keyingi bahorda boshqa yo'nalishlarda harakatlanishdi Land's End va St Just. Ushbu xizmatlar Birinchi Kernov hozirda ushbu hududga xizmat ko'rsatadigan va hanuzgacha terminalda joylashgan avtobus tarmog'i Penzance temir yo'l stantsiyasi.

1912 yilda Penzance o'zining birinchi elektr ko'cha chiroqlarini o'rnatdi va shaharning birinchi kinoteatri ochildi.[66]

Quruq dok 1904 yil 25-avgustda Penzansda 1840 yildan beri savdo qilib kelayotgan muhandislik biznesi N. Holman va Sons Limited kompaniyalariga sotilgan. 1930-yillarda yangi ustaxonalar qurilishi kerak edi va bu bino Scilly paromlari tomonidan ishlatishda davom etdi. boshqa savdo kemalari, shuningdek Trinity House, the Qirollik floti va Royal Dengizchilik yordamchi xizmati. 1951 yilda yangi kemalar Qirol Garri Ferri ustida Fal daryosi eskirgan pog'onada qurilgan ishga tushirildi qo'nish kemasi. Bug 'tortmasi Primrose, 1963 yilda qurilgan.[67]

1930-yillarda temir yo'l stantsiyasini 134 ming funt sterlingga kattalashtirishga imkon berish uchun Albert iskala yonida erlar qaytarib olindi.[58] 1880 yildagi bino saqlanib qoldi, ammo tez buziladigan tovarlarga ishlov berish uchun qo'shimcha platformalar va plyonkalar ta'minlandi, shuningdek sayyohlar soni ko'paymoqda.

1905 yilda Qirolichaning mehmonxonasi qarshisidagi Promenade-da yangi stend qurildi va 1911 yilda pavilon teatri ochildi, u tom bog 'va kafe bilan to'ldirildi.[58] Penzancega sayohat har qachongidan ham osonroq edi, chunki Buyuk G'arbiy temir yo'l Cornish Riviera Express 1904 yil 1-iyulda u jo'nab ketdi London Paddington soat 10: 10da am Penzance-ga 7 soat o'tgach etib keldi, bu avvalgi eng tezkor xizmatdan ikki soat tezroq.[55] (2018 yilda u Paddingtondan soat 10: 03da chiqib ketdi va 5 soat 8 daqiqa davom etdi.) Temir yo'l temir yo'l stantsiyalarida sotiladigan postcartalar va yillik qo'llanma bilan mahalliy turizmni rivojlantirdi. Cornish Riviera, unda SPB Mais shaharni "Kovent-Gardenning chekkasi va ajoyib baliq ovlash markazi ... uning portida har doim biron bir narsa bor" deb ta'riflagan.[68]

1923 yilda port bilan Promenade bog'langan yangi yo'l ko'rildi va 1933 yilda Sent-Entoni bog'lari qurildi, undan keyin ikki yil o'tib, qarama-qarshi Yubiley cho'milish hovuzi qurildi. Endi sayyohlar Penzance va Nyulin bandargohlari o'rtasidagi butun dengiz qirg'og'idan to'liq foydalanishi mumkin edi.

Transport

The A30 Londondan Land's Endgacha a magistral yo'l Chy-an-Mor aylanasiga qadar, Penzansadan sharqda bir mil (1,6 km).[69] Penzance shimolidan o'tib, yo'l Land End-ga asosan qishloq A yo'nalishi sifatida davom etadi. A30 tez ulanishni ta'minlaydi M5 avtomagistrali da Exeter Shimoliy-sharqdan 111 milya (179 km). Penzance-dan Londongacha bo'lgan masofa 275 mil (443 km) yoki mashinada taxminan 5 soat.[70]

