Shri-Lankadagi jinsiy ozchiliklar - Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka

Jinsiy ozchiliklar Shri-Lanka So'nggi paytlarda aholining 0,035% dan 19,6% gacha bo'lgan qismi hisoblanadi. Hozirgi xaritalash konventsiyalariga ko'ra, taxminan 1 100 000 atrofida bo'lishi mumkin.[1]

A 135-yilgi Buyuk Britaniya qonuni gey-jinsiy aloqani jinoyat deb hisoblaydi kitoblarda qoladi, ammo qonun ham yure, ham amalda uxlamaydi[2] va dekriminallashtirilgan deb ta'riflangan.[3] .Sri-Lanka konstitutsiya va inson huquqlari bo'yicha harakatlar rejasi doirasida gomoseksuallar uchun kamsitishga qarshi qonunlarni amalga oshirdi.[4].U uzoq vaqtdan beri transseksuallarni taniydi va so'nggi yillarda transseksuallarni aniqlash va konvertatsiya qilishni osonlashtirmoqda.[5][6] Ikkilik bo'lmagan orolda Hindiston va Osiyoning boshqa qismlarida uchraydigan uchinchi jinsga o'xshash tushunchalar mavjud.[7]

Orolning jinsiy ozchiliklari gomofobiya, ommaviy axborot vositalarining ijobiy yoritilishining etishmasligi va jamiyat uchun juda kam ijtimoiy madaniyat bilan bog'liq muammolarga duch kelishmoqda.[8] Kolomboda yashovchi jinsiy ozchilik bilan qishloqda yashovchi o'rtasidagi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy farqlar, ikkalasini ham hayot sifatining qarama-qarshi tomonlariga qo'yadi.[9] Shri-Lanka geylar uchun mo'ljallangan sayohat sayohati Lemming tomonidan Osiyoda eng yaxshi rivojlanayotgan sayyohlik deb tan olindi.[10]

Tarix

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankadagi jinsiy ozchiliklar tarixi
Bir vaqtlar turli xil diniy qarashlar va jinsiy plyuralizm mintaqasi bo'lgan Hindiston qit'asi ayollarga va marginallashganlarga nisbatan jinsiy zo'ravonliklarga nisbatan bag'rikenglik bilan birgalikda mavjud bo'lgan murakkab konservatizmga olib keldi.

http://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1540442/the-start-of-a-new-era-of-sexual-rights-in-south-asia

Qadimgi davrlarda orolliklar gomoseksualizm haqidagi qarashlarni bir nechta arxeologik qismlardan, shu jumladan qirollar va qirollik sudlari orasida gomoseksualizm to'g'risidagi yozuvlardan ajratish mumkin.[11] Orolning gomoseksualizmni "gunohkor" tarzda qabul qilganligi to'g'risidagi ko'plab Evropa mustamlakachilarining yozishmalarini portugal va golland bosqinchilari yozganlar, bu orol rahbarlarini sodomiya xatti-harakatlariga yo'l qo'yganliklari uchun qo'rqinchli deb hisoblashadi va hatto elita o'zlari gey jinsiy aloqada bo'lishgan deb hisoblashadi.[12][13]

Hinduizm undan keyin Buddizm gomoseksuallarga salbiy tamg'alarni qo'ymagan va shu sababli orolning qadimiy jamiyatlarida gomoseksualizm katta qabul qilingan. Milodiy 14-asr Upāsakajanalankara jinsiy zo'ravonlik ro'yxatida gomoseksualizmni jinoyat sifatida qayd etmagan. Mahawansa milodning V asrida qirol Kumaradasa va shoir Kalidasa o'rtasidagi yaqin munosabatlarni muhokama qiladi.[14]

Uning ishtirokchilarining aksariyati yaxshi ko'rilgan va yaxshi ota-onalar bo'lgan yigitlar va yigitlardir. O'zini bu narsalar bilan ta'minlash uchun u o'zining Dissava yoki okruglarining gubernatorlariga kelishgan va yaxshi nasldan kelgan o'g'il bolalarni tanlab olib, ularni sudga yuborish haqida buyruq beradi. Bu bolalar uzun sochlari bilan orqalariga osilib, boshlari yalang'och yuradilar.

— Robert Noks, Seylon orolining tarixiy aloqasi, 1681 y

Mamlakatda gomofobiya uchun asosiy manba inglizlar Hindiston Jinoyat kodeksini tatbiq etgandan va orolga 377A qismini (hozirgi Shri-Lanka Jinoyat kodeksining 365A qismi) qo'llagan paytdan kelib chiqqan.[15]

"Bir tomondan, biz gomoseksualizm G'arbning importi deb qichqirmoqdamiz, aslida britaniyalik qonunlar Gomoseksuallik emas, G'arbning importi hisoblanadi"

— Flamer-Kaldera, NBC News

Shri-Lankani gomoseksualizmga aralash munosabat sifatida ta'riflash mumkin.[16] Jinsiy munosabatlaridan qat'i nazar, ko'pchilik erkaklar voyaga etganida turmushga chiqishi kutilmoqda.[16]

2016 yil noyabr oyida Shri-Lanka undan qutulish rejasiga qarshi ovoz berdi Jinsiy orientatsiya va gender identifikatsiyasiga asoslangan zo'ravonlik va kamsitish bo'yicha BMTning mustaqil mutaxassisi da Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Bosh assambleyasi. Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining ekspertidan qutulish uchun qilingan urinish 84–77 natijasiz tugadi. Shri-Lanka bilan birga Kiribati gomoseksualizm hali ham jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgan yagona ikki mamlakat edi, ular bu taklifga qarshi ovoz berishdi.[17]

Keyinchalik konservativ hukumat e'lon qildi Shri-Lanka konstitutsiyasi jinsiy orientatsiyaga asoslangan kamsitishni taqiqlaydi. Shuningdek, LGBT huquqlarini ilgari surish uchun inson huquqlari bo'yicha harakatlar rejasini yangiladi. Binobarin, Shri-Lanka Oliy sudining 365A-bo'limga qadar ish qo'zg'atilgan taqdirda, uni ijro eta olmasligini e'lon qildi.[18]

2020 yil o'rtalarida taniqli muassasa, xodimni LGBTQ shaxsiga kirishni rad etganidan keyin gomofobiyada ayblanganidan keyin uzr so'radi, bouncer bekor qilindi, keyin gomofobiya bilan kurashish bo'yicha takomillashtirilgan mashg'ulotlar o'tkazildi. Voqea sharhida mamlakatda odamlar qanday qilib o'zlarining gomofobi bilan tajovuzkor emasligi muhokama qilindi, bu ko'pincha yopiq eshiklar ortida muhokama qilinadi. [19]

