Birlashgan Qirollikda televizion litsenziyalar - Television licensing in the United Kingdom - Wikipedia

Buyuk Britaniyaning televidenie litsenziyasi

Buyuk Britaniyada va Tojga bog'liqlik, har qanday uy xo'jaligi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri televizion eshittirishlarni tomosha qilayotgan yoki yozib olgan (efirga uzatiladigan, sun'iy yo'ldosh, kabel yoki Internet) efirga uzatishni talab qiladi. televizion litsenziya. Shuningdek, korxonalar, shifoxonalar, maktablar va boshqa bir qator tashkilotlar to'g'ridan-to'g'ri televizion ko'rsatuvlarni tomosha qilish va yozib olish uchun televizion litsenziyalarga ega bo'lishlari shart.^[1] Dastlab radio litsenziyasi, birinchi marta 1923 yil simsiz telegrafiya to'g'risidagi qonun bilan yiliga o'n shiling (£ 0,50) narxida joriy qilingan. Litsenziya televizorlarga 1946 yil iyun oyida 2 funt sterling evaziga uzaytirildi. Radio qismi 1971 yil fevralda bekor qilindi.^[2] Televizion litsenziyani olish uchun ham talab qilinadi talab bo'yicha video tomonidan taqdim etilgan dastur xizmatlari BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) iPlayer-ni ushlab turish xizmatida.

2020 yil aprel oyidan boshlab yillik narx rang litsenziyasi uchun 157,50 funt sterlingni, qora va oq rang uchun esa 53 funtni tashkil etadi. Litsenziyadan tushgan daromad birinchi navbatda Bi-bi-sining televizion, radio va onlayn xizmatlarini moliyalashtirishga sarflanadi. 2017-18 yillarda litsenziyalar uchun yig'imlarning umumiy daromadi 3,83 milliard funt sterlingni tashkil etdi,^[3] shundan 655,3 million funt sterling yoki 17,1 foizni 75 yoshdan oshganlar uchun imtiyozlar berish orqali hukumat ta'minlagan. Shunday qilib, litsenziya to'lovi Bi-bi-sining 2017-2018 yillarda 5,0627 milliard funt sterling miqdoridagi daromadining asosiy qismini (75,7%) tashkil etdi.^[3]

2016 yil may oyida hukumat oq qog'oz litsenziya narxi birinchi besh yil ichida inflyatsiya bilan ko'tarilishini e'lon qildi Nizom muddat, 2017 yil 1 apreldan.

Litsenziyalash tizimining ishlashi

Litsenziya to'lovlarini yig'ish va ulardan foydalanish

Televizion litsenziya to'lovi BBC va birinchi navbatda Bi-bi-si radiosi, televizion va onlayn xizmatlarini moliyalashtirish uchun foydalaniladi. Litsenziyalar uchun to'lovlarni yig'ish Bi-bi-sining Moliya va biznes bo'limi zimmasida.^[4]

Bi-bi-si Buyuk Britaniyadagi savdo litsenziyalaridan biri sifatida televizion litsenziyalash idorasi sifatida ham ishlaydi

Garchi pul o'z foydasi uchun yig'ilsa va Bi-bi-si o'zi tomonidan yig'ilsa ham, Bi-bi-si yig'ilgan to'lovlardan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri foydalanmaydi. Qabul qilingan pul avval hukumatga to'lanadi Jamg'arma jamg'armasi. Keyinchalik u "ovoz berish" ga qo'shiladi Madaniyat, ommaviy axborot vositalari va sport bo'limi o'sha yili O'zlashtirish to'g'risidagi qonun va Bi-bi-si xizmatlarini boshqarish uchun Bi-bi-siga qaytib keldi (bepul tijorat reklamalari ). Pul shuningdek dasturlashni moliyalashtiradi S4C va BBC Jahon xizmati, va joriy xarajatlarni o'z ichiga olgan BBC Monitoring Caversham-da Londonga ko'chirilgunga qadar va ko'chmas mulk 2018 yil may oyida sotilgan.

Qonuniy asos

1991 yilda Bi-bi-si televidenie litsenziyalash idorasi rolini o'z zimmasiga oldi va litsenziya to'lovini undirish uchun javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi.^[5]

BBC tomonidan vakolatli Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yil televidenie uchun litsenziya to'lovini yig'ish va amalga oshirish. Qonunning 363-moddasi har qanday televizion dasturlarni televizion litsenziyasiz efirga uzatilayotganligi sababli televizion qabul qilgichni o'rnatish yoki ulardan foydalanishni qonunga zid qiladi. Xuddi shu Qonunning 365-moddasida Bi-bi-siga televizion litsenziya to'lovi to'lashi kerak.^[5]

Litsenziya to'lovi rasmiy ravishda Madaniyat, ommaviy axborot vositalari va sport bo'yicha davlat kotibi yordamida qonuniy vositalar. Tegishli qonuniy hujjatlar 2004 yilgi Aloqa (Televizion litsenziyalash) qoidalari^[6] va shu vaqtdan beri Aloqa (Televizion litsenziyalash) (O'zgartirish) to'g'risidagi Nizom kabi o'zgartirishlar.^[7] Qoidalar to'lovlarni tayinlash bilan bir qatorda, qonun uchun "televizion qabul qilgich" ni ham belgilaydi.

Kanal orollari va Man orolida yashovchi odamlar uchun televidenie litsenziyalash to'g'risidagi qonun ularning hududlariga qadar kengaytirilgan Kengashdagi buyurtmalar o'z hukumatlari bilan kelishilgan holda amalga oshiriladi.^[8][9][10]

Uning bir qismi sifatida ijro etish rejimiga binoan, Bi-bi-si tomonidan belgilangan vakolatlardan foydalangan holda kuzatuv olib borishga vakolatli Tergov vakolatlari to'g'risidagi qonunni tartibga solish 2000 yil va Tergov kuchlari to'g'risidagi nizom (British Broadcasting Corporation) 2001 yildagi buyruq. Bi-bi-siga keyingi buyrug'i bilan televizion qabul qiluvchilarning litsenziyasiz foydalanilishini aniqlash uchun kuzatuv uskunalarini ishlatishga ruxsat berilgan.^[11]

Televizion litsenziyalarni berish uchun mas'ul bo'lgan davlat organi sifatida Bi-bi-si tomonidan va Bi-bi-si nomidan televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha pudratchilar tomonidan litsenziyalash to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar Axborot erkinligi to'g'risidagi qonun 2000 yil. Bi-bi-si qonun bo'yicha imtiyozlardan foydalangan holda litsenziyalarni ijro etish to'g'risidagi ba'zi ma'lumotlarni yashiradi; xususan, huquqbuzarliklarning oldini olish asoslari to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni yashirishga ruxsat beruvchi 31-bo'limga binoan va Bi-bi-si tijorat nuqtai nazaridan baholangan ma'lumotlarni saqlashga imkon beruvchi 43 (2) bo'limiga binoan.^[12]

Soliq sifatida qayta tasniflash

2006 yil yanvar oyida Milliy statistika boshqarmasi (ONS) litsenziya to'lovi tasnifini xizmat haqidan soliqqa o'zgartirdi.^[13] O'zgarishlarni tushuntirgan holda, OXQ: "soliq ta'rifiga muvofiq, litsenziya to'lovi faqat BBC xizmatlariga kirish uchun to'lanmaydigan majburiy to'lovdir. ITV, 4 kanal, 5 kanal, sun'iy yo'ldoshni olish uchun litsenziya talab qilinadi. , yoki simi ". Jamoalar uyi kutubxonasidan olingan brifing qog'ozida litsenziya to'lovi a faraz qilingan soliq (ya'ni ma'lum bir maqsad uchun ko'tarilgan).^[14]

Televizion litsenziyalashni boshqarish jamoasi

Tarkibiga kiradigan TV litsenziyasini boshqarish jamoasi Moliya va biznes Bi-bi-si bo'limi, televizion litsenziyalash tizimini nazorat qiladi.^[15] Televizion litsenziyani boshqarish guruhi BBC binolarida joylashgan Oq shahar joyi Londonda. Televizion litsenziyalash ma'muriyati va ijro etuvchi faoliyatining aksariyati xususiy kompaniyalar tomonidan shartnoma asosida amalga oshiriladi. Televizion litsenziyalarni boshqarish guruhi pudratchilar faoliyatini nazorat qiladi.

Televizion litsenziyalash tovar belgisi

Bi-bi-si litsenziya to'lovlarini yig'ish va majburiy ravishda savdo nomi ostida olib boradi Televizion litsenziyalash, ammo vazifalarning katta qismini tijorat tashkilotlari bilan shartnomalar tuzish.^[16] Televizion litsenziyalash Bi-bi-si bilan shartnoma tuzilgan, televizion litsenziyalash tizimini boshqaradigan kompaniyalar tomonidan litsenziyaga muvofiq foydalaniladigan Bi-bi-si savdo belgisi.^[16] Bi-bi-si brendining TV Litsenziyalash brendi bilan aloqasi to'g'risida Bi-bi-sining pozitsiyasi quyidagicha bayon qilingan: "Televizion litsenziyalash brendi Bi-bi-si brendidan ajralib turadi. Mijozlar bilan aloqa qilishda, xususan, foydalanishda ikkala brend o'rtasida hech qanday aloqa o'rnatilmasligi kerak. BBC nomi va logotipi ".^[17] Shu bilan birga, unda ichki aloqa va etkazib beruvchilar bilan aloqa qilish qoidalari boshqacha ekanligi ta'kidlanadi: "BBC TV Litsenziyalash nomi, shuningdek, BBC xodimlari uchun bo'lim nomlari yoki lavozim nomlari doirasida ishlatilishi mumkin".^[17]

Televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha pudratchilar va subpudratchilar

Aholi

Katta pudratchi Aholi.^[18] Capita televidenie uchun litsenziya to'lovini boshqarish va ijro etish uchun javobgardir.^[16][19]

Kutilishicha, Kapitaning BBC bilan shartnomasidan 1,10 milliard funt sterling - 1,55 milliard funt sterling ishlasa, agar u 2012 yil iyulidan boshlab maksimal 15 yil ishlasa.^[4]

Kapitaning televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha shtab-kvartirasi Hindiston Mill, Darven, Lankashirda joylashgan.