Penzance temir yo'l stantsiyasi Market yahudiy ko'chasining sharqiy qismida va portga yaqin joylashgan. Bu Buyuk Britaniyaning temir yo'l tarmog'idagi eng janubiy stantsiya. Bu ning g'arbiy terminusi Cornish asosiy liniyasi plyajdan yuqoriga ko'tarilib, Maraziongacha yo'lovchilarga Sankt-Maykl tog'i va Tog'ning ko'rfaziga yaxshi ko'rinish beradi Ko'pgina xizmatlar[71] tomonidan boshqariladi Buyuk G'arbiy temir yo'l, ham mahalliy xizmatlar Sent-Er, Sent-Ives, Xeyl, Kemborn, Redruth va Truro va Penzance bilan bog'lovchi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri poezdlar Plimut, Exeter Sent-Devid, Bristol ibodatxonasi, O'qish va London Paddington. The Tungi Riviera bir kecha davomida poezd taklif qiladi uxlab yotgan mashina Reading va Londonga xizmat ko'rsatish. Plimutga sayohat vaqti odatda 2 soatdan kam; Bristolga 4 soat atrofida, Londonga esa 5½ soatdan kam.

Kesib o'tuvchi joy; yo'lsizlik kabi manzillarga xizmat ko'rsatadigan oz sonli xizmatlarni (ertalab jo'nab ketish, kechqurun kelish) boshqaring Birmingem yangi ko'chasi, "Vulverxempton", Derbi, Sheffild, Manchester Pikadli, Lids, York, Nyukasl va Edinburg.

Avtobus va yo'lovchilar bekati temir yo'l stantsiyasining yonidan qaerdan National Express uchun murabbiylar xizmatini yuritadi London Viktoriya murabbiylar stantsiyasi (taxminan 9 soat davom etadi) orqali Xitrou aeroporti. Tomonidan boshqariladigan mahalliy avtobus xizmatlari Birinchi Kernov Penzance-ni eng yirik aholi punktlari bilan bog'lash Kornuol, shu jumladan Truro, Sent-Ives, St Just, Sankt-Buryan, Land's End va shuningdek Plimut yilda Devon.

Scillonian III Penzance Harborga joylashdi

Parom xizmati Penzance Makoni va u erda ishlaydi Skilli orollari. The Scillonian III, ham piyoda yo'lovchilar, ham yuklarni tashiydi. Yelkan vaqti taxminan 2 soat 40 minut. 1964 yildan 2012 yilgacha va yana 2020 yildan beri, Penzance Heliport Sillli orollariga vertolyot yo'nalishini taklif qiladi. 2012 yilgacha xizmat tomonidan boshqarilgan British International, ammo bu 2012 yil 1-noyabrda narxlarning oshishi va yo'lovchilar sonining pasayishi sababli tugadi.[72] Keyinchalik vertolyot buzilib, uning o'rniga supermarket qurildi. 2020 yilda yangi vertolyot avvalgisining joylashgan joyidan unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan joyda ochildi va orollarga yana xizmatlarni taklif qilmoqda Tresko va Sent-Meri (Penzance Helicopters tomonidan Sloane Helicopters bilan birgalikda ishlaydi).[73] Skybus Airline Service tomonidan boshqariladigan avtobus xizmati Land's End aeroporti Skilli orollariga (15 daqiqa) sobit qanotli parvozlar uchun. Avtobuslar temir yo'l stantsiyasidan, yaqinida jo'nab ketadi taksi avtovokzalga emas, balki martabaga.

Newquay aeroporti 66 milya (66 km) uzoqlikda va reyslarni taklif qiladi Getvik, Xitrou, Dublin, Cork va boshqa ko'plab joylar, jumladan, Evropa yo'nalishlari soni ko'paymoqda.[74]

Boshqaruv

A o'rniga ishlatiladigan Penzance tumanining umumiy muhri gerb 1614–1934 (hozirgi meriya) Muhr )

Penzance an qadimiy tuman, bu a ga aylandi shahar tumani 1835 yilda. 1934 yilgacha Penzance munitsipal okrugi faqat shaharchani nazarda tutgan, ammo 1934 yilda tuman yaqin aholi punktlarini o'zlashtirgan. Nyulin, Pol va Sichqoncha teshigi (dan.) Pol shahar okrugi ), Gulval (dan.) G'arbiy Penvit qishloq okrugi ) va Heamur (dan.) Madron shahar okrugi ).