Madaniyat

Shri-Lankaning ikki dominant dini - buddizm va hinduizm gomoseksualizmni qoralamaydi. Birinchisi gomoseksuallar haqida ijobiy tavsiflardan foydalangan holda, shu bilan birga Kama Sutrada qanday qilib yaxshi gomoseksual jinsiy aloqada bo'lish haqida maslahatlar berar ekan, ikkinchisining "jinsiy buzuqlik" haqidagi fikri ham heteroseksuallar, ham gomoseksuallar orasida liberal jinsiy faoliyatga ta'sir qilishi mumkin.[20]

Equal Ground shuni tushuntirdiki, bir qator transseksuallar va transseksuallar buddistlar tartibidan panoh topishadi, chunki ular ma'badda yoki monastirda rohib bo'lish kabi.[21] Nufuzli buddistlar bobida, Asgiriya bobi, LGBTga huquqlarni kengaytirish, shu jumladan konstitutsiyani o'zgartirishni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun chiqdi.[22]

Verité Research, Sunday Observer-da suhbatlashib, Shri-Lanka ommaviy axborot vositalarida jinsiy ozchiliklar ishtirokidagi shov-shuvli voqealarga moyilligini aniqladi {{. LGBT huquqlari faoli "Observer" da qo'shimcha ravishda "Ommaviy axborot vositalari jamiyatni ushbu jamoalarni qabul qilishida muhim rol o'ynaydi" deb izohladi. Tamil mediasi bu borada bexabar bo'lib qoladi, Sinxala ommaviy axborot vositalari esa LGBT + jamoalarining shov-shuvli hikoyalari bilan bexabar bo'lib qolmoqda ».[8]

Joylar

Orolda gomoseksualizm madaniyati mavjud deb hisoblanadi.[23] LGBT bilan shug'ullanadigan bir qator joylar faqat / asosan mavjud bo'lsa-da, LGBT jamoasining asosiy qismi heteroseksual olomonga xizmat ko'rsatadigan va jinsiy ozchiliklar jamoatchiligini faol ravishda sud qiladigan joylarda tez-tez va uchrashib turishadi.

Kafelar

Orolda bir qator gey-bar va gey-kafe mavjud. Laviniya tog'i poytaxtdagi jinsiy ozchiliklar va u erda joylashgan bir qator bar va klublar uchun jinsiy ozchiliklar jamoatchiligini faol ravishda sudrab, kamalak bayrog'ini ko'tarib yurish uchun muhim joy deb hisoblanadi.[iqtibos kerak ] Gollandiyaning sobiq mustamlakachisi Negombo shahri ham LGBT homiylarini faol izlayotgan ko'plab bar va klublar bilan "gullab-yashnayotgan" geylar sahnasiga ega deb hisoblanadi.[24]

Serendip plyaj bar - birinchi navbatda gomoseksual erkaklar va gomoseksual ayollar uchun ovqatlanish, ochiq teras va alkogolli ichimliklar to'plami.[25]

Dolce Vita - Italiya uslubidagi kafe, asosan, narsalarning kofe tomoniga e'tibor qaratadi, bu erda lezbiyen va gomoseksuallar aralashgan.[26]

Lordlar - Alkogolli ichimliklar bilan geylarga tegishli restoran. Aralashgan lezbiyen va gomoseksual olomon.[27]

Tungi klublar

Yam-yashil - Kolombo markazida faqat LGBT tadbirlarini o'tkazadigan tungi klub.[28]

Mehmonxonalar va kurortlar

FOOZOO tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Mahasen - Kolomboda geylarga tegishli mehmonxona.[29]

Templeberg Villa - Orol janubidagi geylarga tegishli villa yoga mashg'ulotlari va xonada massajlar.[30]

OAV

Ba'zi zamonaviy pop va hip-hop qo'shiqlarida LGBTQ + mavzulari ham mavjud. Masalan, A Jay-ning "Red Lips" (අසම්මත පෙමක්-රතු රතු තොල්) ashula mavzusini o'z ichiga olgan pop qo'shiq deb qaralishi mumkin.[31][tekshirib bo'lmadi ]

Kino

Bitta qanot bilan uchish (තනි තටුවෙන් පියාඹන්න) (2002) - yozgan va boshqargan Asoka Xandagama, bu jamiyatda va uning shaxsiy munosabatlarida bir erkak uchun o'tadigan Shri-Lanka ayolini namoyish etadi.[32]

Olti bargning gullari (සයපෙති කුසුම) - bu bir jinsdagi erkak munosabatlari haqidagi film.[33]

Katuyaxana - 2003 yilda Visakesa Chandrasekeran tomonidan ijro etilgan[34]

Adabiyot

Artur C. Klark LGBT belgilarini o'z ishiga qo'shgan etnik-britaniyalik gey fantastika muallifi edi. U Shri-Lankadagi Darchin bog'larida 2008 yilda vafotigacha yashagan.[35][36]

Shyam Selvaduray hozirda Kolombo shahrida etnik-sinhal va etnik-tamil ota-onalarida tug'ilgan Kanada fuqarosi. U jinsiy ozchiliklar haqida turli xil adabiy asarlar yozgan va bir nechta mukofotlarga sazovor bo'lgan.[37]

Punyakante Vijenaike - gomoseksual mavzular, shu jumladan 1971 yilgi "Giraya" kitobi haqida yozgan yozuvchi.[34]

Badiiy adabiyot

EQUALITY jurnali "jamoat a'zolarini odamlarni qo'rquv va uyalmasdan o'zlarining navqironliklarini qabul qilishga undaydigan ijobiy tarzda aks ettiradi."[38]

Bayramlar

The Abximani kinofestivali har yili Colombo Pride Teng Ground va Evropa Ittifoqi homiyligida o'tkazilgandan keyin ikki hafta ichida bo'lib o'tdi. Bu Janubiy Osiyodagi eng qadimgi LGBT kinofestivali[39]

The Kolombo mag'rurligi o'n ikki yildan beri Equal Ground va Gyote Instituti tomonidan uyushtiriladi. Tadbirlar odatda seminarlar, drama / shou / musiqiy filmlar, filmlar, badiiy va fotosuratlar ko'rgazmalari, bazmlar va kite festivalini o'z ichiga oladi.[40] PRIDE tomonidan qiyinchiliklarga duch keldi Kolombo shahar kengashi va tadbirlarni o'tkazishga ruxsat olishga harakat qilganda mahalliy politsiya. Ularga radikal guruhlar tomonidan zo'ravonlik bilan tahdid qilingan.[38]