Bi-bi-si nomidan Capita tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan xizmatlarga televidenie litsenziyalari bo'yicha so'rovlar bilan ishlash, televidenie litsenziyalariga arizalar va to'lovlarni ko'rib chiqish va litsenziya ma'lumotlar bazasini saqlash kiradi.^[20] Majburiy ijro etish vazifalari manzillarga tashrif buyurish, litsenziyasiz televizor tomosha qilayotgan odamlarni aniqlash, bayonotlar olish va televidenie litsenziyasidan qochganlarni javobgarlikka tortishni o'z ichiga oladi.^[21][22][23] Televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha qarzlarni undirish Akinika tomonidan amalga oshiriladi,^[24] bu Kapitaga tegishli bo'lgan qarzlarni undirish agentligi.^[25]

Kapitaning televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha shtab-kvartirasi Darven (Lankashir) da joylashgan Indian Mill-da joylashgan.^[26] Capita televidenie litsenziyalash operatsiyalarining bir qismi uchun bir qator subpudratchilarni ishlaydi - bu muhim biri Kompyuter fanlari korporatsiyasi kerakli IT-infratuzilmani ta'minlaydigan va zamonaviylashtiradigan.^[4] 2004 yildan beri Kapita Buyuk Britaniyadan tashqarida joylashgan joylarda televizion litsenziyalash ma'muriyatining ulushini o'z zimmasiga oldi va "har yili chet elda qayta ishlanadigan ish hajmini tobora oshirib bordi".^[4] Biroq, 2013 yildan boshlab Capita televidenie litsenziyalash ishlarini olib borish uchun biron bir chet elda chaqiriq markazlarini tashkil qilmagan va kelajakda buni amalga oshirish uchun Bi-bi-sining ruxsati talab etiladi.^[4] Capita-ning televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha ba'zi ishlari Hindistonning Mumbay shahrida amalga oshiriladi^[27] lekin reportajdan keyin Panorama Hindistondagi firibgarlar haqida Capita-ning hind idorasi butunlay yopildi.

Proximity London Inc.

Marketing va poligrafiya xizmatlari, shu jumladan eslatish xatlari va litsenziyalarni tarqatish Proximity London Inc.^[28]

Havas Media

Media xizmatlari bilan shartnoma tuzilgan Havas Media.^[15]

Boshqa pudratchilar

Televizion litsenziyalash bilan shug'ullanadigan boshqa pudratchilar kiradi PayPoint Buyuk Britaniyada retseptsiz xizmat ko'rsatadigan va shu xizmatlarni ko'rsatadigan pochta bo'limlari Men oroli va Kanal orollari.^[4] Shuningdek, quyidagilar ishtirok etadi: AMV BBDO Inc.^[28] reklama xizmatlarini ko'rsatadigan va Fishburn Communications Inc.^[29] jamoatchilik bilan aloqalarni amalga oshiradiganlar.

Televizion litsenziyaning amal qilish muddati

Televizion litsenziya, berilganidan so'ng, odatda maksimal 12 oy davomida amal qiladi. Uning amal qilish muddati u sotib olingan oyning aniq kuniga bog'liq; chunki televizor litsenziyalari har doim kalendar oyining oxirida tugaydi. Agar litsenziyani 2014 yil sentyabr oyida olish kerak bo'lsa, masalan, uning amal qilish muddati 2015 yil 31 avgustda tugaydi. Shunday qilib, amal qilish muddati uni sotib olingan oyning boshiga qarab 11 oydan 12 oygacha o'zgaradi.^[30] Agar mavjud litsenziya o'z vaqtida yangilanadigan bo'lsa, yangi litsenziya to'liq 12 oy davom etadi.

Bi-bi-si ba'zan litsenziyani avvalgi litsenziyaning amal qilish muddati tugaganidan keyin uzaytirilishi holatlarida "qisqa muddatli" litsenziyalarni beradi. Bi-bi-si buni televizorning amal qilish muddati tugash va yangilanish oralig'idagi vaqt oralig'ida tomosha qilgan deb taxmin qilgani kabi qiladi. Qisqa muddatli litsenziyalar avvalgi amal qilish muddatidan 12 oy o'tgach tugaydi.^[31]

Agar 74 yoshli Buyuk Britaniyaning rezidenti televizion litsenziyani sotib olishni xohlasa, ular Buyuk Britaniyada bepul litsenziya olish huquqiga ega bo'lgandan keyin 75 yoshga to'lgunga qadar bo'lgan vaqtni qoplash uchun qisqa muddatli televizion litsenziyaga murojaat qilishlari mumkin. 74 yoshli qariyalar uchun qisqa muddatli litsenziyalar, shuningdek, Man orolida va Gernsi.

Agar televizor litsenziyasi endi manzil uchun kerak bo'lmasa, litsenziyani bekor qilish va pulni qisman qaytarib berish uchun ariza berish mumkin.^[32] Qaytarilgan mablag 'muddati tugashiga bog'liq bo'ladi. Odatda litsenziyaning amal qilish muddati tugagandan keyin faqat to'rtdan bir qismi (ketma-ket uch kalendar oy) qaytariladi.^[33]

Bi-bi-si ma'lum sharoitlarda ham litsenziyani bekor qilishi mumkin.^[33]

Litsenziyaning narxi

To'lov miqdori Buyuk Britaniya hukumati va BBC ishonchi.^[34] 1988 yildan 2010 yilgacha litsenziyalar uchun to'lov har yili har yili oshirib borildi^[35]1988 yilgacha litsenziya to'lovining oshishi tartibsizliklarda, ba'zida bir necha yil davomida o'zgarishlar bilan sodir bo'lgan. 2010 yil aprel va 2017 yil aprel oylari orasida litsenziya narxi yiliga 145,50 funt sterlingni tashkil etdi.^[36] 2020 yil 1 apreldan boshlab rang uchun 157,50 funt sterling, qora va oq televizor uchun litsenziya uchun 53 funt sterling turadi.

To'lov usullari

BBC litsenziya to'lovini to'lashning quyidagi shakllariga ruxsat beradi:^[37]

• To'g'ridan-to'g'ri debet. To'lovlar har yili, chorakda yoki oyda amalga oshirilishi mumkin.
• Debet yoki kredit karta. Yillik to'lov.
• PayPoint. Yillik to'lovlar PayPoint shoxobchalarida (odatda do'konlarda joylashgan) naqd pul yoki debet karta orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Oylik yoki haftalik to'lovlarni TV Litsenziyalash to'lov kartasi egalari ham amalga oshirishi mumkin (quyida ko'rib chiqing)
• Televizion litsenziyalash to'lov kartasi. Ushbu karta egalari qachon va qancha to'lashlari kerakligini ko'rsatadigan to'lov rejasiga ega bo'lishadi. To'lovlar har hafta yoki har oyda PayPoint shoxobchalarida amalga oshirilishi mumkin. To'lovlar Internet orqali, telefon orqali yoki SMS orqali (kredit yoki debet karta bilan) ham amalga oshirilishi mumkin.
• Televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha jamg'arma kartasi. Bu litsenziya to'lovi egasining keyingi litsenziyani tejash usulidir. Agar yangi litsenziya uchun etarli mablag 'yig'ilsa, yangi litsenziya avtomatik ravishda yuboriladi. Aks holda balansni to'lash kerak.
• Tekshiring va pochta buyurtmalari. Yillik to'lovlar ushbu usullar bo'yicha pochta orqali amalga oshirilishi mumkin.
• BACS elektron pul o'tkazish. Faqatgina litsenziyalarni uzaytirish uchun yillik to'lovlar.

Gernsidagi pochta bo'limi. Buyuk Britaniyadan farqli o'laroq, televizion litsenziyalarni Gernsi, Jersi va Man orolidagi pochta bo'limlarida sotib olish mumkin.

To'lov usullari litsenziya to'lovi to'liq yoki qisman oldindan to'lanishini anglatadi. Yillik to'lovlar oldindan to'lashni talab qiladi. Oylik to'g'ridan-to'g'ri debet uchun yangi litsenziya oyiga 24 funtdan sal ko'proq bo'lgan 6 oylik to'lash bilan to'lanadi. Yangilash litsenziyalari amal qilish muddati tugashidan 6 oy oldin, ya'ni yangilanish sanasidan 6 oy oldin boshlanib, 12 oylik qismlarga to'lanadi.^[37] To'g'ridan-to'g'ri debet yordamida amalga oshiriladigan choraklik to'lovlar yiliga 5,00 funt sterlingni yoki har chorakda 1,25 funt sterlingni tashkil etadi, bu litsenziya yig'imiga qo'shiladi. Ushbu qo'shimcha televizion litsenziyalash orqali to'g'ridan-to'g'ri debet orqali to'laydiganlarga yuborilgan umumiy xatda "kichik to'lov" sifatida tavsiflanadi va televidenie litsenziyalash veb-saytida u quyidagilar bilan asoslanadi: "Har chorakda to'lash orqali litsenziyangizning ko'p qismi siz kabi to'lanadi undan foydalaning. Bu bizning boshqa to'lov sxemalarimizdan farq qiladi, bu erda litsenziya to'lovining kamida yarmi oldindan yig'iladi. Natijada har chorakda to'lovlar sizning to'lovingizga qo'shiladigan har chorak uchun 1,25 funt miqdorida kichik mukofot puli to'laydi. "^[37] Odatda, Buyuk Britaniyada yirik kommunal xizmatlar yoki davlat tomonidan taqdim etiladigan xizmatlarning to'g'ridan-to'g'ri debet sxemalari teskari tarzda ishlaydi va to'g'ridan-to'g'ri debet to'lovchilariga chegirma beradi.