1974 yilda Penzance tumani tugatilib, uning o'rnini egalladi Penwith Tuman Kengashi. Dastlab sobiq tumani maydoni edi poklanmagan va Xartiyadagi vasiylar tayinlandi, ammo 1980 yilda Penzansening fuqarolik cherkovi obod qilinmagan hududda isloh qilindi va yangi cherkov kengashi Penzance deb nomlanishga saylandi Shahar Kengashi. Penwith tuman kengashi 2009 yilda tugatilgan va hozirgi vaqtda ushbu hududdagi asosiy mahalliy hokimiyat Kornuol kengashi. Cornwall Kengashiga saylanish uchun Penzance fuqarolik cherkovi Penzance East Division, Penzance Central Division, Penzance Promenade Division, Heamoor and Gulval, Newlyn and Mousehole Division vakili bo'lgan 6 nafar a'zoni qaytaradi.

The Fuqarolik cherkovi Penzance 2004 yilda Penwith okrugi (Saylovni o'zgartirish) 2002 yil buyrug'iga binoan kengaytirildi[75] ilgari qismi bo'lgan Sharqiy Yashilni o'z ichiga oladi Lyudgvan fuqarolik cherkovi hududi.

Penzance shahar kengashida siyosiy ro'yxatga olish tizimi mavjud emas, shuning uchun maslahatchilar har qanday turdagi guruhlar tuzmaydilar va texnik jihatdan mustaqil ravishda harakat qilishadi; ammo, kengashning hozirgi siyosiy tarkibi (2017 yil 4-may holatiga ko'ra) quyidagicha: Mustaqil 10, Leyboristlar partiyasi 5, Liberal-demokratlar 3, Yashil 1, Konservatorlar 1.

Penzance shuningdek a ni tanlaydi shahar hokimi har yili may oyida Penzance shahar kengashi a'zolaridan. Hokimlar siyosiy aloqaga ega bo'lishlariga qaramay, kengash raisi sifatida ular mustaqil bo'lishga intilishadi. Ularning ko'p vaqtlari tantanali vazifalar bilan band bo'lishiga qaramay, ular shahar xizmatchilari va Kornuol Kengashi bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qilib, shahar uchun turli xil xizmatlar va qulayliklarni taqdim etishgan.[76] Hozirgi shahar hokimi Cllr. Nicole Broadhurst.[77]

Iqtisodiyot

Penzance Makoni va uning atrofidagi joy havodan ko'rinib turibdi

Penzance iqtisodiyoti, ko'plab kornish jamoalari singari baliq ovlash, tog'-kon sanoati va qishloq xo'jaligining an'anaviy sanoatining tanazzulidan aziyat chekdi. Hozir Penzance engil sanoat, turizm va chakana savdo korxonalaridan iborat aralash iqtisodiyotga ega. Biroq, qolganlari kabi Kornuol, uy-joy nisbatan qimmat bo'lib qolmoqda, ish haqi past va ishsizlik yuqori. 2007 yilda uylar narxi avvalgi 10 yilga nisbatan 274 foizga o'sdi, bu Buyuk Britaniyadagi eng tez o'sish.[78] Ning baliq ovi porti Nyulin, cherkov chegaralariga to'g'ri keladigan, bu hududda ba'zi ish bilan ta'minlangan, ammo so'nggi 30 yil ichida baliq ovlash sanoatining pasayishi ham katta ta'sir ko'rsatgan. 2004 yildagi mahrumlik indeksida Penzance, ishdan mahrum qilish bo'yicha eng yuqori 10% ichida 3 ta palataga ega, Penzance East (Angliyada eng ko'p mahrum qilingan 125-o'rinda) Penzance West (Angliyada 200-o'rinda) va Penzance Central (Angliyada 712-o'rinda). ).[79] Parishdagi uylarning 18–31% "kambag'al uy xo'jaliklari" deb ta'riflanadi.[80] Penzance East Ward, shuningdek, Kornuolda ishsizlik darajasi bo'yicha eng yuqori ko'rsatkichlardan biri bo'lib, 15,4% ni tashkil etdi.[80]