The Turli xillik o'yinlari har yili Kolomboda turli xil Lezbiyen, Gey, Biseksual va Transgender tashkilotlari tomonidan o'tkaziladi.[41]

Jamiyat

Shri-Lankadagi jinsiy ozchiliklarning 43% atrofida "hayotdan yuqori qoniqish" qayd etilgan, aksincha Pokistonda 24% va Hindistonda 34%. So'ralgan LGBTlarning 64 foizi turmush qurmagan va aloqada bo'lmagan. LGBTning kamida 51% oilaga murojaat qildi, bu raqam do'stlar va ularning ish joylariga qaraganda ko'proq.[42] Taxminan 46% LGBTQ tarkibini o'zlarining ijtimoiy tarmoqlardagi profillarida ochiq baham ko'rishlarini bildirishgan, atigi 22% o'zlarining profillarida hech qachon bunday tarkib bilan bo'lishmasliklarini bildirishgan.[43]

Gomoseksual erkaklar

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankadagi gomoseksualizm

Shri-Lankadagi geylar gomoseksual jinsiy aloqani jinoiy javobgarlikka tortadigan 377A bo'limi tomonidan de-yure tomonidan kamsitilgan, ammo bu qonun asosan bajarilmaydi va hozirgi kunda gomoseksuallarni politsiya tomonidan ta'qib qilinishi noqonuniy hisoblanadi.[44]

Internet geylar uchun asosiy aloqa vositasidir, yahoo.com, gaydar.com va gay.com juda mashhur. Gey erkaklarning 91% 17 yoshida qizliklarini yo'qotgan. Shuningdek, Facebook kechalar tashkil qilishda ham foydalaniladi.[45] Shri-Lankadagi LGBTlarning 21% hozirda boshqa erkak bilan gomoseksual aloqada ekanliklarini xabar qilishdi.[42]

Gomoseksual ayollar

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankadagi lesbiyanizm

Shri-Lankadagi lesbiyanlar tarixan 1990-yillarning oxirigacha qonuniy ta'qiblardan chetlatilgan edi, o'shanda gomoseksual jinsiy aloqani dekriminallashtirishga qaratilgan siyosiy munozaralar paytida qonun aslida hukmron partiya tomonidan kengaytirilgan bo'lib, ayollar gomoseksual jinsiy aloqasini ham qamrab olgan edi. O'sha paytda Ombudsman orol jamiyati o'sha paytdan beri oldinga siljigan bo'lsa-da, lesbiyanizmni "sadist" deb ta'riflagan.[46]

Lezbiyenlarning aksariyati Internet orqali muloqot qilishadi va muloqot qilishadi. Emo deb nomlangan xabar almashish dasturidan ko'plab jinsiy aloqa xodimlari o'z mijozlarini topish uchun foydalanadilar, yosh avlod esa Facebook va WhatsApp kabi arenalar orqali ziyofatlar va yig'ilishlar tashkil qilishni ma'qul ko'rishadi, shu bilan birga turli xil onlayn jamoalar ham lezbiyenlarga romantik sheriklar topish vositasi sifatida xizmat qilishadi.[47] Shri-Lankadagi LGBTlarning 9% boshqa ayol bilan gomoseksual aloqada bo'lganligini xabar qilishdi.[42]

Transeksuallar

O'tkazishni istagan bemor jinsiy aloqani almashtirish operatsiyasi Dastlabki baholash uchun (SRS) psixiatrga murojaat qilishi kerak. Agar shaxs sog'lom ruhiy holatga ega deb hisoblansa, buni tasdiqlagan rasmiy xat berilishi mumkin. Endi bemor har qanday jarrohlik aralashuvidan oldin zarur gormon terapiyasini o'tkazishni boshlashi mumkin. Transgender masalalarini tushunadigan terapevtlarni topish ko'pincha qiyin bo'lishi mumkin.[48]

Transgenderlarning ko'pchiligiga to'sqinlik qiladigan narsa shundaki, orolda SRSni amalga oshirishga qodir bo'lgan ko'plab davlat yoki xususiy shifoxonalar mavjud emas. Chet elda xususiy davolanish uchun yuqori xarajatlar ko'pincha o'tish jarayonini tugatishda kuchli to'siq bo'lishi mumkin.[48]

Ayni paytda transgender shaxslar tomonidan yangi shaxsiy guvohnomani olishlari mumkin Shaxslarni ro'yxatga olish bo'limi bo'limga to'g'ri hujjatlar taqdim etilganda, ularning jinsi identifikatoriga mos keladi. Biroq, ko'plab transgender shaxslar kerakli hujjatlarni (asosan tibbiy yozuvlarni) ololmayotganliklaridan shikoyat qilmoqdalar va shu sababli o'zlarini yangi guvohnoma uchun ro'yxatdan o'tkaza olmaydilar.[49]

Uchinchi jins

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankada uchinchi jins

Bir qator xabarlarda uchinchi jins tushunchasi oroldan qochib ketganligi, shunga qaramay, uchinchi jinsga o'xshash ikkilik tushunchalar topilganligi aytilgan.[7] Ammo so'nggi paytlarda Hindistondagi siyosiy faoliyat asosiy ommaviy axborot vositalarida ushbu mavzuga ko'proq e'tibor qaratdi.[50] Shri-Lankada uchinchi jinsning tan olinishini LGBT hamjamiyatidagi munosabat ajablanarli darajada to'sqinlik qilmoqda. Bir qator LGBT jamoalari ushbu kontseptsiyani LGBT huquqlari harakati bilan tanishtirish va ularning nomidan lobbichilik qilish ularni yanada keng jamiyat tomonidan ta'qib qilinishiga yo'l ochib berishidan va o'z huquqlarini ilgari surish uchun harakatlarga to'sqinlik qilishidan qo'rqishadi .LGBT deb tan olganlarning aksariyati. asosiy LGBT huquqlari lobbichiligiga ushbu kontseptsiyani kiritish qulay emas.[51]

Shri-Lankada odatda uchinchi jinsli jamiyat haqida ma'lumot etishmaydi, bu esa LGBT shaxslarning gomoseksual yoki uchinchi jinsi bo'ladimi-yo'qligi to'g'risida umumiy ma'lumotlarning etishmasligi bilan yanada kuchayadi.[51]