Kanal orollari va Man orolida peshtaxtadan tashqari xizmatlar PayPoint shoxobchalari tomonidan emas, balki pochta aloqasi xizmatlari tomonidan amalga oshiriladi.^[38]

Imtiyozlar

75 yoshdan oshganlar

2000 yil noyabrdan 2018 yil aprelgacha televizion litsenziyalar 75 yoshdan katta kishilarga markaziy hukumat tomonidan to'liq moliyalashtirish orqali berildi.^[39] Ushbu imtiyoz butun oilani qamrab oldi, shuning uchun hatto bitta oila a'zosi 75 yoshdan oshgan bo'lsa ham, barcha aholini qamrab olish uchun bepul televizion litsenziyani olish mumkin edi.^[40] O'rtasida 2016 yilda moliyalashtirish bo'yicha kelishuvdan so'ng Konservativ hukumat va Bi-bi-si, ushbu mablag '2018 yil apreldan 2020 yil aprelgacha to'xtatildi, shundan so'ng ushbu sxema bo'yicha hukumat tomonidan qo'shimcha mablag' mavjud emas edi:^[41] faqat yoshga qarab bepul televizion litsenziyalar 2020 yil avgust oyida tugagan (ilgari 2020 yil iyun deb rejalashtirilgan, ammo koronavirus [COVID-19] avj olgan paytgacha uzaytirilgan).^[39] Hisob-kitoblarga ko'ra, agar to'liq moliyalashtirish saqlanib qolsa, u Bi-bi-sining 2020/21 yilgi byudjetiga 745 million funt qo'shgan bo'lar edi.^[42] Bi-bi-si a jamoatchilik bilan maslahatlashuv 2018 yil noyabr oyida 75 yoshdan oshganlarga beriladigan imtiyoz 2020 yildan keyin ham davom etishi kerakmi yoki yo'qmi va agar shunday bo'lsa, qanday shaklda qaror qabul qilish kerak.^[43] Bi-bi-sining so'rovnomasiga berilgan javob, 48% mavjud kontsession tizimni saqlab qolish tarafdori, 37% kontsessiyani isloh qilishni va 17% imtiyozni bekor qilish variantini afzal ko'rishgan.^[44]

Bi-bi-si to'liq imtiyozni bekor qildi, ammo a-da bepul litsenziyalarni taqdim etishda davom etdi o'rtacha sinovdan o'tgan asos;^[45] 2020 yil avgustidan boshlab 75 yoshdan oshganlarning ko'pi litsenziya to'lovini to'liq to'lashi kerak edi, lekin bitta odam olgan uy xo'jaliklari pensiya krediti imtiyoz bepul litsenziyani olishda davom etadi.^[46]

Ustida Men oroli, bepul televizion litsenziyalar sxemasi tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi Men orolining Ijtimoiy yordam bo'limi.^[47]

Qariyalarning keksa aholisi uchun sxemalar mavjud Kanal orollari, lekin ular batafsil va muvofiqlik jihatidan farq qiladi. Gernsi, Alderney va Germ orollari aholisi (qismlar Gernsidan Bailivik ) 75 yoshdan katta bo'lganlar o'z oilalarini qamrab olish uchun bepul televizion litsenziyaga murojaat qilishlari mumkin. Bundan tashqari, davlat nafaqalarini oladigan 65 yoshdan oshganlar imtiyozga ega bo'lishlari mumkin. Biroq, 75 dan ortiq imtiyozlar aholisi uchun mavjud emas Sark, bu Gernsi Bailiwick tarkibiga kiradi. Jersi orolida imtiyozli litsenziyalar o'rtacha sinov asosida olinadi.

Ko'zi ojiz yoki jiddiy ko'rish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan imtiyozlar

Litsenziyalar - bu yarim narx qonuniy ko'r.^[48] Imtiyozga ega bo'lish uchun ko'zi ojiz yoki og'ir ko'zi ojiz shaxs televizorni litsenziyalash bo'yicha ko'r-ko'rona konsessiya guruhiga qobiliyatsizligi to'g'risidagi hujjatni yoki ko'rlarni ro'yxatdan o'tkazish to'g'risidagi hujjatning nusxasini yoki oftalmologning guvohnomasini topshirishi kerak.^[47] Televizionning imtiyozli litsenziyasi butun xonadon tomonidan televizordan foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi.

Uy-joylarni saqlash uylari

60 yoshdan oshganlar va qarovchilar uylarida (shu jumladan qariyalar uylari, davlat sektorida yashaydigan uylar va olmoshlar) Uy-joylarni saqlash uchun turar joy (ARC) litsenziyalari yiliga 7,50 funt sterlingga.

Litsenziyaning umumiy savdosi

Bi-bi-si tomonidan 2014/15 yilgi televidenie litsenziyalari savdosi ko'rsatkichlari 25,562 million, shu jumladan 75 yoshdan oshganlar uchun 4,502 million imtiyozli litsenziyalar,^[49] Buyuk Britaniya hukumati tomonidan to'langan. 2013/14 yilga teng ko'rsatkichlar jami 25,478 million litsenziyani, shu jumladan 75 yoshdan oshganlar uchun 4,328 million litsenziyani tashkil etdi.^[50] 2014/15 yillarda Bi-bi-si Buyuk Britaniyada 26,916 million litsenziyalanadigan mulk mavjudligini taxmin qildi (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri televizor tomosha qilinadigan binolar deb ta'riflangan),^[49] Bi-bi-si taxminlari to'g'ri bo'lsa, mulklarning 95% to'g'ri litsenziyalanganligini ko'rsatib turibdi.Litsenziyalar uchun yig'imlardan olingan umumiy daromad 2017-18 yillarda 3,8302 milliard funt sterlingni tashkil etdi.^[3]

Televizion litsenziyalarning katta qismi rangli televizorlarga tegishli. Masalan, 2014 yil 31 avgustda qora va oq rangdagi televizorlarning 10,461 ta litsenziyasi amal qildi, 25,460,801 ta rangli televizion litsenziyalariga nisbatan. Bi-bi-si, shuningdek, 2013–14 moliyaviy yil davomida Buyuk Britaniyada jami 41483 nafar ko'r-ko'rona imtiyozli (yarim narx) litsenziyalar berilganligini, shulardan 29 tasi qora va oq tanli ko'r-ko'rona imtiyozlar ekanligini ta'kidladi.^[51]

Kanal orollari

2012 yil yanvar oyida Jersida 36 261 ta rangli litsenziyalar amal qilgan^[52] orol uchun televizion litsenziyalash ma'lumotlar bazasidagi 77.480 manzilga (turar-joy ob'ektlari, korxonalar va boshqa binolar) nisbatan (2011 yil dekabr oyi oxirida).^[53] Bu Jersi manzillarining taxminan 53 foizida 2012 yil boshida televizion litsenziyaga ega emasligini taxmin qiladi.

Gernsi uchun taqqoslanadigan ko'rsatkichlar - 2012 yil yanvar oyida amal qilgan 23 673 ta litsenziyalar^[52] va 2011 yil dekabr oyi oxirida ma'lumotlar bazasida 40 263 ta manzil.^[53] Shunday qilib, 2012 yil boshida Gernsida 41 foizga yaqin litsenziyasiz mulk mavjud edi.

Tarix

Ikkinchi Jahon urushi tufayli Buyuk Britaniyada televizion ko'rsatuvlar tanaffusdan keyin qayta tiklanganda, xizmatni moliyalashtirish uchun televizion litsenziya to'lovini joriy etishga qaror qilindi. 1946 yil 1-iyunda birinchi marta joriy qilinganida, faqat bitta rangli Bi-bi-si televizion xizmatini qamrab olgan litsenziyaning narxi 2 funt sterling (2019 yildagi 83,57 funtga teng).^[54] Litsenziya dastlab Bosh pochta aloqasi (GPO), u keyinchalik Buyuk Britaniyada jamoat aloqalarini tartibga soluvchi edi. GPO shuningdek elektr energiyasi bilan ishlaydigan uy radio qabul qiluvchilariga litsenziyalar berdi^[55] Shuningdek, olib tashlanmaydigan transport vositalariga o'rnatilgan radiolar va bilan boshlangan qonunlarga binoan majbur qilingan Simsiz telegrafiya to'g'risidagi qonun 1904 yil, litsenziyalash tizimini boshqarish; ammo, televidenie litsenziyasi radio qabul qilishni ham qamrab olgan.

Bi-bi-si 1967 yil yozida muntazam rangli televizion eshittirishlarni boshladi.^[56] 1968 yil 1-yanvarda mavjud bo'lgan 5 funt monoxrom litsenziya to'loviga 5 funt sterling miqdorida "rangli qo'shimcha" qo'shildi; 10 funt sterling uchun to'lov 2019 yilda 174,7 funt sterlingga teng edi. Litsenziya narxi inflyatsiya bilan ortadi; 2019 yil 1 aprelda rangli televizor uchun 154,50 funt sterlingga va monoxrom televizor uchun 52 funtga ko'tarildi.^[57]Faqatgina radio uchun litsenziya 1971 yil 1 fevralda bekor qilindi, u £ 1-5s-0d funt sterling (Buyuk Britaniyaning o'nlik valyutasida 1,25 funt) yoki 2019 yil narxlari bo'yicha 21,84 funtga teng edi.^[35]

1991 yil 1 aprelda Bi-bi-si Buyuk Britaniyada televizion litsenziyalarni boshqarishni o'z zimmasiga oldi va litsenziyalar uchun to'lovlarni yig'ish va ijro etish majburiyatini oldi.^[5][58] Shu kundan boshlab, BBC qonuniy vakolat televizion litsenziyalarni berish uchun (1991 yil aprelga qadar qonuniy organ Buyuk Britaniya edi) Uy idorasi ), biroq Buyuk Britaniya hukumati televizion litsenziyalar bo'yicha muayyan vakolat va majburiyatlarni o'zida saqlab qoladi.^[58]

2002 yil iyulda BBC mukofotladi Aholi teleko'rsatuvlarni litsenziyalash tizimini boshqarish bo'yicha shartnoma, pochta aloqasi xizmatining o'rnini bosgan (hozirda "Consignia" deb o'zgartirilgan).^[59]

2006 yil yanvar oyida Milliy statistika idorasi litsenziya to'lovini soliq sifatida tasnifladi;^[13] ilgari u xizmat haqi sifatida tasniflangan edi.

Litsenziya to'lovi xarajatlari

The BBC ishonchi 2009–10 yil davomida 3,56 mlrd funt sterling miqdorida litsenziya to'lovi daromadlari sarflanishi to'g'risida quyidagi ma'lumotlarni keltiradi^[60] (bu erda foizda ko'rsatilgan):

• 66% - barcha televizorlar
• 17% - Milliy va mahalliy radio
• 6% - Internetda masalan. BBC veb-saytlari, iPlayer
• 11% - boshqalar. uzatish va litsenziyalar uchun yig'im xarajatlari *

2014 yil aprel oyidan boshlab BBC Jahon xizmati radio va BBC Arab televideniesi litsenziya to'lovidan moliyalashtirildi. Ushbu sanadan oldin ular hukumat tomonidan ajratilgan grant asosida moliyalashtirilardi Tashqi ishlar va Hamdo'stlik idorasi. Jahon xizmati BBCga 2017/18 moliyaviy yilida 268 million funt sterlingga tushdi.^[3]

Bi-bi-si 2017/18 yillarda ham quyidagilarni to'lagan: keng polosali ulanish (80 million funt); Uels kanalining qisman moliyalashtirilishi (74,8 million funt), S4C (bu ham. tomonidan moliyalashtiriladi Madaniyat, ommaviy axborot vositalari va sport bo'limi ); va mahalliy televidenie xarajatlariga qo'shilish (4,7 million funt).^[3]

BBC dunyo yangiliklari va Bi-bi-sining boshqa xalqaro telekanallari tijorat asosida ishlaydi va litsenziya to'lovi uchun pul olishda davom etaveradi. Ular ishlab topgan daromadlar Buyuk Britaniya xizmatlarini moliyalashtirishda litsenziya to'lovini to'ldiradi.

Bundan tashqari, BBC Alba Gal tili televidenie xizmati asosan moliyalashtiriladi MG Alba tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan tashkilot Shotlandiya hukumati.