Konchilik

Keyingi Ser Hamfri Devi Tog'-kon sanoatiga qo'shgan hissasi, Konchilar uyushmasi boshlangan kon qazib olish Penzance darslari. Hududda qazib olish ishlari tobora murakkablashib borayotganligi sababli, Penzance konchilik va ilmiy maktabiga 1890 yilda asos solingan. Maktab 1910 yilgacha Camborne va Redruth konchilik maktabini birlashtirganiga qadar kon qazishni o'rgatishda davom etdi. Metalliferous konchilik maktabi hozirda sifatida tanilgan Kamborne shahrida Camborne minalar maktabi. Ushbu muassasa endi ko'chib o'tdi Kornuoldagi birlashgan universitetlar talabalar shaharchasi Tremough, Falmouth. 1663 yildan boshlab, Penzance[81] edi a tangalar shaharchasi, nomidan qalay soliqlarini yig'ish uchun mas'uldir Kornuol gersogligi; u 176 yil davomida ushbu maqomga ega edi.[82] Ga binoan Uilyam Prays uning 1778 kitobida Mineralogia Cornubiensis, Penzance shaharlariga qaraganda ko'proq kalay o'ylab topgan Liskeard, Lostvitiel va Xelston birlashtirmoq.

Penzance also had its own submarine mine situated off the coast of the town next to the area known as Wherrytown. The mine, known as Wheal Wherry Mine, was worked from 1778 to 1798 and again from 1836 to 1840.[83] Founded by "a poor 57 year old miner" named Thomas Curtis, the mine was said to be "very rich at depth" and was connected to the shore by a wooden bridge; the ore was transported by wherry qayiq. The mine suffered considerable damage in 1798 when an American ship broke anchor off nearby Nyulin and smashed into the bridge and head gear. Later attempts at mining were not as profitable.[84]

During the 19th century and until 1912, Penzance had the largest tin eritish house in Cornwall, operated by the Bolitho family. The smelting works were situated at Chyandour.[8] As a consequence of this concentration of mining wealth, Penzance became a centre for commercial banking. The Bolitho Bank (now part of Barclays banki )[85] and the Penzance Bank were two of the largest, although the latter collapsed in 1896.

Asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylar

St Mary's Church, Chapel Street
Jubilee Pool, Penzance
Humphry Davy Statue and Penzance Market House

Large sections of Penzance are classified as ″conservation areas″ under the Penwith local plan[86] and are subject to special planning laws. Joriy tabiatni muhofaza qilish zonasi forms most of the core of the town of Penzance and the historic harbour areas of Newlyn and Mousehole.[87] A number of Georgian and Regency buildings are present in the town. However, the majority of developments in the town centre itself are of mixed date, including several 20th-century buildings – one of which, the former Pearl Assurance building (now the Tremenheere Wetherspoon's pub), was subject to comment by Ser Jon Betjeman[88] who wrote, in 1963:

"Penzance has done much to destroy its attractive character. The older houses in the narrow centre round the market hall have been pulled down and third-rate commercial 'contemporary', of which the Pearl Assurance building is a nasty example, are turning it into Yalang'och ".

The Market House and Old Town Hall (1836–38) in Market Jew Street was designed by William Harris, District Surveyor for Bristol, in the Greek Revival style. It has a grand Ionic portico and is surmounted by a dome. Alterations for Lloyds Bank were carried out in 1922–25.[89]

Penzance's former main street Chapel Street has a number of interesting features, including the Egyptian House, the Union Hotel (including a Georgian teatr which is no longer in use) and Branwell House, where the mother and aunt of the famous Bronte opa-singillar bir marta yashagan. The Georgian theatre was built in c. 1787, closed in 1831, and is said to be where the first public announcement of Nelsonniki g'alaba Trafalgar bo'lib o'tdi.[90] Regency va Gruzin terraces and houses (such as Regents Square and Clarence Street) are common in some parts of the town. The nearby sub-tropical Morrab Gardens, has a large collection of tender trees and shrubs, many of which cannot be grown outdoors anywhere else in the UK. Also of interest is the seafront with its sayr qilish and the open-air seawater Jubilee Hammom (one of the oldest surviving Art Deco swimming baths in the country), built during Penzance's heyday as a fashionable dengiz kurorti. The pool was designed by Captain F. Latham, the Penzance Borough Engineer, and opened in 1935, the year of Qirol Jorj V "s Kumush yubiley.[91] The II daraja berilgan pool is triangular with graceful curves and is considered the best surviving example of its type, with the exception of the Tuzli Lido Braytonda.[92] In early 2018, work began to add a Geotermik section to the pool, becoming the first of its kind in the United Kingdom to use this type of technology when it eventually opens[93]