Siyosat

Shri-Lankadagi jinsiy ozchiliklar siyosati g'arbiy me'yordan biroz farq qiladi. Ma'lumki, parlamentda bir nechta gomoseksual qonun chiqaruvchilar bor, ular jinsiy aloqalarini jamoatchilikka ochiq aytmaganlar va kabinetda kamida bitta ochiq gomoseksual qonunchi bor (UNP konservativ partiyasi uchun). Aksariyat chap qanot partiyalar (g'arbiy siyosiy spektr ma'nosida) asosan gomoseksualizm va jinsiy ozchiliklar siyosatini muammo emas deb hisoblashgan va umuman olganda ovozlarni to'playdigan reklama populist siyosati foydasiga buni e'tibordan chetda qoldirmoqdalar. gomoseksualizm bo'yicha an'anaviy kommunistik siyosatiga ko'ra, o'ta chap kommunistik partiyalardan kelgan vokal gomofobiya.[52]

LGBT huquqlarini isloh qilishda turli xil chet el siyosiy tashkilotlari tomonidan katta yordam ko'rsatildi. Evropa Ittifoqi,[53] Buyuk Britaniya[54] va Skandinaviya[55] LGBT huquqlarini o'tkazish uchun barcha savdo bitimlaridan foydalanishga harakat qildilar.[56] Buyuk Britaniyaning Tereza Mey va uning AQShdagi elchisi Hindistonda va boshqa Hamdo'stlik mamlakatlarida amalga oshirilgan gomofob qonunlaridan pushaymon va afsusda.[57]

Buddistlarning juda ta'sirli tashkiloti - "Asgiriya Chapter" hukumatga konstitutsiyani jinsiy ozchiliklar foydasiga isloh qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlashni maslahat berdi.[22]

Inson huquqlari va qonuniyatlari

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankada LGBT huquqlari
"Bizda muammo shundaki, hech kim qonun bo'yicha jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilmaydi", deydi LGBT + huquqlari faoli Waradas Thiyagaraja. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, aynan davlat qonuniy choralarni ko'rganda, faollar qonunga qarshi choralar ko'rishlari mumkin.[58]
Jinsiy aloqaNota bene*Bo'lim bajarilmaydi va politsiya tomonidan shikoyatlar e'tiborga olinmaydi. Oliy sud sudda qonun ijro etilishi mumkin emasligini maslahat berdi. Ba'zida Shri-Lanka huquqiy tizimiga binoan dekriminallashtirilgan deb e'lon qilinadi.[3]
Kamsitishlarga qarshi qonunlarYashil ShomilYDiskriminatsiyadan konstitutsiyaviy himoya qilishning bir qismi va inson huquqlari bo'yicha alohida harakatlar rejasi.
TranseksuallarYashil ShomilY[59][60]
Harbiy xizmatQizil XN
Uchinchi jinsQizil XN
Qon topshirishQizil XNGomoseksual jinsiy aloqa Milliy qon quyish xizmati tomonidan giyohvand moddalarni iste'mol qilish va bir nechta jinsiy sheriklarga ega bo'lish bilan birga xavfli xatti-harakatlar deb tasniflanadi.[61]

Oliy sud qarorlari

Shri-Lankada LGBT huquqlari Shri-Lanka
LocationSriLanka.png
Holat365A moddasiga binoan noqonuniy, ammo ijro etilmagan va hozirda Oliy sud qaroriga binoan uxlab yotgan
Jinsiy identifikatsiyaTransgenderlar jarrohlik va terapiyadan so'ng jinsini o'zgartirishga ruxsat berishdi
Kamsitishlardan himoyaHa, konstitutsiyaviy himoya
Oilaviy huquqlar
O'zaro munosabatlarni tan olishBir jinsli juftliklarning tan olinmasligi
Farzandlikka olish–

Shri-Lanka Konstitutsiyasi Oliy sudga 365A moddasini bekor qilishni taqiqlaydi, chunki Konstitutsiya Oliy sudga sud nazorati vakolatlarini bermaydi. Ikkinchi respublika konstitutsiyasiga "parlamentda qabul qilingan barcha qonun loyihalari Spikerning guvohnomasini olganidan keyin (79) qonunga aylanadi (79), u yakuniy hisoblanadi va biron bir sudda so'roq qilinishi mumkin emas" (80.3)).

Mavjud barcha yozma qonunlar va yozilmagan qonunlar ushbu bobning avvalgi qoidalariga zid bo'lganiga qaramay amal qiladi va amal qiladi.

— Konstitutsiyaning 16-moddasi 1-qismi:

Biroq, 2017 yilda Oliy sud e'lon qildi va yangi sud huquqini o'rnatdi[62] gomoseksual jinsiy aloqada ayblanayotgan shaxslarga nisbatan ozodlikdan mahrum qilish jazosini tayinlash noo'rin bo'lardi va shu bilan amalda qonunni qonuniy ravishda harakatsiz holatga keltirdi.[63]

Janob Nerin Pulning so'zlariga ko'ra, Oliy sud yaqinda Jinoyat kodeksining bir xil jinsiy aloqada qo'llanilishi mumkin bo'lgan jinoyatlar to'g'risida ilg'or qaror chiqardi. "32/11 SC apellyatsiyasida sud" kattalar o'rtasidagi o'zaro kelishilgan jinsiy aloqa davlat tomonidan nazorat qilinmasligi va jinoyat uchun asos bo'lmasligi kerak degan zamonaviy fikrni "tan oldi. Bunday huquqbuzarliklar Shri-Lanka jinoyat qonunining bir qismi ekanligini tan olgan holda, sud, ozodlikdan mahrum qilish jazosini tayinlash, bahsli xatti-harakatlar rozi bo'lgan kattalar o'rtasida bo'lgan taqdirda noo'rin bo'ladi, deb ta'kidladi.

— Lahiru Pothmulla, http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/SL-committed-to-non-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-Nerin-Pulle-140616.html

Hindiston va Shri-Lankadagi huquqshunoslar o'rtasida konstitutsiyaviy huquqlarni qanday yaxshilash borasida munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi.[64]

Siyosiy partiyalar

UNP (konservativ)

UNP Shri-Lankaning asosiy o'ng markaziy siyosiy partiyasidir. U bir necha marotaba jinsiy ozchiliklarga nisbatan huquqlarni kengaytirish tarafdori bo'lgan va qo'llab-quvvatlagan, shuningdek, bir nechta gomoseksual qonunchilarga ega.