(*) 2007/2008 yillar davomida Bi-bi-si litsenziya to'lovining 3,6% yig'ish uchun sarflanganligini aytdi.^[61]

Televizion litsenziyaning qonuniy talablari

Televizion litsenziyasi kerak bo'lganda

363-bo'limiga binoan Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yil, "o'rnatilgan yoki ishlatilgan" har qanday qurilma uchun televizion litsenziyani olish kerak.^[62] "jamoat a'zolari qabul qilgan bir vaqtning o'zida (yoki deyarli bir vaqtning o'zida) televizion dasturni qabul qilish" uchun.^[63]

Televizion litsenziyalash bo'yicha "Siz televizor dasturlarini tomosha qilish yoki yozib olish uchun televizor, raqamli quti, DVD yoki video yozuvchisi, kompyuter, noutbuk yoki mobil telefon kabi har qanday televizion qabul qilish uskunasidan foydalanish uchun sizga televizion litsenziya kerak. Televizor ".^[64] Portativ televizorlar va shunga o'xshash uskunalar, masalan, ichki batareyalar bilan ishlaydigan noutbuklar va mobil telefonlar, egasining yashash joyi uchun berilgan litsenziyaga binoan istalgan joyda foydalanish uchun qoplanadi.^[65]

2016 yil 1 sentyabrda televizion litsenziyani talab qilish shartlari qabul qilishni o'z ichiga olgan talab bo'yicha video BBC tomonidan taqdim etiladigan dastur xizmatlari,^[66] ustida iPlayer ta'qib qilish xizmati.^[67]

Biroq, bir nechtasi bor istisno holatlar jonli televizorni litsenziyasiz ko'rish mumkin bo'lganda.

Televizion litsenziyasi talab qilinmaganda

Quyidagi maqsadlar uchun televizion litsenziyaga ega bo'lish shart emas.^[68][69][70]

• bilan ishlatiladigan raqamli qutini boshqarish salom tizim yoki faqat tovushlarni chiqarish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan boshqa qurilma^[64]
• televizorni faqat yopiq elektron monitor sifatida o'rnatish va ishlatish^[71]
• oldindan yozib olingan DVD yoki videolarni o'ynash uchun televizordan foydalanish (garchi jonli dasturlarni yozish uchun litsenziyaga ega bo'lish zarur bo'lsa)^[68]
• raqamli radio qabul qilgich sifatida televizordan foydalanish^[70]
• televizor orqali radio tinglash uchun raqamli quti yordamida^[72]
• kompyuter o'yinlari konsolining monitori sifatida televizordan foydalanish^[68]
• tomosha qilish televizorni tinglash dastur jonli bo'lmaganida xizmatlar^[73] Bi-bi-sining iPlayer xizmatidan Bi-bi-sining dasturlarini olish uchun foydalanish holatlaridan tashqari.^[67]
• orqali Internet orqali BBC radio dasturlarini tinglash BBC tovushlari.

Bepul bo'lmagan binolar uchun (bepul) litsenziya talab qilinadi, hatto hech qanday haq olinmasa ham, masalan. 75 yoshdan oshgan aholisi bo'lgan binolar.

Litsenziyasiz jihozlarda tomosha qilingan yozib olingan dastur 2004 yilgi Aloqa (Televizion litsenziyalash) to'g'risidagi nizom doirasidan tashqarida, chunki u "jamoat a'zolari qabul qilgan bir vaqtning o'zida (yoki deyarli bir vaqtning o'zida) qabul qilinmaydi".^[63][74] ammo bunday yozuvlar buzilishi mumkin mualliflik huquqi.

Televizion litsenziyalash televizorga ega bo'lganlarga, lekin "litsenziyaga muhtoj emasligini tushuntirishni istaganlarga" quyidagi maslahatlarni beradi:^[75]

• televizorni havodan olib tashlang;
• uni ishlatib bo'lmaydigan qilib havo rozetkasini yoping;
• televizordagi kanallar tanlanganda televizion signal qabul qilinmasligini ta'minlash.

Biroq, TV Litsenziyalash ham ushbu tavsiyalarga rioya qilish majburiy emasligini aytmoqda. Masalan, televizorda raqamli radioeshittirishlarni tinglash uchun televizorni havoga ulash va televizorni turli kanallarga sozlash kerak bo'ladi. Bi-bi-si raqamli radioeshittirishlarni televizion litsenziyasiz televizor yordamida tinglash qonuniy ekanligini aniq ko'rsatdi.^[70]

Ga binoan Ofcom, Internet orqali televizion uzatmalar kulrang maydon^[76] kelajakda televizor egaligiga asoslangan to'lovlar ortiqcha bo'lishi mumkin. 2005 yilda Madaniyat, ommaviy axborot vositalari va sport ishlari bo'limi tomonidan Yashil qog'oz^[77] "barcha uy xo'jaliklari uchun majburiy yig'im yoki hatto shaxsiy kompyuterlar va televizorlarga egalik qilish to'g'risida" takliflar kiritilgan.^[78] Biroq, keyinchalik televidenie litsenziyalashi televizorda paydo bo'lgan vaqtda yoki bir vaqtning o'zida uzatishni oladigan har qanday qurilmadan (shu jumladan kompyuter yoki mobil telefondan) foydalanish litsenziyani talab qilishini ta'kidladi.^[64][74] Bi-bi-si yangi texnologiyalar uning daromadiga tahdid solishini biladi. Bi-bi-sining 2012 yilgi hisobotida "Televizionni iste'mol qiladiganlar sonining ko'payishi sababli litsenziyani talab qilmaydigan darajada televizion litsenziyalar savdosining o'sishi uchun doimiy tahdid mavjud" deyilgan.^[79]

Buyuk Britaniyadan tashqarida (masalan, Germaniya, Italiya, Gretsiya, Turkiya va Gollandiyadan translyatsiyani qabul qiladigan televizorlar Astra sun'iy yo'ldoshi, ko'plab kanallar mavjud bepul ) litsenziyaga muhtoj emas edi^[21] har qanday manbadan televizion qabul qilish uchun televidenie litsenziyasini talab qiladigan Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonun 2003 yilgacha.

2012 yilda 400 mingdan ziyod uy xo'jaliklari Bi-bi-siga televizion litsenziyaga muhtoj emasliklari haqida xabar berishdi.^[80] Bi-bi-si ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2013 yil kalendar yilida Buyuk Britaniyada "Hech qanday litsenziya kerak emas" (NLN) maqomiga ega bo'lgan manzillarning o'rtacha soni 1 879 877 ni tashkil etgan.^[81] 2013 yil iyun oyida BBCga 5 043 NLN deklaratsiyalari qabul qilindi, chunki bu manzil faqat televizorni tomosha qilishni tomosha qilmoqda.^[81]

Televizion litsenziyalash rejimidan istisnolar

Televizion litsenziyalash rejimida bir nechta istisnolar mavjud, bu erda televizorni ushbu mulk uchun televizion litsenziyasiz tomosha qilish mumkin. Ushbu holatlar:

• Toj immuniteti. Bi-bi-si ma'lumotlariga ko'ra: "na 2003 yilgi Aloqa to'g'risidagi qonun, na 2004 yilgi aloqa (televizion litsenziyalash) to'g'risidagi nizom tojni bog'lamaydi. Shunday qilib, toj televidenie litsenziyalash rejimiga bo'ysunmaydi."^[82] Qamoqxona ma'murlari mahkumlarga televizion litsenziyasiz televizor ko'rishga ruxsat berish uchun Crown daxlsizligini ta'minlashi mumkin.^[83] 2012 yilda Bi-bi-si Buyuk Britaniya parlamenti televizion litsenziyalash rejimidan ozod qilinganligini tan oldi va shu sababli parlament mulki shu kundan boshlab televizion litsenziyalarni sotib olishni to'xtatdi.^[84]
• Davlat ahamiyatiga ega voqealar. Bi-bi-si televizorlarni vaqtincha ishlatishi uchun litsenziyalangan manzildan tashqarida, u "alohida holatlar" deb atagan taqdirda, dispansiyani taqdim etishi mumkin. Buning bir misoli 2012 yilda Qirolichaning Olmos yubileyiga bag'ishlangan tantanalar namoyishi bo'ldi. Ushbu istisno qachon amal qilishining aniq mezonlari mavjud.^[85]
• Chet el kemalari. Bi-bi-si xabariga ko'ra: 'Chet el kemalariga litsenziya kerak bo'lmaydi'^[86]

Bir manzil bo'yicha talab qilinadigan litsenziyalar soni

Televizion translyatsiyani har qanday joyda, shu jumladan turar joy va ish joylarini tomosha qilish uchun litsenziya talab qilinadi.^[87]

Turar-joy binolari uchun litsenziyalangan qurilmalar sonidan yoki uy xo'jaligi a'zolari sonidan qat'i nazar, bitta manzil bo'yicha bitta uy uchun bitta litsenziya talab qilinadi.^[88] Biroq, litsenziyaning o'zi har doim jismoniy shaxs nomida saqlanadi.^[89]

Birgalikda bir nechta kasbda ijaraga olingan mulk ijaraga olish kelishuv TV Litsenziyalash tomonidan bitta uy xo'jaligi sifatida ko'rib chiqiladi va faqat bitta litsenziyani talab qiladi, lekin bir nechta, alohida ijaraga berish shartnomalari bilan ijaraga olingan mulk bitta uy hisoblanmaydi va har bir ijarachi alohida litsenziyani talab qilishi mumkin.^[90] Masalan, a ko'p kasbli uy xususiy yotoq xonalari va umumiy foydalanish joylari bo'lishi mumkin: agar besh kishi bunday mulkni shaxsiy ijaraga olish shartnomalari bilan bo'lishsa, u holda har bir xususiy xonada televizor qabul qiluvchisi bo'lsa, beshta televizion litsenziyani talab qilishi mumkin, shunga o'xshash mulk esa qo'shma ijara shartnomasida besh kishidan iborat bo'ladi. faqat bitta televizion litsenziyani talab qilishi mumkin.^[91]

Uydan tashqarida televizordan foydalanish

A-da televizordan foydalanish statik karvon foydalanuvchining asosiy manzili uchun berilgan litsenziya bilan qoplanadi, agar ikkala joyda ham televizordan bir vaqtning o'zida foydalanilmasa va televizorda ekskursiya karvoni har doim foydalanuvchining asosiy uy litsenziyasi bilan qoplanadi.^[92] Faqatgina o'zining ichki batareyalari bilan ishlaydigan televizordan foydalanish foydalanuvchining asosiy uy litsenziyasida har qanday manzil uchun qoplanadi, lekin agar u elektr tarmog'iga yoki boshqa tashqi quvvat manbaiga ulangan bo'lsa, masalan, avtomobil akkumulyatori alohida litsenziyani talab qiladi. ;^[92] bu televizor bilan ishlaydigan mobil telefonlarga ham tegishli.^[74]

O'quv kurslarida talabalar televizorni faqat o'zlarining ichki batareyalari bilan ishlaydigan qurilmada tomosha qilsalar, doimiy uylarida joylashgan bo'lsa, alohida televizion litsenziyaga muhtoj bo'lmasligi mumkin. Xususan, televizorni o'z vaqtidagi manzilida litsenziyasiz tomosha qilish uchun quyidagilar to'g'ri bo'lishi kerak:^[93]

• Muddatsiz manzil televizor litsenziyasi bilan qoplanishi kerak
• Har qanday televizorni qabul qiluvchi uskunani faqat o'zining ichki batareyalari bilan ta'minlash kerak
• Televizion uskunalar antennaga ulanmasligi yoki elektr tarmog'iga ulanmasligi kerak.