Penzance promenade has been destroyed in parts several times by storms. The most recent example was on 7 March 1962 (Ash Wednesday), when large parts of the western end of the promenade, the nearby Bedford Bolitho Gardens (now a play park) and the village of Wherrytown jiddiy zarar ko'rgan.[94] On the outskirts of town is Trereife uyi, a grade II listed Qirolicha Anne uslubi, manor uyi which now offers accommodation and hosts events.[95][96]

Geografiya

Penlee Quarry which is within the boundaries of the Penzance parish is a geological SSSI.

Ta'lim

Polwithen House (Bolitho School)

Penzance has two umumta'lim maktablari, Mount Bay Academy va Humphry Davy maktabi. Post 16 education is catered for by Penwith College, founded in 1981 from the sixth form departments of the former Penzance Girls' Grammatika maktabi va Humphry Davy grammatika maktabi.[97] In the Penzance parish there are 8 boshlang'ich maktablari, including the newly created Pensans Primary School which was formed in 2006 from the former Penzance Kichik maktab and the Lescudjack Infants School. There is also a special educational needs school within the parish boundary named Nancealverne.

Various other schools have existed in past times, including St Erbyn's School, West Cornwall School for Girls and Bolitho School (formerly Penzance Church of England High School); the latter was an independent school (in later years a Woodard school)[98] but closed in 2017 because too few pupils were available.[99]

Madaniyat

Every June since 1991 the Golowan festivali (o'z ichiga oladi Mazey Day ) has been held in the town.Before the 1930s Penzance was the scene of large May Day celebrations, which saw local children making and using tin 'May horns' and 'May whistles'; a small revival of these traditions took place on 4 May 2008. The bayram kuni ning Korpus Kristi was also celebrated in Penzance. The Corpus Christi fair has been a long-standing event in the town, and is currently undergoing attempts to revive it in a more traditional format.

Hokim va Mock istehzo speeches at the Golowan Festival 2005.

The yoz kunlari was, in 1882, described as a very old custom va nishonlandi with all the rude revelry of heathendom. Bonfires were lit in the town centre and lines of tar barrels were swung along the streets by males and females. Shuningdek, u bilan birga edi dancing of the roughest kind, uncouth dress and semi-disguise, sky and hand rockets, and all sorts of fireworks.[100]

Allantid, a Cornish version of Halloween, was also a popular activity in the town. Many of these customs were recorded by local antiquarian M. A. Courtney and have influenced historical views of traditional Cornish cultural activities.

In October 2010 the first full festival of music and the arts – the Penzance Proms – was held (23–31 October)

Every December Penzance holds the Montol festivali a community arts event reviving many of the Cornish customs of Christmas, including traditional costumes, masks and niqobli raqs.

Musiqa va teatr

Penzance is the home of the qaroqchilar yilda Gilbert va Sallivan "s hajviy opera, Penzance qaroqchilari. At the time the libretto was written, 1879, Penzance had become popular as a peaceful resort town, so the idea of it being overrun by pirates was amusing to contemporaries.

The Acorn Arts Centre, sited within a former Methodist chapel in Parade Street, provides a mixture of theatre, film, dance music and cabaret and is partially public funded. The Savoy is an independent cinema in Causewayhead which opened in 1912 and was originally named the Victoria Hall Music Hall. The Savoy is one of the locations of performances sponsored by the Penwith Film Society (an arts cinema society based in the Penwith area), it is reputedly the oldest continuously used cinema in Britain. Oldin Ikkinchi jahon urushi, Penzance was also home to a further three cinemas and at least two theatres, one of which, the Pavilion Theatre, is now home to an amusement arcade.