Partiya etakchisining gomoseksualligi ochiq sir ekanligi keng tarqalgan. Ranil Vikremesinghe u o'z vakolatini suiiste'mol qilib, partiyaning yosh a'zolarini u bilan gomoseksual jinsiy aloqada bo'lishga undashda ayblamoqda, bu ular ota-onalarni farzandlarini partiyaning targ'ibot faoliyatidan uzoqlashtirishga majbur qilmoqda. Bu partiyaning axloqini va umuman uning saylovchilar bazasini aks ettirishi mumkin.[65]

Mangala Samaraweera BMTning nomidan mamlakat tashqi ishlar vazirligi sifatida xizmat qiladigan ochiqchasiga gey siyosatchi.[66] UPFA prezidentining yangi gomofobik izohlaridan so'ng Maithripala Sirisena 2018 yil noyabr oyida Mangala Samaraweera Twitter-da "Men sulukdan ko'ra janob Prezident bo'lishdan ko'ra [-] bo'lishni afzal bilaman !!!"[67]

Gey bo'lish juda yaxshi. Shri-Lankada ham siz ayolga uylanishingiz sharti bilan gey bo'lishingiz mumkin. O'ylaymanki, bu dahshatli (men tanigan qizlar uylangan nikohdagi gey yigitlarga uylangan va bu dahshatli va qisqa umr ko'rishgan). Demoqchimanki, ba'zi madaniyatlar tomonidan qabul qilinmasa ham, gomoseksual bo'lish yaxshi. Jinsiy zo'ravonlik va tajovuz hech qanday mavhumlikda yaxshi emas.

— Indi Samarajiva, Kolombo telegraf

2017 yil noyabr oyida Bosh advokat o'rinbosari Nerin Pulle hukumat bir jinsli jinsiy faoliyatni dekriminallashtirishga o'tishini aytdi.[68]

LGBT qonunchilariga LGBT huquqlari tarafidan etarlicha lobbi o'tkaza olmaganliklari uchun tuhmat qilindi.[69]


Shri-Lankada UNP ning LGBT huquqlari bilan aloqasi
SanaTadbir
1995G. L. Peiris, Adliya vaziri bo'lib, konstitutsiyaga, boshqa narsalar qatori, lezbiyen jinsiy aloqasini jinoiy javobgarlikka tortadigan tuzatishni amalga oshiradi.[34] Ayni paytda UNP parlamentni qo'mondonlik qilmaganligini va prezident O'FFAdan eng katta partiya Xalq alyansi bilan kelganiga e'tibor bering.[70]
2017Nerin Pulle hukumat bir jinsli jinsiy faoliyatni dekriminallashtirishga o'tishini aytdi.[68]
2018Mangala Samaraweera LGBTni qo'llab-quvvatlashini ta'kidlaydi[67]

UPFA (sotsialistik)

U bir necha marotaba gomofob lanatlarni ishlatib, BMTga hujum qildi. Parlamentda BMT gigiyenik partiyasiga qarshi gomofob laqablarni ishlatgan, ochiqchasiga gomoseksual Mangala Samaraweera gapirganda.[66] Bundan tashqari, 2018 yil noyabr oyida bo'lib o'tgan katta nutq paytida konstitutsiyaviy inqiroz[71] Sirisena UNPga ommaviy axborot vositalarining aksariyati va LGBT jamoatchiligi tomonidan gomofobik haqorat deb hisoblangan atamani ishlatgan holda murojaat qildi,[72] hukumat uning LGBTga murojaat qilganini rad etgan bo'lsa-da.[73]

Sobiq bosh vazir D. M. Jayaratne 2010 yilda hokimiyat tepasida bo'lganida, agar u orol davlatining madaniyatiga zarar etkazmasa, LGBT hamjamiyati bilan muhokama qilish uchun "ochiq" ekanligini aytgan edi.[74] Partiya, shuningdek, orolning zamonaviy tarixidagi (mustamlakachilik paydo bo'lganidan beri) birinchi transgender qonun chiqaruvchisi va gubernatorini tanladi. Niluka Ekanayake Markaziy viloyat hokimi sifatida.[75]

Qarindoshlik huquqlari

Iqtisodiy masalalar bo'yicha qonun chiqaruvchi Bazil Rajapaksa hukumat gomoseksuallar uchun nikoh tengligini ta'minlamasligini aytdi. Ushbu bayonot Buyuk Britaniya hukumatining mamlakatdagi inson huquqlarini kengaytirish bo'yicha mamlakatning yordami sharti sifatida talabiga javoban qilingan.[76]

Tamillar

Hinduizm asosan Ibrohim dinlarida mavjud bo'lgan "mukammal qonun" dan mahrumdir (masalan, o'nta amr) va hindular an'anaviy ravishda "dharma nima va nima emasligini hal qilishda aqlga tayanib" "dharma" ni kutishadi. Markazlashtirish va vakolatlar etishmasligi bilan bir qatorda hindular orasida gomoseksual munosabatlar hind jamiyatida qanday qilib institutlashtirilishi kerakligi borasida juda xilma-xillik mavjud.[77]

Tamillar Janubiy Afrikada hinduizm ostida gomoseksual nikoh qurdilar, [78] Avstraliya,[77] va Buyuk Britaniya.

Ko'rish nuqtalari
Ikkilik bo'lmagan nikoh

Ikki tomonlama bo'lmagan nikohga oid uzoq yillik an'ana hind jamiyatida uchinchi jinslar uchun mavjud bo'lib, zamonaviy zamonda gomoseksual munosabatlarga qanday qarash kerakligi haqida yana bir nuqtai nazar qo'shishi mumkin.

Hindistonda odatda nikohning sakkiz turi mavjud. Ulardan Gandharva vivaha eng keng tarqalgan bo'lib, bu marosim ostida marhamatlanishni uchinchi jinsiy munosabatlarni cheklamaydi.

Ikkilik bo'lmagan nikohni institutsionalizatsiya qilish masalasi hind jamiyatida kuchli bo'lib, qadimgi zamonlardan beri uchinchi jinsdagi nikohlar qanday amalga oshirilganligini ko'rsatuvchi dalillarning keng tarqalganligi.[79]

Noyob marhamat va marosimlarni institutsionalizatsiya qilish

"Nikoh" hinduizmda bir nechta mujassamlikda uchraydi va hindu tashkilotlari bir xil marosimlarni heteroseksual va gomoseksual (va uchinchi jinsdagi) juftliklar uchun o'tkazish g'oyasini rad etishadi.

Shri-Lanka tamil ruhoniylarining muhim qismini o'z ichiga olgan Avstraliya hind ruhoniylari kengashi, nikohning bir nechta turlarini heteroseksual juftliklarga qaratilgan va bo'lmaganlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Gomoseksual juftliklarga o'zlarining marosimlari va barakalari berilishi kerak, degan xulosaga kelishadi, bu heteroseksual nikoh uchun berilgan marosimlar bilan bir xil emas.[77]

Yashaydigan juftliklar

Hindiston va Shri-Lankada turmush qurmagan sheriklarga yashash huquqini ta'minlash bo'yicha katta harakat mavjud. Bu hind jamiyatiga markazsizlashtirish va marosimlar va / yoki barakalarni har bir jamoat to'g'ri deb hisoblagan narsalarga muvofiq ravishda taqdim etish bilan birga, sheriklarni himoya qilish uchun markazlashtirilgan vositani taqdim etadi.