Faqat turistik karvon yoki doimiy sayohat qilayotgan kanalli qayiq kabi ko'chma uyda yashovchi, statik manzilga ega bo'lmagan odamlar qonuniy ravishda televizor ko'rishga qodir emaslar, chunki bunday manzilsiz litsenziyani sotib olmaydilar.

Litsenziyalar uchun to'lovni ijro etish

Televizion litsenziyadan qochganlar

Televizion litsenziyaga ega bo'lmagan holda to'g'ridan-to'g'ri televizorni tomosha qiladigan yoki yozib olgan odamni BBC "TV litsenziyasidan qochgan" deb ataydi.^[4] Bi-bi-si har yili qochish koeffitsientini taxmin qiladi ("litsenziyalanadigan ob'ektlar" ning umumiy foizida ko'rsatilgan) va bu qiymatni yillik hisobot va hisobotlarida e'lon qiladi.

Qochish darajasini baholashning asosiy formulasi:^[31]

${ displaystyle 1 - { frac {L} {{(Ho)} {(PR)} + {NDL}}}}$   

qaerda:

L: amaldagi televizion litsenziyalar soni

Xo: uy xo'jaliklari soni

PR: televizorlarning uy xo'jaliklariga kirib borish darajasi

NDL: mahalliy bo'lmagan litsenziyalar talab qilinadi

Amaldagi litsenziyalar sonining ko'rsatkichi BBCning ma'lumotlar bazasi. Qochish tezligini hisoblash uchun ishlatiladigan boshqa o'zgaruvchilar - bu taxminlar. Uy xo'jaliklari soni bo'yicha ma'lumotlar quyidagilardan olingan Jamiyat va mahalliy boshqaruv boshqarmasi raqamlar. The Teleradioeshittiruvchilarning tadqiqot kengashi so'rovnoma televizorlarning uy xo'jaliklariga kirib borish darajasini baholash uchun ishlatiladi. Maishiy bo'lmagan litsenziyalarga talabalar, harbiy turar joylar, mehmonxonalar va korxonalar uchun zarur bo'lgan litsenziyalar kiradi. Ushbu ko'rsatkichni taxmin qilish uchun turli xil manbalardan foydalaniladi.^[4]

2018/19 yilgi so'nggi e'lon qilingan ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, qochish darajasi 6 dan 7% gacha.^[94] 2005-6 yillari davomida televidenie litsenziyalashi ular "taxmin qilingan qochishni rekord darajadagi eng past darajaga - 4,7% gacha kamaytirganligi" haqida xabar berishdi.^[95] Biroq, keyingi yil davomida bu ko'rsatkich 5,1% ga ko'tarildi^[96] va 2007–8 yillarda 5,1% darajasida qoldi.^[97] 2010/2011 yil uchun qochish darajasi 5,2 foizni tashkil etdi.^[98] Bi-bi-si ma'lumotlariga ko'ra "qochishning e'lon qilingan darajasi 2012/13 yillarda 5,5% gacha o'sdi".^[4] Qochish darajasi Buyuk Britaniyada bir xil emas, Shotlandiya umuman Buyuk Britaniyaga qaraganda ancha yuqori.^[99]Bi-bi-si qochish uchun keltirgan sabablaridan biri bu xonadonda pul etishmasligi. Masalan, Bi-bi-sining 2012/13 yilgi To'liq moliyaviy hisobotida Bi-bi-si shunday deydi: "uy byudjeti bosimga duchor bo'lganligi sababli, biz litsenziyalar uchun to'lovlarni to'lashdan o'tgan yilga nisbatan o'sish ko'rayapmiz".^[100] However, this is not the only reason given for TV licence evasion, since according to a submission made by the BBC to the Information Commissioner's Office: 'the BBC said that it is also aware that a growing number of individuals deliberately evade the licence fee due to dissatisfaction with the BBC'.^[101]

A Milliy taftish byurosi report from 2002: "Areas with high evasion rates are most likely to have, for example, a higher than average proportion of younger people, low income households, and students and single parent families, and a level of Okrug sudi judgments 50 per cent above the national average".^[102] However, according to the BBC, 'evasion is spread across all socioeconomic groups'.^[96] The BBC has also claimed that the 'TV Licensing evader profile' could be characterised by the distribution by social grade of 1.3m properties that were not licensed on 31 March 2007. The profile was given as follows: AB 20.1%, C1 29.1%, C2 13.6%, D 18.9%, E 18.3%.^[96]

The Teleradioeshittiruvchilarning tadqiqot kengashi estimated that of June 2004, 2.3% of UK households do not have television,^[103] and in September 2008, the BBC reported that some one million people do not need a TV licence.^[97] Alleged excuses given by householders for not having a licence include loss of mail, being "too busy" and suffering from polimorf nur otilishi (sun allergy).^[104] The results of market research carried out on self-identified evaders concluded that roughly half were 'opportunistic delayers' who were tizimni o'ynash to avoid immediate payment and that the others were 'deliberate evaders' who were trying to 'cheat the system'. Nearly one fifth of respondents claimed never to have bought a TV licence.^[102]

LASSY database

Since it is not possible to prevent a person buying and using TV receiving equipment without being in possession of a licence, the TV licence system is enforced by first identifying TV licence evaders and then attempting to sell them a licence and, in some cases, prosecuting them.^[21] The critical method of detecting TV licence evaders is through the use of a database system known as LASSY,^[105] which contains 29.5 million^[96] addresses in the UK. LASSY is an acronym of 'Licence Administration and Support System'.^[61] According to the National Audit Office: "The database holds records of potentially licensable properties and basic details (such as the name of the licence holder and the licence expiry date) of those for which valid licences are held".^[102] This database is routinely updated with licence holders' details. Until 25 June 2013, dealers in television receiving equipment were required by law to provide TV Licensing with identifying information about everyone who buys or rents such equipment.^[106] However this requirement has been lifted by the Korxona va tartibga soluvchi islohotlar to'g'risidagi qonun 2013 yil.^[107] TV Licensing maintains permanent contact with every address in the database that is recorded as not having a TV licence^[108] until a licence is purchased for that address or until TV Licensing confirm that the household does not need a licence. If it is confirmed that a household does not watch or record live TV, the address is put into the NLCC (No Licence Needed Claim Confirmed) category. Residential properties put into this category are not visited or contacted for a period of two years from the time that the claim was confirmed. Business properties on the other hand, are exempted from visits or mailings for three years after confirmation.^[21]

TV Licensing letters and telephone calls

TV Licensing may make initial contact by letter^[17] or by phone with occupants of addresses for which there is no current licence.^[61] During the financial year 2012–13, approximately 21.5 million letters were sent to unlicensed addresses. The average postage cost to post one standard TV Licensing letter in the financial year 2012/13 was stated to be £0.2059.^[109] The methods by which an occupant can reply are in writing, by telephone or by filling in an online form. If there is no reply to the first letter and a TV licence is not bought by the occupant, then TV Licensing continues to write regularly to the address and "the tone of the letters progressively becomes stronger to encourage a reply".^[70] For example, one of its standard letters includes the phrase: "Official warning: We have opened an investigation". This warning was included in 940,615 letters sent in January/February 2013.^[110] Another standard letter states: 'Dear Sir/Madam, you have not responded to our previous letters. We want to ensure you have the information you may need before a hearing is set at your local court.'^[111] More than 3 million letters containing this phrase were sent in 2011.^[112]

Three basic tones of voice are used in TV Licensing letters: "Customer Service", "Collections" and "Enforcement".^[17] According to the BBC: "Customer service is the brand experience we create for customers who are currently licensed, unknowingly unlicensed or who don’t need a licence", whereas "Collections is the brand experience we create for those customers whose TV licence has expired and whom TV Licensing wants to motivate to renew." Finally, the enforcement tone is used for households who have been unlicensed for a longer period. This period is not specified in freely available documents but TV Licensing suggests it could be used, for example, for the third and fourth renewal reminder.^[17] Each of these 'tones' involves letters with a different colour palette. For example, green is used in 'Customer Service' letters and red may be used in 'Collections' and 'Enforcement' letters. In all cases, the vocabulary and format used in the letters is strictly defined.^[17]

If a business or household is not obliged to have a TV licence then TV Licensing will request written confirmation of this, even though no such information is required to be given in law.^[113][114]

According to the BBC, it is not possible to opt out of receiving TVL mailings since they 'are not advertising or marketing material'.^[115] Similarly, householders who do not have a licence cannot exclude themselves from unsolicited calls from TV Licensing by registering with the Telefonni afzal ko'rish xizmati.^[116]

In 2014, a householder invoiced TV Licensing £40 as a 'processing fee' for 'opening, reading and filing' a TV Licensing letter. Because TV Licensing did not pay the charge, the householder took the claim to the County Court, eventually winning the case and receiving the fee plus other costs incurred.^[117]

Enquiry officer visits

If a colour TV licence is not purchased for an address, TV Licensing agents—known as "visiting officers", "enquiry officers" or "enforcement officers"—make unannounced visits to the address. In August 2013, there were reported to be 334 enquiry officers^[118] all employees of the BBC's main enforcement contractor, Capita. Enquiry officers make around four million visits a year to households in the UK and Crown dependencies.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Each week an enquiry officer may upload a number of unlicensed addresses onto their "handheld device".^[119] The enquiry officer is only allowed to visit the addresses on this list, which are normally within a thirty-minute travelling distance from their home postcode. Enquiry officers do not visit addresses in their own postcode, however.^[119]

Although TV Licensing enforces the BBC's statutory obligation to ensure that every address where a television licence is required is correctly licensed, its agents have no special right of access and, like any other member of the public, rely on an implied right of access to reach the front door. A householder may withdraw the implied right of access to TV Licensing personnel by contacting the BBC and informing them that this right has been revoked; the BBC says they respect such requests (although could still seek a warrant to search the property), except in Scotland.^[120] As of March 2014, 7299 households had withdrawn the implied right of access.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} This figure had increased to over 20,000 by December 2015.^[121]

Upon visiting a property, enquiry officers ask a set of predetermined questions to whoever answers the door when they visit."^[21] They first try to find out if the person who responds to the enquiry officer is an "appropriate person" to interview (i.e. an adult who lives at the property). They then try to find out if that person has been receiving TV without a licence. If they suspect that this is the case, they issue an official caution to the person that whatever they say may be used against them in court. They then take a prosecution statement and ask the interviewee to sign it. The enquiry officer may ask permission to enter the property and may examine any TV receiving equipment found there. According to the visiting procedures: 'circumstantial evidence of use should be noted on the Record of Interview whenever visible (e.g. sky dish, aerial lead plugged into TV, remote control on settee) as this provides supporting evidence for potential prosecution and may be vital if the confession should later be challenged.'.^[21] However, the occupant is well within his/her rights to deny answering any questions (remain silent) and is under no obligation to allow entry into the property.