The 2016 pop single by indie group The Hit Parade "From Paddington to Penzance", takes as its subject a relationship that was formed on the railway line from London to Cornwall that terminates in Penzance.[101]

San'at galereyalari

Penzance is home to the new Newlyn Art Gallery establishment "The Exchange" which opened in 2007. Penlee uyi, an san'at galereyasi va muzey notable for its collection of rasmlar a'zolari tomonidan Nyulin maktabi. It was one of the former homes of the Branwell family. Within Penzance town centre there are a growing number of commercial art galleries.

Din

As in other Cornish towns and villages Metodizm was historically the predominant Christian denomination. Prior to the 1980s Penzance had six Methodist churches, but this number has now been reduced to two, Chapel Street and High Street. There are Methodist churches in most of the surrounding villages including Newlyn's Trinity Methodist which operates Markaz, a busy multi-use church and community facility. Penzance is also home to a Najot armiyasi citadel, a Roman Catholic church, two Angliya cherkovi parish churches (formerly three), a Kristadelfiya meeting hall,[102] ikkitasi Evangelist independent churches, the Penwith butparast moot, an independent Baptist cherkov va a Buddist meditation group.

St John's Vicarage

Sent-Meri cherkovi was built in 1832–35, St Paul's (now closed) in 1843 and St John's in 1881. Penzance was formerly in the parish of Madron but St Mary's parish was established in 1871 and St Paul's in 1869. Two medieval chapels (yuqoriga qarang, History) are known to have existed before the Islohot. St Mary's chapel was consecrated in 1680 but was in existence three hundred years earlier and the licensing of it in 1379 is recorded. The chaplain's stipend was £4 p.a. from the manor of Alverton. In 1549 its endowments were seized by the Crown though the burgesses made representations that they should not be. Tomas Lemplugh Bishop of Exeter by much cajolery induced the mayor and burgesses to consent to consecration of the chapel in 1680. The curate then had a stipend of £5 p.a.[103]

Arthur Langdon (1896) described a Cornish cross in front of the Market House. This cross stood in the Green Market until 1829 when it was removed to a house in North Street (Causewayhead) close to its original position. About 1868 it was moved again to the western end of the Market House. It is ornamented on the front and the sides. On the back there is said to be an inscription: PCMBUNT/QUICUMQ/VENIENT//COP/PIO/UM//O/+/X (described in 1850).[104] Hozir Penlee uyi.

Sport

Penzance is the home of Cornwall's most successful rugby teams, the Korniş qaroqchilari (Penzance & Newlyn RFC). The Chempionat side moved to Truro in 2005 and was renamed the Cornish Pirates in a bid to improve attendances and reach the Premiership. In 2006 the side moved again, this time to the home ground of Kemborn Rugby Club, before returning to Penzance in 2010 to play, once more, at the Menaye Field. The club has twice reached the play-off final for promotion to the yuqori daraja of English rugby in seasons 2010–11 va 2011–12. Penzance was the home of Mount Bay RFC, founded in 1999, originally as a team for local players who could not play for the professional Cornish Pirates. They won promotion seven times in eight seasons to reach the uchinchi daraja of English rugby before folding in 2009 due to financial problems. The Pirates Amateurs are part of the Cornish Pirates and play in the lower levels of the league system. They ended their first season in second place in the Tribute Cornwall One va unvoniga sazovor bo'ldi Kornuol / Devonga hurmat bajo keltiring for 2011–12 season, where they continue to play. They also won the Cornwall Clubs Cup in 2010–11.

Penzance A.F.C. dan tushirildi Janubi-G'arbiy yarimorol ligasi Premier Division following the 2012–13 season and now play in Division One West. Klub uning asoschilaridan biri edi Kornuol okrugi futbol assotsiatsiyasi and the first winners of the Cornwall Senior Cup 1892–93 yillarda. Penzance have won the Senior Cup on ten occasions, the last in the 1980–81 campaign.