Hozirgi vaqtda yashaydigan juftlarga beriladigan huquqlar asosan jinoiy qonunchilik asosida er-xotinlarning huquqlariga to'g'ri keladi, ammo farzandlikka olishda cheklovlar mavjud va ishlatilgan so'zlar heteroseksual munosabatlarni anglatadi.[80]

Huquqlar jadvali
Xizmat qilish huquqiYo'q[81]
Oiladagi zo'ravonlikShubhasiz, qonunchilik gender jihatdan neytral hisoblanadi va jinsiy ozchiliklar tomonidan foydalanilishi mumkin.[82]
Meros olishYo'q[81]
Farzandlikka olishFaqatgina turmush qurgan juftliklar uchun cheklangan.[83]
SertifikatNikoh erkak va ayol o'rtasidagi munosabatlar bilan cheklangan.[84] Birgalikda yashash huquqi murakkab va qonunda mustahkamlanmagan.[85]

Sinhal tili

Buddizm, odamlarning qanday turmush qurishi borasida cheklovlar bermaydi, ammo ko'plab buddaviy mamlakatlar, shu jumladan Shri-Lankada heteroseksual juftlarni belgilaydigan urf-odatlar rivojlangan.[86] Britaniya Kandyan qonuni faqat nikohning ikki turini bildiradi; erkak ayolning oilasiga qo'shiladigan nikoh va ayol erkak oilasiga qo'shiladigan nikoh.[87]

Biroq, Sinhallarning hozirgi an'analari, Poruwa marosimi, Buddizm kelguniga qadar orolga kiritilgan. Ba'zi jihatlari hozirgi Tamil nikohlariga juda o'xshash, masalan Nekat (munajjimlar bashoratiga ishora qiladi).[88]

Ko'rish nuqtalari
"An'anaviy to'y marosimlari"

Shri-Lankadagi River House "an'anaviy to'y marosimi" deb ta'riflangan narsalarni o'tkazishni istagan (sayyohlarga mo'ljallangan) to'plamni taklif qiladi. U poruwa va Kandyan raqqosalari singari Sinhalese madaniyatidagi an'anaviy to'ylarning bir nechta elementlarini o'z ichiga oladi.[89]

Huquqlar jadvali
Xizmat qilish huquqiYo'q[81]
Oiladagi zo'ravonlikSinovdan o'tkazilmagan qonunchilik jinsga nisbatan neytral hisoblanadi va undan jinsiy ozchiliklar foydalanishi mumkin. Ammo sud orqali tekshirilmagan.[82]
Meros olishYo'q[81]
Farzandlikka olishFaqatgina turmush qurgan juftliklar uchun cheklangan.[83]
SertifikatNikoh erkak va ayol o'rtasidagi munosabatlar bilan cheklangan.[84] Birgalikda yashash huquqi murakkab va qonunda mustahkamlanmagan.[85]

Quvg'in

Ayniqsa, bu mamlakatda LGBTI yoki Q odam sifatida "tashqarida va mag'rur" bo'lish juda qiyin vazifadir.

Rosanna, Daily Mirror

Gomoseksualizm taqiqlangan mavzu bo'lib qolmoqda va ular ko'pincha bir nechta mojarolar va "geylarga qarshi guruhlar ... barcha lezbiyen, biseksual, transgender odamlarni" buzuqlar va jinoyatchilar "deb atashgani sababli ko'pincha pedofillar bilan bog'lanishadi. Ko'pgina "shaxslar sog'liqni saqlash xizmatlaridan, ta'lim olish va ish bilan ta'minlanishdan va ijtimoiy va jamoat hayotida ishtirok etish imkoniyatidan mahrum".

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarining Adliya vazirligi politsiya "LGBT faoliyati bilan shug'ullanganlarni faol ravishda hibsga olmayapti va jinoiy javobgarlikka tortmayapti" deb yozgan, shuningdek, ushbu qoidalar shu kungacha sud hukmlariga olib kelmaganligini "qonun qoidalariga ishora qilganiga qaramay [mavjud] politsiya tomonidan qabul qilingan ».[90]

O'ng qanot UNP konstitutsiyaga gomoseksual jinsiy aloqani dekriminallashtirishni kiritishga urindi, ammo bunga chap qanot UPFA veto qo'ydi.[91] Milliy inson huquqlari komissiyasi APCOM tomonidan "B" darajasiga, Nepal va Hindistonga esa "A" berilgan.[92] Fuqarolar urushi paytida har ikki tomon tomonidan ko'plab taniqli inson huquqlari buzilishlari bo'lgan,[93] jinsiy ozchiliklar hamjamiyati haqida zikrlar kamdan-kam uchraydi - bir xil jinsiy zo'rlash ko'pincha ijtimoiy muammo sifatida tilga olinadi.[94]

Tashqi siyosat

Birlashgan Millatlar

2015 yilda BMT Bosh assambleyasida Rossiya tomonidan qabul qilingan rezolyutsiya gomoseksual sheriklarga beriladigan imtiyozlarni qaytarib olishga chaqirdi. Ushbu qonun loyihasi Shri-Lanka hukumati tomonidan ochiqchasiga gomoseksual Mangala Samaraweera bo'lgan tashqi ishlar vazirining indamay qo'llab-quvvatlashiga qaramay, qarshi chiqdi.[95]

Shri-Lanka, shuningdek, Bosh assambleyada 2016 yil boshida jinsiy ozchiliklarga qarshi zo'ravonlik bilan kurashish uchun himoya qilishni talab qiladigan rezolyutsiyani qo'llab-quvvatladi.[96]

Shuningdek, u jinsiy ozchiliklarni himoya qilish uchun ishlaydigan mutaxassislar postini yaratishni qo'llab-quvvatlashga ovoz berdi. 2016 yil noyabr oyida Vetnam, Janubiy Koreya, Yaponiya, Filippinlar, Isroil, Tailand, Sharqiy Timor, Nepal, Gruziya, Shri-Lanka va Mo'g'uliston tarkibidagi yagona Osiyo mamlakatlari bo'lgan Birlashgan Millatlar LGBT hamjamiyati duch keladigan kamsitishlar to'g'risida xabardorlikni oshirish va ularni to'g'ri himoya qilish yo'llarini topish uchun mustaqil ekspert tayinlanishiga ovoz berish.[17]