If an agent has evidence that television is being watched or recorded illegally but is denied entry by the occupants so that they cannot verify the suspicion, then TV Licensing may apply to a sudya a qidiruv orderi.^[96] The BBC states that a search warrant would never be applied for solely on the basis of non-cooperation with TV Licensing^[122][123] and that in the event of being denied access to unlicensed property will use detection equipment rather than a search warrant.^[124]

Aniqlash texnologiyasi

Televizor detektori mikroavtobuslari

A Leyland Sherpa televizor detektori mikroavtobusi

Televizor detektori mikroavtobuslari have in the past featured heavily in TV Licensing publicity,^[125] highlighting that technology capable of detecting signals from operating TV sets could be employed.^[126] Detector vans date from the 1950s, when the Post Office van converted Hillman Minx va Morris Oksford tomga ulangan katta antennalarga ega bo'lgan ko'chmas mulk mashinalari.^{[iqtibos kerak ]} Keyinchalik Qo'mondonlar tanishtirildi. 1980-yillarda furgonlar tomonidan etkazib berildi Dodge va Leyland. 1990-yillarda, Ford Transits tanishtirildi. In 2003, TVL launched its tenth generation of detector vans. Ushbu mikroavtobuslar maxfiy ravishda ishlashi uchun olinadigan brendga ega ekanligi ta'kidlandi.^[127]

A Dodge televizor detektori mikroavtobusi

Few technical details of the detectors used have been released. In a press release from 2003, the BBC stated that:^[126] "the new vans are so powerful they can tell if a TV is in use in as little as 20 seconds". It was also stated that the equipment has a range of up to 60 metres and "can pinpoint the actual room that the television set is in." However, on TV Licensing's own site in 2015, no information on range or accuracy of the equipment is given. It says that "a range of detection tools at our disposal in our vans". It is also stated that the available equipment has been developed in secrecy and that "engineers working on specific detection methods work in isolation – so not even they know how the other detection methods work."^[128]

Although no technical details of the TV detectors used in these vans have been made public, it is thought that they operate by detecting electromagnetic radiation given off by a TV.^[129] The most common suggested method is the detection of a signal from the TV's mahalliy osilator.^[130]

It has been suggested in the media that TV detector vans do not actually exist. An 2013 article in the Radio Times reported that a leaked BBC document on the collection of the licence fee "makes no mention of detector vans – but it does contain plenty of other facts and figures".^[131]

Hand-held detectors

Hand-held TV detectors have also been developed by the BBC.^[96] In Birmingem pochtasi for the same year, the detectors were described as 'little bigger than a torch', weighing 280g (10 oz), which made a beeping noise when they detect a TV.^[132]The company Buckman Hardy Associates has made such equipment for the BBC in the past^[133] but the equipment shown in the publicity campaigns run in 2007 was all made by the BBC itself.^[134]

Optical detectors

In 2013 it was revealed that the BBC had used optical TV detectors to apply for a search warrant. Although few technical details were given, it was stated in an application for a search warrant that: "the optical detector in the detector van uses a large lens to collect that light and focus it on to an especially sensitive device, which converts fluctuating light signals into electrical signals, which can be electronically analysed. If a receiver is being used to watch broadcast programmes then a positive reading is returned." Bi-bi-sining ta'kidlashicha, bu to'plam "mumkin bo'lgan translyatsiyani qabul qilayotgani" ga dalil.^[135]

Legal use of detection technology

The BBC states that such technology used in conjunction with targeted advertising acts as a to'xtatuvchi: its use may make it easier for TV Licensing agents to establish that an offence is likely to be taking place but they would still need to secure further evidence for successful prosecution.^[105][136] Furthermore, such technology is restricted in its use by the meaning of "surveillance and covert human intelligence sources" in the Tergov vakolatlari to'g'risidagi qonunni tartibga solish 2000 yil^[96] and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001.^[137][138] Yashirin kuzatuv olib boradigan boshqa davlat organlari singari, BBC ham har yili Bi-bi-sini tekshiradigan Kuzatuv komissarlari idorasi tomonidan tekshiriladi.^[139] A number of official inspection reports on the BBC's detection methods have been made available following freedom of information requests^[140] Ushbu hisobotlarda aniqlash uskunalarini ishlatishga avtorizatsiya qilish jarayoni qisqacha bayon qilingan. Briefly, applications for authorisation are made in the name of the Detection Manager of Capita. Correspondence between TV Licensing and the affected householder may be attached to the completed application forms which pass via a quality control 'gatekeeper' to the authorising officers (AOs) at the BBC. 2012 yilda Bi-bi-sida ikkita belgilangan AO mavjud edi. To be authorised, an application must be shown to be 'necessary and proportionate'. AO ba'zan dasturlarni rad etadi. Once approved, the authorisation lasts for a duration of eight weeks.

TV Licensing states "detection equipment will only be used if other less intrusive and more cost effective routes have been exhausted",^[141] and the BBC has stated that "Detection technology is generally used to obtain search warrants".^[136] In a reply to a FOI request in 2011, the BBC stated "I can confirm that TVL has not, to date, used detection evidence in Court". The BBC also wrote that such evidence "is unnecessary" because "TVL uses detection evidence when applying for search warrants. If, following service of the warrant an individual is found to be evading payment of the TV Licence, then the evidence obtained via the search warrant is used in court, not the detection evidence.^[142]

Qidiruv kafolatlari

In some cases, TV Licensing may apply to a magistrate (or a sheriff in Scotland) for a search warrant as part of the enforcement process.^[143] According to TV Licensing such an application may only be made 'when there is good reason to believe that an offence has been committed, evidence of the commission of that offence is likely to be found, and conditions regarding access to the property warrant the granting of a search warrant'.^[143] The same source also states that 'The BBC contracts Capita Business Services Ltd to carry out television licensing enforcement activities, including applying for and executing search warrants.' The BBC's contractor uses powers granted by Section 366 of the Communications Act 2003 to apply for and exercise search warrants.^[144] The Act specifies that the search warrant is valid for a month after being granted. According to the BBC, such warrants are usually executed in the presence of police officers.^[143] The TV Licensing Visiting Procedures state: 'To minimise the impact on normal operations Enforcement Managers accompanied by an EO should in normal circumstances execute search warrants. On no account must the warrant be executed without two officers being present. Normally the two officers must be accompanied by a Police Officer'.^[21] The warrant provides an authorisation to search a premises, and to examine and test any television receiver found. However, there is no power to seize any apparatus.^[145] According to the BBC Search Warrant Policy "force must not be used by TV Licensing to gain entry to a property".^[146]

Data on the number of search warrants executed per year in the whole of the UK are not collated or held centrally by the various judicial bodies of the state. However, the BBC, itself, holds the information some of which has become available due to FOI requests.^[147] For example, in the financial year 2014/15, TV Licensing applied for 256 warrants to serve in the UK. 167 warrants were granted by the courts of which 115 were executed. In the same year in Scotland no warrants were applied for or served whilst in Northern Ireland 12 warrants were granted and 7 executed in the year.^[147]

Some idea of the frequency at which warrants are used may also be taken from the result of a recent FOI request.^[148] It was revealed that Sheffield Magistrates granted TV Licensing a total of six search warrants in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, whilst in Northampton (including Wellingborough and Kettering) only two were granted in this period.

Tomonidan taqdim etilgan ma'lumotlar Shotlandiya sud xizmati suggests that TV Licensing search warrant applications in Scotland are virtually non-existent. In their response to a FOI request the Scottish Court Service confirmed that no search warrant applications were made to courts in Scotland's two largest cities, Glazgo va Edinburg, in the three-and-a-half years between 1 January 2011 and 21 July 2014.^[149]

Prosecution and fiscal fines

In 2014, 204,018 people were prosecuted or fined for TV licence offences: 185,580 in England and Wales^[150] (173,044 in England and 12,536 in Wales), 4,905 people in Northern Ireland and 15 in the Isle of Man.^[151] In Scotland, there were 13,486 cases disposed of via an out of court fine and 32 prosecuted via the courts in 2013–2014.^[152] There have been no prosecutions for TV licence offences in Jersey since 2009, all cases having been resolved at Parish Hall Enquiry. Putting these numbers in perspective, it would appear there are more prosecutions and convictions per capita in Wales than in any other country in the UK.^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Around 70% of TV licence evaders are female.^[153] This 30%-70% male/female ratio is pretty much constant across the whole of the UK and is at odds with statistics for other small crimes .^{[154]:Table B4a} This gender imbalance has not always been the case. In 1980, there were roughly similar numbers of men and women proceeded against for TV licence evasion. Since then the proportion of female to male defendants has risen steadily.^[155]

In 2014, 24,025 prosecutions that were commenced by the BBC did not result in conviction (over one-in-ten cases in England and Wales).^{[iqtibos kerak ]}

Licence evaders are liable for prosecution and a fine of up to £1,000 in the UK.^[156] However, because the licensing regime covers six different jurisdictions, the legal processes and penalties for the crime of TV licence evasion differ markedly across the UK and Crown dependencies. The average fine is £170 in England and Wales,^{[iqtibos kerak ]} £70 in Jersey, £80 in Northern Ireland, £75 in Scotland (out-of-court disposal)^[152] and £200 in the Isle of Man.^[151]

TV licence evasion is not punishable by a period of imprisonment o'z-o'zidan, but if convicted evaders refuse to pay the fine they were ordered to pay, or are incapable of paying it, a period of imprisonment may be imposed as a "last resort". The length of stay is decided by the amount owed. In England and Wales, 5 people were given an average of 19 days in 2018^[157] (compared to 20 days in 2014, 32 in 2013 and 51 in 2012).^[152] There were no custodial sentences imposed during the five-year period 2009–10 to 2013–14 in Scotland or in Jersey.