Former England and Surrey kriketchi Jek Richards (born Clifton James Richards) was born in Penzance. He played eight test matches and was the qaldirg'och during England's 1986 Ashes yutish Avstraliya. He learnt his cricket with the Humphry Davy grammatika maktabi va Penzance Cricket Club. The cricket club was founded in 1829 and are Cornwall's most successful club having been champions on 23 occasions and have had more players play for Cornwall than any other club. The club currently plays in the top tier of the Kornuol Kriket Ligasi.[105][106]

Penzance Wheelers, Britain's most south-westerly cycling club was founded in the 1930s. Ularning eng taniqli a'zosi Tom Sautam who represented Great Britain in five Jahon chempionatlari.[107] Penzance Wheelers predecessors was the Penzance Bicycle Club who were in existence in 1880 and, for example, on 30 April had a run to St Just orqali qaytib kelish Trewellard va Pendin.[108] Mount's Bay Harriers, a triatlon va yugurish club founded in 2005 are based at Mount's Bay maktabi, Heamur. Athletes from the club participate at most road races and triathlons in Cornwall as well as many further afield.[109] Other sporting clubs and organisations include Penzance Hockey Club, with male and female teams, based at the Penzance Astro Park, Penzance Tennis Club at Penlee Park and lawn bowling at Penzance Bowling Club and Penlee (Newlyn) Bowling Club.[110][111][112]

The Mini Transat 6.50 (now the Transit 6.50) transatlantic yacht race started from Penzance (hosted by Penzance suzib yurish klubi ) from its conception in 1977 to the fourth edition of the race in 1983.

OAV

Mahalliy gazeta Kornishman, published weekly.Both ITV televizor (Westcountry Televiziyasi ) va BBC radiosi Kornuol have small news studios in the town.The local jamoatchilik radiosi bekat Sohil FM (formerly Penwith Radio), which is based in the town, and broadcasts on 96.5 and 97.2 MGts FM.[113]There are two ILR stations for Cornwall: Pirate FM can be received in Penzance on 102.8 MHz FM, and Yurak on 107.0 MHz FM.

Folklor

When the area between Marazion and Penzance was mainly marsh, people tended to avoid the Eastern Green because of the "Oq xonim". She would jump onto a horse (already with rider) and ride pillion as far as the Red River, Chyandour (not the Qizil daryo at Marazion). Her identity and reasons for haunting are unknown. Mr William Richards of Chapel Street is reputed to be the last person to have seen her.[114]

Korniş tili

Passengers using the station are greeted with a ikki tilli sign in both Korniş va Ingliz tili.

Korniş tili da Penzance temir yo'l stantsiyasi tomonidan o'rnatilgan British Rail.

Notable residents past and present

Shuningdek qarang: List of residents of Penzance
The celebrated scientist Sir Humphry Davy

Penzance has been home to numerous persons of note, including actress Tandi Nyuton, model Jan Shrimpton va kriketchi Jek Richards. Penzance was the birthplace of Mariya Branuell, mother of three famous novelists – Sharlotta Bronte, Emili Bronte va Anne Bronte.

Ser Hamfri Devi

Asosiy maqola: Ser Hamfri Devi

Penzance was the birthplace of the chemist Sir Xempri Devi. Davy was President of the Qirollik jamiyati; inventor of the process of elektroliz; the first person to isolate natriy; the first to discover azot oksidi; and joint discoverer, with Maykl Faradey, that diamonds are made of pure carbon. Today he is possibly best known as the inventor of the Miner's Safety Lamp, or Devy chiroq. There is a statue of Davy at the top of Market Jew Street, near the house in which he was born. One of Penzance's secondary schools is also named after the scientist, and runs as a music and maths community college. Robert Dunkin, a Penzance sadler and maker of scientific instruments, taught Davy the basis of practical science.

Tvinnizatsiya

Penzance is egizak quyidagi shaharlar bilan:[115]

va

  • Kuxavven, Germaniya. From 1967 to 1974 Penzance was twinned with Cuxhaven, though between 1974 and 2009 this twinning arrangement was passed to the now defunct Penwith Tuman Kengashi. As of April 2009, the arrangement was reinstated.

Shahar erkinligi

Quyidagi odamlar va harbiy qismlar quyidagilarni qabul qilishdi Shahar erkinligi of Penzance.

Ushbu ro'yxat to'liqsiz; yordam berishingiz mumkin etishmayotgan narsalarni qo'shish bilan ishonchli manbalar.

Jismoniy shaxslar

Shuningdek qarang

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