Jamoatchilik fikri

Qonunni gomofobiya bilan kurashishda muhim omil deb hisoblamaydigan bir qator jinsiy ozchiliklar mavjud; bir gomoseksual Gay Timesga tushuntirganidek: "Agar jamiyat bizning kimligimiz bilan yaxshi bo'lsa, biz ham yaxshi bo'lar edik." Kiru, shuningdek, sha joylar qishloq joylar jinsiy ozchiliklarni ko'proq qo'llab-quvvatlashi odatda qabul qilinganligini tushuntirdi.[97][98] Ma'lum qilinishicha, yoshlar kattalarga ta'sir qilmagan jinsiy ozchiliklarga qanday munosabatda bo'lishlariga munosabat o'zgargan.[99]

IGLA tadqiqotlari

Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, orolda tug'ilishning past ko'rsatkichlari ushbu statistikani boshqa mamlakatlar bilan taqqoslash uchun kamroq aniqlashtirishi mumkin. Masalan, so'rovda qatnashgan Shri-Lanka fuqarolarining faqat uchdan bir qismi 18 yoshdan 35 yoshgacha bo'lganlar, aksincha, Hindistonda 42% va Pokistonda 52%. 18 yoshdan 35 yoshgacha bo'lgan guruh - bu Shri-Lankadagi jinsiy ozchiliklarga bo'lgan munosabat o'zgargan jamiyat[100] Shuningdek, Janubiy Osiyodagi aksariyat so'rovnomalar odatda ishonchsiz hisoblanadi.

  • Shri-Lanka aholisining 33 foizi ish joyidagi kamsitishlar uchun kamsitishga qarshi qonunlarni qabul qilishga qarshi.[100]
  • Shri-Lankaning 33% gomoseksual munosabatlar jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilishi kerak degan tushunchani qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[100]
  • 32% transgenderlarga teng huquqlarni berishga qarshi.[100]

Politsiya

Politsiya 2018 yil yoziga qadar gomofobiyani kamaytirish bo'yicha politsiya akademik o'quv dasturiga tuzatishlar kiritdi.[101] AQSh davlat departamentining 2019 yilgi hisobotiga ko'ra, inson huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi tashkilotlar politsiya hibsga olish tahdididan LGBTI shaxslariga tajovuz qilish, ta'qib qilish va jinsiy va pul bilan pul undirish uchun foydalanganligi haqida xabar berishdi. [102][103][104]

Ijtimoiy muammolar

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankada LGBT huquqlari va Shri-Lankadagi jinsiy ozchiliklar § Siyosat

Kastalar tizimi orolda kuchli yoki sezilarli rol o'ynamaydi va orol ko'pincha hind olimlari tomonidan "tashlab ketilmagan" deb ta'riflanadi,[105] ammo bu atama sinf bilan bog'liq boshqa masalalarni tavsiflash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Buddizmning orolga ta'siri[106] shuningdek, kastizmning oldini olishga yordam berdi[107] orolda mustahkam o'rnashib olish, siyosiy jihatdan tamillarga ham, sinhallarga ham tarixiy ravishda har bir jamoaning 50% ini tashkil etuvchi "kasta" dan aholi joylashgan.[108]

OIV / OITS

Esa OIV / OITS nafaqat LGBT odamlar uchun sog'liqni saqlash muammosi, balki OIV / OITS pandemiyasi Shri-Lankada gender rollari va insonning jinsiy hayoti to'g'risida jamoatchilik muhokamasini ochishga yordam berdi.[109] Kambag'allikning yuqori darajasi kasallik va konservativ madaniy odatlar bilan bog'liq stigma bilan birgalikda keng qamrovli profilaktika dasturlarini amalga oshirishni va allaqachon yuqtirgan odamlarga hayotni saqlab qoluvchi davolanishni taklif qildi.

Dastlab, 1980-yillarning oxiri - 1990-yillarda Shri-Lanka hukumati pandemiyani e'tiborsiz qoldirdi. Bunga sabab hukumatdagi siyosiy beqarorlik bo'lishi mumkin Fuqarolar urushi yoki pandemiyaning tabu tabiati tufayli hukumat amaldorlarini qo'rqitish. Shri-Lankada yigirma birinchi asrning boshlarida OIV / OITS bo'yicha milliy siyosat ishlab chiqildi.

2017 yildan boshlab OITS bo'yicha Milliy Kengash tashkil etildi, Hukumat Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining OITSga qarshi kurash kunini rasman e'tirof etdi, ushbu kasallik to'g'risida ko'proq jamoat ma'lumotlari mavjud va OIV / OITS bilan kasallangan xurujga qarshi kurashda ish joylarida kurash olib borilmoqda .[109]

Kolorizm va irqchilik

Shri-Lankaliklar tana tuzilishi, yuz shakllari va antropologiya jihatidan Janubiy hindularga o'xshaydi (va ular tarkibiga kiradi);[110] aksariyat orol aholisi jigarrang teri rangiga ega,[111] va ko'pincha engil tanli odamlarni orolliklar begona deb hisoblashadi.[112][113][114]

Hind kino sanoati jigarrang teri ranglarini kamsituvchi sifatida qaraladi,[115] ammo orol kinoteatrlarida orolda ishlab chiqarilgan filmlar hukmronlik qiladi,[116] va Janubiy Osiyo kinoteatrlari yoshroq odamlarga yoqmaydi.[117]

So'rov natijalariga ko'ra, mahalliy aholi o'z millatlarini "dunyodagi eng go'zal erkaklar" deb hisoblashgan, ularni g'arbliklardan ustun qo'ygan, ikkinchisini esa mahalliylarga qaraganda "shahvoniy va jinsiy mahoratli" deb hisoblashgan.[118]

Konversion terapiya

Shri-Lankadagi ba'zi xususiy klinikalar, o'zlarining gomoseksualizm kasallarini "davolash" imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishlarini da'vo qilishadi, ammo Jahon Sog'liqni saqlash tashkiloti gomoseksualizmni ruhiy kasallik deb hisoblamaydi. Konversion terapiya bu zararli va ilmiy asosga ega bo'lmagan aralashuv bo'lib, uni boshdan kechirayotganlarga ruhiy tushkunlikni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Kabi guruhlar "Safardagi sahobalar" va "Teng zamin" jamoatchilikni bunday zararli odatlarning zarari to'g'risida tushuntirishga yordam berishmoqda.[119][120][121]