The British Government proposed decriminalising licence evasion, but the proposition was turned down by a House of Lords vote by 178 to 175 in February 2015.^[158] Behavioural research conducted for the BBC predicted that if TV licence evasion was decriminalised and the £1,000 maximum fine was replaced by a civil penalty of over £300, evasion rates would increase. The same report recommended to the DCMS that the current system should remain^[159] esa Baronessa Morgan admitted decriminalisation "would have an impact on BBC funding."^[160]

Angliya va Uels

Pontefract Magistrates' Court. In England and Wales, cases involving TV licence evasion are held at magistrates' courts

In England and Wales, prosecutions are the responsibility of the BBC and are carried out by its contractor, Capita, in magistrates' courts^[22] In England and Wales TV Licensing has a maximum of 26 weeks to lay information to court after receiving information regarding unlicensed use of a TV from its enquiry officers.^[161] During this period, and a maximum of 24 hours before a decision to prosecute a householder is taken, TV Licensing will check if a licence has been purchased. The decision to prosecute usually takes place 12–14 weeks from receiving the enquiry officer's report. TV Licensing serves documents on defendants four to six weeks prior to a court hearing. A final check to see if a TV licence has been purchased is made a maximum of two days before the hearing.

Licence fee evasion makes up around one-tenth of all cases prosecuted in magistrates' courts^[162] and 0.3% of court time.^[163] Proceedings for TV Licence evasion form a high percentage of all prosecutions carried out against women – over a third of all cases against women in England and Wales in 2013 were for this offence.^[164] By comparison, TV licence evasion made up around 5% of prosecutions against men in 2013 in England and Wales.^[164]

Maksimal yaxshi for this offence of up to £1,000 is frequently publicised by TV Licensing to maximise deterrence.^[165] In reality, magistrates rarely impose the maximum fines allowed to them by law. For example, during the year 2005–6, the average fine including costs was approximately £153^[166] (slightly more than the cost of a licence). According to a 2013 TV Licensing briefing document, the level of fines and costs imposed by magistrates' courts vary considerably between different regions of England and Wales.^[22] In North Wales average fines and costs were stated to be £108.90 whilst offenders in the English Midlands area of "Black Country, Staffordshire & West Mercia" were required to pay £197.70.

Magistrates take into account the financial situation of the defendant when imposing fines.^[167] They also take into account: whether it is a first offence; if a TV licence has been purchased and the length of time a defendant was unlicensed. The following are regarded as 'factors indicating lower culpability' which can result in mitigation of the sentence:^[167]

• Accidental oversight or belief licence held
• Confusion of responsibility
• Licence immediately obtained

A guilty plea may also result in a lower fine.

According to TV Licensing: "many evaders claim that an enquiry officer told them they would not be prosecuted if they bought a licence". However, it is also pointed out that "it is a disciplinary offence for an enquiry officer to say or suggest this".^[22] Nevertheless, the same TV Licensing briefing does say that: "first-time evaders may escape prosecution if they purchase a licence immediately".^[22]

The UK government has stated that: "Most TV licensing cases that are heard by magistrates courts are uncontested and the case is therefore often resolved in the defendant's absence."^[168]

The Magistratlar uyushmasi has been calling for the decriminalisation of TV licence evasion for nearly twenty years, concerned that evaders are punished disproportionately.^[169] The Adam Smit instituti has published a report calling for the BBC to give up the licence fee. One of the reasons given is the licence fee criminalises poor people, in particular women with children living on welfare. The report claims that such people could be liable to be re-prosecuted almost immediately unless they dispose of their TVs.^[170] In fact, a National Audit Office report from 2002 stated that "significant numbers of offenders do not buy a licence following conviction".^[102]

TV Licensing is managed as a sales operation^[171] and its officers are motivated by commission payments.^[172] In 2005, a TV Licensing officer was found guilty of soxta buxgalteriya hisobi va adolatni buzish after he deliberately qalbaki the confessions of four people to obtain commission payments.^[173] In April 2012 an Essex man convicted of TV licence evasion had his conviction overturned when TV Licensing were unable to confirm the validity of video evidence they presented in the original trial.^[174]

According to TV Licensing, 30% of those prosecuted for TV Licence evasion in 2012 were found to have satellite or cable subscriptions.^[22]

In 2018, there were a total of 129,446 cases in England and Wales where TV Licence evasion was the principal offence. Of these, 121,203 people were convicted.^[175]

Although those found guilty of TV licence evasion cannot be sent to prison for that offence, if they default on their fine, they can be imprisoned. For example, in 2018, 5 people were imprisoned in England and Wales for defaulting on fines imposed for TV licence evasion.^[157]

Shimoliy Irlandiya

In Northern Ireland, prosecutions are the responsibility of the BBC and are carried out by its contractor, Capita, in magistrates' courts.^[177] The prosecution process is very similar to that of England and Wales.^[161]

In 2008, 5,272 people in Northern Ireland were prosecuted for non-payment of the television licence fee of which 4,118 were fined. The corresponding figures for 2007 were 5,901 people prosecuted and 4,464 fines imposed.^[178]

Shotlandiya

Procurator Fiscal's Office in Kilmarnock. In Scotland, the decision to prosecute TV licensing cases is taken by the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Office. Very few cases come to court in Scotland.

Shotlandiyada Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Office undertakes prosecutions for TV licence evasion.^[179] Very few cases in Scotland come to court.

Instead of prosecution, in Scotland, TV licence fee evaders are usually asked by the Procurator Fiscal to pay a fiscal fine and a small number are simply given a warning. For example, in 2013–2014, just ten cases reached the courts whereas 12,969 people were asked to pay a fiscal fine, no action was taken in 275 cases, and 174 people were sent a warning. In addition, two people were asked to pay compensation and one person was offered the chance to pay a combination of fiscal fine and compensation.^[180] In 2013–14, almost all of the fiscal fines (12,603 out of 12,969) were at the level 2 rate of £75.^[180] In 2014–15, 13% of all fiscal fines in Scotland were issued for Communications Act offences, stated to be mainly TV licensing offences. The total number of fiscal fines imposed for these offences was 4,874.^[181] In 2015–16, 7,962 fiscal fines were issued for Communications Act offences, of which 72% were issued to women.^[182] In 2016–17, there were a total of 4,799 fiscal fines imposed for Communications Act offences.^[183]

In the years 2016/17 and 2017/18, prosecutions against suspected licence fee evaders were reduced to single figures. In 2016/17, 5 people were prosecuted of which 4 were found guilty. In the following year there were 6 prosecutions resulting in 5 guilty verdicts.^[184]

Men oroli

On the Isle of Man, prosecutions are prepared by Capita on behalf of the BBC^[185] although they use Manx qualified lawyers^[10] in the Magistrates' Court. The maximum fine is £1,000.

In a submission to Tynvald (the Isle of Man Government) regarding prosecution for non-payment of the BBC licence fee in the Crown dependencies, the BBC stated 59 cases were laid to court in the Isle of Man between 2007 and 2009 although "these figures include cases where no further action may have been taken (eg because a writ was not served or the case was withdrawn)".^[10]

In its response to the UK Government's TV Licence Fee Enforcement Review, published in 2015, the Isle of Man Government 'agreed that it is supportive of the decriminalisation of non-payment of the TV licence fee'.^[187]

Gernsi

The maximum fine for licence fee evasion in Guernsey is £2,000.^[188] Initial investigations into licence fee evasion are carried out by Capita employees as in the UK. However, prosecutions are carried out by police and law officers. According to the States of Guernsey: "it appears the TV Licensing Inspectors visit the island once every three to four years, therefore offences are usually reported to us following these visits."^[189] In June 2013, Capita's television licensing enforcement officers visited Guernsey where according to the BBC, they found "130 people illegally watching TV without a licence".^[190] The Guernsey Police Annual Report 2014 states that no offences of "television receiver without a licence – install/use" were recorded in 2014 as opposed to two such cases in 2013.^[191]

Jersi

According to the States of Jersey government: "Enforcement in Jersey is initiated by the TV Licensing function of the BBC which passes information onto the Jersey Police who then conduct their own investigation. A fine for a TV licensing offence can only be levied following successful prosecution at the Magistrate's Court: the Centenier does not have the power to summarily levy a fine for a TV licensing offence at a Parish Hall Enquiry."^[193]The maximum fines for this offence in Jersey is £500.^[188] Prosecutions are carried out by the Centenier. According to the BBC: "in the case of Jersey we can say that between 2007 and 2009 41 cases were laid to court".^[10] In a response to a freedom of information request, the Jersi shtatlari politsiyasi stated: "in 2014 there were fourteen prosecutions for having ‘no TV licence’. All received cautions at the Parish zali. Of the 14, eight were male and six were female. There were no prosecutions in 2015."^[194] There were no prosections in 2016^[195]

Enforcement overview

Opinions on the licence fee

Ijtimoiy so'rovlar

In 2004, the BBC reported that "Almost 70% of people in the UK want changes to the way the BBC is funded", following an ICM poll for their current affairs programme Panorama, which showed that 31% were in favour of the existing licence fee system, 36% said the BBC should be paid for by a subscription and 31% wanted advertising to pay for the programmes.^[196]

2008 yil avgust oyida Guardian newspaper reported that "The BBC is facing an uphill battle to maintain support for the licence fee", stating that according to an Ipsos MORI poll the newspaper had commissioned, 41% agreed that the licence fee is an "appropriate funding mechanism" and 37% disagreed but when asked whether the licence fee is "good value for money", 47% disagreed, with more than half of them disagreeing strongly. The poll also showed that there is no longer a majority believing that the licence fee assured them of distinctive programming not available elsewhere ― which, the newspaper said, had long been one of the arguments for its existence: 41% of the population disagreed with only 30% agreeing. The poll also showed that opinion was split by a growing north–south and socio-economic divide.^[197]

2009 yil sentyabr oyida Guardian reported an ICM poll showing an increase in support for the licence fee to 43%; "The fee is backed by 43%, against 24% who think advertising should foot the bill and 30% who think people should pay to subscribe if they want to see BBC programmes. In 2004, only 31% backed the licence fee, 12 points lower than today.".^[198]

In 2013, according to an ICM poll for the Sunday Telegraph, 70% stated that the BBC licence fee should be abolished or cut. 49% of those polled believed the fee should be scrapped altogether.^[199]

2019 yil dekabrda, a Savanta keladi poll indicated that 2 out of 3 want the BBC licence fee abolished or reformed.^[200] A few days later, a Public First poll conducted for BBC radiosi 4 Bugungi dastur found that 74% of respondents want the licence fee abolished.^[200]

In February 2020, a ComRes poll for the Sunday Express found that 61% of respondents want the BBC Licence Fee abolished.^[201] The same survey showed that 63% of people polled felt the BBC is an "important part of British culture" and the BBC questioned whether the results were skewed by not explaining what cuts would ensue.^[202]

In March 2020, Press Gazette magazine ran a poll showing that 53% of its readers backed the compulsory licence fee model, while 47% were in favour of scrapping it.^[203]

In Aug 2020, The Daily Express ran a poll showing that 97% of its readers backed scrapping the TV licence ^[204]

Views of official bodies and policy institutes

Previous inquiries, such as the parliamentary Peacock Committee in 1986 and the internal Davies committee in 2000, recommended continuing the licence fee, with conditions. 2001 yilda an Ofcom report found that the vast majority of those it interviewed, including owners of digital television equipment, supported the principle of a licence fee to fund public service television and radio. The advantages of such funding listed by those interviewed included diversity, high quality, education, innovation, entertainment, information, original productions, plyuralizm, accessibility, inclusion of minorities and free access.^[205] Another reason given in a response to Ofcom by the National Union of Journalists was that the licence fee allows the BBC to "retain independence" from both commercial and political pressures.^[206]

Nonetheless, having surveyed public opinion during December 2003, a finding of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport was that "the way the licence fee is set and collected raised issues about fairness".^[207] Further criticisms, embodied in a 2005 Yashil qog'oz,^[77] included cost, value for money, whether or not the BBC should be publicly funded, the high cost of collection and enforcement and the ishlatilgan usullar.

Meanwhile, in 2004, the Davlat siyosatini o'rganish instituti criticised the TV licence fee for its regressive impact, pointing out that it represents a much higher proportion of income for poor households, that evaders are most likely to be single parents, lone tenants, pensioners and the economically inactive and that the difficulties they have in paying the licence fee are compounded by the penalties enforced for non-payment.^[18]

Other technologies for receiving visual media, such as mobil telefonlar and computers connected to the Internet, has led to questions over whether or not a licence fee based on television receiver ownership can continue to be justified when a television receiver is no longer the sole medium over which the BBC distributes its content;^[208] and these technological changes led the Department for Culture, Media and Sport to state in 2005 that the collection of a fixed charge based on television ownership may become difficult to sustain.^[77]

2006 yilda, Lordlar palatasi qo'mitani tanlang on BBC Charter Review criticised the reclassification of the licence fee as a tax, pointing out that the BBC was in consequence reclassified as a central government body, with "significant implications for the BBC's independence".^[13]

In a debate in the UK Parliament in October 2013, the licence fee was referred to as 'a flat-rate poll tax' and as 'probably the UK's most regressive tax'^[209]

Ba'zi tanqidchilar^{[JSSV? ]} claim that the licensing system interferes with the freedom to receive information and contend that this is a contravention of Article 10 of the Inson huquqlari bo'yicha Evropa konventsiyasi (the right to so'z erkinligi ).^[210] In a case dealing with the German radio licence, EKIH in Application No. 26907/95 stated "Such an undertaking cannot be successfully accomplished unless it is grounded in the principle of plyuralizm, of which the State is the ultimate guarantor." and "The interference complained of was, therefore, demokratik jamiyatda zarur. There is, accordingly, no appearance of a violation of the applicant's right under Article 10 (Art. 10)."^[211]

Media views

The television licence fee system has been variously criticised, commented upon and defended by the press.^{[212][213][214]} In 2010, the journalist Charlz Mur was fined by a magistrates' court for watching TV without a licence. Moore had refused to pay in protest at the BBC's unwillingness to dismiss Jonathan Ross in the wake of his involvement in Rassell brend-shousi prank telephone calls.^[215] Later, Moore was to describe the BBC licence fee as "the most regressive and most ruthlessly collected of all government imposts.”^[216] 2014 yilda, Nik Ross, a BBC presenter, stated that the licence fee was unfair and should be abolished.^[217]

Veb-saytlar va bloglar

There are a number of websites that campaign against the TV licence.^[218] The BBC monitors the internet for references to TV Licensing.^[219] According to the BBC "searches are carried out for the purpose of identifying external information relating to TV Licensing such that, where appropriate, we can respond and assist licence fee payers or correct inaccurate information as well as flag up customer complaints." Part of this monitoring 'flags up' critical comments about TV Licensing. An internal briefing note released by the BBC in response to a freedom of information request names the TV Licensing Blog as TV Licensing's "most prevalent activist"^[218] who has "built a significant following both for his blog and for his @TVLicensingblog Twitter feed (over 900 followers)". The BBC also monitors YouTube videos of enquiry officers and YouTube videos critical of TV Licensing^[219] as well as social media such as Facebook^[220] va Twitter.

In June 2020, a campaign called "Defund the BBC" was founded by James Yucel, a student at Glasgow University, supported by political commentator and activist Darren Grimes. The group was featured on Dan Wootton's talkRADIO show and currently has over 100,000 Twitter followers.^[221]

Opinions on collection and enforcement methods

In September 2008, the BBC's governing body, the BBC Trust, launched a review of TV Licensing's methods,^[61] following complaints about "heavy-handed" and "intimidating" tactics^[97] and during December 2008, it was reported by the press that the chairman of the all-party Commons Culture, Media and Sport committee had accused TV Licensing of behaving "like the Gestapo ", employing "tactics that are outrageous", saying: "The tactics used by TV Licensing in their letters are intimidatory and cause genuine distress. Ularning yozuvlari har doim ham to'g'ri kelavermaydi, lekin jamoat a'zolarini jinoyatchilar deb taxmin qiladigan xatlar yozadilar ".^[222]

2008 yilda BBCning sobiq televizion yulduzi, Noel Edmonds, televidenie litsenziyasini to'lashdan bosh tortganlarga qaratilgan Bi-bi-si reklamalari ohangiga norozilik bildirish bilan televidenie litsenziyasini to'lashni to'xtatganligini aytdi.^[223]

Men oroli

Litsenziyalash tizimi Man orolida munozarali bo'lib qolmoqda, chunki litsenziya narxi Buyuk Britaniyada va Kanal orollarida bo'lgani kabi saqlanib qoladi, hattoki Bi-bi-si Men oroli uchun mahalliy televizion yangiliklar xizmatini taqdim etmasa ham (shunga o'xshash) BBC kanalidagi orollar ) yoki hech qanday BBC mahalliy radio yoki milliy radiodan voz kechish stantsiyasi. Bi-Bi-Si radioeshittirishlarni takomillashtirish orqali ularni yo'q qilishga harakat qildi onlayn yangiliklar xizmati Men orolida uchun, doimiy BBC xodimlari bilan Manx radiosi studiyalar Duglas. A qo'mitani tanlang ning Tynvald 2009 yilda Men oroli uchun litsenziyalash tizimining pul qiymatini va Man orolining undan chiqib ketish maqsadga muvofiqligini tekshirish uchun tashkil etilgan.

Litsenziya to'lovining kelajagi

Bi-bi-si uchun amaldagi Qirollik Xartiyasi 2027 yil 31-dekabrda tugaydi^[224] va televizion litsenziya to'lovining o'zi 2017 yil martigacha 145,50 funt sterling miqdorida belgilandi.^[225] Ushbu vaqtdan so'ng, to'lov inflyatsiya darajasida 2022 yilgacha bo'lgan besh yilga ko'payadi;^[226] narx 147 funtga ko'tarildi.^[227][228]

Hukumat "amaldagi litsenziya yig'imlarini yig'ish tizimi ishlayotgan paytda, jinoiy ta'qib qilish va ta'qib qilishning amaldagi tizimi saqlanib qolishi kerak" deb ta'kidladi.^[229]

2019 yil iyun oyida hukumat tomonidan 75 yoshdan katta bo'lganlar uchun moliyalashtiriladigan bepul televizion litsenziyalar 2020 yil iyun oyida bekor qilinishi e'lon qilindi.

Televizion litsenziyalash veb-saytida "2020 yil 1-iyundan boshlab yangi sxema paydo bo'ladi. Yangi sxemaga ko'ra, Pensiya krediti olgan 75 yoshdan oshgan har qanday kishi Bi-bi-si to'laydigan bepul televizion litsenziyani qo'lga kiritadi. Pensiya kreditini oladigan 75 yoshdan oshgan hech kim yo'q uy xo'jaliklari, agar kerak bo'lsa, litsenziya sotib olishlari kerak. " Endi qisman tufayli bu 2020 yil 1-avgustga qoldirildi Covid-19 pandemiyasi.^[230]

Davomida 2019 yilgi umumiy saylov kampaniyasi, Bosh Vazir Boris Jonson hukumat televizion litsenziyani to'lamaganlik uchun jinoiy javobgarlikni bekor qilish to'g'risida o'ylashini aytdi, bi-bi-si ogohlantirishicha bu yiliga 200 million funt sterlingga tushishi mumkin.^[231]

Izohlar

Aloqa (televizion litsenziyalash) to'g'risidagi nizom 2004 yil^[63] quyidagi ta'rifni beradi:

• "televizion qabul qilgich" har qanday televizion dastur xizmatini olish uchun (simsiz telegrafiya vositasida yoki boshqa usulda) qabul qilish maqsadida o'rnatilgan yoki ishlatilgan har qanday apparatni, u o'rnatilgan yoki o'rnatilmagan yoki boshqa maqsadlarda ishlatilgan.
• televidenie dasturini olish to'g'risida har qanday ma'lumotnoma ushbu xizmatga kiritilgan har qanday dasturni har qanday usul bilan olish to'g'risida ma'lumotni o'z ichiga oladi, agar u dastur bir vaqtning o'zida (yoki deyarli bir vaqtning o'zida) jamoat a'zolari tomonidan qabul qilingan bo'lsa. uning efirga uzatilishi yoki ushbu xizmatning bir qismi sifatida tarqatilishi.

Shuningdek qarang

• ABS-CBN franchayzasini yangilash bo'yicha tortishuv

Adabiyotlar

Tashqi havolalar

• Televizion litsenziyani bekor qilish
• Teleradiokompaniyalar uchun to'lovlar assotsiatsiyasi - televizion litsenziyalarni yig'ish bo'yicha tashkilotlar uchun xalqaro tashkilot
• Televizion litsenziyalash (Buyuk Britaniya)
• Fuqarolar maslahat byurosi televidenie litsenziyasi bo'yicha qo'llanma
• BBC tomonidan FOI so'rovidan keyin chiqarilgan ijro to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlar
• Bi-bi-si uchun litsenziya to'lovlari bo'yicha taklif - BBC Boshqaruvchilar Kengashi uchun hisobot, 2006 yil aprel