Misogyny

Shuningdek qarang: Shri-Lankadagi lesbiyanizm va Shri-Lankada uchinchi jins

Misogyny lezbiyenlere ham, transseksüellere ham, heteroseksüel ayollarga ham ta'sir qiladi. Sunila Abeysekera 61 yoshida vafot etgan huquq himoyachisi edi.[122] Abeysekera xonim vafot etganda yolg'iz ona va ochiq lezbiyan bo'lgan.[123] Uning ta'kidlashicha, Shri-Lanka jamiyatida kamsitilishlar "bizni yoshligidanoq ayollar erkaklar bilan turmush qurishlari, sodiq bo'lishlari, yaxshi uy bekalari bo'lishlari, erlari bilan jinsiy aloqadan aslo voz kechmasliklari, bolalarni tug'ilishi va" ayollar uchun jismoniy, hissiy va psixologik xarajatlarni hisobga olmagan holda, ayollikning o'ziga xos modelini ifoda eting. "[124]

Several publications in Sri Lanka shared the view that colourism against darker-skinned women was rampant on the island, with products such as 'fair'n'lovely' forwarding a racially biased and insensitive message to the population.[125][126][127]

Ruhiy salomatlik

A report published by the IGLHR found that sexual minorities on the island faced "high levels of sexual violence, emotional violence and physical violence" with insufficient support from the government or legal framework. This often led to high levels of suicide among the sexual minority community.[8] The Colombo Telegraph called for further education of parents to ensure they support their LGBT children through their mental health problems and to prevent suicide.[128]

Moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar

Despite being often described as a welfare state, the government mostly imposes low taxes in order to win votes. The country has been praised for "the high priority that this society gave to state-provided subsidised food distribution, state financed health services, especially vigorous public health campaigns and state-financed education. These in combination reduced infant and maternal deaths and raised the average expectation of life at birth, raised levels of nutrition among the public, especially the poor, and permitted people to read and write." The provision of universal education and welfare has mostly allowed for more fluid social class movement that is not found in the rest of South Asia; "children, rarely, if ever, were prevented from going to school because they were female, from disadvantaged families or were poor."[129]

The welfare system of Sri Lanka is notoriously complex and bureaucratic. The island is faced with an aging population, and an employment bias against women and younger people. The World Bank shares the opinion that living standards remain low.[130]

A number of transgender people complain about the high cost of undertaking conversion to their desired gender, in-part because government funded facilities are generally of poorer quality and that a lack of trained staff exist on the island.[131]

Chandrasena’s success enables her to get first-rate medical care. She started getting hair removal treatments in 2009; the facial laser treatment she undergoes every six months costs about 6,000 rupees ($45), Chandrasena says. She also spends about 39,000 rupees ($300) for each four-month supply of the estrogen injections she takes every other week. Those prices are average in Sri Lanka.

It has been thought that a number of transgender people are forced to work as sex worked in order to earn money for themselves, though they face the risk of being arrested as prostitution is illegal on the island[132]

Ranketh, a transgender man who asked that only his last name be used to protect his identity, says he spent years looking for doctors and psychiatrists to help him through his gender change, but at first he couldn’t find anyone to assist him.

Homosexuals who live in rural areas tend to face a more homophobic climate and a worse financial situation, forcing most of these people to seek employment in urban areas.[90]

Dating Preferences

An informal survey found that the majority of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka found westerners sexually desirable, finding them more 'sensual and sexually adept' than the locals; only around a quarter had had sex with a westerner. None of those surveys had issues with dating someone from the opposite ethnolingustic group, either Tamil or Sinhalese, But apart from one person, the majority expressed dislike for Muslims (including Moors) and did not like them as friends or sexual partners.[133]

There is a preference for youth among the community, though social respect for the elderly can mean older people are also able to find sex.[134]

A survey found that the locals considered their own ethnicites "to be the most beautiful men in the world" placing them above westerners, the latter who were viewed as more 'sensual and sexually adept' than the locals.[118]

Child pornography and child sex tourism

Sri Lanka has a reputation among western pedophile circles as a major tourist destination for western pedophiles. It was historically among the top three sources for child pornography videos, along with Thailand and the Philippines. The Independent stated that "relations between boys and girls are discouraged until marriage, and until then many Sri Lankans take a discreet and casual attitude towards homosexuality".[135]

'One father told me: 'what did it matter, my son won't get pregnant','

— Ms Seneviratne., The Independent

The estimates between how many boys are caught up in the sex trade vary from as low as the 1990s government figure of 1000 to independent NGO estimates of as high as 30,000.[135] Sri Lanka is well known in Europe as an holiday destination for buying sex with young boys including in the relevant European gay community.[136] A 2011 study found that these male sex workers gained little sympathy among the general public.[45][137]

Politsiyani ta'qib qilish

Although several human rights and legal persons have stated that it is illegal to harass and/or imprison sexual minorities, most police discrimination is not fought on an individual basis due to a fear on the part of the sexual minority that chasing an anti-discrimination case would 'out' the person in their private lives.[44] The police introduced amendments in the police academic curriculum to reduce homophobia by the summer of 2018.[101]

There have also been numerous reports of sexual abuses and rapes in prison of both homosexual and transsexual men/women at the hands of the police.[138][45]

While there are hundreds of reports that people openly displaying homosexual affection in public areas have been harassed by the police,[41] it should be kept in mind that similarly hundreds of people displaying heterosexual affection in public areas are also arrested by the police, and that this is not indicitive of homophobia.[139]

Ijtimoiylashish

IGLA state that 34% would feel uncomfortable socializing with a LGBT person.[100]

It is considered difficult for many sexual minorities to socialize happily, and bullying is reported to be a common problem. It is however reported that the youth hold a more supportive attitude towards sexual minorities in contrast to the previous generation, and that this change to how they view sexual minorities that has not affected the adults.[99]

A 2013 study of young plantation workers found that out of those who had had sexual experiences, 86% of boys and 4% of girls "mentioned that they had same sex exposures".[140]

Emigratsiya

A number of the island's sexual minorities move overseas in order to escape homophobia and poverty on the island, though problematically it is often only the strongest and privileged that can 'escape' the island, leaving the disadvantaged behind to fend for themselves. Equal Ground stated that it produces a small number of reports for refugee organizations every year, although the UK stated that it had not received any LGBT applications from either India or Sri Lanka.[141][142]

Shyam Selvadurai is a notable emigrant from the island, being of mixed Sinhalese and Tamil descent, who moved and took up citizenship of Canada.[143]

Conversely, a large proportion of the diaspora, notably the ones born overseas, have taken up stances objecting to the emigration of workers and asylum seekers from the island.[144][145] It is notable that the emigration tends to benefit mostly the strongest and privileged from the island's society, contributing to a skills shortage and leaving behind the disadvantaged.[146][147]

Xayriya tashkilotlari

Shaxsiyat

Shuningdek qarang

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